{
  "lexicon": "SKBL - Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon",
  "date": "2026-07-20",
  "encoding": "UTF-8",
  "entries": [
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "lastname": "Barros Eriksson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "description": "Grand Prix, Paris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gösta",
          "lastname": "Adrian-Nilsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Måås-Fjetterström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hugo",
          "lastname": "Gehlin",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ester",
          "lastname": "Gehlin",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ivar",
          "lastname": "Johnsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Albert",
          "lastname": "Abbe",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Per",
          "lastname": "Siegård",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Silversmeds- och ciselörutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900-talet"
          },
          "institution": "Tegne- og Kunstindustriskolen for Kvinder",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Silversmeds- och ciselörutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900-talet"
          },
          "institution": "Københavns Tekniske Skole",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Tycho Brahebunnen. Helsingsborgs stadslexikon (Hämtad 2020-11-12)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://stadslexikon.helsingborg.se/tycho-brahebrunnen/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kexburk av tenn. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2020-11-12)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://collection.nationalmuseum.se/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=138510&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wollin, Nils G., 'Modernt svenskt tenn', *Svenska slöjdföreningens tidskrift*, 1925, s. 15-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Företagare",
        "Formgivare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-09T10:57:33",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 81,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1883-11-25",
            "date": "1883-11-25"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.1695,
              "lon": 9.54951
            },
            "place": "Silkeborg, Danmark"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965-09-26",
            "date": "1965-09-26"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Barkåkra församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.245748,
              "lon": 12.863881
            },
            "place": "Ängelholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Astrid/ Marie-Frederike",
        "lastname": "Aagesen",
        "sortname": "Aagesen"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Silversmed",
          "detail": "Ciselör och silversmed, egenföretagare, Aktiebolaget Astrid M. Aagesen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gallerist",
          "detail": "Gallerist",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.245748,
              "lon": 12.863881
            },
            "place": "Ängelholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.1695,
              "lon": 9.54951
            },
            "place": "Silkeborg, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.2324,
              "lon": 12.4632
            },
            "place": "Krogstorp, Grevie"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.231,
              "lon": 12.4443
            },
            "place": "Killebäckstorp"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.19,
              "lon": 12.46
            },
            "place": "Vejbystrand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Astrid Aagesen, 1949. Foto: Gunnar Lundh (1898-1960). Detalj från ark av kontaktkopior med mellanformatsnegativ i storlek 6x6cm (Serie T). Nordiska museet (NMA.0087432)",
          "description_eng": "Astrid Aagesen, 1949. Photo: Gunnar Lundh (1898-1960). Detail from sheet of contact prints (Serie T). Nordiska museet (NMA.0087432)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/AAgesen_Astrid2.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-11-12",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1848"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Marie Kristine",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1842"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Christian Martinus",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "occupation": "Värdshushållare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1875"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Angelina",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1879"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Marie",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Vega",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Frode",
          "lastname": "Aagesen",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Handlingar och tidningsurklipp i mapp om Astrid M. Aagesen. Helsingborgs museums arkiv",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Korrespondens mellan Astrid M. Aagesen och Svenska slöjdföreningen. Svensk Forms arkiv. Centrum för näringslivshistoria",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Formgivare, konsthantverkare, företagare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Designer, handicrafter, businesswoman",
      "text": "Astrid Aagesen var en av pionjärerna inom den moderna svenska metallkonsten med såväl tillverkning som butik i den egna firman i Helsingborg. Hennes arbeten i silver, tenn och brons bidrog till att Aktiebolaget Astrid M. Aagesen nådde berömmelse utanför Sveriges gränser.\n\nAstrid Marie-Frederike Aagesen föddes i Danmark 1883. Hon växte upp i den jylländska staden Silkeborg i en syskonskara om sex barn. Fadern höll värdshus medan modern arbetade i hemmet. Astrid Aagesen hade ett konstnärligt intresse och var först inställd på att bli skulptör, men när hon flyttade till Köpenhamn runt sekelskiftet började hon istället utbilda sig till silversmed. För sitt uppehälle livnärde hon sig till en början som tjänstepiga, men år 1903 kunde Astrid Aagesen titulera sig ciselörelev. Studierna förlades till såväl Tegne- og Kunstindustriskolen for Kvinder som Københavns Tekniske Skole. Tiden i skolan öppnade för plats hos flera av Köpenhamns silver- och guldsmeder. Det blev hos den banbrytande smeden Mogens Ballin som hon efter fyra och ett halvt år avlade sitt gesällprov. Astrid Aagesen var färdig ciselör 1911 och valde därefter att resa till utlandet. I Stuttgart stiftade hon bekantskap med en av Tysklands mest sprudlande och progressiva konstnärsstäder, inte minst på metallområdet genom den redan då anrika Würtembergische Metallwarenfabrik (WMF) som en av de stora firmorna i trakten.\n\nEfter att ha återvänt till hemlandet och stannat i Köpenhamn ytterligare några år valde Astrid Aagesen att flytta till Helsingborg 1918 där hon hade fått tjänst som verkmästare i en guldsmedsverkstad. Snart skulle dock tankarna på en egen rörelse bli verklighet. Firman grundades 1920 och fick namn efter ägaren själv. Det var en liten verkstad och Astrid Aagesen var enda anställd. Redan från första början specialiserade hon sig på arbeten i tenn, en metall som vid tiden länge legat i träda för både formgivare och konsumenter. Hon öppnade butiken Konstboden i början av 1920-talet och här kunde helsingborgarna botanisera bland konst och konsthantverk av allehanda slag från i synnerhet skånska upphovskvinnor och -män. Den höga kvaliteten var genomgående och bland annat var Astrid Aagesens butik återförsäljare för [](Märta Måås-Fjetterström)s mattor. Märta Måås-Fjetterström var en av alla de kreativa människor som Astrid Aagesen blev vän med efter flytten över sundet. Tidigt umgicks hon med bland andra Albert Abbe, Per Siegård, Gösta Adrian-Nilsson (GAN) och paret Hugo och [](Esther Gehlin).\n\nEfter att Astrid Aagesens egna arbeten väckt Svenska Slöjdföreningens nyfikenhet plockades flera alster ut för att ställas ut på Jubileumsutställningen i Göteborg 1923. De nära kontakterna med Gregor Paulsson och Åke Stavenow på Svenska Slöjdföreningen fortsatte. År 1925 gick Parisutställningen av stapeln. Astrid Aagesen var återigen representerad bland det som ansågs vara det bästa och mest moderna inom svenskt konsthantverk. Det var utan tvekan betydelsefullt för det unga företaget och Astrid Aagesen erhöll ett Grand Prix för sina arbeten. Helt och hållet var det dock inte Astrid Aagesens egen förtjänst. Hon ritade förvisso de flesta modellerna själv, men hade också samarbeten med andra. Den skånske skulptören Ivar Johnsson ritade på 1920-talet ett flertal föremål för Astrid Aagesen, bland annat en kexburk som köptes in av Nationalmuseum. Andra exempel är Arnold Salomon-Sörensen, senare stadsarkitekt i Höganäs, och Hugo Gehlin som både ritade gravyrmotiv och föremål.\n\nVid sidan av föremål i tenn, brons och silver för privata kunder arbetade Astrid Aagesen intensivt med specialarbeten, inte minst för kyrkor. Uppdragen hopade sig och vid hennes sida syntes snart en ung man vid namn Göte Bergsten. Med tiden blev han tekniskt ansvarig. Bergsten och Astrid Aagesen utförde tillsammans offentliga verk i Helsingborg. Ett exempel är skulpturen *Allvar*, 1929, skulpterad helt i snö på Stortorget. Allra mest känd är dock fontänskulpturen *Tycho Brahes brunn*, 1927, som Astrid Aagesen fick uppdraget att utföra efter ritningar av arkitekten Gustaf Wilhelmsson Widmark. Hugo Gehlin ritade modeller av ärkeänglarna till fontänens glob och Bergsten ciselerade varsamt fram de reliefer av stjärnbilder som ritats av Astrid Aagesen. Relieferna väckte stor uppmärksamhet eftersom de – skulle det visa sig när de var klara – avbildade flera lokala kändisar, däribland Astrid Aagesen själv. Utformningen beskrevs som en kupp och omskrevs i hela landet, inte alltid i positiva ordalag, och nådde till och med internationell press.\n\nAstrid Aagesen gick ofta sin egen väg, men följde med i de konstnärliga strömningarna. Under firmans första decennium utfördes föremålen i en nyklassicistisk stil, internationellt kallad Swedish grace. Ytan var ofta slät och den hamrade struktur som vid tiden fortfarande var vanlig, i synnerhet i Danmark, var fullständigt avlägsnad. Klassicistiska drag gick dock att finna i hennes verk också på Stockholmsutställningen 1930, även om mycket var avskalat och förenklat i linje med funktionalismens strävan efter ändamålsenlighet. På Stockholmsutställningen kunde besökarna se en stor samling föremål av Astrid Aagesen och bland annat flera alster dekorerade med gravyrer ritade av vännen Gösta Adrian-Nilsson. Med utställningarna i Paris, USA och Barcelona under 1920-talet följde flera internationella utställningar på 1930-talet.\n\nI Helsingborg flyttade Konstboden och verkstaden till olika adresser, som Drottninggatan, Springpostgränden, Kullagatan och Norra Storgatan, innan Astrid Aagesen 1937 flyttade från staden och bosatte sig i Smedjetorpet på Hallandsåsen. Firman lades ned samma år som andra världskriget tog sin början, men Astrid Aagesens hem fortsatte att vara en institution för traktens konstnärer. I en flygel hade hon inrett en liten verkstad och på somrarna drev hon en butik i Båstad. Efter att hon 1953 flyttat till Grevie och 1958 till Vejbystrand, övergick den lilla rörelsen så småningom till ett galleri. Här visades verk av såväl unga som etablerade konstnärer och formgivare. Bland de representerade kan nämnas silversmeden Wiven Nilsson och glaskonstnären Bengt Orup. Astrid Aagesen själv, sedan länge pensionär, arbetade med applikationer i metall, verk som befann sig i gränslandet mellan traditionell konst och konsthantverk. Hon var konstnärligt aktiv i hög ålder. Strax före sitt frånfälle hade Astrid Aagesen en omskriven utställning på galleri S:t Nicolaus och levererade dessutom en metallapplikation till Maria församlingshus i Helsingborg.\n\nAstrid Aagesen avled 1965. Jordfästningen ägde rum i Heliga korsets kapell i Ängelholm den 25 november.",
      "text_eng": "Astrid Aagesen was one of the pioneers of modern Swedish metalwork. She had her own company in Helsingborg including her workshop and boutique. Her work in silver, tin and bronze contributed to her firm Aktiebolaget Astrid M. Aagesen’s fame far beyond the borders of Sweden. \n\nAstrid Marie-Frederike Aagesen was born in Denmark in 1883. She grew up in Silkeborg on Jutland as one of six children. Their father ran an inn and their mother ran their home. Astrid Aagesen was artistically inclined and aimed at first to become a sculptor. However, when she moved to Copenhagen around the turn of the century, she started training to be a silversmith instead. To earn her living, she worked at first as a maid servant, but in 1903 she was able to call herself an apprentice metalworker. She studied at the women’s college Tegne- og Kunstindustriskolen for Kvinder and the technical college Tekniske Skole, both in Copenhagen. Her studies opened the way to a place at several of the silver- and goldsmiths’ firms in Copenhagen. It was as a journeyman working for the pioneer smith Mogens Ballin that she was able to submit her master piece for evaluation after four and a half years. Astrid Aagesen qualified as a metal chaser in 1911 after which she chose to travel abroad. In Stuttgart, she became acquainted with one of Germany’s most exuberant and progressive artistic cities, not least in the field of metalwork, through the Würtembergische Metallwarenfabrik (WMF) that even then was one of the oldest and biggest companies in the region. \n\nAfter having returned to her homeland and remained for a few more years in Copenhagen, Astrid Aagesen chose to move to Helsingborg in Sweden in 1918, where she had just been appointed as the forewoman at a goldsmith’s workshop. Her thoughts of starting her own company were however soon to become a reality. Her company was founded in 1920 and given its owner’s name. It was a small workshop and Astrid Aagesen was the only employee. Right from the beginning, she specialised in working with tin, a metal that had been neglected for a long time at that point, by both designers and customers. She opened her shop Konstboden at the beginning of the 1920s and there the residents of Helsingborg could botanise among arts and crafts objects of all kinds, made by creative women and men from first and foremost the Swedish province of Skåne. The quality was high throughout, and Astrid Aagesen’s shop was a retail outlet for among others [](Märta Måås-Fjetterström)’s carpets. Märta Måås-Fjetterström was one of all the creative people with whom Astrid Aagesen became friendly after moving across the Sound. She also socialised early on with among others Albert Abbe, Per Siegård, Gösta Adrian-Nilsson (GAN) and the couple Hugo and [](Esther Gehlin). \n\nAfter Astrid Aagesen’s own products had awoken the curiosity of the crafts association Svenska Slöjdföreningen, several pieces were selected to be shown at the Jubilee Exhibition in Gothenburg in 1923. Her close contacts with Gregor Paulsson and Åke Stavenow at Svenska Slöjdföreningen continued. In 1925, the Paris Exhibition took place. Astrid Aagesen was once again represented among what was considered the best and most modern in Swedish arts and crafts. This was without a doubt very beneficial for her young company, and Astrid Aagesen was awarded a Grand Prix for her works. This was not however only thanks to her own merits. True enough, she had designed most of the models herself, but she had also cooperated with others. The Danish sculptor Ivar Johnsson designed a number of objects for Astrid Aagesen in the 1920s, among them a biscuit tin that was purchased by the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm. Other examples are Arnold Salomon-Sörensen, later the city architect in Höganäs, and Hugo Gehlin, who both designed engravings and objects.\n \nApart from objects in tin, bronze and silver for private customers, Astrid Aagesen worked intensively on special assignments, not least for churches. The assignments built up and by her side a young man by the name of Göte Bergsten was soon seen. In due course, he was made technically responsible. Göte Bergsten and Astrid Aagesen together created several public works in Helsingborg. One example is the sculpture *Allvar* in 1929, constructed exclusively out of snow in the main square Stortorget. The best-known work is however the fountain sculpture *Tycho Brahebrunnen* in 1927, that Astrid Aagesen was instructed to create according to the design by the architect Gustaf Wilhelmsson Widmark. Hugo Gehlin designed the archangel models for the fountain’s globe and Göte Bergsten carefully chased the star reliefs designed by Astrid Aagesen. The reliefs awoke great attention since they portrayed several local celebrities, among them Astrid Aagesen herself, as could clearly be seen when they were finally completed. The design was declared to be a coup and was written about all over the country, although not always in positive terms. Even the international press sat up and took notice. \n\nAstrid Aagesen often followed her nose, but nonetheless was aware of contemporary artistic currents. During the firm’s first decade, objects were often designed in neo-classical style, internationally known as Swedish grace. The surface was often smooth and the hammered structure that at that time was still common, especially in Denmark, was completely rejected. Classical characteristics were however also to be seen in her work for the Stockholm Exhibition in 1930, even though a good deal was stripped down and simplified in line with the striving of functionalism to be expedient. At the Stockholm Exhibition, visitors were able to see a large collection of objects by Astrid Aagesen and among others several objects decorated with engravings designed by her friend Gösta Adrian-Nilsson (GAN). Several other international exhibitions followed during the 1930s after her participation in Paris, Barcelona and the USA during the 1920s. \n\nIn Helsingborg, Astrid Aagesen’s Konstboden and workshops moved to various addresses, such as Drottninggatan, Springpostgränden, Kullagatan and Norra Storgatan, before Astrid Aagesen moved away from the town in 1937 and settled at Smedjetorpet in Halland. The company was closed down the same year as the second world war began, but Astrid Aagesen’s home continued to be an institution for the region’s artists. In one wing, she had furnished a small workshop and in the summers, she ran a shop in Båstad. After she had moved in 1953 to Grevie and in 1958 to Vejbystrand, her little business continued eventually as a gallery. There she showed works by young and established artists and designers. Among those represented may be mentioned the silversmith Wiven Nilsson and the glass artist Bengt Orup. Astrid Aagesen herself, long since retired, worked on applications in metal, a type of art on the border between traditional art and handicraft. She was artistically active to a high old age. Just before her death, Astrid Aagesen had an exhibition that received much attention at the St Nicolaus Gallery, and also delivered a metal application to the Maria parish hall in Helsingborg. \n\nAstrid Aagesen died in 1965.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AstridAagesen",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Helsingborg|56.046467|12.6945121",
        "Köpenhamn, Danmark|55.676097|12.568337",
        "Silkeborg, Danmark|56.1695|9.54951",
        "Ängelholm|56.245748|12.863881",
        "Båstad|56.427389|12.847722"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Marta",
          "lastname": "Ronne"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Birger Sjöberg-priset",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
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          "description": "Magisterexamen i nordiska språk, engelska och litteraturhistoria",
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          "description": "Licentiatexamen",
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          "to": {
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        {
          "description": "Doktorsexamen i nordiska språk",
          "from": {
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Margit Abenius",
          "description_eng": "By Margit Abenius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(margit+abenius)&r=&g=&p=1&spell=true&noredirect=true&d=libris&s=rc&t=v&m=10&f=ext"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Margit Abenius",
          "description_eng": "About Margit Abenius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(margit+abenius)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abenius, Margit: Brev. Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2019-12-30))",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-ACC1979-7"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000079082539",
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Litteraturkritik",
        "Folkbildning",
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        "Litteraturvetenskap",
        "Forskare",
        "Nordiska språk"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Literary criticism",
        "Adult education",
        "Christianity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T19:18:29",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 71,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1899-07-14",
            "date": "1899-07-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Orsa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 61.090278,
              "lon": 14.628071
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            "place": "Orsa"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1970-08-03",
            "date": "1970-08-03"
          },
          "place": {
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            "pin": {
              "lat": "60.014844",
              "lon": "17.73315"
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            "place": "Vattholma"
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Margareta (/Margit/) Ulrika",
        "lastname": "Abenius",
        "sortname": "Abenius"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Forskare",
          "detail": "Forskare, Uppsala universitet",
          "detail_eng": "Researcher, Uppsala university",
          "place": {
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            },
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        {
          "description": "Litteraturkritiker",
          "detail": "Litteraturkritiker, BLM, Ord & Bild, Sveriges Radio",
          "detail_eng": "Literary critic, BLM, Ord & Bild, Sveriges Radio",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
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          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "name": "Samfundet De Nio",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledare av litterär cirkel",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
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          "name": "Yrkeskvinnors Klubb (YK)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
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            "comment": "1899",
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            },
            "place": "Borås"
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            "date": "1915"
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            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
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            },
            "place": "Örebro"
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            "date": "1917"
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            "date": "1917"
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      "relation": [
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-01-03",
            "date": "1868-01-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-09-04",
            "date": "1935-09-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Lovisa, kallad Ia,",
          "lastname": "Abenius, född Westholm",
          "type": "Mor",
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-05-21",
            "date": "1864-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "firstname": "Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Abenius",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
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            "comment": "1981",
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          "lastname": "Abenius",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigurd",
          "lastname": "Abenius",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Abenius, gift Triller",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Katalog över Margit Abenius brevsamling och andra papper. Uppsala universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2019-12-30)",
          "description_eng": "Catalogue of Margit Abenius' correspondence and other papers. Uppsala university library.",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-7805"
        },
        {
          "description": "Klara Johansons papper. Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2019-12-30))",
          "description_eng": "Klara Johanson's papers. Swedish Royal Library.",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-L2"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abenius, Margit & Lagercrantz, Olof (red.), *Karin Boye: minnen och studier*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abenius, Margit, *Kontakter*, Bonniers, Stockholm, 1944",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abenius, Margit, *Drabbad av renhet: en bok om Karin Boyes liv och diktning*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1950",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abenius, Margit, *Memoarer från det inre*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1963",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arnell, Anette, 'I takt med tiden? När Margit Abenius möter 40-talet: exemplet Lars Ahlin', *Bokcaféts Magasin* nr 21, u.å., u.o., s. 21",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arnell, Annette, 'En kritikers värnplikt: Margit Abenius och andra världskriget', *Presshistorisk årsbok*., 1991, s. 105-117, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Helgeson, Paulina, 'Karin Boye och de postuma bortförklaringarna.', *Lambda nordica*., 2000 ([N.S.] 6:4), s. 6-22, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hammarström, Camilla, *Karin Boye*, Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundgren, Solveig, *Dikten i etern: radion och skönlitteraturen 1925-1955 = [Literature on the air] : [poetry and prose on the Swedish Radio 1925-1955]*, Avd. för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ., Diss. Uppsala : Univ., Uppsala, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, '"Så skärper den ena människan den andra": om litteraturkritikern Margit Abenius och hennes många nätverk', *En ny sits : humaniora i förvandling : vänbok till Margaretha Fahlgren*., S. 241-248, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, 'Decoding a genius mind: the French philosopher Simone Weil (1909-1943) and the Swedish critic Margit Abenius (1899-1970): a case of cultural transmission', *From Darwin to Weil : women as transmitters of ideas*., S. 139-157, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, 'Abenius, Margit: en läsandets ambassadör', *Läsning*., S. 79-86, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, 'A foreigner to her mother tongue: Zenta Maurina (1897-1978) and Konstantin Raudive (1909-1974) as German-speaking Latvian writers in Swedish exile', *The invasion of books in peripheral literary fields : transmitting preferences and images in media, networks and translation.*, S. 181-211, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, ’"There Is Always An Invisible Reader…" The Swedish Critic Margit Abenius and the Making of a Female Cultural Transmitter', *The Vanguard of Cultural Transfer. Cultural Transmitters and Authors in Peripheral Literary Fields* [Studies on Cultural Transfer & Transmission, CTAT, 2], S. 89-117, 2010",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska släktkalendern, 1912, 1915-1916, 1919*, Stockholm, 1912, 1914, 1918",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgenstierna, Gustaf (red.), *Svenska släktkalendern. Årg. 12(1938)*, Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, 1937",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Eriksson, släkt från Värmland, urn:sbl:15424, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Helge Kjellin.), (Hämtad 2017-12-12)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/SBL/Presentation.aspx?id=15424"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohman, Nils (red.), *Svenska män och kvinnor: biografisk uppslagsbok. 1, A-B*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carlquist, Gunnar & Carlsson, Josef (red.), *Svensk uppslagsbok [Band 1]*, 2., omarb. och utvidgade uppl., Malmö : Förlagshuset Norden, 1947-1955",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Litteraturforskare, kritiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Literary researcher, critic",
      "text": "Margit Abenius var en framstående litteraturforskare och en av sin tids viktigaste kritikerröster från tidigt 1930-tal och fram till sin död. Hon var även verksam som essäist, översättare och kulturförmedlare samt medlem i Samfundet De Nio.\n\nMargit Abenius föddes 1899 i en bildad medelklassmiljö. Hon var det äldsta av fyra barn till Maria Ulrika Abenius, född Westholm, och Per Wilhelm Abenius. Fadern tillhörde den yngre grenen av släkten Abenius som i sin helhet härstammar från Bärsta i Kolbäcks socken i Västmanland. Under Marigt Abenius första levnadsår bodde familjen i Borås och från 1915 i Örebro där fadern hade blivit rektor för Tekniska skolan. Från modern, som var dotter till en kontraktsprost och på mödernet hörde till den västmanländska släkten Ericsson (Laxbro-Ramsbergsbrukssläkten), fick Margit Abenius mycket tidigt i livet ett genuint intresse för poesi, folkvisor och muntligt berättande. Ett starkt litteraturintresse präglade familjen Abenius vardag. Tack vare fadern, docent i kemi, läroverksadjunkt och författare till ett flertal läroböcker, formades Margit Abenius studieambitioner tidigt. Under skoltiden tog hon ett djupt intryck av sin kristendomslärare, teologen och psalmdiktaren Emil Liedgren. I likhet med många andra unga kvinnor ur den tidens bildade medelklass sökte Margit Abenius manliga förebilder bland sina lärare samt bland den tidens forskare och författare. Hon visade litet intresse för samtida kvinnliga författarskap och för de kvinnliga förebilder som i början av 1900-talet redan fanns i offentligheten.\n\nEfter examen från Risbergska skolan i Örebro antogs Margit Abenius hösten 1917 till det treåriga och för sin tid progressiva privatgymnasiet Upsala Enskilda Läroverk, allmänt känt som ’Skrapan’. Förutom latin och grekiska omfattade undervisningen även engelska. I modersmål och engelska undervisades Margit Abenius av den blivande språkforskaren Olof Gjerdman, vars intresse för stilistik och fonetik kom att bli avgörande för hennes val av fortsatta studier. Gjerdmans inflytande över Margit Abenius intellektuella och personliga utveckling sträckte sig långt utöver förhållandet mellan lärare och elev. Under Margit Abenius studietid utvecklades deras förhållande till en kärleksrelation som aldrig blev offentlig men bestod fram till Gjerdmans död 1965.\n\nMargit Abenius tog studentexamen våren 1919. På hösten samma år skrev hon in sig vid Uppsala universitet men påbörjade sina studier först hösten 1920. De perioder av svår sömnlöshet och nedstämdhet som skulle bli början på hennes kamp mot en livslång depression hade börjat under läroverkstiden. Redan hösten 1919 krävde hennes hälsa långvarig vila och ett uppehåll i studiearbetet.\n\nMargit Abenius tog intryck av den stilforskning som på 1920-talet var på frammarsch och som hade sin främsta förespråkare i Bengt Hesselman, professor i nordiska språk och senare ledamot av Svenska Akademien. Hesselman uppmuntrade Margit Abenius till fortsatta forskarstudier. År 1923, 1928 respektive 1930 publicerade hon artiklar om verslära och stilistik i *Nysvenska studier*.\n\nEfter magisterexamen i nordiska språk, engelska och litteraturhistoria 1925 och licentiatexamen i nordiska språk 1928 inriktades Margit Abenius forskning på Johan Henric Kellgren, vilket 1931 resulterade i doktorsavhandlingen *Stilstudier i Kellgrens prosa*.\n\nUnder studietiden blev Margit Abenius, genom medlemskapet i samma studentmatlag, nära bekant med [](Karin Boye). Kontakten dem emellan bestod även efter studierna och var också ett av motiven till att Margit Abenius tog sig an arbetet med Karin Boyes litterära eftermäle efter dennas död 1941.\n\nRedan under forskartiden började Margit Abenius publicera litteraturartiklar i den kristna tidskriften *Vår Lösen* (utgiven 1909–2000), som hon skulle medverka i fram till 1967. Hennes första bidrag, en recension av Klara Johansons *Det speglade livet*, 1927, blev början på en innerlig vänskap mellan Margit Abenius och [](Klara Johanson), känd som K J. Deras möten och korrespondens ger en bild av ett litterärt mentorskap från Klara Johansons sida.\n\nEfter disputationen 1931 lämnade Margit Abenius universitetet. Under några år arbetade hon vid Svenska ortnamnsarkivet i Uppsala. Från tidigt 1930-tal och framåt ägnade hon sig åt litteraturkritik, essäistik och kulturförmedling med enstaka översättaruppdrag. Redan år 1931 höll hon också några föredrag i radio, däribland en föredragsserie med titeln ”Barnet i svensk dikt”. I dagspress debuterade hon år 1932 med några längre litteraturartiklar i *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*. Från och med 1933 var hon stående medarbetare i *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*, grundat 1932. Samarbetet varade fram till 1962 och det bestod av såväl recensioner av som essäer om både svenska och utländska författarskap. \n\nMellan 1933 och 1964 medverkade Margit Abenius även i *Ord och Bild*. Mest känd för en bred publik blev hon tack vare sina litteraturkrönikor i radio åren 1933-1967, där hennes karaktäristiska mörka stämma i förening med intellektuell humor, integritet och förmåga att förmedla litteraturanalyser till en bred publik snabbt gjorde henne allmänt känd. I krönikorna recenserade hon huvudsakligen prosa, och mer sällan lyrik. Margit Abenius blev tidigt en folkbildare genom offentliga föredrag och tal på kulturföreningar. Uppdraget i radion ledde till att hon 1944 erbjöds att leda en lokal läsecirkel i Uppsala, under hennes ordförandetid benämnd Yrkeskvinnors klubbs litterära cirkel, ett uppdrag som hon med stort engagemang och med mycket högt ställda kvalitetsambitioner ledde fram till sin död 1970. I hemstaden Uppsala ingick hon även i en nära sammansvetsad intellektuell bekantskapskrets tillsammans med bland annat filosofen och religionskritikern Ingemar Hedenius, författarparet Knut Jaensson och [](Tora Dahl), författaren [](Stina Aronson) och bildhuggaren Bror Hjorth.\n\nUnder 1940-talet inriktade sig Margit Abenius alltmer på en litterär och essäistisk produktion. År 1944 gav hon ut 20 av sina tidigare publicerade essäer och litteraturartiklar i samlingen *Kontakter*, vilket befäste hennes position som en av 1940-talets viktigaste kritikerröster. År 1947 fick hon en egen artikel i *Svensk uppslagsbok* och hon omnämndes av Sven Stolpe som en av samtidens bästa kritiker i *Svensk yrkeskvinna*, 1950. Samtidigt verkade hon helt utanför samtidens litterära rörelser – och för den delen även politiska och religiösa sådana – och räknades redan på 1940-talet till en äldre kritikergeneration samtidigt som hon i många avseenden var före sin tid, något som Anette Arnell har påpekat, gav Margit Abenius ”en sorts dubbel hemlöshet”.\n\nHennes arbete med Karin Boyes litterära eftermäle inleddes redan 1942 med den tillsammans med Olof Lagercrantz redigerade antologin *Karin Boye: minnen och studier*. Margit Abenius redigerade och kommenterade även Karin Boyes *Samlade skrifter*, 1947–1949, detta under arbetet med sin Boyebiografi *Drabbad av renhet: en bok om Karin Boyes liv och diktning*, 1950. Biografin mottogs mycket positivt och den kom i decennier att påverka inte bara den allmänna bilden av Karin Boyes författarskap utan även synen på biografiskrivandet. Kritiska röster och polemik saknades dock inte och med tiden har inte minst Margit Abenius bild av Karin Boyes personlighet och hennes konservativa sätt att skriva om Karin Boyes homosexualitet rönt stark kritik.\n\nFrån tidigt 1950-tal arbetade Margit Abenius med att introducera den franska filosofen Simone Weil i Sverige. Efter en essä och en egen översättning av fragment ur Simone Weils ”Tankar” i *BLM*, 1951:7, översatte och kommenterade Margit Abenius Weils *La Pesanteur et la grâce*, 1947, till svenska (*Tyngden och nåden*, 1954). Under 1950-talet ägnade hon sig bland annat genom en intensiv föredragsverksamhet åt att popularisera Weils författarskap. År 1956 kom hennes essä ”Varför är den goda dum?” i *BLM*, och år 1961 gav hon ut ett kommenterat urval av Weils brev och essäer, denna gång i samarbete med översättaren [](Karin Stolpe) (*Personen och det heliga: essäer och brev*). Margit Abenius syn på Weil som kristen tänkare ledde åren 1954–1958 till en skarp ideologisk polemik mellan henne och de tidigare vännerna Hedenius och paret Jaensson-Dahl.\n\nSedan sent 1930-tal var Margit Abenius i lika hög grad uttalad antinazist som antikommunist. Fram till sin död förblev hon en orubblig och aktiv kritiker av Sovjetunionen och av kommunismens svenska sympatisörer. På 1940-talet engagerade hon sig i lettiska flyktingars situation i Sverige. Under samma decennium blev hon som intellektuell mer uttalat kristen. I sin litteraturkritik var hon tydligt inriktad på estetiska kvaliteter i det litterära verket och på skildringar av människans inre, snarare än av samhällsdebatt. I samtida dagspress där hennes arbete och jämna födelsedagar uppmärksammades beskrevs hon ofta som en lärd, inåtvänd, stillsam och metodisk granskare, som tillhörande ett ”litteraturens klosterfolk /…/ som i skymundan utför ett krävande arbete i odlingens tjänst”. Oavsett sina kontakter med ett flertal av det tidiga 1900-talets främsta kvinnosakskvinnor och rösträttsaktivister bekände Margit Abenius sig aldrig till den tidens kvinnorörelse.\n\nUnder åren 1949–1969 var Margit Abenius ledamot i Samfundet De Nio (stol 6). År 1963 summerade hon sitt liv och sin kritikergärning i *Memoarer från det inre*, som fick ett varmt mottagande i kulturpressen. Två år senare mottog hon det då nyinstiftade Birger-Sjöbergpriset. Från och med 1960-talet tystnade hon alltmer som kritiker i kulturpressen. Minnesorden i samband med Margit Abenius bortgång lyfte fram såväl hennes lyhördhet för skönlitteraturens olika sätt att skildra den mänskliga existensens villkor som hennes forskarmässiga intresse för den skönlitterära textens språk och stil. Även om hennes bidrag till Boyeforskningen idag är kraftigt omvärderat och trots att hon aldrig kom att gå i bräschen för nya strömningar har Margit Abenius gärning i sitt huvudsakliga uppdrag – att förmedla skönlitteratur och det lyhörda läsandets konst till en bred publik – lämnat ett starkt avtryck på 1900-talets svenska litteraturkritik.\n\nMargit Abenius förblev ogift och ägnade mycket av sin tid åt umgänget med brodern Håkan Abenius och hans familj samt åt att främja systern Ingrid Trillers och dennas make Erichs verk som keramiker i Tobo i Uppland. Margit Abenius dog 1970.",
      "text_eng": "Margit Abenius was an eminent literary researcher and one of the most influential voices in literary criticism from the early 1930s up to her death. She was also an essayist, translator and cultural intermediary, and a member of Samfundet De Nio (the Nine Society).\n\nMargit Abenius was born in 1899 into an educated middle-class family. She was the eldest of Maria Abenius’ (née Westholm) four children with Wilhelm Abenius. Margit Abenius’ early years were spent with her family in Borås. In 1915 they moved to Örebro, where her father was the headmaster of Tekniska skolan (the technical school). \n\nMargit developed a genuine interest in poetry, folk tunes and oral story-telling from her mother. Maria Abenius, whose father was a priest, belonged to the extended Ericsson family of Västmanland. Everyday life in the Abenius was coloured by a love of literature. Margit Abenius developed a desire to study from an early age due to the credentials of her father, a lecturer in chemistry, secondary-school teacher and author of several textbooks. Her religious-studies teacher, the theologian and psalm-composer Emil Liedgren, made a lasting impression on her at school. Just like many other educated middle-class young women of that era, Margit Abenius looked to male role-models among her teachers and among the researchers and authors of the time. She showed little interest in contemporary female authors or in the female role-models who were already known in the early 1900s.\n\nUpon completing her studies at Risbergska skolan in Örebro, Margit Abenius enrolled in a three-year programme at what was then a progressive private school Uppsala Enskilda Läroverk, commonly known as “Skrapan”, in the autumn of 1917. Subjects taught at the school included Latin and Greek as well as English. Margit’s teacher in Swedish and English was the future language-specialist Olof Gjerdman whose interest in stylistics and phonetics came to play a determining role in Margit’s future choice of studies. Gjerdman’s influence on Margit Abenius’ intellectual and personal development lasted far beyond their relationship as teacher and student. The personal and deep connection they shared survived until Gjerdman’s death in 1965.\n\nMargit Abenius graduated in the spring of 1919. In the autumn of that year she enrolled at Uppsala University, but delayed the commencement of her studies there until the autumn of 1920. Periods of intense insomnia and low mood, which marked the beginning of her lifelong fight against depression, had started during her high school years. By the autumn of 1919 her condition required lengthy periods of rest and a break from her studies.\n\nMargit Abenius was inspired by the research into stylistics which was then in the ascendant and her main proponent was Bengt Hesselman, professor of Nordic languages and later member of the Swedish Academy. Hesselman encouraged Margit Abenius to continue her research. She published articles on prosody and stylistics in Nysvenska studier in 1923, 1928 and 1930.\n\nAfter gaining her degree in Nordic languages, English and the history of literature in 1925 and passing the licentiate degree in Nordic languages in 1928, Margit Abenius focused her research on Johan Henric Kellgren. This resulted in a thesis entitled *Stilstudier i Kellgrens prosa*.\n\nDuring her period of studying Margit Abenius became a close friend of [](Karin Boye) through sharing communal cooking duties. Their relationship continued after their student days and was one of the reasons that Margit Abenius took on the task of writing Karin Boye’s literary obituary after Boye died in 1941.\n\nAs a researcher Margit Abenius had already begun publishing literary articles in the Christian journal *Vår lösen* (published 1909-2000), where she continued to publish until 1967. Her first contribution to the journal was a review of [](Klara Johanson)’s *Det Speglade Livet* from 1927. This led to an intense friendship between Margit and Klara, who was known as “KJ”. From their meetings and correspondence an impression emerges of their relationship  as being one of Klara Johanson serving as Margit Abenius’ literary mentor.\n\nMargit left Uppsala University after defending her thesis in 1931. From the early 1930s and onwards she turned to literary criticism, essay-writing, and cultural exchange through occasional translation jobs. From 1933 onwards she was a permanent contributor to *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* (BLM), a literary magazine founded in 1932. Her contributions included reviews and essays on both Swedish and foreign publications. She remained at BLM until 1962. Between 1933 and 1964 she also contributed to *Ord och Bild*. She became known to a wider audience when she worked as a literary critic on the radio from 1933 to 1967. Her distinctive deep voice and intellectual humour made her quickly recognizable. On the radio she mainly reviewed prose, and less frequently lyrical poetry. It was not long before Margit Abenius became a popular educationalist by giving official lectures and talks for cultural associations. Through her radio job she was invited, in 1944, to lead a local reading group in Uppsala, which during her leadership became known as ‘Yrkeskvinnors klubbs litterära cirkel’ (the working women’s club’s literary circle). She was highly committed to the leadership role, which she performed to highly demanding standards of quality and ambition until her death in 1970. In her hometown of Uppsala she also was part of a very closely-knit intellectual circle of friends including, amongst others, the philosopher and religious critic Ingemar Hedenius, the author couple Knut Jaensson and [](Tora Dahl), the author [](Stina Aronson) and the sculptor Bror Hjorth.\n\nDuring the 1940s Margit Abenius increasingly focused on her literary and essay-writing output. In 1944 she released 20 of her previously-published essays and literary articles in a collection entitled *Kontakter*, which confirmed her position as one of the most important critical voices of the 1940s. In 1947 she was given a dedicated entry in *Svensk uppslagsbok* and in 1950 she was identified by Sven Stolpe as one of the day’s best critics in *Svensk yrkeskvinna*. She largely acted outside of contemporary movements in literature, religion or politics, which meant that she by the 1940s already was considered as belonging to an older generation of critics. She was nevertheless ahead of her time in many ways, something which according to Anette Arnell made Margit Abenius “kind of homeless twice-over”.\n\nAbenius’ work on Karin Boye’s literary obituary started in 1942 when she edited an anthology with Olof Lagercrantz entitled *Karin Boye. Minnen och studier*. Margit Abenius also edited and annotated Boye’s *Samlade Skrifter* between 1947 and 1950 while she was also working on a biography of the author called *Drabbad av renhet. En bok om Karin Boyes liv och diktning*. The biography, which was published in 1950, was very favourably received and would for decades influence not only the public’s view of Karin Boye’s writings but also the view of biographical writing. There was no lack of criticism or polemics, however, and with the passage of time Margit Abenius’ conservative approach toward Boye’s homosexuality is only one aspect that has engendered strong disapproval.\n\nFrom the early 1950s Margit Abenius made efforts to bring awareness of the French philosopher Simone Weil to Sweden. Having written an essay and translated fragments of Simone Weil’s Thoughts in BLM 7 (1951), Margit Abenius then translated and annotated Weil’s *La Pesanteur et la grâce* (1947) into Swedish (as Tyngden och nåden, 1954). During the 1950s she undertook to popularize Weil’s writings, partly through an intensive lecture schedule. In 1956 Abenius’ essay “Varför är den goda dum?” was published in BLM, and in 1961 she published an annotated selection of Weil’s letters and essays, in collaboration with the translator [](Karin Stolpe) (*Personen och det heliga. Essäer och brev*). Her view of Weil as a Christian thinker led to deep ideological polemics between Margit Abenius and her former friends Hedenius and the Jaensson-Dahl couple during the years 1954—1958.\n\nFrom the late 1930s onwards Margit Abenius was equally outspoken against Nazism and communism. Until her death she remained a steadfast and active critic of the Soviet Union and of Swedish supporters of communism. In the 1940s she became involved with the plight of Latvian refugees in Sweden. During the same period she became increasingly outspoken as a Christian in her intellectual pursuits. Her literary criticism was clearly based on the aesthetic qualities of literature and depictions of people’s inner workings rather than the wider social debate. Whilst both her work and her significant birthdays received attention from the contemporary press, she still often found herself described as a learned, introverted, quiet and methodical reviewer, who belonged to a “literary cloister in which demanding jobs are performed in the shadows in order to ensure cultural growth”. Although she had contacts with several of the prominent female campaigners for women’s issues and suffragettes of the early 1900s, Margit Abenius never identified herself with the women’s movement of the time.\n\nBetween 1949 and 1969 Margit Abenius was a member of Samfundet de Nio, occupying seat number six. In 1963 she summarized her life and her work as a critic in *Memoarer från det inre* which was warmly received by cultural media. Two years later she was awarded the then newly established Birger-Sjöberg prize. From the 1960s onwards her contributions as a critic in the cultural press became increasingly infrequent. The testimonials which followed Margit Abenius’ death tended to highlight her perceptiveness of literature’s many different ways of portraying the human condition, as well as her research interests in the literary use of language and stylistics. Although her contribution to studies of Boye have been seriously re-evaluated, and though she was never a trend-setter, Margit Abenius’ efforts in her main line of work — to disseminate literature and the art of perceptive reading to a wide audience — has left a strong mark on twentieth-century Swedish literary criticism.\n\nMargit Abenius remained unmarried and spent a lot of her time socializing with her brother Håkan Abenius and his family. She also promoted her sister Ingrid Triller’s and husband Erich’s work as ceramic artists in Tobo in Uppland. Margit Abenius died in 1970.",
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          "lastname": "Abrahamson",
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      "source": [
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          "description": "Telander, Anna-Lena, *Euphrosyne Abrahamson: (1836-1869): från Kungliga teatern till Nyfikeliden eller Prima donnan som blev socialarbetare*, Göteborgs univ., Institutionen för musikvetenskap, Fördjupningskurs 1(C) Göteborg : Univ., Musikvetenskap, 1994, Göteborg, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      "subtitle": "Operasångare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Opera singer",
      "text": "Euphrosyne Abrahamson var en internationellt känd operasångerska. \n\nEuphrosyne Abrahamson föddes i ett burget köpmanshem i Stockholm. Hennes föräldrar var Johan Leman och hans hustru Emma Jacobson. 1853, vid sexton års ålder, började hon studera sång för Jenny Linds mentor professor Julius Günther vid Kungliga Teatern. Hon debuterade tre år senare som Pamina i *Trollflöjten* och gjorde stor succé. Man ville knyta henne till teatern, men hon avböjde erbjudandet om fortsatt engagemang för att resa till Paris, där hon fortsatte sina studier för den kände operasångaren och kompositören Gilbert Duprez.\n\nI Paris fick hon tillfälle att uppträda tillsammans med framstående sångare och skådespelare, som Pauline Viardot-García och Adelaide Ristori. Hon uppmärksammades och uppmuntrades även av tonsättarna Rossini och Verdi. \n\nEfter avslutade studier fick Euphrosyne Abrahamson anställning vid Teatro de Oriente i Madrid. Hennes debut 1858, som donna Elvira i Verdis opera *Ernani*, var en stor succé och hon förutspåddes en bana liknande [](Jenny Lind)s. Följande år skördade hon ytterligare framgångar vid Italienska operan i Wien.\n\nHennes offentliga karriär avslutades emellertid året därpå då hon ingick äktenskap med den göteborgske köpmannen August Abrahamson. När hon avled, endast 33 år gammal, instiftade hennes man en gåvofond vid Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien i Stockholm på 25 000 kronor till hennes minne. Avkastningen skulle gå till elever vid musikkonservatoriet som ”giva ett sant uttryck både åt andan av hennes sköna konst och åt böjelserna hos hennes ädla hjärta”. \n\nEfter sitt giftermål gjorde Euphrosyne Abrahamson endast lokala framträdanden. Hennes bidrag till Göteborgs kulturliv var dock betydande, då hon både medverkade vid och även anordnade en mängd konserter. Såsom en förmögen mans hustru utövade hon även omfattande välgörenhet. På makarnas egendom Vänhem utanför staden upprättade hon en liten slöjdskola för traktens barn. Förmodligen var det detta som inspirerade August Abrahamson att efter sin makas död inrätta den berömda slöjdskolan på slottet Nääs. Makarna hade köpt egendomen 1868, men hade knappt flyttat in innan Euphrosyne Abrahamson gick bort, 1869. Hon begravdes på Gamla begravningsplatsen i Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Euphrosyne Abrahamson was an internationally renowned opera singer. \n\nEuphrosyne Abrahamson was born into the affluent home of a Stockholm merchant. Her parents were Johan Leman and his wife, Emma Jacobson. In 1853, when Euphrosyne Abrahamson was 16 years old, she began to take lessons with [](Jenny Lind)’s mentor, Professor Julius Günther, at Kungliga Teatern (the royal theatre). Three years later Euphrosyne Abrahamson had great success in her debut performance singing the part of Pamina in *The Magic Flute*. Although attempts were made to keep her at the theatre she rejected offers of employment in favour of travelling to Paris. There she continued her singing lessons with the famous opera singer and composer Gilbert Duprez. \n\nWhilst she was in Paris she took the opportunity to perform with other prominent singers and actors, including the likes of Pauline Viardot-García and Adelaide Ristori. Euphrosyne Abrahamson garnered a lot of attention and was even encouraged by the composers Rossini and Verdi. \n\nOnce she had completed her studies Euphrosyne Abrahamson gained employment at the Teatro de Oriente in Madrid. She made her debut there in 1858, singing the part of Donna Elvira in Verdi’s opera *Ernani*, in which she was a major success. It was predicted that she would enjoy a similar career to that of Jenny Lind. Euphrosyne Abrahamson had further successes the next year performing at the Italian opera in Vienna. \n\nDespite these accomplishments her public career ended the following year upon her marriage to a Gothenburg merchant named August Abrahamson. Euphrosyne Abrahamson died young, at the aged of 33. Her husband established an endowment fund in her memory at Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien (the royal music academy) in Stockholm in the amount of 25,000 Swedish kronor. The interest was to be given to students at the music conservatoire who “who expressed the spirit of her beautiful artistry as well as the leanings of her noble heart”. \n\nFollowing her marriage Euphrosyne Abrahamson only performed locally. Her contribution to Gothenburg’s cultural life was, however, significant as she both appeared in and organised a number of concerts. As the wife of a wealthy husband she also undertook extensive charitable work. She set up a small traditional arts school at her marital home of Vänhem outside the town which was aimed at the local children. She and her husband had purchased the property in 1868 but had only just moved into the building before Euphrosyne Abrahamson died in 1869. She is buried at the Old Jewish Cemetery in Gothenburg.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "EuphrosyneAbrahamson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222",
        "Madrid, Spanien|40.42|-30.7",
        "Wien, Österrike|48.208174|16.373819"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Inger",
          "lastname": "Eriksson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Göteborgs Stads förtjänsttecken",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "description": "Illis quorum (postumt)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2002",
            "date": "2002"
          },
          "description": "Kruthmedaljen (postumt)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Annie",
          "lastname": "Koch",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Lärarexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dövlärarexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda å Manilla",
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Handikapprörelsen",
        "Skolledare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
        "Disability rights movement",
        "School directors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2019-10-10T11:44:17",
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1906-10-01",
            "date": "1906-10-01"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Karl Johans församling",
            "pin": {
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              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1977-05-10",
            "date": "1977-05-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Högsbo församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Alma/ Sofia",
        "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
        "sortname": "Abrahamsson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Lärare, fr o m 1940 föreståndare, Förskolan för döva",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Föreläsare",
          "detail": "Dövtolk, föreläsare, arrangör av kurser och fritidsaktiviteter med och för döva",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Grundare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "name": "Dövas pensionärsförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Alma Abrahamsson",
          "description_eng": "Alma Abrahamsson",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2017-12-08_155519.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Amalia",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson, född Venberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Johan",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "occupation": "Skomakare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-04-09",
            "date": "1904-04-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Karl Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-02-14",
            "date": "1909-02-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1909-03-02",
            "date": "1909-03-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Thorsten Emil",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-12-13",
            "date": "1911-12-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid Natanael",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-12-13",
            "date": "1911-12-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Knut Leonard",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "occupation": "Elektriker",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919-02-13",
            "date": "1919-02-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "occupation": "Folkskollärare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-03-27",
            "date": "1921-03-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Erland Felix",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Lennart, *Teckenspråkets guldålder: teckenspråkigt döva i 1700- och 1800-talets Europa. D. 1, 1700-talet: pionjärerna*, Döviana ; Stockholm, [Malmö], 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergman, Brita, *Studies in Swedish sign language*, Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Univ., 1983,Stockholm, 1982",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Glansholm, Linus, *Teckenspråket och de dövas situation förr och nu* (Hämtad 2017-11-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.teckenspraket.se/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Koch, Annie & Theorin, Ulla-Bell, 'Förskolan för döva i Göteborg', *Nordisk tidskrift för hörsel- och dövundervisning*, 2013:1, s. 12-15, 2013 (Hämtad 2017-11-23)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://audiopedagog.no/onewebmedia/NTD_1_2013.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ozolins, Birgitta, *Lördagsskolan 1977-78.*, Stockholm, 1982",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dövhistoriska sällskap*, Sveriges dövhistoriska sällskap (SHDS), Örebro, 1993:3, 2013:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skolföreståndare, teckenspråkslärare, specialpedagogisk pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "School director, sign language teacher, pioneer in special needs education",
      "text": "Alma Abrahamsson var föreståndare för Förskolan för döva i Göteborg och en stark förkämpe för teckenspråket.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson föddes i Göteborg. Båda hennes föräldrar, Anna och Carl Abrahamsson, var döva och hon lärde sig tidigt de dövas teckenspråk. Hon tog lärarexamen 1926 och fick genast arbete som lärare vid Förskolan för döva i Göteborg. För att förkovra sig ytterligare studerade hon vid Manillaskolan i Stockholm och tog en examen som dövlärare 1931. År 1940 blev hon föreståndare för Förskolan för döva, där hon fortsatte sin verksamhet fram till pensionen 1969.\n\nFörskolan för döva hade inrättats 1902. Föreståndare då Alma Abrahamsson anställdes var [](Annie Koch). Denna hade genomgått en labiologiutbildning i USA och undervisningen på skolan bedrevs enligt läppavläsningsmetoden och inte med teckenspråksinlärning som Alma Abrahamsson förordade. Trots att Annie Koch handplockade Alma Abrahamsson till skolan och delvis bekostade hennes utbildning fanns i detta avseende en motsättning mellan dem.\n\nKampen mellan de två metoderna, att tala med händerna och kommunicera med ett eget språk eller att kommunicera inom det förhärskande språket genom läppavläsning, hade pågått sedan slutet av 1700-talet. Vid slutet av 1800-talet fick den orala metoden starkt stöd. Teckenspråket ansågs för primitivt eftersom det exempelvis saknade grammatik. Man menade också att det omöjliggjorde abstrakt tänkande. På en internationell dövlärarkongress i Milano 1880 beslöts att den orala metoden skulle tillämpas i hela Europa, vilket också påverkade utbildningen i Sverige. Den orala metoden som redan tidigare delvis använts vid Manillaskolan blev allenarådande. Ambitionen var att göra de döva så hörande som möjligt. Denna inriktning förstärktes ytterligare efter andra världskriget, då den tekniska utvecklingen ledde till att allt bättre förstärkarapparater kom fram.\n\nTrots att Alma Abrahamsson alltså utbildats i den orala metoden vid Manillaskolan och tvingades undervisa enligt den kämpade hon envist för teckenspråket. Det berättas om henne att hon i praktiken bedrev sin undervisning med teckenmetoden men att hon övergick till den orala metoden när det kom besökande. Hon läste tidningar och sagor för barnen, som de fick återberätta genom att spela upp innehållet som teater. Hon lät barnen besöka bondgårdar för att de skulle få lära sig om de olika handgrepp som utfördes där.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson fick utstå en hel del kritik men hon var en mycket älskad och uppskattad lärare. Många elever har vittnat om hur dörren till omvärlden öppnades genom teckenspråket och hur de fick sin föreställningsvärld berikad.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson var verksam på många sätt; som tolk och arrangör av kurser och fritidsaktiviteter. År 1969 stiftade hon Dövas pensionärsförening. Hon kom att bli de dövas ambassadör i en tid då de ställdes utanför samhället och under senare delen av sitt liv och postumt fick hon äntligen sitt erkännande.\n\nÅr 1965 tilldelades Alma Abrahamsson Göteborgs Stads förtjänsttecken. Postumt tilldelades hon medaljen Illis quorum för sina mångåriga och betydelsefulla insatser för de döva i vårt land. Postumt erhöll hon även Kruthmedaljen, som är uppkallad efter snickaren Lars Kruth, som var en pionjär inom dövrörelsen i Sverige och förkämpe för teckenspråket. År 1981 godkände riksdagen teckenspråk som dövas modersmål.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson avled 1977 och är begravd på Västra kyrkogården i Högsbo, Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Alma Abrahamsson was the director of Förskolan för döva (the preschool for deaf children) in Gothenburg. She was also a strong advocate of Swedish Sign Language.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson was born in Gothenburg. Her parents, Anna and Carl Abrahamsson, were both deaf and she learned Swedish Sign Language at an early age. She gained her teaching qualifications in 1926 and immediately gained employment as a teacher at Förskolan för döva in Gothenburg. She continued her studies by attending the Manilla school in Stockholm, from which she graduated as a teacher for deaf children in 1931. She became the director of Förskolan för döva in 1940 and remained at the school until she retired in 1969.\n\nFörskolan för döva had been established in 1902. At the time when Alma Abrahamsson was first employed at the school its director was [](Annie Koch), who had learned how to lip-read in the USA. The curriculum therefore followed the lip-reading method, instead of the sign language method which Alma Abrahamsson championed. Although it was Annie Koch who had headhunted Alma Abrahamsson for employment at the school, and partly funded her training, this difference of opinion remained between them.\n\nThis rivalry between two methods of communication – one using your hands to speak via your own language while the other relied on lip-reading in the dominant language of the area – had been ongoing since the late 1700s. The oral method gained prevalence towards the late 1800s. Sign language was seen as too primitive a method, partly because it lacked grammar. It was also believed that sign language did not allow for abstract thought processes. At an international conference of teachers of the deaf, held in Milan in 1880, it was decided that the oral method would apply across Europe. This decision influenced deaf education in Sweden. The oral method, which had already been partly in use at the Manilla school, became the sole method of communication. It was intended to help the deaf make maximum use of whatever hearing they had. This approach was consolidated after the Second World War when technological advancements allowed for the production of improved hearing aids.\n\nDespite the fact that Alma Abrahamsson had been trained to use the oral method at the Manilla school and had been forced to use that same method in her teaching, she stubbornly continued to be an advocate of sign language. It was said that in practice she taught using sign language and would only switch to lip-reading whenever visitors came into her classroom. She would read newspapers and stories to her students which she then had them repeat by means of performing the contents in the form of plays. She would take her students to visit farms so that they could experience the different types of manual dexterity required there.\n \nAlma Abrahamsson was the subject of a certain amount of criticism for her views but she was also a much-loved and highly-appreciated teacher. Many of her former students have testified to how Swedish Sign Language opened a door to the wider world and enriched their imaginations.\n \nAlma Abrahamsson was active within a range of areas: she worked as an interpreter and an organiser of courses and leisure-activities. In 1969 she established Dövas pensionärsförening (the deaf pensioners’ society). She came to serve as an ambassador for the deaf at a time when they were excluded from society. It was only towards the end of her life and even posthumously that she finally gained the recognition she was due.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson was presented with Göteborgs Stads förtjänsttecken (The Gothenburg city merit badge) in 1965. In recognition of her many years’ worth of significant contributions on behalf of the deaf in Sweden she was posthumously awarded the Illis quorum medal. Further, she also posthumously received the Kruth medal, which is named after the carpenter Lars Kruth, a pioneer of the deaf movement in Sweden and an early champion of sign language. In 1981 the Swedish government recognised Swedish Sign Language as the mother tongue of the deaf.\n\nAlma Abrahamsson died in 1977. She is buried at Västra kyrkogården (the Western Cemetery) in Gothenburg.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AlmaAbrahamsson",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
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    },
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        {
          "firstname": "Lars",
          "lastname": "Hansson"
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "description": "Lasse Dahlquist-stipendiet",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        }
      ],
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      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
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          "firstname": "Gunnell",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Blume",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Malte",
          "lastname": "Krook",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Annika",
          "lastname": "Nordström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Agneta",
          "lastname": "Reftel",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kent",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Cornelis",
          "lastname": "Vreeswijk",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Förskollärarexamen",
          "institution": "Förskoleseminariet i Göteborg",
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              "lon": 11.97456
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Drakenfors, Thomas, 'Satiriker med småtyken ton', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2000-08-05",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "Hopen, Sylvia, 'En småtyken stipendiat', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 1005-09-03",
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        "20th century",
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            "date": "1940-08-05"
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      "name": {
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        "sortname": "Abrahamsson"
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          "description": "Lärare",
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          "place": {
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        }
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            "date": "1910-08-26"
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            "date": "1984-10-11"
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          "firstname": "Ernst Filip",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
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            "date": "2008-07-30"
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          "firstname": "Filip Jörgen Axel",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1945-06-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Monika Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "type": "Syster",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1937-02-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2012-09-05",
            "date": "2012-09-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Robert",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1959-02-09",
            "date": "1959-02-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Annette Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1960-06-20",
            "date": "1960-06-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Per Axel Håkan",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Son",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1961-11-28",
            "date": "1961-11-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sandra Maria",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1964-04-16",
            "date": "1964-04-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sören Thomas",
          "lastname": "Abrahamsson",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Margareta Abrahamsson' [Nekrolog], *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2011-09-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wällhed, Anders, *Jag söker en människa: minnesbok om skådespelaren, dramatikern och poeten Kent Andersson*, Lindelöw, Göteborg, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abrahamsson, Margareta, *Ja-Ja-män* [CD], 1993 (Liphone-LiCD3142)",
          "type": "Musik"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Andra Bullar* [LP], 1979 (Silence SRS 4657)",
          "type": "Musik"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Vissångare, textförfattare, revyartist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Ballad singer, lyricist, revue artist",
      "text": "Margareta Abrahamsson var en framstående vissångare, sångtextförfattare och ståuppartist, verksam framförallt i Västsverige.\n\nMargareta föddes 1940 i Mölndal som dotter till Elvira och Ernst Larsson. Hon gifte sig tidigt och fick fyra barn 1959—1964, två söner och två döttrar. Efter skilsmässan från maken Per Robert Abrahamsson kom hon som ensam mor att svara för barnens fostran, samtidigt som hon arbetade heltid som förskollärare inom barnomsorgen vid Göteborgs socialförvaltning.\n\nDet var på den legendariska viskrogen Sven Dufva i stadsdelen Haga, nära Järntorget i Göteborg, som Margareta Abrahamsson debuterade som visartist. Ölpubens kännemärke var en gigantisk neonskylt av en skummande ölsejdel som hängde ut mot gatan och de inte helt tystlåtna gästerna gav henne erfarenheter som hon hade nytta av i sin fortsatta karriär som artist.\n\nMargareta Abrahamsson inspirerades och fascinerades av Cornelis Vreeswijks visdiktning samtidigt som hon kom att utveckla sin egen profil. För en större publik blev hon känd först 1977, då hon var med om att bilda visgruppen Andra Bullar, som kom att spela in två succéartade LP-skivor. Gruppen, som omfattade fem kvinnor och en man, kom att spela en viktig roll i vishistorien och inte minst för kvinnorörelsen i slutet av 1970-talet och 1980-talet. Margareta Abrahamsson bidrog med både egna visor och val av andras vistexter, som satte fingret på samhällets orättvisor och dårskaper, ofta med ett ifrågasättande av kvinno- och mansroller. Hon kunde ta upp orättvisor i samhället med en glimt i ögat och med en dos självironi, som i hennes ”Ungflicksvisa” (här återges första versen):\n\n>Han valt att va ungkarl.  \nDet är var mans rätt,  \nmen tillhör den friheten alla?  \nFör kvinnan är valet ej alls lika lätt.  \nOm jag vill va ensam har något gått snett:  \nJag har ej fått mannen att falla.\n\nI likhet med Andra Bullars övriga medlemmar blev Margareta Abrahamsson lite av en allkonstnär på scenen. Hon kunde spela lite dragspel, några ackord på mandolin och ett och annat slag på gitarr. Men efter 13 års spelande på scener över hela landet bestämde sig gruppen för att upplösas och medlemmarna gick egna vägar. För Margareta Abrahamssons del innebar det att hon fortsatte att roa och oroa publiken men nu som succéartad ståuppartist i sin *Cabaret Småtyket*. Under åren som trubadur på Sven Dufva och som medlem i Andra Bullar fick hon stor nytta av snabba och dräpande replikskiften i sin kommunikation med publiken. Författaren Anders Wällhed har beskrivit Margareta Abrahamsson som ”rättfram med glittrande humor och inte ett dugg utrustad med fånig sakral och andäktig vördnad för visan”. Hon skapade enligt Wällhed:\n\n>”Sin egen konstform som hon senare renodlade i huvudlöst roliga ståuppnummer. Hon hittade snart en träffsäker och humoristisk stil med småtykna och knipsluga texter, kryddade med nakna sanningar om vår vanskliga tid.”\n\nEn av de poeter som Margareta Abrahamsson tog intryck av var Kent Andersson, och hon kom under åren 1996—2004 att medverka i några av hans revyer på Teater Aftonstjärnan i Göteborg. På hennes repertoar fanns också en rad av Kent Anderssons visor, bland annat ”Balladen om brödupproret 1917” och ”Medelålders män”. Dessa visor finns även med på den enda egna skiva Margareta Abrahamsson spelade in, *Ja-Ja-Män!*, från 1993. Bland de inspelade visorna ingick också hennes egen självironiska dikt *Mina avlagda män*, melodisatt av Birgit Skole (här återges första versen):\n\n>Jag tänker mig alltid de män jag har känt  \nsittande sorgsna, med ansiktet vänt  \nmot den plats där jag övergav dem.  \nDe sitter på var sin sorgens ö  \noch önskar egentligen bara att dö  \nför jag ville ju inte ha dem.\n\nUnder många år arbetade Margareta Abrahamsson som lärare vid Nordiska Visskolan i Kungälv och lärde ut sina erfarenheter av att uppträda inför publik och tolka sångtexter i det som skulle framföras på scenen. Hon genomförde också en rad visseminarier på Kustens hus, Samfundet Visans Vänners högborg i Majorna, Göteborg, där även Andra Bullar hade framträtt otaliga gånger. I visseminarierna kom Margareta Abrahamssons pedagogiska utbildning som förskollärare väl till pass. Den som exempelvis hade svårt att stå still på scenen och envisades att fladdra med händerna, kunde hon utrusta med en stol i vardera handen som effektivt hindrade fortsatt gestikulerande. Det viktigaste i framträdandet var att publiken fick koncentrera sig på vad som framfördes, inte på flaxande händer och oroliga fötter.\n\nMargareta Abrahamsson avled dagen efter sin 71-årsdag, år 2011. Hennes stoft vilar på Västra kyrkogården i Göteborg. Enligt minnesord av de övriga medlemmarna i Andra Bullar följde hon sin egen ledstjärna och återkom ofta till några rader av [](Karin Boye): ”Du ska tacka dina gudar om de tvingar dig att gå där du inga fotspår har att lita på”.",
      "text_eng": "Margareta Abrahamsson was an eminent ballad singer, lyricist, and a stand-up artist who was primarily active in western Sweden. \n\nMargareta Abrahamsson was born in Mölndal in 1940. She was the daughter of Elvira and Ernst Larsson. She married young and had four children – two sons and two daughters – all of whom were born in the period between 1959 and 1964. Following her divorce from Per Robert Abrahamsson she became solely responsible for raising her children, whilst also working fulltime as a pre-school teacher for Gothenburg’s social welfare childcare provision. \n\nMargareta Abrahamsson made her singing debut at the legendary Sven Dufva pub, located in the Haga part of Gothenburg, near Järntorget. The pub had a trademark neon sign, portraying a frothing beer tankard, which hung facing the street. Margareta Abrahamsson gleaned life experiences from the pub’s less than quiet customers which served her well throughout her career as a performing artist. \n\nAlthough Margareta Abrahamsson gradually developed her own public persona she was also inspired by and had a fascination for Cornelis Vreeswijk’s ballads. She initially became known to a wider audience in 1977 as a member of the Andra Bullar group, which recorded two successful albums. The group, comprising five women and one man, played important roles in the story of Swedish ballads as well as in the women’s movement of the late 1970s and the 1980s. Margareta Abrahamsson not only wrote her own ballads but also used other people’s song lyrics which pinpointed society’s follies and injustices, often querying female and male roles. She approached the subject of social injustices with a twinkle in her eye and a healthy dose of self-irony, such as in her song “Ungflicksvisa”. The following is the first verse: \n\n>Han valt att va ungkarl.  \nDet är var mans rätt,  \nmen tillhör den friheten alla?  \nFör kvinnan är valet ej alls lika lätt.  \nOm jag vill va ensam har något gått snett:  \nJag har ej fått mannen att falla. \n\n>(He chose to be a bachelor  \nAs is every man’s right  \nBut is this a general freedom?  \nWomen’s choices are not at all as simple  \nIf I choose to be single then something is wrong:  \nI haven’t succeeded in trapping a man.) \n\nMargareta Abrahamsson, like the other members of Andra Bullar, was somewhat of a multitasker on the stage. She played a bit of accordion, a few chords on the mandolin, and sometimes strummed the guitar. However, after thirteen years of performing throughout Sweden the group decided to call it quits and go their separate ways. For Margareta Abrahamsson this meant that she continued to entertain and antagonise the public as a successful stand-up artist in her *Cabaret Småtyket*. Margareta Abrahamsson had exploited her talent for rapid-fire and hard-hitting verbal exchanges with her audiences during her time as a troubadour at the Sven Dufva pub and as a member of Andra Bullar. The author Anders Wällhed has described Margareta Abrahamsson as “direct, with a sparkling sense of humour and entirely devoid of a holy and devotional attitude towards ballads.” According to Wällhed Margareta Abrahamsson created: “Her own form of art which she later refined as rip-roaringly funny stand-up numbers. She quickly found a style of humour which hit the mark using trivial and cunning texts, spiced with naked truths reflecting our troubled times.” \n\nOne of the poets who left a lasting impression on Margareta Abrahamsson was Kent Andersson. She appeared in some of his revue shows at Teater Aftonstjärnan in Gothenburg during the 1996 to 2004 period. Her own repertoire also includes a series of Kent Andersson’s ballads, such as “Balladen om brödupproret 1917” and “Medelålders män”. These songs can also be found on the only album Margareta Abrahamsson ever recorded, in 1993, entitled *Ja-Ja-Män!* The album also includes her own self-mocking poem Mina avlagda män to a tune by Birgit Skole, the first verse of which follows here: \n\n>Jag tänker mig alltid de män jag har känt  \nsittande sorgsna, med ansiktet vänt  \nmot den plats där jag övergav dem.  \nDe sitter på var sin sorgens ö  \noch önskar egentligen bara att dö  \nför jag ville ju inte ha dem. \n\n>(I always imagine the men I have known  \nsitting in sorrow, facing  \nthe place where I left them  \neach sitting on his own island of sadness  \nwanting only to die  \nbecause I didn’t want them.) \n\nMargareta Abrahamsson spent many years teaching at Nordiska Visskolan (the Nordic ballad school) in Kungälv, instructing others based on her own experiences of public performance and interpreting song texts for performance on a stage. She also ran a series of ballad seminars at Kustens hus, the stronghold of the Visans Vänner society in Majorna, Gothenburg. Andra Bullar had also performed there on innumerable occasions. Margareta Abrahamsson was able to place her pre-school teacher-training to the fore in these ballad seminars. When dealing, for example, with people who found it difficult to stand still on a stage and kept flapping their hands she would place a chair in each hand, thereby preventing further gesticulating. The most important aspect of public performance was to allow the audience to focus on what was being performed and not distract them with flailing hands and restless feet. \n\nMargareta Abrahamsson died the day after her 71st birthday in 2011. Her remains lie at Västra kyrkogården (the Western Cemetery) in Gothenburg. Her obituary, written by several members of Andra Bullar, notes how she forged her own path and would often return to [](Karin Boye)’s words: “You should thank your gods if they make you walk where there are no other footprints to follow”.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Kungälv|57.8707862|11.9788622",
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        {
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Flensburg"
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      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "description": "Grafiska sällskapets stipendium",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "description": "Knut V. Pettersson-stipendiet",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Ann-Margret Dahlquist-Ljungbergs stipendium",
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        {
          "firstname": "Bertil",
          "lastname": "Almlöf",
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          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
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          "firstname": "Per",
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        {
          "firstname": "Nils G",
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        }
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1951",
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          "type": "Läroverk"
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        {
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
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        }
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        {
          "description": "Representerad vid Borås konstmuseum, Eskilstuna konstmuseum, Kalmar konstmuseum, Göteborgs konstmuseum, Malmö konstmuseum, Moderna Museet, Norrköpings Konstmuseum, Västerås konstmuseum, Ystads konstmuseum, Skissernas museum (Lund), New York Public Library, Oregon State University (Corvallis), Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum"
        },
        {
          "description": "Agnsäter, Håkan, *Affischerna 1967-1979: från den svenska alternativrörelsen*, Ordalaget, Bromma, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bjurström, Per (red.), *90 grafiker: grafik i svart och vitt*, Utg., Stockholm, 1974",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Eriksson, Yvonne & Göthlund, Anette, 'Från det perifera till det vitala: kvinnliga konstnärskap i perspektiv', *Från modernism till samtidskonst*, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindström, Håkan (red.), *Grafikfestival 1985: Grafiska sällskapet 75 år*, Sällsk., Stockholm, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Swärd, Gunnel & Swärd, Kjell, *320 grafiker*, Pedagogförl., Klippan, 1984",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Kerstin Abram-Nilsson",
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        {
          "description": "Om Kerstin Abram-Nilsson",
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          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=amne%3a(Abram-Nilsson%2c+Kerstin)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Korrespondens med Ingrid Sjöstrand 1979-1998. Författaren Ingrid Sjöstrands arkiv. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2021-01-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-230103"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000050762135",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Lärare",
        "Illustratörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Artists",
        "Teachers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-12T10:35:26",
      "libris_uri": [
        "vs683j6d0x50tv9"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 67,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1931-07-07",
            "date": "1931-07-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Engelbrekts församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1998-12-18",
            "date": "1998-12-18"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Danderyds församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Kerstin/",
        "lastname": "Abram-Nilsson",
        "sortname": "Abram-Nilsson"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär, illustratör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skribent",
          "detail": "Skribent",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Konstfackskolan, även Gerlesborgsskolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1989",
            "date": "1989"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "name": "Konstnärshusets Grafikgrupp",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Abram-Nilsson Axelsson",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 8.3676771,
              "lon": 49.083416
            },
            "place": "Somalia"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 10.4430243,
              "lon": -61.2613054
            },
            "place": "Trinidad, Trinidad och Tobago"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1998",
            "date": "1998"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Kerstin Abram-Nilsson, år okänt. Foto: Bo Lundberg (copyright, bild i privat ägo)",
          "description_eng": "Kerstin Abram-Nilsson, year unknown. Photo: Bo Lundberg (copyright, privately owned image)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Abram_Nilsson_Kerstin.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-01-04",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-08-22",
            "date": "1901-08-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-05-28",
            "date": "1995-05-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Margareta Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Nilsson, född Dahlström",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-01-22",
            "date": "1871-01-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942-10-08",
            "date": "1942-10-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Abram Sigfrid",
          "lastname": "Nilsson",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1929-03-12",
            "date": "1929-03-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1992-06-08",
            "date": "1992-06-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Ulf Abram",
          "lastname": "Nilsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1925-12-08",
            "date": "1925-12-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Alf Ragnvald Olsson",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "lastname": "Olsson",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-02-13",
            "date": "1924-02-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2011-09-11",
            "date": "2011-09-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Valdemar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "lastname": "Axelsson",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1998",
            "date": "1998"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1962-07-25",
            "date": "1962-07-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Axelsson, gift Handsworth",
          "occupation": "Musiker",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1966-09-22",
            "date": "1966-09-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Tove",
          "lastname": "Axelsson, gift Axelsson Lindgren",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, 'Att göra bilder är svårt', *Konsten*, 1978, s.30-48",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, 'en liten möjlighet att inte ge upp innan man är söndermald', *Paletten*, 1969:1",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, 'Handla därefter', *Ararat: komplement till utställningen på Moderna museet i Stockholm 1976. 7: Varför Ararat*, Stockholm, S- 7-9, 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, *Kråksången*, Samlargrafik, Kristianstad, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, *Porträtt inifrån*, FIBs konstklubb, Stockholm, 1963",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin & Axelsson, Axel Valdemar, *Lyckliga ni som lever: om rätten till vår död*, Atlantis, Stockholm, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, et al., *Sveket mot framtiden?: svenskt energipolitiskt beslut våren 1975 : en tidning om människor och kärnkraft*, [S.l.], 1974",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gelin, Cecilia, '6 kvinnor blickar tillbaka', *Hjärtat sitter till vänster*, S. 99-123, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bilder av liv. Omkonst (Hämtad 2021-01-04)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://omkonst.se/abram-nilsson.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nicklasson, Kim & Abram-Nilsson, Kerstin, Kerstin Abram-Nilsson, *Samlargrafik*, Kristianstad, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olvång, Bengt, *Våga se!: svensk konst 1945-1980*, Författarförl., Stockholm, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rothlind, Jane, *Svensk svart-vit grafik 1890-1990*, Signum, Lund, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, debattör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, debater",
      "text": "Kerstin Abram-Nilsson var en samhällsengagerad konstnär och debattör med grafiken som främsta uttrycksmedel.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson föddes 1931 i Stockholm. Hon växte upp med sin äldre bror i ett musicerande och målande borgerligt hem. Föräldrarna var läkaren Abram Nilsson och sjuksköterskan Margareta Dahlström.\n\nEfter avslutad skola började Kerstin Abram-Nilsson 1951 på Konstfackskolan (nuvarande Konstfack) i Stockholm som efterföljdes av fem år på Konstakademien (nuvarande Konsthögskolan). Hennes lärare i grafik var Harald Sallberg och Jurgen von Konow. Kerstin Abram-Nilssons intresse för resor och andra kulturer började under akademitiden. Tillsammans med några studiekamrater, bland dem Alf Olsson, hennes blivande make, bilade hon till Jugoslavien, Grekland och Turkiet sommarloven 1955 och 1957. Vistelsen i Jugoslavien resulterade i svartvita litografier betitlade *Människor på Väg*. Hon sände illustrerade resebrev till *Svenska Dagbladet* och tidskriften *Konstvännen*. Efter utbildningsåren åkte Kerstin Abram-Nilsson med maken Alf Olsson på en studie- och arbetsresa till Centralamerika. Hon arbetade 1959–1960 med en serie kompositioner under titeln *Aktuella försök och samhällstankar*. Ett av verken var etsningen *Babels torn*, som gavs ut av FiB:s Konstklubb.\n\nIntresset och engagemanget för andra kulturer förstärktes under 1960-talet då hon med sin andre make, arkitekten Valdemar Axelsson, expert i olika FN-program, for till de nya staterna Somalia och Trinidad. I Somalia övervägde hon att sluta som konstnär eftersom kontrasten mellan västerlänningarnas och afrikanernas liv berörde henne starkt. Men hon fattade kniven och skar ut bilder i linoleum och tryckte svartvita bilder, en serie expressiva linoleumsnitt: *Vi och dom*. Hon illustrerade även skolböcker i Somalia. Skolboksillustrationer kom hon också att utföra i Sverige som exempelvis *Versboken* som ingick i serien *Småskolans läsebok* utgiven av [Britt G Hallqvist](Britt Hallqvist) 1966. Hon var en flitig tecknare och gjorde illustrationer och omslag till egna och andras böcker som exempelvis till [](Ingrid Sjöstrand)s barnbok *Kalle Vrånglebäck*, Bo Lundbergs *Synvändor – om naturen, människan och helheten* och Marie Nordströms *Gener och sånt*. Målningar och linoleumsnitt på temat Afrika visade hon i utställningen 12 separata på Liljevalchs konsthall 1966.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson blev bildaktivist 1968. Tillsammans med Boi Edberg och [](Anna Sjödahl) hyrde hon reklamplatser i Stockholm och satte upp stora pappersmålningar som propagerade mot nedsmutsning av naturen och krav på offentliggörande av den fysiska riksplanen för vattendrag mm. Dessa affischer visades senare på Konstnärshuset. Hon deltog med målningar och linoleumsnitt i utställningen Konstnären som agitator på Södertälje konsthall 1968.\n\n”Alla bilder handlar nu om makten och maktlösheten”, skrev Kerstin Abram-Nilsson i *Paletten* 1972 och fortsatte att arbeta för en bättre värld mot snedfördelning av resurser, miljöförstöring och kärnkraftsteknologi. Hon gjorde pamfletter bland annat till Miljöcentrum med [](Anna Sjödahl) och [](Barbro Backberger) med flera. I maj 1976 öppnade den stora utställningen ARARAT (Alternativ forskning i Arkitektur, Resurser, Konst och Teknologi) om framtidens ekologiska samhälle med alternativ teknik, återbruk och kretslopp på Moderna Museet i Stockholm. Idén till utställningen, som uppmärksammades både av publik och press, föddes vid makarna Abram-Nilssons och Axelssons köksbord i villan i Djursholm. I slutet av 1970-talet lanserade hon tillsammans med fyra andra projektet *Väggtidningen*. Tanken var att affischställ i äldre T-banestationer skulle användas för offentlig debatt av konstnärer och författare och dessutom att inläggen skulle arvoderas. Ett provnummer av *Väggtidningen* med träsnitt av Kerstin Abram-Nilsson och tuschteckningar av [](Ann Margret Dahlquist-Ljungberg) visades 1978 i Bildfestivalen på Liljevalchs konsthall.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson var med och grundade Konstnärshusets Grafikgrupp år 1970. Mellan åren 1957–1969 var hon verksam i en grafikverkstad tillsammans med flera kollegor. Hon var också medlem i Grafiska sällskapet. Dessa engagemang genererade många separat- och samlingsutställningar i Sverige och utomlands. Hon deltog i Grafiska Sällskapets sjuttiofemårsfirande med en utställning av svensk samtida grafik på Liljevalchs konsthall 1985. Tillsammans med Konstnärshusets Grafikgrupp ställde hon exempelvis ut på Gallerie Nicolae i Colombus och Ohio i USA 1988. Hon deltog i grafiktriennaler samt i samlingsutställningar arrangerade av NUNSKU (Nämnden för utställningar av nutida svensk konst i utlandet) från 1965 till in på 1980-talet. NUNSKU satsade under dessa år mycket på grafikutställningar som skickades främst till Östeuropa men också till flera afrikanska länder. Föreningen för Grafisk konsts årsportföljer 1960, 1969 och 1990 innehöll grafiska blad av Kerstin Abram-Nilsson. \n\nI Kerstin Abram-Nilssons svartvita grafiska blad är de många människorna utan individuella drag i fokus. Ofta handlar bilderna om makt och maktlöshet. Hon arbetade över hela bildytan med stark känsla för det dekorativa. Naturen och människan är ständigt närvarande. Under 1990-talet intresserade sig Kerstin Abram-Nilsson för genetik och DNA och skapade färgetsningar som exempelvis *Kromosom* och *To fight or not to fight*. Hon experimenterade gärna med olika grafiska uttrycksmedel och löste bland annat upp gränsen mellan original och kopia med signerade Xerox-kopior i stora upplagor, vilket orsakade upprörda diskussioner i början av 1970-talet.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson var under åren 1971–1989 en entusiastisk lärare i grafik vid Konstfackskolan. Hon hade ett personligt tilltal och uppmuntrade elevernas experimentlusta. Dessutom höll hon tillsammans med Per Liljenberg och Kristina Munklinde i de årliga grafikkurserna vid Gerlesborgs konstskola i Bohuslän.\n\nPå uppdrag av Statens konstråd utförde Kerstin Abram-Nilsson de offentliga verken: målningen *Vilda och tuktade trädgårdar* 1978–1979 till Huddinge sjukhus och *Utan titel* som bestod av fyra väggmålningar och två målningar med skrapteknik på pelare för Frescati universitetsbibliotek i Stockholm 1983.\n\nÅr 1997 drabbades Kerstin Abram-Nilsson av förlamningssjukdomen ALS. Hon fortsatte sitt arbete och deltog med affischer i utställningen Hjärtat sitter till vänster på Göteborgs konstmuseum i mars 1998. Till Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping färdigställde hon ett uppdrag med fyra målningar med bondgårdar från olika delar av landet och ett livsträd. Hon och yngsta dottern tryckte upp grafiska blad inför en utställning som öppnade i oktober på Konstnärshusets Grafikgalleri samma år. Boken *Lyckliga ni som lever. Om rätten till vår död* kom ut postumt 2003 med dagboksanteckningar och brev till vänner och teckningar samt med text av maken. Konstnärshuset visade 2003 minnesutställningen Bilder av liv.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson, som är representerad vid flera museer, avled 1998 vid 67 års ålder och är begravd på Salems kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Kerstin Abram-Nilsson was an artist, a debater and a social activist, who primarily expressed herself through graphic arts.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson was born in Stockholm in 1931. She and her elder brother were brought up in a middle-class home where making music and engaging in the arts was the norm. Her parents were Abram Nilsson, a physician, and his wife Margareta Dahlström, a nurse.\n\nOnce she had finished school Kerstin Abram-Nilsson then, in 1951, attended Konstfackskolan (now Konstfack, college of arts, crafts, and design) in Stockholm and subsequently enrolled in the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts. Her instructors in graphic art were Harald Sallberg and Jurgen von Konow. It was during her student years that Kerstin Abram-Nilsson developed an interest in travelling and experiencing other cultures. She and some of her fellow students, including Alf Olsson who later became her husband, travelled by car through the former Yugoslavia, Greece, and Turkey during their summer holidays in 1955 and 1957. She was inspired by her visit to Yugoslavia to create black and white lithographs entitled *Människor på väg*. She sent illustrated letters recounting her travels to the *Svenska Dagbladet* newspaper and to a journal called *Konstvännen*. After her student years Kerstin Abram-Nilsson travelled to Central America with Alf Olsson, now her husband. During the 1959–1960 period she worked on a series of works entitled *Aktuella försök och samhällstankar*, one of which was an etching called *Babels torn* which was published by FiB Konstklubb.\n\nDuring the 1960s Kerstin Abram-Nilsson’s interest and involvement in other cultures increased. Following her second marriage, to the architect Valdemar Axelsson who served as an expert on various UN programmes, she accompanied Axelsson to the newly formed independent states of Somalia and Trinidad. Whilst she was in Somalia she debated giving up her life as an artist because she had been so deeply moved by the sharp contrasts between life in the West and what she saw in Africa. Nevertheless, she picked up her knife and began to carve linoleum pictures from which she printed black and white images. These became an expressive series of linoleum cuts entitled *Vi och dom*. She also provided illustrations for school textbooks in Somalia. She later produced further textbook illustrations for Swedish schools, such as *Versboken*, which formed part of the Småskolan series of reading primers by [Britt G Hallqvist](Britt Hallqvist) in 1966. She was a productive illustrator and created illustrations and covers for her own books and those by others including [](Ingrid Sjöstrand)’s children’s book *Kalle Vrånglebäck*, Bo Lundberg’s *Synvändor – om naturen, människan och helheten* and Marie Nordström’s *Gener och sånt*. Kerstin Abram-Nilsson exhibited paintings and lino cuts displaying African themes at an exhibition called 12 separata held at Liljevalch art gallery in 1966.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson became an ‘image activist’ in 1968. Along with Boi Edberg she hired advertising spots in Stockholm where they mounted large paintings on paper decrying the polluting of nature and demanding the publicising of the actual national plans for waterworks and such like. These posters were later displayed at Konstnärshuset. She submitted paintings and linocuts for the Konstnären som agitator exhibition at Södertälje art gallery in 1968.\nIn 1972 Kerstin Abram-Nilsson wrote in *Paletten*: “All images now pertain to power and powerlessness” as she carried on working for a better world in the face of cutbacks in funding, environmental destruction, and nuclear power technology. She produced pamphlets for the likes of Miljöcentrum with [](Anna Sjödahl) and [](Barbro Backberger) and others. In May 1976 a major exhibition called ARARAT (Alternativ forskning i Arkitektur, Resurser, Konst och Teknologi) opened on the theme of a future ecological society based on alternative technology, recycling, and biological cycles at Moderna museet in Stockholm. The idea behind the exhibition, which gained both media and public attention, arose at the kitchen table in the Abram-Nilsson and Axelsson home in Djursholm. In the late 1970s Kerstin Abram-Nilsson and four others launched a project entitled *Väggtidningen*. The intention was to use poster sites in older subway stations to hold a public debate by artists and authors whose contributions would be retained for posterity. A test edition of *Väggtidningen* containing woodcuts by Kerstin Abram-Nilsson and drawings in pen by [](Ann Margret Dahlquist-Ljungberg) was displayed in 1978 at Bildfestivalen held at Liljevalchs art gallery.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson was involved in founding Konstnärshusets Grafikgrupp in 1970. She, along with several of her colleagues, had been active in a graphic art workshop from 1957 to 1969. She was also a member of Grafiska sällskapet. These groups generated many solo and group exhibitions in Sweden and abroad. She helped to celebrate the 75th anniversary of Grafiska Sällskapet by submitting work to an exhibition of contemporary Swedish graphic art at Liljevalchs art gallery in 1985. In conjunction with Konstnärshuset Grafikgrupp she also exhibited at Gallerie Nicolae in Columbus, Ohio in 1988. Further, she was involved in triennial graphic art displays as well as group exhibitions organised by NUNSKU (Nämnden för utställningar av nutida svensk konst i utlandet) from 1965 until the 1980s. NUNSKU at this time focused heavily on graphic art displays which were primarily sent to Eastern Europe as well as to several African nations. The Föreningen för Grafisk konst portfolios in 1960, 1969, and in 1990 all include sheets bearing graphic art by Kerstin Abram-Nilsson.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson’s sheets of black and white graphic art focus on portrayals of multitudes where individuality is lacking. The images often portray themes of power and powerlessness. She used the whole surface when making her art which also contained a strong decorative element. Nature and people are always present. Kerstin Abram-Nilsson became interested in genetics and DNA during the 1990s leading to colour etchings such as *Kromosom* and *To fight or not to fight*. She willingly experimented with different mediums of expression in her graphic art, including blending the borders between original work and copies by producing signed Xerox-copies in considerable numbers. The led to turbulent discussions in the early 1970s. \n\nDuring the 1971–1989 period Kerstin Abram-Nilsson was an enthusiastic instructor of graphic art at Konstfackskolan. She had an appealing charisma and encouraged her students to experiment. Further, she, along with Per Liljenberg and Kristina Munklinde, ran the annual graphic art courses held at Gerlesborg art school in Bohuslän.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson produced public artwork on behalf of Statens konstråd. These included the painting *Vilda och tuktade trädgårdar* from 1978–1979 for Huddinge hospital and *Utan titel*, which consisted of four wall paintings and two pillar-mounted paintings created with the scraping method, for Frescati university library in Stockholm in 1983.\n\nIn 1997 Kerstin Abram-Nilsson was diagnosed with ALS. She continued working and submitted posters to an exhibition called Hjärtat sitter till vänster at Gothenburg art museum in March 1998. She completed a work involving four paintings of farmyards from different parts of the country and a tree of life for Linköping university hospital. She and her youngest daughter printed graphic sheets ahead of an exhibition which opened in October at Grafikgalleriet art gallery in Konstnärshuset that same year. The book *Lyckliga ni som lever. Om rätten till vår död* was posthumously released in 2003, containing diary entries and letters to friends and drawings as well as text written by her husband. Konstnärshuset held an exhibition in 2003 called Bilder av liv.\n\nKerstin Abram-Nilsson, whose work is held in various museum collections, died in 1998, then aged 67. She is buried at Salem cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KerstinAbramNilsson0",
      "v_all_places": [
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        "Trinidad, Trinidad och Tobago|10.4430243|-61.2613054",
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      "viaf_id": "18843641"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Per Olov",
          "lastname": "Qvist"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": ""Teknisk skola"",
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.29484
            },
            "place": "Visby"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1911"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Film",
        "Företagare",
        "Ledare",
        "Filmproducenter"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T13:56:19",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 86,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1889-05-10",
            "date": "1889-05-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Ramdala församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.161224,
              "lon": 15.5869
            },
            "place": "Karlskrona"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1975-09-20",
            "date": "1975-09-20"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Katarina församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Wilhelmina/ Sofia",
        "lastname": "Acrel",
        "sortname": "Acrel"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Affärsbiträde",
          "detail": "Affärsbiträde",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.6348,
              "lon": 18.29484
            },
            "place": "Visby"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kassör",
          "detail": "Kassör, biografen Bostock",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Biografägare, Söderkvarn",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Företagsledare, Aktiebolaget Sveriges Biografägares Distributionsbyrå (SBD)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Producent",
          "detail": "Filmproducent",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Kassör",
          "name": "Sveriges Biografägareförbund",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Larsson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1889",
            "date": "1889"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.161224,
              "lon": 15.5869
            },
            "place": "Karlskrona"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.6348,
              "lon": 18.29484
            },
            "place": "Visby"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-05-27",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-04-10",
            "date": "1856-04-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-12-18",
            "date": "1935-12-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Emelie",
          "lastname": "Karlsdotter, även Karlsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-10-04",
            "date": "1859-10-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-11-09",
            "date": "1917-11-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-01-19",
            "date": "1884-01-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-12-22",
            "date": "1917-12-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Edla Charlotte",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "occupation": "Borstbinderiarbetare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1886-08-15",
            "date": "1886-08-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-08-12",
            "date": "1962-08-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "occupation": "Arbetare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-06-30",
            "date": "1892-06-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-12-09",
            "date": "1971-12-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Agnes Maria",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-07-13",
            "date": "1895-07-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1996-04-22",
            "date": "1996-04-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Frida Matilda",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-08-20",
            "date": "1899-08-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-12-19",
            "date": "1913-12-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Gärda Kristina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888-03-23",
            "date": "1888-03-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1953-01-22",
            "date": "1953-01-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Stig Arne, kallad Ane,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "lastname": "Acrel",
          "occupation": "Biografmaskinist, lagerarbetare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Kort intervju: kanske varit rekord att hon innehavt Bostockbiografen i 20 år', *Biografägaren*, 1934:12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Kungafilmen får efterspel inför Nothin', *Social-Demokraten*, 1938-08-18",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'"Linsen”: Film-och biogubbar XXIV', *Filmbladet*, 1918:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Qvist, Per Olov, *Folkhemmets bilder: modernisering, motstånd och mentalitet i den svenska 30-talsfilmen*, Arkiv, Lund, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'SDB söker lotterimedel', *Biografägaren*, 1938:5",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stigsdotter, Ingrid, *Decoration, discrimination and “the mysteries of Cinema”: women and film exhibition in Sweden from the introduction of film to the mid-1920s*, Columbia University, 2017 (Hämtad 2020-05-27)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-152479"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stigsdotter Ingrid, ‘Vafalls! Kvinnor i maskinrummet?’, *Nordic women in Film*, Svenska filminstitutet, september 2016 (Hämtad 2020-05-27)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-152476"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges film- & biografmän: porträttgalleri*, Skandinaviska tryckeriet, Stockholm, 1920",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Patent- och registreringsverket. Bolagsbyrån. Riksarkivet.",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Biografägare, filmbolagsdirektör, filmproducent",
      "subtitle_eng": "Cinema owner, film company managing director and producer",
      "text": "Wilhelmina Acrel var biografägare samt Sveriges första kvinnliga filmbolagsdirektör och filmproducent.\n\nWilhelmina Acrel föddes som Wilhelmina Sofia Larsson i Ramdala, Blekinge, 1889. Hon var dotter till lantbrukaren Lars Andersson och Emelie, född Karlsdotter. Hon var mellan åren 1921 och 1943 gift med Stig Arne (Ane) Acrel. Äktenskapet var barnlöst.\n\nWilhelmina Acrels gärning som filmbolagsdirektör och filmproducent tillhör de oskrivna kapitlen i svensk filmhistoria, men vägen till filmen var inte given. Efter att ha varit bosatt i Visby där hon arbetade som affärsbiträde och även studerade vid en teknisk skola flyttade hon till Stockholm 1911. Där studerade hon vid ett lärarinneseminarium i ett par terminer, men övergick snart till affärsbanan. Hon blev anställd som kassörska vid biografen Bostock 1912 men köpte så småningom biografen. År 1916 övertog hon Skånebiografen som döptes om till Söderkvarn. På grund av sjukdom avyttrade hon den senare. Engagemanget i biografen Bostock varade dock ända till 1950-talet.\n\nHon blev engagerad i Sveriges Biografägareförbund, där hon blev kassör. Hon kom också att ha hand om förbundets distributionsverksamhet. När Aktiebolaget Sveriges Biografägares Distributionsbyrå (SBD) bildades 1929, innehade Wilhemina Acrel den absoluta aktiemajoriteten. Hon bildade styrelse med maken Arne Acrel som suppleant.\n\nNamnet till trots hade bolaget inget att göra med Sveriges Biografägareförbund, vilket påpekades av förbundet, som menade att det fanns risk för sammanblandning. Farhågan infriades i samband med att SBD ansökt om lotterimedel för stöd åt produktionen av den så kallade kungafilmen, *Med folket för fosterlandet*, 1938. I facktidningen *Biografägaren* anmärktes irriterat på att det inte fanns ett enda biografägarintresse bakom Wilhelmina Acrels bolag, som en gång varit en uthyrningsfirma för biografägarna men som 1929 kom i privata händer. Sveriges Biografägareförbund menade att namnet borde ha ändrats.\n\nSamma år som SBD höjde aktiekapitalet, 1933, producerade bolaget sin första film, smugglardramat *Kärlek och dynamit*, som blev en ringa framgång. År 1935 kom *Bränningar* som var en av [](Ingrid Bergman)s första filmer. Samma år bildades bolaget AB Suecia där Wilhelmina Acrel innehade en tredjedel av aktiestocken och bildade styrelse. Bolaget gjorde bara en film, *Grabbarna i 57:an*, 1935, en tidstypisk moralitet i regi av Ivar Johansson, som dock stilmässigt hör till de mer intressanta 1930-talsfilmerna. Den anknyter i mycket till tysk ”Zillerealism” genom sin gråa miljöskildring och kan ses som en förelöpare till den så kallade neorealismen. AB Suecia förklarades i likvidation 1951 och då förde Wilhelmina Acrel ensam bolagets talan.\n\nSBD producerade ytterligare ett par filmer, komedierna *Fröken blir piga*, 1936, och *Mamma gifter sig*, 1937, innan man gav sig på sitt dittills mest storslagna och ambitiösa projekt som också blev bolagets fall. Det var den ovan nämnda *Med folket för fosterlandet*, gjord till kungajubiléet 1938 och byggd på Erik Lindorms krönikor. Att vara producent utan egna produktionsresurser var ett vågspel under 1930-talet och den bild som givits om tiden som en ”Klondike-period” där producenterna gjorde stora förtjänster stämmer helt enkelt inte. Antalet filmbolagsfallissemang var omfattande, särskilt vad gäller de mindre bolagen. De stora, Svensk Filmindustri (SF) och Europa-Film, klarade sig för att de besatt samtliga led i produktionskedjan med ateljéer och stora biografkedjor. De stora förtjänsterna låg i det senare ledet.\n\nFör produktionen av kungafilmen hyrde SBD in sig i SF:s tekniska resurser men det blev mycket\nkostsamt. När SBD inte kunde leva upp till sina finansiella åtaganden övertog SF helt sonika\nfilmen. SBD som överlåtit rättigheterna till ett annat bolag, AB Filmdistribution, begärde\nhandräckning för att få ut negativ och filmkopior av den färdiga filmen med hänvisning till\nkontraktet med SF, som dock bestred det hela. Det slutade med rättssak där rådhusrätten dömde\ntill SF:s fördel. SBD försattes i konkurs 1939. Därmed var det slut på Wilhelmina Acrels bana\nsom filmproducent och hon kom framledes endast att ägna sig åt biografägande.\n\nWilhelmina Acrel avled 1975 i Stockholm. Hon ligger begravd på Solna kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Wilhelmina Acrel was a cinema owner who was also the first female film company director and female film producer in Sweden. \n\nWilhelmina Acrel was born Wilhelmina Sofia Larsson in Ramdala, Blekinge in 1889. She was the daughter of Lars Andersson, an agriculturalist, and Emelie, née Karlsdotter. Wilhelmina Acrel was married to Stig Arne (Ane) Acrel from 1921 until 1943. Their marriage was childless. \n\nWilhelmina Acrel’s professional efforts as a film company director and a film producer form part of the unwritten history of Swedish film. Her route into film-making was not, however, an obvious one. She had settled and was working in Visby, as a shop assistant. She had also studied at a technical institute. In 1911 Wilhelmina Acrel moved to Stockholm where she attended a female teacher-training programme for a couple of semesters. She soon abandoned the teaching sphere in favour of joining the business world. In 1912 she gained a job as a cashier at Bostock cinema, which she eventually purchased. In 1916 Wilhelmina Acrel acquired Skånebiografen which was then renamed Söderkvarn. She later relinquished the latter due to illness, whereas she remained actively engaged with Bostock cinema until the 1950s. \n\nShe joined Sveriges Biografägareförbund (Swedish cinema owners’ federation), serving as the organisation’s treasurer. She also managed the federation’s distribution activities. When Aktiebolaget Sveriges Biografägares Distributionsbyrå (SBD) (Swedish cinema owners’ distribution agency limited company) was founded in 1929 Wilhelmina Acrel held the absolute majority of the shares. She formed the board on which her husband Ane Acrel served as deputy member. \n\nWilhelmina Acrel’s company had absolutely nothing to do with Sveriges Biografägareförbund, despite the very similar name of the limited company. This similarity was highlighted by Sveriges Biografägareförbund, who believed there was scope for confusion. Indeed, when SBD applied for lottery funding in support of the production of a so-called 1938 ‘royal film’, a celebratory piece entitled *Med folket för fosterlandet*, the feared mix-up occurred. The fact that no cinema owners were involved in Wilhelmina Acrel’s company – formerly a rental firm for cinema-owners, transferred into private hands in 1929 – was noted with irritation in the *Biografägaren* trade journal. Sveriges Biografägareförbund felt that Acrel’s company should have changed its name. \n\nThe same year that SBD raised their shares capital, in 1933, the company also produced their first film, a smuggling drama called *Kärlek och dynamit*. It was a minor success. In 1935 the company released *Ocean Breakers*, which was one [](Ingrid Bergman)’s earliest films. That same year the AB Suecia company was established, in which Wilhelmina Acrel held a third of the shares and once again formed the board. That company only produced one film, namely *Grabbarna i 57:an* in 1935, a moralising story typical of its time that was directed by Ivar Johansson. Stylistically the film is one of the more interesting films from the 1930s. By dint of the grey-tone surroundings portrayed in the film, it is strongly associated with the German “Zillerealism” and it can even be seen as a forerunner to the so-called school of neorealism. AB Suecia was declared bankrupt in 1951, at which time Wilhelmina Acrel alone was in charge. \n\nSBD produced another couple of films, namely the two comedies *Fröken blir piga* from 1936 and *Mamma gifter sig* from 1937, before setting out on their biggest and most ambitious project which led to the company’s demise. This was the aforenoted *Med folket för fosterlandet*, produced for the royal jubilee in 1938 and based on the Erik Lindorm chronicles. It was a major gamble to be a film producer without funding for production during the 1930s. The prevailing image of the era as a “Klondike period” in which producers made great profits is not accurate. The number of film companies which folded at this time was extensive, particularly as regards smaller companies. The larger ones, Svensk Filmindustri (SF) and Europa-Film, only survived because they had simultaneously made inroads into studios and cinema chains. It was in the latter that major profits were made. \n\nIn order to produce the ‘royal film’ SBD hired in SF’s technological resources but this came at great expense. When SBD was unable to honour its financial obligations SF simply took over the film. SBD had, however, given the film rights to another company, AB Filmdistribution, and so sought to obtain the negatives and copies of the completed film within the terms of the SF contract. SF rejected this. The situation led to a court case and the city magistrates decided in favour of SF. SBD went bankrupt in 1939, thus bringing an end to Wilhelmina Acrel’s journey as a film producer. After this she focused solely on owning cinemas. \n\nWilhelmina Acrel died in Stockholm in 1975. She is buried at Solna cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "WilhelminaSofiaAcrel",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnela",
          "lastname": "Björk"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Kata",
          "lastname": "Dalström",
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          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Johansson-Visborg",
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          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Zeth",
          "lastname": "Höglund",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Henrik Bernhard, kallad Hinke,",
          "lastname": "Bergegren",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Agnes",
          "lastname": "Jonsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Fyraårig folkskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ettårig fortsättningsskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kvällskurser",
          "institution": "Stockholms Borgarskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
        },
        {
          "description": "Språkresa",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.520007,
              "lon": 13.404954
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Adamsson, Karin, *Kvinnans gissel: obegränsad barnökning : några maningsord till Sverges kvinnor*, 2. uppl., Adamsson, Stockholm, 1931",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Affärskvinnor",
        "Politiker",
        "Företagare",
        "Sexualupplysning"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Businesswomen",
        "Politicians",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "Sex education"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T15:39:03",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 74,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1883-12-31",
            "date": "1883-12-31"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Kungsholms församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1958-03-01",
            "date": "1958-03-01"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "St Görans församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Karin/ Charlotta Teresia",
        "lastname": "Adamsson",
        "sortname": "Adamsson"
      },
      "num_children": 3,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Handelsanställd",
          "detail": "Handelsbiträde, sedermera föreståndare, fr o m 1939 direktör, AB Nils Adamssons Sjukvårdsaffärer",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges socialdemokratiska ungdomsförbund (nuvarande SSU)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, ordförande, sedermera hedersmedlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "name": "Kooperativa Kvinnogillesförbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges socialdemokratiska vänsterparti (senare Sveriges kommunistiska parti, SKP)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "name": "Svenska sjukvårdsaffärernas riksförbund",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetareparti (SAP, nuvarande Socialdemokraterna)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "name": "Frihetskämparnas förening - F.D. Politiska fångars klubb",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Hollman",
          "type": "Flicknamn"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.393688,
              "lon": 15.838175
            },
            "place": "Arboga"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.587745,
              "lon": 16.192421
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.307903,
              "lon": 18.156042
            },
            "place": "Nacka"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.520007,
              "lon": 13.404954
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-04-12",
            "date": "1864-04-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-08-04",
            "date": "1927-08-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Gustafsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1852-11-02",
            "date": "1852-11-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1930-11-09",
            "date": "1930-11-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Hollman",
          "occupation": "Maskinist",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896-09-09",
            "date": "1896-09-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Ivar",
          "lastname": "Hollman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-08-22",
            "date": "1899-08-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1957-06-11",
            "date": "1957-06-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Ragnar",
          "lastname": "Hollman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-12-17",
            "date": "1879-12-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-07-22",
            "date": "1939-07-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913-12-31",
            "date": "1913-12-31"
          },
          "lastname": "Adamsson",
          "occupation": "Företagare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939-07-22",
            "date": "1939-07-22"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1913-10-03",
            "date": "1913-10-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987-08-17",
            "date": "1987-08-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Sölve",
          "lastname": "Adamsson",
          "occupation": "Företagare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1916-09-07",
            "date": "1916-09-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-05-31",
            "date": "1917-05-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Olov",
          "lastname": "Adamsson",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-10-01",
            "date": "1918-10-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1958-11-11",
            "date": "1958-11-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Kerstin Maria",
          "lastname": "Adamsson, gift Holger",
          "occupation": "Företagare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Persson, Birgit, 'Förmoder: Karin Hollman-Adamsson', *Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift*, 1988(9):4, s. 76-78",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Sexualupplysare, affärskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Sexual educator, businesswoman",
      "text": "Karin Adamsson var pionjär när det gällde sexualupplysning. Som enda kvinna satt hon i fängelse för brott mot den hårda sexuallagstiftningen och tillsammans med sin make Nils Adamsson byggde hon upp en landsomfattande kedja av sjukvårdsaffärer.\n\nKarin Adamsson föddes i Stockholm år 1883, i en arbetarfamilj som flyttade runt i Sverige beroende på var fadern, som var mekaniker, fick anställning. Hon gick det sista av sina fyra år i folkskola i Västerås och därefter en ettårig fortsättningsskola. År 1899 flyttade hon till Stockholm och försörjde sig bland annat som handelsbiträde.\n\nÅr 1905 blev Karin Adamsson medlem i Södermalms socialdemokratiska ungdomsklubb. Där lärde hon känna bland andra Zeth och Gullan Höglund som skulle bli hennes vänner för livet.\nNågra år senare, 1908, var hon med och bildade Södermalms kvinnogille. Hon blev gillets första ordförande och god vän med [](Anna Johansson-Visborg), ordförande i Bryggeriarbetarförbundets avd 15 och tillika ordförande i Kvinnogillesförbundet 1907–1938.\n\nKarin Adamsson var vetgirig och gick kvällskurser på Stockholms borgarskola. År 1910 bodde hon i Berlin för att arbeta på fabrik och förkovra sig i tyska språket. Efter hemkomsten i början av 1911 träffade hon Nils Adamsson som hade etablerat sin första sjukvårdsaffär i Falköping några år tidigare och just öppnat sin andra affär i Centralpalatset vid Tegelbacken i Stockholm. Karin Adamsson fick anställning först som biträde och senare som föreståndare för den del av affären som riktade sig till kvinnor. Hon och Nils Adamsson flyttade snart ihop i ett så kallat samvetsäktenskap.\n\nÅrtiondena runt förra sekelskiftet dömdes många unga socialister för brott av olika slag: majestätsbrott, hädelse samt spridande av tal eller skrift, som var för tukt och sedlighet sårande.\nDe betraktades som samhällsomstörtare av det etablerade samhället och som politiska fångar av sina sympatisörer. Sedan ungsocialisten Hinke Bergegren år 1910 hade hållit föreläsningar under rubriken ”Kärlek utan barn” tillkom ytterligare en lag som kom att kallas preventivlagen eller Lex Hinke. Lagen kriminaliserade både information om och marknadsföring av preventivmedel. Genom ett tillägg i tryckfrihetsförordningen förbjöds även skriftlig information. Att använda preventivmedel var alltså tillåtet – annars hade stora delar av borgarklassen kunnat åtalas – men att upplysa de fåkunniga om preventivmedel blev åtalbart och skulle vara så till 1938 då lagen avskaffades.\n\nKort tid efter det att lagen hade antagits dömdes Nils Adamsson till fängelse i två månader enligt Lex Hinke för en broschyr med preventivmedelsinformation. Året därpå var det Karin Adamssons tur. Brottet var att hon stod som ansvarig utgivare för skriften *Lifsglädje och sympati i belysning af könsfrågan*. Broschyren innehöll en text som närmast var en kortfattad sexualupplysning samt information om preventivmedel och dess användning. Det fanns också en prislista på varor som kunde köpas eller skickas efter per postorder från Nils Adamssons sjukvårdsaffär. Karin Adamsson dömdes enligt det nya tillägget i tryckfrihetsförordningen för att ha spridit en skrift som ansågs ”för tukt och sedlighet sårande”.\n\nI början av år 1913 spärrades Karin Adamsson in på kvinnofängelset på Östermalm. Två månader senare kunde hon gå ut igen efter att ha avtjänat sitt straff. I oktober samma år fick Karin och Nils Adamsson sitt första barn och några månader senare gifte de sig. Karin Adamsson fortsatte att vara politiskt aktiv och när det Socialdemokratiska arbetarepartiet splittrades 1917 gick hon med i Sveriges socialdemokratiska vänsterparti som 1921 blev Sveriges kommunistiska parti (SKP). En tid satt hon i ledningen för partiets kvinnosektion, där hon tillsammans med andra bedrev ett kraftfullt arbete mot preventivlagen och den stränga tillämpningen av fosterfördrivningslagen – lagar som framför allt drabbade arbetarklassens kvinnor. Om detta skrev hon en broschyr med titeln *Kvinnans gissel: obegränsad barnökning. Några maningsord till Sveriges kvinnor*, 1928.\n\nI likhet med sina vänner [](Kata Dalström) och Zeth Höglund hörde Karin Adamsson till den del av SKP som kritiserade styrningen från Moskva. De så kallade Höglundarna uteslöts 1924 och återvände 1926 till SAP. Karin Adamsson blev medlem i Bromma-Västerleds socialdemokratiska förening och hade under åren flera förtroendeposter.\n\nKarin Adamsson var samtidigt en framgångsrik och hårt arbetande företagare. Tillsammans med maken Nils byggde hon upp AB Nils Adamsson sjukvårdsaffärer. Efter några år med ekonomiska svårigheter, bland annat på grund av handelshindren under första världskriget och flera konkurser, stabiliserades verksamheten tack vare Karin Adamssons organisatoriska förmåga. Företaget växte så småningom till en butikskedja med som mest ett femtiotal affärer över hela landet. År 1925 var hon med och bildade Svenska sjukvårdsaffärernas riksförbund och satt i förbundets styrelse i många år. Förbundets mål var att sanera branschen och öka dess anseende. Under 1930-talet drog sig Nils Adamsson tillbaka allt mer och när han avled 1939 tog Karin Adamsson även formellt över ledarskapet för företaget och var dess verkställande direktör fram till 1955 då hon avgick och efterträddes av sonen Sölve.\n\nUnder alla år höll Karin Adamsson kontakt med Södermalms kvinnogille där hon blev hedersmedlem. Hon var också stolt medlem i Frihetskämparnas förening som bildades 1946 av människor som suttit i fängelse på grund av sin politiska aktivitet.\n\nKarin Adamsson avled i mars 1958 och ligger begravd på Bromma kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Adamsson was a pioneer within the field of sexual education. She was the only woman who was ever imprisoned for criminal offences against the stiff sexual legislation of her day. She also, along with her husband Nils Adamsson, set up a nationwide chain of health-care shops. \n\nKarin Adamsson was born in Stockholm in 1883 into an itinerant working-class family. Their moves around Sweden depended on where her father, who was a mechanic, could find employment. Karin Adamsson spent the last four years of her public school education at Västerås, after which she then attended a finishing school for one year. In 1889 she moved to Stockholm where she worked, amongst other things, as a shop assistant for a time. \n\nKarin Adamsson joined the Södermalm Social Democratic party youth club in 1905 and her new acquaintances there included Zeth and Gullan Höglund, with whom she became lifelong friends. A few years later, in 1908, Karin Adamsson was one of the founding members of the Södermalms kvinnogille (women’s guild). She was the guild’s first chair and became a good friend of [](Anna Johansson-Visborg), who was chair of section 15 of the Brewery Workers’ Association as well as a chair of Kvinnogillesförbundet from 1907–1938. \n\nKarin Adamsson had a thirst for knowledge and attended evening courses at the Stockholm borgarskola (citizens’ school). She lived in Berlin for the year in 1910, working at a factory and mastering the German language. Upon her return to Sweden in early 1911 she met Nils Adamsson, who – having set up his first health-care shop in Falköping a few years earlier – had just opened his second branch in Centralpalatset near Tegelbacken in Stockholm. Karin Adamsson was initially employed there as an assistant and subsequently as manager of the section dedicated to women’s care. It was not long before she and Nils Adamsson moved in together and lived in a so-called common-law marriage. \n\nDuring the decades leading up to 1900 many young Socialists had been imprisoned for a variety of criminal offences: lese-majesty, blasphemy, and the distribution of speeches or publications which were deemed disorderly or immoral. These individuals were viewed as rebels who sought to upset established society whilst their supporters considered them to be political prisoners. A new law was created following the talks given in 1910 by Hinke Bergegren, a young Socialist, on “Love without progeny”. This law came to be known as the contraception law or Lex Hinke and made it a crime to both inform people about methods of contraception and to sell such methods. By introducing an addendum to the legislation on the freedom of information it became illegal to even produce written material on contraception. It was, however, not illegal to use contraception – otherwise large numbers of the bourgeoisie would have been liable to prosecution – but informing the illiterate about contraception became an offence and remained such until 1938 when the law was repealed. \n\nShortly after the law had been introduced Nils Adamsson was condemned to two months’ imprisonment through ‘Lex Hinke’ on account of a leaflet he had produced containing information on contraception. The following year Karin Adamsson suffered the same fate. Her crime was to be the publisher legally responsible for a text called *Lifsglädje och sympati i belysning af könsfrågan*. This text included a section which closely resembled a summary of sexual education as well as information on contraception and how to use it. A price-list of items which could be purchased or sent for through a postal order from Nils Adamsson’s health-care shops was also included. Karin Adamsson was legally condemned – according to the new addendum in the legislation regarding freedom of information – on a charge of disseminating material which was considered “harmful to public order and morality”. \n\nKarin Adamsson was locked up in the women’s prison in Östermalm in early 1913. She was released two months later having served her full sentence. In October that same year Karin Adamsson had her first child with Nils and a few months later the couple married. Karin Adamsson remained politically active and when the Social Democratic Workers’ party (SAP) split in 1917 she joined the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party. This party, in 1921, became the Swedish Communist party (SKP). For a time she led the party’s women’s division in which she, along with others, energetically worked against the contraception laws and the strict application of abortion legislation – these laws primarily impacted on working-class women. In 1928 she authored a leaflet entitled *Kvinnans gissel: obegränsad barnökning. Några maningsord till Sveriges kvinnor*. \n\nKarin Adamsson, like her friends [](Kata Dalström) and Zeth Höglund, belonged to the section of the SKP which was critical of its Moscow leadership. The so-called ‘Höglundists’ were banned in 1924 and thus rejoined SAP in 1926. Karin Adamsson joined the Bromma-Västerled Social Democratic association in which she held positions of responsibility for several years. \n\nKarin Adamsson was both a successful and a hard-working businesswoman who, with her husband Nils, set up AB Nils Adamsson sjukvårdsaffärer. Following a few years of financial difficulties, partly due to the restrictions on trade imposed during the First World War and several bankruptcies, the business stabilised thanks to Karin Adamsson’s organisational skills. The business quickly became a chain of shops which at its peak had fifty shops nationwide. In 1925 she was one of the founding members of the Svenska sjukvårdsaffärernas riksförbund (national association of Swedish health-care shops) and was a member of the board for many years. The association’s aim was to clean up the industry and improve its standing. Nils Adamsson increasingly withdrew from the business throughout the 1930s and upon his death in 1939 Karin Adamsson formally took over the running of their business, serving as its CEO until her own death in 1955. She was then succeeded by her son Sölve. \n\nKarin Adamsson retained her connection with the Södermalms kvinnogille throughout her life and became an honorary member of the guild. She was also a proud member of Frihetskämparnas förening (The Freedom fighters’ association) which was set up in 1946 by people who had formerly been imprisoned as a result of their political activism. \n\nKarin Adamsson died in March 1958 and is buried at Bromma cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KarinAdamsson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Västerås|59.6099|16.544809",
        "Norrköping|58.587745|16.192421",
        "Arboga|59.393688|15.838175",
        "Berlin, Tyskland|52.520007|13.404954",
        "Nacka|59.307903|18.156042"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Trolle Önnerfors"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "description": "Kungl. Nordstjärneorden (NO)",
          "type": "Orden",
          "type_eng": "Order"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jur.kand.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Stockholms högskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Högskola"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Jurister",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Domare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Lawyers",
        "Pioneers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-19T12:50:17",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 89,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1925-07-17",
            "date": "1925-07-17"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Katarina församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2015-01-16",
            "date": "2015-01-16"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Danderyds församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Siv-Birgitta (/Birgitta/)",
        "lastname": "Adde",
        "sortname": "Adde"
      },
      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Jurist, tingstjänstgöring, Nedansiljans häradsrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Biträdande jurist, Karl Gezelius advokatbyrå",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.60646,
              "lon": 15.6355
            },
            "place": "Falun"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Jurist, Stockholms rådhusrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Extra ordinarie fiskal, Svea hovrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Tingssekreterare, Södra Roslags häradsrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Assessor, Svea hovrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1964"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Tillförordnad revisionssekreterare, Nedre justitierevisionen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Rådman, Stockholms tingsrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Hovrättsråd, Svea hovrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Danderyds kommunfullmäktige, för Moderata samlingspartiet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.408,
              "lon": 18.019
            },
            "place": "Danderyd"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Rådman, Södra Roslags tingsrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Lagman, Leksands tingsrätt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Moderata samlingspartiet",
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lennardtsson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.60646,
              "lon": 15.6355
            },
            "place": "Falun"
          },
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            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2015",
            "date": "2015"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Birgitta Adde i Svenska Dagbladet, 1970-04-10. Fotograf okänd",
          "description_eng": "Birgitta Adde in Svenska Dagbladet, 1970-04-10. Fotograf okänd",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Adde_Birgitta.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-01-11",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890-12-12",
            "date": "1890-12-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1973-12-12",
            "date": "1973-12-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita Karolina Augusta",
          "lastname": "Lennardtsson, född Johansson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890-01-01",
            "date": "1890-01-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963-04-01",
            "date": "1963-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Leonard",
          "lastname": "Lennardtsson",
          "occupation": "Avdelningschef",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-08-08",
            "date": "1924-08-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-10-20",
            "date": "1995-10-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergh",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-03-17",
            "date": "1910-03-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-09-15",
            "date": "1990-09-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Ragnar Adolf Victor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "lastname": "Adde",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1954-02-17",
            "date": "1954-02-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Jonas Stensson",
          "lastname": "Bergh",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1956-01-22",
            "date": "1956-01-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Svante Lennart Stensson",
          "lastname": "Bergh, senare Adde",
          "occupation": "Civilekonom",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1960-03-21",
            "date": "1960-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Magdalena",
          "lastname": "Adde",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1962-04-04",
            "date": "1962-04-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Adde",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Isaksson, Britt-Sofi (red.), *Svensk juristmatrikel*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1964",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Barnledighet ingen meritförlust', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1970-02-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Hon blev hovrättsråd – trots barnpassningen', *Expressen*, 1970-02-06",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Hon är kvinna – och därför fick hon inte bli domare i hovrätten', *Expressen*, 1970-01-16",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Mattsson, Åsa, 'Birgitta Adde', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 2015-11-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svensk juristtidning*, 1985, s. 175",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Värnplikt och barn jämställda meriter', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1970-02-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'801 utmärkelser i Gustavdagens ordensregn', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1970-04-10",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige: biografisk uppslagsbok [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, lagman, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lawyer, district court judge, pioneer",
      "text": "Birgitta Adde var jurist och landets första kvinnliga lagman i tingsrätt samt Sveriges tredje kvinnliga hovrättsråd. Hon var upphov till att föräldraledighet räknades som tjänstetid i samband med befordringar.\n\nBirgitta Adde föddes 1925 och växte upp på Södermalm i Stockholm. Hennes föräldrar var Leonard Lennardtsson och Brita Lennardtsson, född Johansson. Hon blev tidigt uppmuntrad, inte minst av sin mor, att studera och blev den första i barndomskvarteret som tog studentexamen. Birgitta Adde avlade sin juris kandidatexamen vid Stockholms högskola 1948, och påbörjade samma år sin tvååriga tingstjänstgöring vid Nedansiljans häradsrätt i Leksand. Därefter arbetade hon på Karl Gezelius advokatbyrå under åren 1949–1950. Birgitta Adde var dock inte inställd på en karriär som advokat, hon ville bli domare. År 1951 blev hon fiskal vid Svea hovrätt i Stockholm, åtta år senare assessor och 1964 revisionssekreterare på Högsta domstolen. Mellan åren 1968–1970 var hon rådman vid Stockholms tingsrätt för att 1970 återvända till Svea hovrätt som hovrättsråd. Hon blev återigen rådman under åren 1977–1985, denna gång vid Södra Roslags tingsrätt. I januari 1985 utnämndes Birgitta Adde till Sveriges första kvinnliga lagman. Tjänsten var vid Leksands tingsrätt och hon innehade den fram till sin pensionering 1990.\n\nTillsättningen som hovrättsråd 1970 rönte uppmärksamhet i pressen då Birgitta Adde vid tjänstetillsättningen till en början blev förbigången av två manliga jurister. Vad som väckte debatt var frågan om de då gällande befordringsmöjligheterna för statliga tjänster och huruvida villkoren för dessa var jämställda mellan män och kvinnor. Frånvaro för havandeskap och barnledighet var något som medförde en meritförlust för kvinnor. Eftersom ingen lön utgick under ledigheten, kunde inte heller frånvarotiden räknas som tjänstetid. Reglerna kring hur man skulle ta hänsyn till tjänstledighet vid tillsättande av statliga tjänster var också otydliga vilket försvårade tolkningen. Frågan aktualiserades då Birgitta Adde sökte en tjänst som hovrättsråd i Stockholm. Majoriteten av ledamöterna i Svea hovrätt förordade en manlig sökande till domartjänsten medan minoriteten (bland annat hovrättens president Sten Rudholm) ansåg att Birgitta Adde var bättre meriterad och menade att hennes barnledighet på elva månader borde räknas in i hennes tjänstetid. Det kan tilläggas att Svea hovrätt vid den här tiden inte hade en enda kvinnlig domare.\n\nBirgitta Adde överklagade tjänstetillsättningen hos regeringen. Hon framhöll bland annat orättvisan i att män fick fullgöra sin militärtjänst utan att det påverkade beräkningen av deras tjänstetid medan kvinnor inte kunde göra detsamma om de var tjänstlediga för att ta hand om barn. Till tidningen *Expressen* uttalade Birgitta Adde: ”Tydligen anser hovrättens majoritet att en kvinna som gjort sin plikt mot samhället genom att föda och uppfostra barn inte ens ska jämställas med en officer i reserven” .\n\nDåvarande justitieminister Lennart Geijer tog upp frågan i riksdagen och avgav en principförklaring som innebar att barnledighet framöver skulle räknas in i tjänstetiden för befordringsärenden. Lennart Geijer framhöll också att tjänstetiden aldrig fick vara den avgörande faktorn vid befordringar utan att man vid varje enskilt ärende skulle göra en avvägning mellan ”förtjänst och skicklighet”, med förtjänst avsågs tjänstgöringstid, med skicklighet kompetens och lämplighet. Det uttalandet gällde inte enbart domartjänster utan alla typer av statliga anställningar, och kom inte minst att påverka och förbättra de kvinnliga lärarnas situation vid tjänstetillsättningar.\n\nUtöver sin yrkesbana som jurist hade Birgitta Adde politiska uppdrag under åren 1975–1985, bland annat som ledamot av kommunfullmäktige i Danderyds kommun där hon representerade Moderata samlingspartiet.\n\nBirgitta Adde avled 2015.",
      "text_eng": "Birgitta Adde was a lawyer and the first woman district court judge in Sweden as well as being the third woman judge at the Court of Appeal. She was the source of the idea that parental leave should be counted as office time in connection with promotions. \n\nBirgitta Adde was born in 1925 and grew up on Södermalm in Stockholm. Her parents were Leonard Lennardtsson and Brita Lennardtsson, née Johansson. She was encouraged early on, not least by her mother, to study. She was the first in her childhood neighbourhood to matriculate. Birgitta Adde was awarded her Bachelor of Laws Degree at Stockholm College in 1948, and that same year, she began her two-year service at the Nedansiljan district court in Leksand. After that, she worked at Karl Gezelius’ law firm in 1949–1950. Birgitta Adde was however not aiming at a career as just a lawyer, she wanted to be a judge. In 1951, she was appointed procurator fiscal at the Svea Court of Appeal in Stockholm, eight years later assessor and in 1964 she was made Audit Secretary at the Supreme Court of Sweden. In 1968–1970 she was a magistrate at the Crown Court in Stockholm and then in 1970 she returned to the Svea Court of Appeal as a judge. She was appointed magistrate again in 1977–1985, this time at the Södra Roslagen district court. In January 1985, Birgitta Adde was appointed as Sweden’s first senior woman judge. She was posted to the Leksand district court and held the position until she retired in 1990. \n\nHer appointment in 1970 as a judge at the Court of Appeal received a great deal of attention in the press, since Birgitta Adde had first been bypassed by two male candidates when the appointment took place. What aroused debate was the question of the promotion opportunities at that time for state appointments and whether or not the conditions for these were equal for men and women. Absence due to pregnancy and parental leave were factors that led to loss of merit for women. Since no salary was paid out during such leave, the period of absence could not be counted as a period of employment. The regulations for how consideration should be taken to leave of absence when making state appointments were also unclear which hampered the interpretation. \n\nThe matter was brought to the fore when Birgitta Adde applied for a post as judge at the Court of Appeal in Stockholm. The majority of members of Svea Court of Appeal recommended a male applicant to the post of judge, while the minority (among them the President of the Court of Appeal, Sten Rudholm) considered that Birgitta Adde had better merits and was of the opinion that her eleven months’ parental leave ought to be counted as a period of employment. It may be added that Svea Court of Appeal at that time had not one single woman judge. \n\nBirgitta Adde appealed against the appointment to the government. She highlighted among other things the injustice of men being able to complete their military service without its influencing their period of service, while women were unable to do the same if they had leave of absence to look after children. To the evening newspaper *Expressen*, Birgitta Adde stated: ”Clearly, the majority of the Court of Appeal considers that a woman who has done her duty towards society by bearing and bringing up children cannot even be equated with an officer in the reserve”. \n\nThe minister of justice at that time, Lennart Geijer, took up the issue in parliament and made a fundamental declaration that enabled parental leave in future to be counted as service time in cases of promotion. Lennart Geijer also pointed out that service time was never to be the decisive factor in cases of promotion but that each individual case should lead to balancing ”merits and skills”, where merits involved service time, and skills competence and suitability. That statement did not only concern appointments for judges but all kinds of state appointment. It was to influence and improve the situation not least of women teachers when it came to appointments. \n\nApart from her professional career as a judge, Birgitta Adde held political assignments in 1975–1985, among others as a member of the municipal council in Danderyd where she represented the right-wing Moderate Party.\n \nBirgitta Adde died in 2015.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "BirgittaAdde",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Falun|60.60646|15.6355",
        "Danderyd|59.408|18.019",
        "Djursholm|59.401213|18.089121",
        "Leksand|60.730308|14.999892"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lisbeth",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "orcid": "0000-0003-2180-7201"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "description": "Sophie Adlersparres pris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "date": "1889"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Till England",
          "from": {
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Maria Adelborg",
          "description_eng": "About Maria Adelborg",
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          "description": "Eleonora Amalia Maria Adelborg. *Konstnärlexikonett Amanda*. (Hämtad 2016-09-19)",
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      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist",
      "text": "Maria Adelborg var textilkonstnär och en pionjär inom den svenska hemslöjdsrörelsen.\n\nMaria Adelborg växte upp i en adlig officersfamilj i Karlskrona. Hemmet var bildat och burget. Då fadern avled 1865 visade det sig dock att familjens kapital till stor del var utlånat och familjen levde därefter under ytterst knappa omständigheter. Efter faderns död flyttade familjen till Uppsala och 1878 vidare till Stockholm och Maria Adelborg blev hemmadotter. Det finns inga belägg för att hon skulle ha fått någon utbildning utöver den grundläggande. \n\nNär Maria Adelborg 1886, närmare fyrtio år gammal, fick anställning som mönsterritare vid den av [](Selma Giöbel) startade firman Svensk Konstslöjdutställning framstår hon som självlärd. Därefter gjorde hon emellertid flera studieresor med offentligt understöd, bland annat till Holland och Frankrike 1889 och till England 1895. 1899 slutade hon hos Giöbel för att sedan arbeta för Handarbetets Vänner fram till 1907, då hon slog sig ner i Gagnef tillsammans med sina två systrar [Gertrud Adelborg](0000000047615839) och [Ottilia Adelborg](0000000117524191). Där engagerade hon sig i insamlingen av allmogetextilier och utvecklade sin textilkonst.\n\nMaria Adelborgs mål var att bevara och utveckla den svenska hemslöjdstraditionen. I sina kyrkliga och profana verk, såväl mässhakar som mattor, gick hon gärna tillbaka till ålderdomliga, gammalnordiska och provinsiella motiv, vilket ger hennes verk och ornamentik ett nationalistiskt drag. Hennes arbeten anknyter både i teknik och motiv till den medeltida textilkonsten samt till allmogekulturen. \n\nMaria Adelborg gjorde en betydande insats för utvecklingen av den svenska textilkonsten. Hon har utfört många betydande kyrkliga och profana textilier. Hennes mest kända, och av många ansedd som hennes främsta, verk är *Gagnefmattan*. Hon har också designat en matta för Birgittakapellet i Rom och mässhakar för Sofiakyrkan i Stockholm.\n\nMaria Adelborg avled 1940 och är begravd i Gagnef.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Adelborg was a textile artist and a pioneer of the Swedish handicrafts movement. \n\nMaria Adelborg was born into the family of a nobleman and an officer who lived in Karlskrona. She came from an educated and affluent home. However, on the death of her father in 1865 it was revealed that the majority of the family capital was tied up in loans, placing the surviving family members in dire economic circumstances. The family moved first to Uppsala and then, in 1878, to Stockholm. Maria Adelborg became a stay-at-home daughter. There is no evidence that the education she received went beyond the most basic level. \n\nIn 1886, when Maria Adelborg was almost forty years old, she began to work as a pattern-designer at the Svensk Konstslöjdustställning (Swedish arts and crafts exhibition) company which had been set up by [](Selma Giöbel). At that time Maria Adelborg was described as self-taught. However, she then undertook several officially funded study trips – to the Netherlands and France in 1889 and to Great Britain in 1895, amongst other places. She stopped working for Giöbel in 1899 and then began working for the Handarbetets Vänner (friends of handicrafts) organisation where she remained until 1907. At that point she and her two sisters, [](Gertrud Adelborg) and [](Ottilia Adelborg), moved to Gagnef where they settled. Maria Adelborg then began to collect rural textiles and developed her own form of textile art. \n\nMaria Adelborg’s aim was to safeguard and develop Swedish handicrafts traditions. In both her sacred and profane works – chasubles and rugs – she often reverted to archaic, ancient Nordic, and provincial motifs, which gave her work and decorations a nationalist flavour. Both in terms of her techniques and motifs her works reference medieval textile art as well as contemporary rural art. \n\nMaria Adelborg made a significant contribution to developments in Swedish textile art. She produced many important sacred and profane textiles. Her most well-known piece – considered by many to be her best work – is called *Gagnefmattan*. She was also responsible for the design for a textile work displayed in the Brigittine chapel in Rome as well as chasubles for the Sofia church in Stockholm. \n\nMaria Adelborg died in 1940. She is buried in Gagnef.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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        {
          "description": "E Ottilia Adelborg, urn:sbl:5519, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Gerda Boethius.). (Hämtad 2016-10-06)",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5519"
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        {
          "description": "Eva Ottilia Adelborg. *Konsnärslexikonett Amanda*. (Hämtad 2016-09-19)",
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          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=20487"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rådström, Anne Marie, *Fröken Ottil: en bok om Ottilia Adelborg, barnens konstnär och en pionjär för folklig kultur*, Dalarnas mus., Falun, 1980",
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      "subtitle": "Författare, konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, artist",
      "text": "Ottilia Adelborg är en nyckelgestalt inom den svenska bilderbokens historia.  \n\nOttilia Adelborg växte upp i en adlig officersfamilj i Karlskrona. Hemmet var bildat och burget. Då fadern avled 1865 visade det sig dock att familjens kapital till stor del var utlånat och familjen levde därefter under ytterst knappa omständigheter. De flyttade, enligt faderns sista önskan, till Uppsala. Mellandottern [Gertrud Adelborg](0000000047615839) började arbeta som guvernant. Ottilia som var yngst fick, genom en mosters ingripande, utbilda sig till konstnär, först på Tekniska skolan och därefter på Konstakademin. Efter avslutad utbildning övertog Ottilia rollen som hemmadotter från sin äldsta syster [](Maria Adelborg), som började arbeta som mönsterriterska. 1878 flyttade familjen till Stockholm. \n\nTrots sin gedigna utbildning blev det Ottilia Adelborgs lott att sköta hemmet och sin mor intill dennas död 1903. Hon var då närmare femtio år och flyttade till byn Gagnef i Dalarna, där hon snabbt etablerade sig som samlare av allmogetextilier och främjare av hemslöjd. Redan första året startade hon en knyppelskola för barn, i syfte att bevara och vidareutveckla den lokala knyppeltraditionen. \n\nOttilia Adelborg hade redan under sin tid som hemmadotter etablerat sig som bilderboksillustratör och författare. 1885 gav Bonniers ut *Barnens Julbok för Mamma och Småttingarne: Gamla visor och rim* med illustrationer av henne. År 1887 utkom hennes första egna bok, *Barnens lilla julbok*. Till hennes mest uppskattade och kända böcker hör ABC-boken *Prinsarnes blomsteralfabet*, 1892, och *Pelle Snygg och barnen i Snaskeby*, 1896. Den senare, som är en vida roligare, vackrare och mer pedagogisk bok än Heinrich Hoffmanns *Pelle Snusk*, gavs ut i sju upplagor och översattes till en mängd språk. I Holland bearbetades den till en scenversion. 1904 fick den en bejublad premiär på Operan i Stockholm. \n  \nOttilia Adelborgs pastellakvareller är utformade enligt en estetik som kan kopplas till den samtida engelska Arts and Crafts-rörelsen och gruppen kring John Ruskin, Walter Crane och William Morris. Hon var också inspirerad av fransmannen Maurice Boutet de Monvels böcker, som hennes syster Maria sett på världsutställningen i Paris 1899 och skickat hem. \n\nDet är framför allt genom sina barnböcker och barnboksillustrationer som Ottilia Adelborg har gått till historien. Hennes böcker fick en enorm genomslagskraft och kom länge att sätta sin prägel på svensk barnkultur. Hennes livsgärning handlade emellertid lika mycket om hemslöjd och Gagnef. 1889 bildade hon Föreningen för Svensk Hemslöjd med prins Eugen som ordförande och sig själv som styrelseledamot (till 1916). 1909 skänkte hon ihopsamlade och inköpta kulturföremål, byggnader och kläder till Gagnefs församling. Denna samling, som inhystes i den så kallad Minnesstugan, utökades vid gåvodagar, då sockenbor och utflyttade skänkte föremål, fornfynd och ”gagnsklä'r” för bevarande. Genom knyppelskolan kompletterades Ottilia Adelborgs egen spetssamling med flera andras.  När Gagnefs sista kyrkbåt drogs upp på land 1919 placerades den vid Minnesstugans gärdesgård. Två år senare byggde man ett båthus runt farkosten.\n \nOttilia Adelborg ville bevara bondekulturen till eftervärlden och hon testamenterade såväl sina samlingar som sin konstnärliga kvarlåtenskap till Gagnef. 2015 invigdes Ottilia Adelborgsmuseet i Gagnef. \n\nOttilia Adelborg avled 1936 och begravdes i Gagnef.",
      "text_eng": "Ottilia Adelborg was a key figure within the history of Swedish illustrated books. \n\nOttilia Adelborg was brought up within the family of a nobleman and an officer. Her family home was an educated and affluent one. When her father died in 1865 it became evident that the family’s wealth was tied up in loans and this left them in dire economic circumstances. According to their father’s final wish the family moved to Uppsala, where Ottilia’s sister, [](Gertrud Adelborg) began to work as a governess. Ottilia Adelborg, who was the youngest sister, trained as an artist with the help of one of her maternal aunts. Ottilia Adelborg began her studies at Tekniska skolan (the technical school) and then went on to Konstakademien (the academy of art). Once she had completed her training Ottilia Adelborg took over the role of stay-at-home daughter from her other sister [](Maria Adelborg), following Maria’s employment as a pattern-designer. In 1878 the whole family moved to Stockholm. \n\nDespite Ottilia Adelborg’s thorough artistic training it fell to her to remain at home and care for her mother until the latter’s death in 1903. At the age of nearly 50 Ottilia Adelborg moved to Gagnef in Dalarna. There she quickly became established as a collector of rural textiles and a promoter of handicrafts. Already in her first year of living in Gagnef she had set up a lace-making school for children aimed at safeguarding and further developing the local lace-making tradition. \n\nHowever, Ottilia Adelborg had already become an established book illustrator and author while she was a stay-at-home daughter. In 1885 the Bonniers publishing house released a book called *Barnens Julbok för Mamma och Småttingarne: Gamla visor och rim* which contained illustrations by Ottilia Adelborg. In 1887 Ottilia Adelborg published her first book which was entitled *Barnens lilla julbok*. Two of her most well-loved and best-known books are the ABC-book called *Prinsarnes blomsteralfabet*, published in 1892, and *Pelle Snygg och barnen i Snaskeby*, published in 1896. The latter, which is funnier, visually nicer, and more educational than Heinrich Hoffmann’s *Pelle Snusk*, was printed in seven editions and translated into a range of languages. In the Netherlands it was even adapted for the stage. The much-acclaimed Swedish premiere of the play occurred in 1904 at the Opera in Stockholm. \n\nOttilia Adelborg’s artwork consisted of pastel watercolour paintings which were created according to an aesthetic linked to the contemporary British Arts and Crafts movement and the group which formed around John Ruskin, Walter Crane, and William Morris. Ottilia Adelborg was also inspired by books written by the Frenchman Maurice Boutet de Monvel which her sister Maria had found at the 1899 Paris World’s Fair and then sent home to her. \n\nOttilia Adelborg is mainly remembered for her children’s books and the illustrations she created for them. Her books were a great success and left a lasting mark on Swedish children’s culture. Meanwhile, she earned her living just as much through handicrafts and her efforts in Gagnef. In 1889 she set up Föreningen för Svensk Hemslöjd (the society for Swedish handicrafts), in which Prince Eugen served as the chair and of which she herself was a board member until 1916. She donated the collected and purchased cultural items, buildings, and clothes she had acquired to Gagnef parish in 1909. This collection, housed in the so-called Minnesstugan (memorial hut), expanded through items received on donation days, when local inhabitants – as well as those who had moved away – donated items, ancient finds, and “gangsklä’r” (local apparel) for safe-keeping. Ottilia Adelborg’s own collection of lace was added to by items from the lace-making school. When the last “kyrkbåt” (local boat used to ferry people to church) in Gagnef was retired from service in 1919 it was placed beside the fence around Minnestugan. Two years later a special boat-house was built around the vessel. \n\nOttilia Adelborg sought to safeguard peasant culture for posterity and she willed both her collections as well as her own artworks to Gagnef. In 2015 the Ottilia Adelsborg museum was opened in Gagnef. \n\nOttilia Adelborg died in 1936. She is buried in Gagnef.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "firstname": "Lisbeth",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1820"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Katarina",
          "lastname": "af Uhr",
          "occupation": "Kommendörkapten",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
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          },
          "death": {
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          },
          "firstname": "Bror Jacob",
          "lastname": "Adelborg",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1855-12-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "firstname": "Ottilia",
          "lastname": "Adelborg",
          "occupation": "Författare, konstnär",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1849-12-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1940-04-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Adelborg",
          "occupation": "Textilkonstnär",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Gertrud V Adelborg, urn:sbl:5517, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Axianne Thorstenson). (Hämtad 2016-10-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5517"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedvall, Barbro, *Vår rättmätiga plats: om kvinnornas kamp för rösträtt*, Bonnier fakta, Stockholm, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nathorst-Böös, Louise, 'Rimforsa lanthushållningsskola: en återblick vid skolans 10-årsjubileum', *Hertha*, 1917(4):18, s. 323-325",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/62329"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliografi 1855 – 1936 / Ottilia Adelborgs Vänförening",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.hembygd.se/ottilia-adelborg/bibliografi-1855-1936/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, suffragette",
      "text": "Gertrud Adelborg var en rösträttskvinna, som särskilt kämpade för kvinnors möjlighet att yrkesarbeta.\n\nGertrud Adelborg var den av systrarna Adelborg ([Ottilia](0000 0001 1752 4191) och [](Maria Adelborg)), som var mest känd i samtiden. När familjen, efter faderns död 1865, flyttade från Karlskrona till Uppsala, fick hon efter en kort utbildning arbeta som guvernant. År 1881 fick hon anställning som skrivbiträde vid Svea Hovrätt. \n\nGenom personlig bekantskap med Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets stiftare [Sophie Adlersparre](0000 0000 8224 7859) blev hon engagerad i förbundets verksamhet. Hon arbetade på Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet 1884-1907, från 1886 som föreståndare. Åren 1897-1915 var hon även styrelseledamot i förbundet. Gertrud Adelborg organiserade förbundsbyråns verksamhet och gjorde den till ett rådgivningscentrum för kvinnor. \n\nHon upprättade också en platsförmedling för kvinnor, den första i sitt slag i Sverige. Hon kämpade för att nya utbildnings- och verksamhetsområden skulle öppnas för kvinnor och drev frågor om förbättrade löne- och befordringsvillkor för olika grupper av arbetande kvinnor, i synnerhet lågavlönade grupper som telefonister och kontorister. Hon kämpade även för att den lantbrukande befolkningens kvinnor skulle få utbildning inom sina områden och tog initiativet till Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets lanthushållningsskola i Rimforsa, Östergötland. Denna utbildningsanstalt var, när den bildades 1907, den första i sitt slag i Sverige. Gertrud Adelborg var ledamot i dess styrelse 1907-1921.\n\nGertrud Adelborg var mycket engagerad i rösträttsfrågan och var en av rösträttsrörelsens banérförare. Det var hon som utformat skrivelsen, då kvinnorna i Sverige 1899 för första gången själva formellt överlämnade ett förslag om rösträtt för kvinnor. Hon var en av stiftarna av Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt när den bildades i Stockholm 1902. När den följande år blev en nationell förening, Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR), blev hon styrelseledamot även i denna förening. Gertrud Adelborg hade en viktig men mindre synlig roll inom båda förbunden: hon strukturerade arbetet, utredde och sammanställde fakta och författade skrivelser.\n\nNär Gertrud Adelborg bröt upp från Stockholm 1907 för att förena sig med sina systrar Ottilia och Maria i byn Gagnef avbröt hon en strålande karriär.\n\nGertrud Adelborg avled 1942 och begravdes i Gagnef.",
      "text_eng": "Gertrud Adelborg was a suffragette who campaigned particularly for women’s rights to professional careers. \n\nGertrud Adelborg was one of three Adelborg sisters – along with [](Ottilia Adelborg) and [](Maria Adelborg). She was also the one who became most famous during her lifetime. Following the death of her father in 1865 she and her family moved from Karlskrona to Uppsala where, after a brief period of training, she began to work as a governess. In 1881 she became employed as a secretary at the Svea court of appeal. \n\nGertrud Adelborg became involved in the Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet (association) as a result of her personal acquaintance with the association founder, [Sophie Adlersparre](0000 0000 8224 7859). Gertrud Adelborg worked for the group from 1884–1907, serving as the association’s director from 1886 onwards. From 1897–1915 she was also a member of the association board. Gertrud Adelborg ran the association’s offices which she turned into an advice centre for women. \n\nGertrud Adelborg also established a job centre for women which was the first of its kind in Sweden. She campaigned for new training and economic spheres to be opened up to women and she pushed the case for improved salaries and promotion options for various groups of employed women, particularly those who were in low-paid jobs, such as telephone switchboard operators and office workers. Gertrud Adelborg also campaigned on behalf of rural women to allow them to gain qualifications within their own spheres. Further, she was the instigator behind the Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet domestic sciences school in Rimforsa, Östergötland. When this institute of education was established in 1907 it was the first of its kind in Sweden. Gertrud Adelborg served on the school board from 1907–1921. \n\nGertrud Adelborg was heavily engaged in the women’s suffrage campaign and was one of the movement’s standard-bearers. It was she who composed the petition on women’s suffrage that, for the first time ever, was formally submitted by the women of Sweden themselves in 1899. Gertrud Adelborg was also one of the founders of the Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (association for women’s suffrage) established in Stockholm in 1902. The following year this association became a national organisation known as Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) and Gertrud Adelborg was a member of the executive. She held important, albeit less visible, roles within both groups: she created a structure for their work, researching and compiling facts, and wrote pamphlets. \n\nIn 1907 Gertrud Adelborg left Stockholm in order to go live in Gagnef with her two sisters. This move brought an end to a brilliant career. \n\nGertrud Adelborg died in 1942. She is buried in Gagnef.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "GertrudAdelborg",
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          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Carlgren"
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      ],
      "awards": [
        {
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            "date": "1957"
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          "description": "Illis quorum, 5:e storleken",
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      "civil_status": "Ogift",
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      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gertrud",
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        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ottilia",
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          "type": "Släkting",
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        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Adelborg, faderns kusin",
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        {
          "description": "Konststudier i England, Italien och Frankrike",
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        {
          "description": "Adelborg, Louise, *Det vita korset*, Edition Scala, Stockholm, 1997",
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        {
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(louise+adelborg)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "Om Louise Adelborg",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(louise+adelborg)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Louise Adelborg. Rörstrand (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
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          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.rorstrand.se/formgivare/louise-adelborg"
        },
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          "description": "Nyman, Anna, ’Louise Adelborg in memoriam’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1971-09-18",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Zweigbergk, Eva von, ’Louise Adelborg död’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1971-09-14",
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            "date": "1971-09-09"
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            "date": "1945-05-23"
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          "lastname": "Adelborg, född De Geer",
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        },
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            "date": "1845-03-28"
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            "date": "1900-03-07"
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          "firstname": "Otto Ehrenfrid",
          "lastname": "Adelborg",
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          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1883-07-28"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1965-12-18"
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          "firstname": "Gustaf-Otto",
          "lastname": "Adelborg",
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          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1886-10-18"
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            "date": "1948-09-21"
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        }
      ],
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      "source": [
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          "description": "Rörstrand AB:s arkiv (ACC.NR 1996/063). Nordiska museet (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
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        },
        {
          "description": "‘Louise Adelborg’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
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          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Adelborg"
        },
        {
          "description": "Louise Adelborg 1885-1971. Signaturer.se (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.signaturer.se/Sverige/LouiseAdelborg.htm"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dejke, Inger, *Kvinnor på jorden: strävan och hopp*, Tre böcker, Göteborg, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Formgivare, textilkonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Designer, textile artist",
      "text": "Louise Adelborg var en betydelsefull formgivare och textilkonstnär, verksam från 1910-talet till slutet av 1950-talet. I vår tid är hon kanske mest känd för porslinsserien *Swedish Grace*.\n\nLouise Adelborg föddes 1885 och växte upp med två bröder på Östermalma gård utanför Nyköping, som dotter till kaptenen Otto E. Adelborg och friherrinnan Jacquette De Geer. Hon var släkt med de tre systrarna [](Gertrud Adelborg) som var rösträttskvinna samt konstnärerna [](Ottilia Adelborg) och [](Maria Adelborg). Redan som barn målade hon akvareller och skapade mönster.\n\nLouise Adelborg utbildade sig till teckningslärare med inriktning på mönsterritning vid Tekniska skolan (nuvarande Konstfack) i Stockholm under åren 1903–1906 samt 1906–1909 . Därefter gjorde hon studieresor till England, Italien och Frankrike. Hon återkom till Stockholm 1911 och bosatte sig på Västra Trädgårdsgatan, för att 1915 flytta vidare till Fredrikshovsgatan. Där öppnade hon en ateljé. År 1922 flyttade hon till Grev Turegatan där hon bodde resten av sitt liv.\n\nLouise Adelborg debuterade 1916 på Galleri Gummeson i Stockholm med keramik och broderi. Där visade hon bland annat lampor. Hon anställdes som formgivare på Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik 1917, först som frilans och från 1926 till 1957 som anställd. Men hon var fortsatt knuten till fabriken under resten av sitt liv.\n\nFör Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik skapade hon bland annat vasen *Vase*, 1923, med veteax som dekor, som var inspirerad av Vasakärven. *Vase* visades på Parisutställningen 1925. Veteaxet återkom senare även i den servis som från början hette Nationalservisen, NS. Den har ett mönster bestående av ett stiliserat veteax i relief. Den visades första gången på Stockholmsutställningen 1930. Servisen var länge i produktion och återlanserades 2001 under namnet *Swedish Grace*, och är alltjämt i produktion. Louise Adelborg skapade även några dekorer som användes vid Lidköpings Porslinsfabrik.\n\nLouise Adelborg var även en skicklig textilkonstnär, med broderi som ett stort intresse. Hon skapade till exempel ett antal textilier med religiösa motiv. Bland dessa märks ett antependium till Riddarholmskyrkan i Stockholm. Hon skapade också tygmönster för Almedahl-Dalsjöfors AB.\n\nFrån att Louise Adelborg var 25 till 85 år tillbringade hon somrarna på västkusten, i Ulvesund. Där hade hon ett spartanskt hus som också tjänade som ateljé. Med en eka med motor tog hon sig runt i bygden. Av grannarna beskrevs hon som förtjusande, vacker och trevlig. Hon var lång och smal, bar stora hattar och långa kjolar. Louise Adelborg var religiös, intresserad av mystik och existentiella frågor och medlem av Edelweissförbundet, precis som [](Hilma af Klint).\n\nSärskilt förtjust var Louise Adelborg i blommor. Hon bidrog till att ta fram landskapsblommorna, som hon målade till tavlor, tygtryck och vykort. Själv sade hon att ”porslinet var för en större publik, men broderierna var för min själ”.\n\nLouise Adelborg finns representerad på Nationalmuseum och Röhsska museet i Göteborg.\n\nLouise Adelborg blev 86 år och dog 1971. Hon ligger begravd på Norra Begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Louise Adelborg was an important designer and textile artist who was active from the 1910s until the end of the 1950s. These days she is perhaps best known for designing the porcelain range called *Swedish Grace*.\n\nLouise Adelborg was born in 1885. She and her two brothers grew up at Östermalma farm, near Nyköping. She was the daughter of Captain Otto E. Adelborg and Baroness Jacquette De Geer. She was related to the three Adelborg sisters [](Gertrud Adelborg), a suffragette, and [](Ottilia Adelborg) and [](Maria Adelborg), who were both artists. Louise Adelborg herself began to paint watercolours and create patterns as a child.\n\nLouise Adelborg trained as a drawing instructor, who specialised in pattern designing, at Tekniska skolan (now Konstfack, school of arts, crafts and design) in Stockholm. She was a student at the school during the 1903–1906 period, and again during the 1906–1909 period. She then undertook study tours to Great Britain, Italy, and France. She returned to Stockholm in 1911, settling initially at Västra Trädgårdsgatan and then, in 1915, moving to Fredrikshovsgatan, where she opened a studio. In 1922 she moved to Grev Turegatan, where she lived for the rest of her life.\n\nLouise Adelborg held her debut exhibition at Galleri Gummeson in Stockholm, displaying ceramic and embroidered works as well as some lamps she had designed. In 1917 she was hired as a designer by Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik (porcelain factory), initially on a freelance basis and then as an employee from 1926–1957. She remained connected to the factory for the rest of her life.\n\nOne of Louise Adelborg’s creations for Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik was a 1923 vase, called simply *Vase*, decorated with a pattern of ears of wheat, inspired by the Vasa heraldic sheaf. *Vase* was displayed at the 1925 Paris Exhibition and Louise Adelborg used the ear of wheat motif again later in a table service initially called *Nationalservisen*, or NS. It displayed a stylised relief portrayal of an ear of wheat. It was first viewed by the public at the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition. This table service remained in production for a long time and was re-launched in 2001, renamed *Swedish Grace*, and remains in production. Louise Adelborg also designed some patterns which were used by Lidköpings Porslinsfabrik.\n\nLouise Adelborg was also an accomplished textile artist, and embroidery was another of her major interests. For example, she designed a number of textiles with religious motifs, including an antependium for Riddarholmen church in Stockholm. Further she also designed textile patterns for Almedahl-Dalsjöfors AB.\n\nLouise Adelborg spent her summers on the west coast in Ulvesund, from the time she was 25 until she was 85 years old. There she had a spartan house which also served as a studio. She used a motorised rowboat to travel around the area. Her neighbours described her as charming, beautiful, and friendly. She was tall and thin and wore large hats and long skirts. She was religious, had an interest in mysticism and existential questions, and she was a member of Edelweissförbundet, along with [](Hilma af Klint).\n\nLouise Adelborg was particularly interested in flowers. She helped make people aware of countryside flowers by painting them onto trays, on printed textiles, and on postcards. She herself said: “porcelain was for a wider audience, whilst embroidery was for my soul”.\n\nExamples of Louise Adelborg’s work can be seen at Nationalmuseum and Röhsska museet in Gothenburg.\n\nLouise Adelborg lived to be 86 years old and died in 1971. She is buried at Norra Begravningsplatsen (the Northern cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "LouiseNathaliaAdelborg",
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    {
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          "description": "Handelsskola",
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      "id": [
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        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T11:45:32",
      "lifespan": {
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1862-05-27",
            "date": "1862-05-27"
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          "description": "Ledamot",
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        {
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            "date": "1852-10-11"
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            "date": "1854-08-29"
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          "type_eng": "Sister"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "lastname": "Adler",
          "type": "Syster",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
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          "firstname": "Flora",
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            "date": "1864-08-27"
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            "date": "1940-10-11"
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          "firstname": "Flora Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Adler, gift Pettersson",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-05-01",
            "date": "1868-05-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948-05-19",
            "date": "1948-05-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Hulda Maria",
          "lastname": "Adler",
          "occupation": "Modist, hattfabrikör",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Amanda Adler’ [Nekrolog, osignerad], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1932-05-17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Två affärskvinnor’ [Amanda Adler och Hulda Adler], *Idun* 1911:25, s. 408",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50727"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1860-2017  Swedish death index 1860-2017*, Version 7.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, 2018",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Frimurarlogens fastighet på Tingvallagatan 15 i Karlstad. Wermlandsbilder.se (Hämtad 2019-11-14)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.wermlandsbilder.se/Arkiv01/visasamlingfil.php?id=23870&aid=11"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Företagare, hattfabrikör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Entrepreneur, manufacturer of hats",
      "text": "Amanda Adler var en entreprenör, verksam under det tidiga 1900-talet, som tillsammans med\nsin syster startade en framgångsrik fabriksrörelse i Karlstad med tillverkning och försäljning av\nstrå- och filthattar.\n\nAmanda Adler föddes år 1862 i Järnboås socken i Bergslagen, ett tiotal mil nordost om\nKarlstad. Bruksorten Järnboås hade vid hennes födsel cirka 1 700 invånare. Fadern var\nhemmansägare och han och hustrun Ulrika Andersdotter hade åtta barn.\n\nUnder andra hälften av 1800-talet tog industrialiseringen fart i Karlstadsområdet. Detta gav\nmöjlighet för driftiga personer att etablera sig inom nya områden. Med bakgrund i folkskola,\nprivata studier och handelskola startade Amanda Adler vid 18 års ålder en mode- och\nmanufakturaffär. Åtta år senare flyttade hon affären till Karlstad. Efter ytterligare några år\nförändrades varuutbudet till att enbart bestå av hattar.\n\nAmanda Adler var tillsammans med sin syster Hulda Adler bland de första kvinnorna som\netablerade en fabrik, vilket skedde år 1901 då de grundade Karlstads strå- och filthattfabrik. I\nuppstarten hyrdes en lägenhet om sex rum. Antalet anställda uppgick till tolv personer, varav\ntvå kvinnliga provresande. Företaget hade även en mindre butik inhyrd i Karlstads rådhus år\n1912, med direktförsäljning av stråhattar. Försäljningen av stråhattar expanderade snabbt och\nefter tio år flyttade företaget till ett trevåningshus på Tingvallagatan i Karlstad. Antalet anställda\nhade nu ökat till 50 personer, varav fem var kvinnliga provryttare, som marknadsförde fabrikens\nvaror genom resor över hela landet. Valet av kvinnor som provryttare hade enligt ett reportage\ni *Idun* 1911 visat sig gynnsamt för försäljningen, bland annat på grund av att männen inte\nkunnat tävla ”ifråga om energi att sälja denna slags vara, hvilket ju kan ha sina psykologiskt\nförklarliga skäl”. Företagets försäljningsområde hade nu blivit riksomfattande och i monteringssalen på våren 1911 fanns mellan 30 000 och 40 000 hattar klara att expedieras till\nkunder när och fjärran. I sitt reportage framhöll *Idun* att Amanda Adler och hennes syster var\nett gott ”vittnesbörd bland många på hvad energiskt och redbart kvinnoarbete kan bli till också\ni vårt land”. Amanda Adler var i många år styrelseledamot och ordförande i Kristliga\nföreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK) i Karlstad och var även medlem av stadsfullmäktiges\npensionskommitté.\n\nAmanda Adler dog 1932 i en ålder av 70 år. Systern Hulda Adler dog några år senare, 80 år\ngammal. Båda var ogifta. Efter Amanda Adlers död flyttade stråhattsfabriken till betydligt\nstörre lokaler i Sjötullsborg i Karlstad.",
      "text_eng": "Amanda Adler was an entrepreneur of the early 1900s. She and her sister set up a successful manufacturing business in Karlstad which produced and sold straw- and felt-hats. \n\nAmanda Adler was born in 1862 in Järnboås parish in Bergslagen, about ten Swedish miles northeast of Karlstad. The factory town of Järnboås had approximately 1,700 inhabitants around the time of her birth. Her father was a freeholder there and he and his wife, Ulrika Andersdotter, had eight children together. \n\nDuring the second half of the 1800s the Karlstad area rapidly became industrialised. This enabled enterprising individuals to establish themselves within new fields. Amanda Adler, aged only 18, used her background of public schooling, private studies, and a business school-education to set up a fashion and drapery shop. Eight years later she moved her business to Karlstad. After another few years she limited her output to hats alone. \n\nAmanda Adler and her sister Hulda Adler were amongst the earliest women to set up their own manufacturing businesses and in 1901 they founded the Karlstad straw- and felt-hat factory. Initially they rented a six-room apartment and hired a total of twelve staff, of which two were saleswomen. In 1912 the business also rented, from Karlstad town hall, a small shop from which they sold straw-hats. This business expanded rapidly and ten years later the company moved to a three-storey building at Tingvallagatan in Karlstad, now with fifty employees, including five travelling saleswomen who sold the manufactured goods nationwide. Choosing women for these positions of travelling salespeople was, according to a report in *Idun* from 1911, proven to be a successful one in terms of sales generated, partly because men could not compete “in terms of the energy required for selling this type of goods, which may be due to psychological reasons”. The company now enjoyed a nationwide marketing range and in the spring of 1911 30,000–40,000 hats were displayed in their viewing room, ready to be sent out to customers near and far. The *Idun* report claimed that Amanda Adler and her sister were “one of many good testaments to what energetic and honest women’s work could produce in our country”. Amanda Adler had been a member of the board for many years and chair of the Karlstad Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA). She was also a member of the town council pension committee. \n\nAmanda Adler died in 1932, aged 70. Her sister Hulda Adler died a few years later, aged 80. Both of them remained unmarried. Following Amanda Adler’s death the straw-hat factory moved to significantly larger premises in Sjötullsborg in Karlstad.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AmandaAdler",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Ljusnarsberg|59.866667|14.983333",
        "Järnboås|59.654167|14.866667",
        "Karlstad|59.402181|13.511498"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Emilie",
          "lastname": "Cederquist"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elin",
          "lastname": "Sundberg",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Nelly",
          "lastname": "Thüring",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lillie",
          "lastname": "Landgren",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Frigga",
          "lastname": "Carlberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Beatrice",
          "lastname": "Dickson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Emilie",
          "lastname": "Rathou",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sophie",
          "lastname": "Elkan",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Utbildning till handarbetslärare",
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Nykterhetsrörelsen",
        "Företagare",
        "Krögare",
        "Politiker"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Temperance movement",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "Politicians"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-04T15:46:26",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 56,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1874-09-16",
            "date": "1874-09-16"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lunds landsförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1931-02-22",
            "date": "1931-02-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oskar Fredriks församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Cecilia (/Celia/) Beata",
        "lastname": "Adler",
        "sortname": "Adler"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Slöjdlärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kontorist",
          "detail": "Kontorist, enskild verksamhet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.487492,
              "lon": 12.076193
            },
            "place": "Kungsbacka"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Direktör",
          "detail": "Direktör, A.B Vita Bandets Nykterhetsserveringar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "detail": "Ledamot, 7:e pensionsdistriktet i Göteborg",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, föreläsare, kassör, Göteborgs distrikt; ordförande, logen Jupiter",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "name": "IOGT-NTO",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, föreläsare, ordförande, Göteborgsavdelningen 1901–1927; grundare och styrelseordförande, AB Vita Bandets Nykterhetsserveringar 1909–1931, initiativtagare och ordförande, V.B.s skolköks- och husmoderskurser 1914–1931",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "name": "Vita Bandet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Frisinnade landsföreningen",
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, styrelseledamot",
          "name": "Göteborgs frisinnade förening",
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, vice ordförande, Göteborgskretsen",
          "name": "Sveriges Kvinnliga Fredsförening",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Göteborgskapitlet",
          "name": "Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR, lokalavdelning av LKPR)",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.487492,
              "lon": 12.076193
            },
            "place": "Kungsbacka"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Celia Adler. Fotograf och år okänt (Regionarkivet, Göteborg)",
          "description_eng": "Celia Adler. Photographer and year unknown (Regionarkivet, Göteborg)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Adler_Celia_okand_ny.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-24",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-09-26",
            "date": "1856-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1901-01-25",
            "date": "1901-01-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengta",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Andersdotter",
          "occupation": "Bageriidkare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1844",
            "date": "1844"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-02-07",
            "date": "1876-02-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Johanna",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877-08-02",
            "date": "1877-08-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-03-08",
            "date": "1879-03-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-07-26",
            "date": "1962-07-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid Bothilda",
          "lastname": "Adler, gift Berg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Elin Sundbergs Stiftelses Arkiv",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://elinsundberg.se/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vita Bandet i Göteborg. Regionarkivet för Västra Götalandsregionen och Göteborg (Hämtad 2020-03-24)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/wYsgMl9wO4Y43hGkO5YYM2"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Alkoholfria restauranger i Slottskogen', *Reformatorn*, 1908-04-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bengtsson, Åsa, *Nyktra kvinnor: folkbildare, företagare och politiska aktörer : Vita bandet 1900-1930*, Makadam, Diss. Lund : Lunds universitet, 2012 ,Göteborg, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Björneberg, Anna-Lisa & Carlsson, Anette, *"Så här kan vi inte ha det!": fem kvinnoorganisationer i Göteborg : 100 års ideellt arbete, när samhället svek*, Göteborgskvinnor i rörelse/r (KAF), [Göteborg], 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Celia Adler' [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1931-02-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Celia Adler 50 år', *Göteborgs Aftonblad*, 1924-09-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Celia Adler 50 år', *Vita Bandets Tidskrift*, september, 1924",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgham, Elsa, *Historik över Vita bandets i Sverige 60-åriga verksamhet*, Vita bandet, Stockholm, 1965",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vita bandets minnesbok 1901-1931*, [Vita bandets centralstyr.], Stockholm, 1931",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Nykterhetskämpe, restauratör, politiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Temperance activist, restaurateur, politician",
      "text": "Celia Adler var en av de ledande krafterna i nykterhetsorganisationen Vita Bandet. Hon grundade och drev framgångsrikt föreningens nykterhetsrestauranger i Göteborg.\n\nCelia Adler föddes som Celia Beata Andersson i Lund 1874. Hon kom från en gammal skånsk odalsläkt och var dotter till Bengt och Bengta Andersson. År 1894, efter en stor konkurs, splittrades familjen då fadern och två syskon emigrerade till USA, medan Celia Adler tillsammans med modern och lillasystern Bothilda istället flyttade till Göteborg. År 1907 antog hon det gamla släktnamnet Adler. Modern, som försörjde sig som bageriidkerska, såg till att Celia Adler fick en yrkesutbildning inom handarbete och hon startade sedan sin yrkeskarriär som slöjdlärare.\n\nSom 19-åring gick Celia Adler med i nykterhetsföreningen IOGT, den svenska grenen av Independent Order of Good Templars (nuvarande IOGT-NTO). År 1898 var hon med och bildade Vita Bandet i Göteborg, och redan 1901 blev hon föreningens ordförande. Hon blev den som innehade ordförandeposten längst och under hennes 26 år av ordförandeskap utvecklade Göteborgs Vitbandister en omfattande social verksamhet som värnade om kvinnor och barn som hade det svårt.\n\nÅr 1908 föreslog Vita Bandet, på Celia Adlers initiativ, att en alkoholfri restaurang i Slottsskogen skulle upprättas. Förslaget ledde till häftiga strider om saken i Göteborgs stadsfullmäktige och hela staden engagerade sig i frågan. När motståndarna lämnade in en petition undertecknad av 6 000 namn om fullständig spritservering i Slottsskogen startade Celia Adler en motaktion som hon själv beskriver med orden: ”Nykterhetsvännerna satte omedelbart igång med en nykterhetsagitation, till vilken Göteborg nog aldrig sett maken och en namninsamling som på kortare tid än en månad samlade 30 000 namn”.\n\nMed endast en rösts övervikt segrade till slut nykterhetsvännerna och bildade i januari 1909, med Celia Adler i spetsen, aktiebolaget Vita Bandets Nykterhetsserveringar. På valborgsmässoafton 1909 slog Vita Bandet upp portarna till sin alkoholfria restaurang i Vinterpaviljongen och Celia Adler blev verksamhetens direktör. Restaurangen i Slottsskogen hade tidigare varit ett illa beryktat ölkafé och Vitbandisterna fick vara beredda på bråk och otrevligheter. Celia Adler var till en början, för säkerhets skull, utrustad med både polisvisselpipa och en grand danois. Under restaurangens högsäsong ledde Celia Adler en personalstyrka på över 100 personer, och bredvid restaurangen drev hon även ett bageri som försåg restaurangen med alla de bakverk som behövdes. Under åren 1915—1925 drev hon dessutom ytterligare en alkoholfri restaurang på Kungsgatan 41 i centrala Göteborg.\n\nVita Bandets grundare [](Emilie Rathou) ansåg att Celia Adler hade en ”sällsynt organisatorisk förmåga” och nära vännen och Vita Bandet-kollegan [](Elin Sundberg) beskrev hennes ledarskap med orden: ”Att någon kan prestera ett så stort mått av arbete beror inte blott på begåvning och anlag utan också på hjärtats röst, som rundar de kanter, som annars stöta ihop, då människor skola arbeta tillsammans. Det är denna förståelse för andras sätt att se, att kunna sätta sig in uti andras sätt att tänka, som är ett utmärkande drag för Celia Adler”.\n\nJämte nykterhetsarbetet var Celia Adler mycket politiskt engagerad — hon innehade kommunala befattningar i Göteborg och kandiderade till riksdagen både 1921 och 1924 för partiet Frisinnade landsföreningen. År 1921 snubblade hon på målsnöret då hon bara var två röster från att bli vald till stadsfullmäktige i Göteborg.\n\nCelia Adler var en tongivande röst i Göteborg som deltog med saklighet i debatter och var en flitigt anlitad föredragshållare. Freden var en av hennes stora hjärtefrågor som hon jobbade hårt för som vice ordförande i Göteborgskretsen av Sveriges Kvinnliga Fredsförening tillsammans med bland andra [](Beatrice Dickson) och [](Sophie Elkan). Under många år hade hon ett nära samarbete med [](Frigga Carlberg) och tillsammans satt de med i kommittéer, anordnade debatter och föredragskvällar om fred och kvinnans politiska medborgarrätt, med stora namn som [](Gertrud af Klintberg) och [](Emilia Broomé) i talarstolen.\n\nCelia Adler avled plötsligt efter endast ett par dagars sjukdom, 1931. Hon ligger begravd på Västra kyrkogården i Göteborg. Hennes stora livsverk, Vita Bandets restaurang i Slottsskogen, fortsatte att drivas framgångsrikt ända fram till 1986.",
      "text_eng": "Celia Adler was one of the leading forces of Vita Bandet (White Ribbon), a temperance organisation. She founded and successfully ran the organisation’s temperance restaurants in Gothenburg. \n\nCelia Adler was born Celia Beata Andersson in Lund in 1874. She came from an ancient Scanian family from Odal. Her parents were Bengt and Bengta Andersson. The family split up following serious bankruptcy in 1894 and her father took two of her siblings with him when he immigrated to the USA whilst Celia Adler, her mother, and her younger sister Bothilda moved to Gothenburg. In 1907 Celia adopted the old family name of Adler. Her mother, who lived off her earnings as a baker, ensured that Celia Adler was professionally trained for a career in handicrafts and then began working professionally as a handicrafts instructor. \n\nCelia Adler joined the temperance organisation IOGT, the Swedish branch of the Independent Order of Good Templars (now the IOGT-NTO), when she was 19 years old. In 1898 she was one of the founders of Vita Bandet in Gothenburg and by 1901 she was already serving as its chair. She was the longest incumbent of that post and during her 26-year chairmanship Gothenburg’s Vita Bandet members developed a comprehensive social enterprise to provide care for women and children in difficult situations. \n\nOn Celia Adler’s initiative Vita Bandet proposed setting up an alcohol-free restaurant in Slottsskogen in 1908. This proposal generated heated conflict in the Gothenburg city council and the whole city took sides in the matter. Following the submission of a petition to retain full alcohol provision in Slottsskogen, signed by 6,000 people opposed to the idea of the restaurant, Celia Adler instigated a counter-petition which she described thus: “The temperance supporters immediately began a pro-temperance action, the like of which Gothenburg had never seen, and their petition collected 30,000 names in under a month.” \n\nThe temperance supporters were victorious by dint of one extra vote in their favour and in January 1909 the stock company Vita Bandets Nykterhetsserveringar was established with Celia Adler at its head. Vita Bandet opened the doors of their alcohol-free restaurant in the Winter Pavilion on Walpurgis Night 1909. Celia Adler served as director of the enterprise. The Slottsskogen restaurant had previously been a café of ill repute where beer was served so Vita Bandet members were prepared for eventual trouble and disturbances. Thus, Celia Adler initially, for safety’s sake, carried both a police whistle and went about accompanied by a Great Dane hound. During peak season at the restaurant Celia Adler ran a corps of staff numbering over 100 people. Further to running the restaurant she also ran a bakery which supplied the restaurant with all required baked goods. From 1915 to 1925 Celia Adler also ran another alcohol-free restaurant at Kungsgatan 41 in central Gothenburg. \n\n[](Emilie Rathou), Vita Bandet’s founder, believed that Celia Adler had a “rare organisational talent” while her close friend and fellow Vita Bandet member, [](Elin Sundberg), described Celia Adler’s leadership in these words: “A person’s ability to manage such a heavy load of work is not just down to talent and aptitude but also relies on their inner voice which can soften rough edges which would otherwise collide as people work together. It is Celia Adler’s ability to understand how others see things and to put herself in other people’s shoes which are exceptional traits”. \n\nIn addition to her temperance activities Celia Adler was also heavily engaged politically. She held municipal posts in Gothenburg and stood as a parliamentary candidate on behalf of the Free-minded National Association (Frisinnade landsföreningen) in both the 1921 and 1924 elections. She only just lost out by two votes in 1921 when standing for a position on the Gothenburg city council. \n\nCelia Adler was an influential voice in Gothenburg who applied her expertise to debates and frequently gave public talks. The peace movement was another of her passions and she worked hard as a peace-activist as vice-chair of the Gothenburg section of Sveriges Kvinnliga Fredsförening (Swedish Women’s Society for Peace) along with [](Beatrice Dickson) and [](Sophie Elkan). For many years Celia Adler worked closely with [](Frigga Carlberg) and they sat together on committees, held debates and lecture evenings on peace and women’s civic political rights at which major personalities such as [](Gertrud af Klintberg) and [](Emilia Broomé) spoke. \n\nCelia Adler died suddenly following only a couple of days of illness in 1931. She is buried at Västra kyrkogården (the Western Cemetery) in Gothenburg. Her life’s major achievement, the Vita Bandet restaurant in Slottsskogen, continued to operate successfully right up to 1986.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "CeliaAdler",
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      ]
    },
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          "lastname": "Svensson"
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      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elin",
          "lastname": "Wägner",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Karlsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Knut",
          "lastname": "Karlsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
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            "date": "1901"
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              "lon": 12.6945121
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            "place": "Helsingborg"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "institution": "Alnarps lantbruksinstitut (nuvarande Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU)",
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            "place": "Alnarp"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Rut Adler",
          "description_eng": "By Rut Adler",
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        {
          "description": "Om Rut Adler",
          "description_eng": "About Rut Adler",
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          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(rut+adler)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Göteborgs kvinnliga diskussionsklubb. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek  (Hämtad 2020-03-01)",
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          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-115247"
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        {
          "description": "Rut Adler. Korrespondens. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-03-01)",
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        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Politiker",
        "Feminism",
        "Kommunism",
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        "Peace movement",
        "Social democracy"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-04T15:54:57",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 80,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1888-04-15",
            "date": "1888-04-15"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Riseberga församling",
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              "lat": 56.0725,
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            "place": "Riseberga"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1969-04-11",
            "date": "1969-04-11"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Riseberga församling",
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      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
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          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
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              "lat": 57.5791257,
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            "place": "Lindome"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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        }
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          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Jordbrukare-ungdomens förbund (JUF)",
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          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK, senare Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund, FKR)",
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          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
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            "date": "1929"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Lindomekommunen, Lindomekommunens kvinnosektion",
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          "name": "Socialdemokratisk arbetarkommun",
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Medlem, Lindomekommunen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
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          "name": "Göteborgs Kommunistiska Arbetarkommun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ledamot, Lindome kommunfullmäktige",
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          "name": "Sveriges kommunistiska parti (SKP, nuvarande Vänsterpartiet)",
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            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund (SKV)",
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ordförande, Göteborgsavdelningen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Fredskommittén",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
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            "date": "1967"
          },
          "name": "Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna (KFML)",
          "to": {
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            "date": "1969"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "name": "Hallenborg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Rut Adler cirka 1910. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Wikimedia",
          "description_eng": "Rut Adler ca 1910. Photographer unknown. Source: Wikimedia",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Adler_Rut_Wikimedia.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-23",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-07-14",
            "date": "1860-07-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1892-03-10",
            "date": "1892-03-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedda Johanna",
          "lastname": "Hallenborg, född Askenstedt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-12-07",
            "date": "1850-12-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-01-17",
            "date": "1917-01-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof",
          "lastname": "Hallenborg",
          "occupation": "Patron",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890-02-11",
            "date": "1890-02-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-06-24",
            "date": "1972-06-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid Olof",
          "lastname": "Hallenborg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-03-04",
            "date": "1892-03-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-05-20",
            "date": "1967-05-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedda Olofva",
          "lastname": "Hallenborg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-10-23",
            "date": "1878-10-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966-04-08",
            "date": "1966-04-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Ivar Bonde",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "lastname": "Adler",
          "occupation": "Direktör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-10-05",
            "date": "1909-10-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Bo Ivar",
          "lastname": "Bonde",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-09-12",
            "date": "1911-09-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Rut Johanna Margareta",
          "lastname": "Bonde",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-07-12",
            "date": "1914-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Olof",
          "lastname": "Bonde",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-04-18",
            "date": "1920-04-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2013",
            "date": "2013"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Elna Maria",
          "lastname": "Ernest",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Rut Adler från Lindome, Vänsterpartiet, Mölndal (Hämtad 2020-03-01)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://molndal.vansterpartiet.se/om-oss/folkets-historia/"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Rut Adler’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-03-01)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://gamlagoteborg.se/2014/08/12/rut-adler/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rut Adler. Det gamla Göteborg (Hämtad 2020-03-01)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://gamlagoteborg.se/2014/08/12/rut-adler/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kronberg, Jan & Meuller, Anders, 'Åren fram till 1939’, *Det röda Mölndal. Del 1*, J. Kronberg, [Mölndal], 1982",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Rut Adler skriver till presidenter’,  *Vi kvinnor* 1967(19):1, s. 3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Feminist, aktivist, politiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Feminist, activist, politician",
      "text": "Rut Adler var feminist och aktivist, särskilt inom flykting- och fredsrörelsen under stora delar av 1900-talet. \n\nRut Adler föddes den 15 april 1888 som ett av fem syskon i ett stort lanthushåll i Riseberga, Kristianstads län. Modern dog då hon var liten. Som trettonåring började hon på flickskola i Helsingborg. Hon gifte sig 1908 med Axel Adler, som hon hade träffat på Alnarps lantbruksinstitut. De bosatte sig år 1909 på gården Ekered i Dvärred, Lindome, utanför Göteborg. Makarna var socialt och kulturellt intresserade och deras gård kom att utvecklas till en informell folkhögskola, där Jordbrukare-Ungdomens Förbund (JUF) kunde disponera större delen av huset. År 1925 bildades i Lindome en avdelning av JUF med ett femtiotal medlemmar. Däribland även den blivande författaren [](Astrid Pettersson).\n\nRut Adler var först liberal och medlem i Frisinnade kvinnor. I riksdagsvalet 1928 stod hon på en frisinnad kvinnolista. Under lång tid var hon aktiv inom Göteborgs kvinnliga diskussionsklubb och dess ordförande 1926–1929. Hon arrangerade även ett riksomfattande fredsmöte på familjens gård Ekered i mars 1931, med bland annat [](Elin Wägner) som föreläsare. På Ekered fanns tidvis under depressionsåren även en internatskola för unga arbetslösa. Rut Adler var också kommunalt verksam, bland annat i Lindome kommuns fattigvårdsstyrelse och barnavårdsnämnd.\n\nRut Adler radikaliserades under 1930-talet och inträdde 1934 i Lindome arbetarkommuns kvinnosektion. Under sin socialdemokratiska tid engagerade hon sig starkt för hjälp till tjeckoslovakiska flyktingar och Spanienhjälpen. I Göteborg var hon med om att bilda Sveriges första Spanienkommitté den 4 oktober 1936. Mot slutet av sin tid som socialdemokrat kom hon alltmer i opposition mot partiet, bland annat genom offentlig och öppen kritik mot vad hon beskrev som ”en sveklig borgfred med arbetarrörelsens motståndare”. Den 7 februari 1940 blev hon utesluten ur socialdemokraterna ”på grund av kommunistisk aktivitet”.\n\nLindome kommunistiska arbetarkommun bildades i oktober 1940. Rut Adler, som just hade gått med i Sveriges Kommunistiska Parti (SKP, nuvarande Vänsterpartiet), märktes bland de första medlemmarna tillsammans med Knut och Signe Karlsson. År 1940 försökte hon få till stånd ett visst praktiskt valsamarbete mellan socialdemokraterna och SKP i Lindome. Detta avböjdes dock av socialdemokraterna. I framgångsvalet 1946 valdes Rut Adler och Knut Karlsson in i kommunfullmäktige i Lindome landskommun.\n\nUnder åren 1950—1962 var Rut Adler ordförande i Göteborgsavdelningen av Svenska Fredskommittén. Hon var en engagerad motståndare mot USA:s inblandning i Vietnamkriget, bland annat skrev hon många brev till den amerikanske presidenten Lyndon Johnson och hjälpte avdelningar inom SKV att under 1965 skriva protester till amerikanska ambassaden.\n\nVid splittringen inom VPK 1967 lämnade Rut Adler partiet och var fram till sin död medlem i Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna (KFML). Även efter 1967 jobbade hon oförtröttligt vidare. Under sina sista levnadsår engagerade hon sig som motståndare till svensk EEC-anslutning.\n\nRut Adler avled 1969 och begravdes på Riseberga kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Rut Adler was a feminist and an activist, notably in the refugee and peace movements during the greater part of the 1900s.  \n\nRut Adler was born on 15 April 1888 as one of five siblings in a large country household at Riseberga in the county of Kristianstad. Her mother died when she was little. When she was thirteen, she began attending a girls’ school in Helsingborg. In 1908 she married Axel Adler, whom she had met at Alnarp agricultural institute. In 1909 they settled on Ekered Estate near Lindome outside Gothenburg. The couple had social and cultural interests and they developed the estate into an informal folk high school at which the young farmers’ association (Jordbrukare-Ungdomens Förbund, JUF) could meet and make use of most of the house. The association had been founded in 1925 in Lindome with about 50 members. One of them was the author-to-be [](Astrid Pettersson).  \n\nRut Adler started off as a liberal and as a member of the liberal women’s group Frisinnade kvinnor. In the general election in 1928 she was on the liberal women’s list. She was active for a long time in the Gothenburg women’s discussion club, and was its chairwoman in 1926–1929. She also arranged a national peace meeting at Ekered in March 1931, with among others [](Elin Wägner) as a lecturer. At Ekered, she also ran a boarding school at times for unemployed young people. Additionally, Rut Adler was active in the municipality, among other things on the Lindome municipal boards for poor relief and child welfare. \n\nRut Adler became radicalised during the 1930s, and in 1934 she joined the women’s section of the Lindome social democrats. During her Social Democratic period, she was strongly engaged in helping Czechoslovakian refugees and in aid to Spain. In Gothenburg, she helped to start Sweden’s first Spain committee on 4 October 1936. Towards the end of her time as a social democrat, she came to be more and more in opposition to the party, partly through open public criticism of what she described as “a collusive truce with the working class movement’s antagonists”. On 7 February 1940, she was excluded from the social democrats “on account of communist activity”. \n\nThe Lindome communist workers’ association was founded in October 1940. Rut Adler, who had just joined the Swedish Communist Party (SKP, now Vänsterpartiet), was notable among the first members, along with Knut and Signe Karlsson. In 1940, she tried to get a certain practical election collaboration going between the social democrats and the SKP in Lindome. This was however declined by the social democrats. In the successful general election of 1946, Rut Adler and Knut Karlsson were elected to the municipal council for the Lindome region. \n\nDuring the years 1950—1962, Rut Adler was chairwoman of the Gothenburg section of the Swedish Peace Committee. She was a strong opponent to the USA’s involvement in the Vietnam war. Among other things, she wrote many letters to the American president, Lyndon Johnson, and helped sections of the communist women’s association, SKV, to write protests to the American Embassy during 1965.  \n\nWhen the Swedish communist party (VPK) became split in 1967, Rut Adler left the party and became a member of the extreme left Kommunistiska Förbundet Marxist-Leninisterna (KFML) until her death. She continued her work untiringly even after 1967. During her last years, she was involved in opposing Sweden’s joining the EEC.  \n\nRut Adler died in 1969. She is buried in Riseberga Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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    },
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        {
          "firstname": "Patrik",
          "lastname": "Steorn"
        }
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1973, 1994"
          },
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          "lastname": "Ryggen",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Edna",
          "lastname": "Martin",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Susan",
          "lastname": "Gröndal",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Harald",
          "lastname": "Langkjaer",
          "type": "Kärleksrelation",
          "type_eng": "Love relationship"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sara",
          "lastname": "Lidman",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Statens normalskola för flickor",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
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        },
        {
          "description": "Textilutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1956",
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Maria Adlercreutz",
          "description_eng": "By Maria Adlercreutz",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(maria+adlercreutz)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Maria Adlercreutz",
          "description_eng": "About Maria Adlercreutz",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(maria+adlercreutz)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Maria Adlercreutz. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2021-05-04)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://emp-web-84.zetcom.ch/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=3594&viewType=detailView"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
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          "id": "0000000070558182",
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Politik",
        "Textilkonst",
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        "Formgivare"
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        "20th century",
        "Artists",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-04T16:13:49",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 77,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1936-07-15",
            "date": "1936-07-15"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Danderyds församling",
            "pin": {
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              "lon": "18.019"
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            "place": "Danderyd"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2014-04-05",
            "date": "2014-04-05"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscars församling",
            "pin": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Anne-Marie (/Maria/)",
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        "sortname": "Adlercreutz"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Textilkonst",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            "comment": "2013",
            "date": "2013"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Förlagsanställd",
          "detail": "Förlagsanställd, Almqvist & Wiksell bokförlag",
          "detail_eng": "Company employee, Almqvist & Wiksell publishing house",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1987",
            "date": "1987"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Kumlien",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Ami",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Qvarfordt",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
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            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
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          }
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          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
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          },
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-09-07",
            "date": "1907-09-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-02-11",
            "date": "1998-02-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Lennartsdotter, kallad Anna-Lena,",
          "lastname": "Kumlien, född Lilliehöök",
          "occupation": "Förlagsanställd, sekreterare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-04-03",
            "date": "1884-04-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-06-04",
            "date": "1949-06-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Ragnar, kallad Akke,",
          "lastname": "Kumlien",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, formgivare, intendent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919-08-08",
            "date": "1919-08-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2012-08-25",
            "date": "2012-08-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Bertil",
          "lastname": "Kumlien",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, illustratör, formgivare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1930-06-10",
            "date": "1930-06-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-06-16",
            "date": "2001-06-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "lastname": "Adlercreutz",
          "occupation": "Museiintendent",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-12-01",
            "date": "1921-12-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002-11-11",
            "date": "2002-11-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Jarkof",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "lastname": "Qvarfordt",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2002",
            "date": "2002"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Adlercreutz, Maria, *Ett brev om bilder*., Riksutställningar, Stockholm, 1972",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Järnefors, Eva Brita, *Vävar vi aldrig glömmer: Maria Adlercreutz – politisk konstnär*, Books on Demand, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nyström, Anna et.al. (red.), *Konstfeminism: strategier och effekter i Sverige från 1970-talet till idag*, Atlas, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Antell, Elina (red.), *Maria Adlercreutz, väverska mellan mörker och ljus*, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Martin, Edna & Sydhoff, Beate, *Svensk textilkonst: Swedish textile art*, LiberFörlag, Stockholm, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brunius, Jan, *Svenska textilier: 1890–1990*, Signum, Lund, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gelin, Cecilia, '6 kvinnor blickar tillbaka', *Hjärtat sitter till vänster*., S. 99-123, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Widman, Dag, 'I hennes ögon bevaras folkets ljus: en vävnad av Maria Adlercreutz', *Möten / redigerad av Ulf Abel*., s. 137-143, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Zetterlund, Christina, 'Maria Adlercreutz: intervju', *Tumult: dialog om ett konsthantverk i rörelse*, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär, politisk debattör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist, political debater",
      "text": "Maria Adlercreutz var textil- och bildkonstnär och en av de mest inflytelserika förnyarna av svenskt textilhantverk under efterkrigstiden. Med intensivt mänskligt och politiskt engagemang placerade hon textilt hantverk mitt i skärningspunkten för de konstnärliga och politiska debatterna. \n\nMaria Adlercreutz föddes 1936 i en konstnärlig familj. Hennes namn var då Anne-Marie Kumlien. Hennes far var Akke Kumlien, främst känd för sin bokkonst på Norstedts förlag och för sin undervisning i materiallära och måleriteknik på Konstakademien i Stockholm. År 1946 fick fadern tjänst som intendent för Thielska galleriet och familjen flyttade in i galleriets tjänstebostad där de bodde tills han dog tre år senare. Maria Adlercreutz och hennes mor flyttade då till ett närliggande hus på Blockhusudden.\n\nDen konstnärliga miljön som Maria Adlercreutz växte upp i påverkade henne och redan som barn var hon klar över sitt kommande yrkesval. Direkt efter studentexamen 1956 började hon sina studier vid Konstfackskolan i Stockholm där hon gick i textilfacket, med [](Edna Martin) som huvudlärare. Utbildningen präglades av att textilen skulle lyftas som en självständig konstnärlig uttrycksform. Den svensk-norska konstnären [](Hannah Ryggen)s verk var en tidig inspirationskälla. \n\nMaria Adlercreutz etablerade sig professionellt under 1960-talets första hälft. Hon arbetade främst med kyrklig textil och inredningar. En altartavla med ett kors som sakta stiger fram i varma röda höstfärger är utformad för S:t Görans kapell i Kjesäter utanför Vingåker. Kyrkliga textilier i klara färger formgavs även för S:t Sigfrids kyrka i Lidköping och Värmdö kyrka utanför Stockholm. \n\nEtt politiskt uppvaknande kring mitten av 1960-talet innebar en ny inriktning i Maria Adlercreutz konst. Maken Magnus Adlercreutz arbetade med en utställning om Spanien för Stockholms stadsmuseum. En gemensam studieresa i det fascistiskt styrda landet år 1966 blev en ögonöppnare. Maria Adlercreutz började arbeta in detaljer ur vardagslivet och en medvetenhet om samhälleliga frågor i sina vävda bilder. Vävarna *Öde land*, 1967–1968, och *Skråpuken*, 1968, med upplösta, abstrakta former och dova färgtoner kan tolkas som en kritik av västvärldens exploatering av de tidigare kolonierna. Figurativa element med trafikskylten ”Herr Gårman” och silhuetten av en anonym soldat kombineras i väven *Kompis*, 1969. Maria Adlercreutz använde mediebilder som förlagor under den här perioden, med dubbelexponeringar i svart-vita färgställningar och bildsekvenser som återkommande format. Bildväven *Fyra bilder av tredje världen*, 1970, är en bildserie om förtryck och frihetskamp – från order och aktion till konsekvens och motstånd. \n\nFå textila konstverk har haft ett sådant genomslag som väven *I hennes ögon bevaras folkets ljus*, 1972. Väven visades på Galleri Heland i Kungsträdgården, Stockholm, 1972 och köptes direkt in till Nationalmuseum. Den blev en ikon för 1970-talets tidsanda, särskilt motståndet mot USA:s krig i Vietnam. Till vänster finns ett porträtt av textilarbeterskan Lê Thị Riêng som var ledare för gerillarörelsen FNL, Sydvietnams nationella befrielsefront, och blev fängslad och dödad av amerikanska soldater. Till höger finns en scen med kvinnor och barn under en massaker i den vietnamesiska byn Sơn Mỹ. \n\nInspiration till de vävda bilderna hämtade Maria Adlercreutz från olika håll i sin omgivning. Politiska samtal om situationen i samhället med orättvisor, förtryck, krig och exploatering av jordens resurser var en stark influens. Pressfotografier från tidningar och tidskrifter användes ofta som förlagor. Vävens korsade fibrer kan påminna om tidningsbildens rastrerade punkter. Samtidigt förefaller det finnas en önskan om att genom hantverket återge värdighet till de avbildade, vars lidande blivit en liten del av en oändlig ström av nyheter. Det blev fler vävar med motiv från Vietnam såsom *Sydvietnamesisk flyktingpojke*, 1973, *Nordvietnamesisk flicka*, 1974, *Syskonen*, 1974, *Fången*, 1979, och *På denna mark*, 1979. \n\nSamtida poesi, teaterföreställningar, klassisk musik och folksånger, konsthistoria och samtidskonst gav också kreativa impulser. *Theodorakissviten*, 1978, är en serie om fem vävar som vid första anblicken ser ut som nära studier av snäckskal och drivved. Vävarna är inspirerade av den grekiske folk- och protestsångaren Mikis Theodorakis, som fängslades av den grekiska militärjuntan på 1970-talet. Varje väv är kopplad till en sång och sviten rör sig från mörker till ljus. \n\nMaria Adlercreutz såg skogen, bergen, stränderna och ängarna som platser där seendet kunde övas och där det var möjligt att lära sig av naturens visuella rikedom. Hon färgade sina garner själv och samlade in sitt eget färgmateral från växtriket. Hon såg likheter mellan naturens inneboende förmåga att skapa oförutsägbara former och konstnärens arbete med att i textil gestalta ett koncentrat av naturen. Naturstudierna från 1970-talet och framåt gestaltar fibrer, ytor och lager i snäckskal, bark, ådrat trä, stenar och lav som ett mikrokosmos där det minsta egentligen är det allra största. *Stenstudie från Abisko*, 1976, är ett experimentellt arbete med snören, garn och barkremsor från skogen.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz verk visades flitigt på gallerier och utställningar under 1970-talet, och utgjorde ofta en del av utsmyckningen i offentliga rum, på bibliotek, ambassader och andra institutioner. Hon var angelägen om att konsten skulle möta publiken och stimulera till vidare samtal. Riksutställningar arrangerade vandringsutställningen Vävda bilder med verken *Pilen – en riktning*, 1967, *Gränsen*, 1967, *Brunnen*, 1967, *Ett annat ansikte*, 1968, och *Kompis*, 1969, med tillhörande materialprover och studiematerial. Utställningen pågick 1972–1978. I handledningen till utställningen formulerade Maria Adlercreutz sina drivkrafter: ”Jag väver för att överleva. För att söka befria mig från starka inre tryck. För att öppet redovisa min ångest – och därmed kanske komma tillrätta med den. För att minnas bättre, somliga bilder får man inte glömma, vare sig de outhärdligt omänskliga eller de varma, livgivande!” \n\nDen intensiva aktivitet som präglade Maria Adlercreutz konstnärliga arbete dämpades under början av 1980-talet. Hennes dåvarande livspartner Harald Langkjaer dog i cancer, vilket påverkade hennes livssituation. Hon började arbeta som kontorist på Almqvist &Wiksell Förlag och producerade endast ett mindre antal bildvävar under denna period. Upplevelser och känslor ur det egna livet blev nu till teman i konsten. *Vårt rede är våra vingar*, 1986, och *Brevet*, 1988, kan båda tolkas som en önskan att behålla bilden av en älskad livskamrat och som sorg över att minnena sakta vittrar bort. *Till minne av en stor glädje*, 1982–1983, är gjord i samma stil med känsliga nyanser i vitt och grått, nästan enfärgat. Dessa vävar påminner om det flyktiga i en tunn skiss i blyerts, ett urblekt fotografi eller ett upplöst pappersark. \n\nSolidariteten med folk i olika världsdelar gav Maria Adlercreutz ständigt nya motiv. Demonstrationerna mot militärjuntan i Chile under 1970-talet blev utgångspunkt för det uttrycksfulla ansiktet i väven *Ropet (Chile 1973)*, 2000–2002. Den sydafrikanska motståndsrörelsen tillägnades väven *To ANC*, 1984, med abstrakt mönster i organisationens färger, gult, grönt och svart. Ögat i mitten tycks gestalta en okuvlig mänsklig styrka. \n\nSituationen i Sydafrika behandlas även i verket *Det vita mörkret*, med en militärpolis med draget vapen intill ett porträtt av en flyktingpojke. Väven som går i vita och grå toner påbörjades 1989 men var oavslutad då den klipptes ned från vävstolen efter Maria Adlercreutz död. Den fullbordades av Handarbetets Vänner. \n\n*Hanna Keller, textilarbeterska på Tuppens fabriker i Norrköping 1920*, 1994, är ett verk om kvinnors arbete, skapat utifrån ett fotografi från det tidiga 1900-talets textilindustri som Maria Adlercreutz funnit i Norrköpings stadsarkiv. Väven kom till på uppdrag av Arbetets museum och hela arbetsprocessen dokumenterades noggrant. Arbetet gav henne en kreativ nytändning som stärktes av ny uppmärksamhet från den konstfeministiska rörelsen och med utställningar där hennes verk inkluderades. \n\nDet sista avslutade verket, *Skogsanden*, 2013, visar på kopplingar mellan naturens rytmer, samhällets förändringar och de sociala rörelserna. Väven flammar med vitt ljus i en korsformad gestalt som svävar fritt i en sfär av indigoblå nyanser och är utförd för att kunna ses likvärdigt från båda sidor. Idén till verket formades under en vistelse i Norrland hos författaren och vännen [](Sara Lidman) och med impulser från en gripande teaterföreställning om Tjernobylkatastrofen. \n\nMaria Adlercreutz avled 2014 och ligger begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Adlercreutz was a textile and visual artist. She was one of the most influential innovators of Swedish textile handicrafts during the post-war period. As a result of her intense personal and political engagement her textile work became a meeting point between the artistic and political debates of the time.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz was born in 1936 into an artistic family. Her name as a child was Anne-Marie Kumlien. Her father was Akke Kumlien, primarily known for the artwork he did for Norstedt’s publishing house and for teaching textile studies and painting techniques at Konstakademien (the Royal Academy of Fine Arts) in Stockholm. Akke Kumlien was appointed curator of the Thiel gallery in 1946 and the family accordingly moved into the gallery residence. They remained there until Akke Kumlien died three years later. Maria Adlercreutz and her mother then moved to a nearby house on Blockhusudden.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz was strongly influenced by her artistic home environment and already decided on her future career path as a child. After gaining her school-leaving certificate in 1956 she immediately began her studies at Konstfackskolan (University College of Arts, Crafts and Design) in Stockholm. She joined the textile department where [](Edna Martin) was the head teacher. The teaching focused on the idea that textile artwork should assert itself as a form of artistic expression in its own right. One of Maria Adlercreutz’s early sources of inspiration was the work of the Swedish-Norwegian artist [](Hannah Ryggen).\n\nMaria Adlercreutz established herself as a professional artist during the first half of the 1960s. She mainly created textile art and furnishings for ecclesiastical purposes. For example, she created an altarpiece comprising a cross slowly emerging out of warm red autumn colours for St. Göran’s chapel in Kjesäter near Vingåker. She also produced brightly coloured textiles for St. Sigfrid church in Lidköping and for Värmdö church near Stockholm.\n\nA political awakening in the mid-1960s led Maria Adlercreutz’s art in a new direction. Her husband at the time, Magnus Adlercreutz, was in Spain working on an exhibition for Stockholm City Museum. In 1966 the couple undertook a study trip to Spain, then under fascist rule, and it proved to be an eye-opening experience. Maria Adlercreutz began to incorporate details of daily life and social awareness into her woven imagery. Her works *Öde land*, 1967-1968, and *Skråpuken*, 1968, with loose, abstract shapes and muted colours, can be viewed as a criticism of the exploitation of former colonies by the western world. The work *Kompis*, 1969, combines symbolic elements using the traffic sign for pedestrians (known as “Herr Gårman”) and the silhouette of an anonymous soldier. Maria Adlercreutz thus began to use media images as models when creating her art, where double exposures and captured image sequences became a recurring format in black-and-white colour schemes. The woven image *Fyra bilder av tredje världen*, 1970, comprises a sequence of images on oppression and the struggle for freedom – proceeding from order and action to result and resistance.\n\nFew textile art pieces have become as well known as *I hennes ögon bevaras folkets ljus*, 1972. It was displayed at Galleri Heland in Kungsträdgården, Stockholm, in 1972 and was immediately acquired by Nationalmuseum. It became an icon of the zeitgeist of the 1970s, especially the opposition to the American war in Vietnam. The left-hand side of the weaving includes a portrait of Lê Thị Riêng, the textile worker who led the FNL guerrilla movement, the national liberation front of South Vietnam. Riêng was captured and killed by American soldiers. The right-hand side of the artwork includes an image of women and children who were massacred in the Vietnamese village Sơn Mỹ.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz took inspiration for her woven images from various aspects around her. Political conversations about social conditions, such as injustice, oppression, war and the exploitation of natural resources, were strong influences. Press photography from newspapers and magazines often became her models. The crossed woven fibres in her fabrics can be considered to resemble the rasterisation of newspaper images. At the same time her work seems to desire to give back dignity to those depicted, whose suffering has been reduced to a small detail in an endless stream of news. Several of Maria Adlercreutz’s weavings contain Vietnamese themes, such as *Sydvietnamesisk flyktingpojke*, 1973, *Nordvietnamesisk flicka*, 1974, *Syskonen*, 1974, *Fången*, 1979*, and *På denna mark*, 1979.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz was also inspired by contemporary poetry, theatre productions, classical music and traditional songs, art history and contemporary art. *Theodorakissviten*, 1978, is a sequence of five woven pieces which, at first glance, appear to be close-up studies of snail shells and grainy driftwood. These weavings are inspired by the Greek folk and protest singer Mikis Theodorakis, who was captured and imprisoned by the Greek military junta in the 1970s. Each weaving is related to a song and the sequence moves from dark to light. \n\nMaria Adlercreutz viewed forests, mountains, shores and fields as places to practise the art of seeing and to learn from the visual richness of nature. She collected plants to create dyes and dyed her yarn herself. She saw similarities between nature’s innate capacity to create unpredictable shapes and the artist’s struggle to represent a concentrated version of nature in textile form. From the 1970s onwards her nature studies represent fibres, surfaces and layers of snail shells, bark, grainy wood, stones and lichens as a microcosm within which the smallest piece is actually the largest. *Stenstudie från Abisko*, 1976, is an experimental work using string, yarn and strips of bark from the forest.\n\nDuring the 1970s Maria Adlercreutz’s work was not only often displayed in galleries and exhibitions but was also often publically displayed in official spaces, at libraries, embassies, and other institutions. She was keen for her art to gain public exposure and for it to stimulate further exchange. Riksutställningar (Swedish Exhibition Agency) put on a travelling exhibition called Vävda bilder which included her works *Pilen – en riktning*, 1967, *Gränsen*, 1967, *Brunnen*, 1967, *Ett annat ansikte*, 1968, and the aforementioned *Kompis*, as well as textile samples and study materials. The exhibition toured from 1972 to 1978. In the introduction to the exhibition Maria Adlercreutz explained her driving forces: “I weave in order to survive. In order to try to free myself from strong inner forces. In order to reveal my anxiety openly – and thereby perhaps manage it. In order to better remember, some images just cannot be allowed to be forgotten, whether they are of the unbearably inhumane sort or warm and life-affirming!”\n\nIn the early 1980s the intense activity which characterised Maria Adlercreutz’s artistic output subsided. Her life partner at the time, Harald Lankjær, died of cancer and this affected her personal finances. She began to work in the offices of the Almqvist & Wiksell publishing house and only produced a small number of textile images during this period. Her main theme became personal experiences and feelings. *Vårt rede är våra vingar*, 1986, and *Brevet*, 1988, can both be interpreted as originating in the desire to retain the image of a beloved life partner and the sorrow caused by the gradual loss of memories. *Till mine av en stor glädje*, 1982-1983, is created in the same style, using delicate shades of white and grey, producing an almost monochrome effect. These weavings call to mind the transience of a thin pencil sketching, an over-exposed photograph, or a disintegrated sheet of paper.\n\nThe solidarity Maria Adlercreutz felt for people in different parts of the world was a constant source of inspiration. The 1970s demonstrations against the military junta in Chile were the starting point for the expressive face portrayed in *Ropet (Chile 1973)*, 2000-2002. The weaving entitled To ANC, 1984, was dedicated to the eponymous South African resistance movement, with abstract patterns in the yellow, green and black colours of that organisation. The eye in the centre of the image seems to portray an indomitable human strength.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz’s work *Det vita mörkret* also reflects the situation in South Africa, depicting a military policeman with his weapon drawn next to a portrait of a refugee boy. This weaving, in tones of white and grey, was begun in 1989 but was unfinished when it was cut from the loom after Maria Adlercreutz’s death. It was later finished by Handarbetets Vänner (Friends of Handicraft).\n\n*Hanna Keller, textilarbeterska på Tuppens fabriker i Norrköping 1920*, 1994, is a weaving about women’s work, and was based on a photograph from the early twentieth century’s textile industry, which Maria Adlercreutz had found in Norrköping city archives. She was commissioned to produce the weaving by Arbetets museum, which closely documented the entire process. Maria Adlercreutz’s creativity was reinvigorated by this project and it was further strengthened by new attention from the artistic feminist movement, which included her work in their displays.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz’s last completed work was *Skogsanden*, 2013, which shows the connections between nature’s rhythms, societal changes and social movements. This weaving comprises a glowing white light formed as a cross which floats freely in a sphere coloured in shades of indigo blue. It is produced as a double-sided piece with no front or back. The idea for the piece emerged during a visit to Norrland to see the author [](Sara Lidman), a friend of Maria Adlercreutz, and from impressions gained at a gripping theatrical production about the Chernobyl disaster.\n\nMaria Adlercreutz died in 2014 and is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
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      "text": "Maud Adlercreutz, känd under signaturen Maud, var en tidig kvinnlig stjärnreporter i svensk\nkvällspress.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz växte upp i Berlin, där fadern var militärattaché under första världskriget.\nVid familjens återkomst till Sverige och Ystad skrev fadern om sina krigsminnen för\n*Sydsvenska Dagbladet* och blev därigenom bekant med Ewald Stomberg, en av tidens\nlegendariska tidningsmakare. Denne skulle just flytta till Stockholm och börja arbeta på\n*Stockholms Dagblad* och Maud Adlercreutz, som hade hört ett radioföredrag om\njournalistyrket, bad sin far förmedla en kontakt med Stomberg och tidningsvärlden. Kort\ndärpå flyttade hela den adlercreutzska familjen till Stockholm, och 1929 började Maud\nAdlercreutz som volontär på *Stockholms Dagblad*. När hon efter visad duglighet ville bli\nfast anställd fick hon beskedet att tidningen redan hade tre kvinnliga journalister.\nChefredaktören Ewald Stomberg löste emellertid frågan genom att på papperet anställa henne som sin sekreterare eftersom hon hade så goda kunskaper i tyska. Kunskaper i främmande språk var länge en inträdesbiljett för kvinnor i journalistyrket.\n\nÅr 1931 slogs *Stockholms Dagblad* samman med *Stockholms-Tidningen* för att snart\nförsvinna helt. Samtidigt skulle *Aftonbladet* som huserade i samma tidningskvarter\nomorganiseras med sikte på en yngre publik efter engelskt kvällstidningskoncept. År 1932\nbörjade Maud Adlercreutz arbeta där som allmänreporter tillsammans med bland andra\n[](Kid Severin).\n\nMaud Adlercreutz ville aldrig skriva för tidningens kvinnosida. Icke desto mindre är det\nreportage om kvinnor och barn i det moderna samhällets framväxt som utmärker\nhennes produktion under nästan 40 år i yrket. Hon skrev många artikelserier om kvinnors\nvillkor i yrkeslivet och om kvinnliga föregångare i traditionellt manliga yrken. Att följa en\nfabriksarbetande kvinna hela dagen, från frukosten hemma till barnkrubban och vidare till\ntobaksfabriken och sedan åter till middagslagningen i hemmet, var ett nytt grepp.\n\nDet adliga efternamnet gav både för- och nackdelar i det journalistiska yrkeslivet. Social\nsäkerhet och många kontakter gav till exempel Maud Adlercreutz möjligheten att som enda\njournalist få intervjua den avsatte tyske kejsaren Wilhelm II under hans exil i Holland. När\nhon ville resa till fronten under finska vinterkriget blev det dock stopp; redaktionschefen\nansåg att hennes namn med gamla militära anor skulle vara en belastning och ett alltför stort\nrisktagande. Det fick i stället bli reportage från Norge om civilbefolkningens villkor under den\ntyska ockupationen, mottagandet av de finska krigsbarnen, fångutväxlingarna i Göteborgs\nhamn och därtill många andra resor runt om i landet.\n\nUnder efterkrigstiden blev frågan om kvinnliga präster en röd tråd i Maud Adlercreutz texter,\nen annan var barns och ungdomars uppväxt och hälsa, liksom det moderna äktenskapet och\nsamlevnadsfrågor i förändringens tid. Inom familjefrågornas område gav Maud Adlercreutz\nuttryck för en radikal syn ur barnpsykologisk synpunkt, och kanske bidrog hennes\nerfarenheter som ensamstående mor till detta. Maud Adlercreutz valde i likhet med sin vän\noch kollega [](Barbro Alving) att föda barn som ogift kvinna, utan en närvarande man, vilket\nde för övrigt inte var ensamma om i den stockholmska journalistvärlden. Maud Adlercreutz\nförekommer ofta under namnet Moppan i Barbro Alvings kåserisamlingar.\n\nÅr 1967 slutade Maud Adlercreutz på *Aftonbladet* efter flera år som mentor och bollplank\nför yngre kvinnliga kolleger på redaktionen. Hon fortsatte dock att skriva krönikor i den då\nradikala veckotidningen *Femina*. Hon skrev också flera handböcker om samlevnad och vett och etikett, och i likhet med många av sina tidigare yrkeskamrater var hon även en flitig\növersättare med ett drygt trettiotal titlar. Efter pensioneringen arbetade hon ett tjugotal somrar på Träslottet i Arbrå, det hus för konsumentkunskap som kollegan från *Aftonbladet*\n[](Willy Maria Lundberg) skapat i början av 1960-talet.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz dog år 2000 och är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Maud Adlercreutz, known under the pseudonym Maud, was one of the first great female reporters of the Swedish tabloids.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz grew up in Berlin where her father was serving as military attaché during the First World War. When the family returned to Ystad in Sweden, her father wrote up his military memoirs for *Sydsvenska Dagbladet* and thereby became acquainted with Ewald Stomberg, one of the legendary newspaper figures of the era. Stomberg was about to move to Stockholm to begin working at *Stockholms Dagblad* and Maud Adlercreutz, who had listened to a radio programme on journalism as a profession, asked her father to facilitate an introduction to Stomberg and the newspaper world. Shortly thereafter the whole Adlercreutz family moved to Stockholm and in 1929 Maud Adlercreutz began to volunteer for *Stockholms Dagblad*. When, having proven her abilities, she sought a permanent job with them, she was informed that the newspaper already employed three female journalists. The editor-in-chief, Ewald Stomberg, resolved this by officially employing her as his secretary thanks to her excellent German language skills. Knowledge of foreign languages long served as a method of entry into the world of career journalism for women.\n\nIn 1931*Stockholms Dagblad* merged with *Stockholms-Tidningen* before disappearing completely. At the same time *Aftonbladet*, based in the same district of Stockholm, was being completely reorganized in order to target a younger audience, following British evening paper practices. In 1932 Maud Adlercreutz began to work at *Aftonbladet* as a general reporter along with [](Kid Severin), among others.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz never sought to write for the women’s pages in the newspaper. Nevertheless, her almost 40 years’ worth of output was distinguished by her reports on women and children in the emergent modern society. She wrote many article series on women’s experiences in the workplace and female role models in traditionally male professions. She devised a new method of reporting, following female factory workers through their entire day, from breakfast at home, to the crèche, then on to the tobacco factory, and finally back home for preparing dinner.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz’s aristocratic surname was both a boon and a hindrance to her journalistic work. Her secure social position and wide contact network meant that Maud Adlercreutz, for example, was the only journalist who obtained an interview with the deposed German emperor, Wilhelm II, when he was in exile in the Netherlands. However, she was prevented from travelling to the front during the Finnish Winter War as the editor-in-chief felt that her name and its military connotations would only cause difficulties and posed a serious risk to her safety. Instead, she reported on the conditions civilians lived under during the German occupation in Norway, the reception of Finnish child war refugees, and on prisoner of war exchanges in Gothenburg harbour, and undertook many more travels around Sweden.\n\nIn the post-war years the issue of women priests became a common theme in her work; another was the health and growth of children and adolescents, along with matters of modern marriage and committed relationships at a time of general societal change. Within the area of family matters, Maud Adlercreutz held a radical view from the perspective of child psychology, which may have been influenced by her experiences as a single mother. Maud Adlercreutz chose, like her friend and colleague [](Barbro Alving) to have a child out of wedlock, and without the support of a male companion, which was not unprecedented in Stockholm’s journalism scene. Maud Adlercreutz frequently appears under the name of Moppan in Barbro Alving’s collections of causerie-style articles.\n\nIn 1967 Maud Adlercreutz stopped working at *Aftonbladet*, having spent several years as a mentor and sounding board for younger female colleagues at the paper. She continued to write columns for *Femina*, then a radical weekly. She also wrote several handbooks on living together and codes of conduct. Like many of her former professional colleagues, she was also a prolific translator with more than 30 titles to her name. After retiring she spent nearly 20 summers working at Träslottet in Arbrå, a centre for consumer sciences, which another colleague from *Aftonbladet*, [](Willy Maria Lundberg), had set up in the early 1960s.\n\nMaud Adlercreutz died in 2000 and is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MaudAdlercreutz",
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    {
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          "lastname": "Nordenstam"
        }
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      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "description": "Illis quorum",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Rosalie",
          "lastname": "Olivecrona",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Knut",
          "lastname": "Olivecrona",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Bremer",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Thekla",
          "lastname": "Knös",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Selma",
          "lastname": "Lagerlöf",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Victoria",
          "lastname": "Benedictsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sigrid",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud, brorsdotter",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Fryxell",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Undervisning av informator, bl a engelska, tyska, franska, musik och litteratur",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.7096624",
              "lon": "16.452267099999972"
            },
            "place": "Västervik"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1836",
            "date": "1836"
          },
          "institution": "Bjurströmska pensionen",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1841",
            "date": "1841"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Sophie Adlersparre",
          "description_eng": "By Sophie Adlersparre",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Sophie+Adlersparre+1823)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Sophie Adlersparre",
          "description_eng": "About Sophie Adlersparre",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Sophie+Adlersparre+1823)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hammar, Inger, *Emancipation och religion: den svenska kvinnorörelsens pionjärer i debatt om kvinnans kallelse ca 1860-1900*, Carlsson, Diss. Lund : Univ.,Stockholm, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Heggestad, Eva, 'Kritik och kön: 1880-talets kvinnliga kritiker och exemplet Eva Brag', *Samlaren (Uppsala).*, 1994 (115), s. [52]-67, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordenstam, Anna, '"Min älskade vän!": Sophie Adlersparres och Rosalie Olivecronas brevväxling', *Brevkonst*., S. 75-90, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tidskrift för hemmet: tillegnad den svenska qvinnan, 1859-1885 (Hämtad 2018-01-19)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid//02/index.xml"
        },
        {
          "description": "Äldre svenska kvinnotidskrifter. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2018-01-19)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/kvinnotidskrifter/"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000082247859",
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      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
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        "Pionjärer",
        "Litteraturkritik",
        "Välgörenhet",
        "Redaktörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "Women's movement",
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        "Literary criticism",
        "Charity"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T10:46:13",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 71,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1823-07-06",
            "date": "1823-07-06"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Västrums församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.7096624",
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            "place": "Västervik"
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        "to": {
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            "date": "1895-06-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Grödinge församling",
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        "firstname": "Carin /Sophie/",
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        "sortname": "Adlersparre"
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Översättare",
          "detail": "Översättare, även pianolektioner och broderi",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1850-talet"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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          },
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        },
        {
          "description": "Tidskriftsredaktör",
          "detail": "Tidskriftsgrundare, redaktör, skribent och utgivare, Tidskrift för hemmet",
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            "date": "1859"
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          "place": {
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          "to": {
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            "date": "1885"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Söndagsskollärare",
          "detail": "Grundare, lärare, söndags- och aftonskolor för arbetarklassens döttrar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Verksamhetsgrundare",
          "detail": "Grundare, renskrivningsbyrå",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1863",
            "date": "1863"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Flickskolekommittén",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tidskriftsredaktör",
          "detail": "Redaktör och skribent, Dagny",
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            "date": "1886"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen för frivillig vård av sårade och sjuka i fält",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen för Stockholms läsesalong",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare, ordförande t o m 1887",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "name": "Handarbetets Vänner",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Initiativtagare, tidskriftsredaktör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1884",
            "date": "1884"
          },
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "name": "Leijonhufvud",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Esselde",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "S. L-d.",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Reader",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Keiner",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Din redliga vän K.",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
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            "date": "1823"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": "57.7096624",
              "lon": "16.452267099999972"
            },
            "place": "Västervik"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1836",
            "date": "1836"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1836",
            "date": "1836"
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          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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        },
        {
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            "date": "1841"
          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1848",
            "date": "1848"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.19536300000001,
              "lon": 17.625688999999966
            },
            "place": "Ström"
          },
          "to": {
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            "date": "1895"
          }
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      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Sophie Adlersparre. Träsnitt av Gunnar Forssell (1859-1903) i Idun nr 1, 1892 (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "description_eng": "Sophie Adlersparre. Woodcut by Gunnar Forssell (1859-1903) in Idun nr 1, 1892 (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-01-19_143742.jpeg"
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      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1800",
            "date": "1800"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "firstname": "Sofie Emerentia",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud, född Hoppenstedt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1782",
            "date": "1782"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1848-05-11",
            "date": "1848-05-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud",
          "occupation": "Överstelöjtnant",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1821",
            "date": "1821"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "firstname": "Knut Eric",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud",
          "occupation": "Överstelöjtnant",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1824",
            "date": "1824"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Hjalmar",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud",
          "occupation": "Överste",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1826",
            "date": "1826"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1848-11-22",
            "date": "1848-11-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Amelie",
          "lastname": "Leijonhufvud",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1812",
            "date": "1812"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "lastname": "Adlersparre",
          "occupation": "Kommendör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Leijonhufvud, Sigrid, *Sophie Adlersparre: (Esselde) : ett liv och en livsgärning*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1922-1923",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordenstam, Anna, *Begynnelser: litteraturforskningens pionjärkvinnor 1850-1930*, Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2001,Göteborg, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Claesson Pipping, Git, 'Qvinlighetens väsen: Sophie Adlersparres litteraturkritik och formandet av den svenska kvinnans litteratur', *Personhistorisk tidskrift.*, 1997 (93), s. 38-58, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Manns, Ulla, *Den sanna frigörelsen: Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet 1884-1921*, B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, Diss. Stockholm : Univ.,Eslöv, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'K Sophie Adlersparre (f. Leijonhuvud)', urn:sbl:5564, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Sigrid Leijonhufvud.) (Hämtad 2018-01-15)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5564"
        },
        {
          "description": "Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare*, Signum, Lund, S. 12-13, 1990",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sophie Adlersparres samling. Kungliga Biblioteket (Hämtad 2019-12-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-L66"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Kvinnosakskvinna, tidskriftsredaktör, Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets initiativtagare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Promoter of women's issues, journal editor, initiator of Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
      "text": "Sophie Adlersparre var pionjär inom den svenska borgerliga kvinnorörelsen och en av initiativtagarna till *Tidskrift för hemmet*, den första kvinnotidskriften i Norden.\n\nFriherrinnan Sophie Adlersparre föddes 1823 och växte upp på godset Helgerum i södra Tjust i Kalmar län. Hon tillbringade sina första 13 levnadsår där tillsammans med sin mor Sophie, sin far Eric, och tre syskon, Eric som var två år äldre än Sophie och de två yngre syskonen Axel och Amelie, samt tjänstefolk och en informator. Hon fick privatundervisning i hemmet, bland annat i engelska, tyska och franska. Livet i adelsfamiljen innebar också att musik, klassisk litteratur och brevskrivning var viktigt och att Sophie Adlersparre tidigt lärde sig spela piano och brodera. Fadern Eric var före detta överstelöjtnant. Han förvaltade ett pappersbruk och ett bränneri, men allteftersom fick familjen stora ekonomiska bekymmer.\n\nHösten 1836, då Sophie var tretton år gammal, befann sig faderns ekonomi i botten. Godset såldes och flytten gick till Stockholm till en våning på Regeringsgatan 11. Sophie Adlersparre gick två år i Augusta Bjurströms flickpension. År 1841 var faderns föräldrahem Manhem upprustat och familjen flyttade dit. Tiden på Manhem tecknas kortfattat i [](Sigrid Leijonhufvud)s biografi över sin faster som en tid med rikt sällskapsliv, musicerande men också med ”en underström af otillfredsställda andliga behov.”\n\nSophie Adlersparres far dog 1848. Vid 25 års ålder flyttade hon, modern och den yngre systern Amelie tillbaka till Regeringsgatan 11 i Stockholm. En ny period började i hennes liv. I Stockholm fanns ett rikt kultur- och societetsliv och hon lärde känna nya vänner, men hon drabbades också av stor sorg. År 1849 dog hennes syster i tyfus. Sophie Adlersparre och modern fick förutom sorg också ekonomiska bekymmer. Hon måste försörja dem med det som stod till buds för adelskvinnor vid denna tid: pianolektioner, vitbroderier och så småningom översättningar av engelska romaner.\n\nSophie Adlersparre var en intellektuell kvinna. Det stod tidigt klart att hon hellre arbetade med pennan än med nålen. I början av 1850-talet besökte hon [](Malla Silfverstolpe)s litterära salong i Uppsala, där hon bland annat lärde känna [](Thekla Knös) och andra författare och skriftställare. Sitt kontaktnät fick hon stor nytta av när hon 1858 tog initiativ till att starta en tidskrift. Med en artikel i den konservativa *Svenska tidningen: Dagligt Allehanda i Stockholm* nyåret 1857/58 signerad ”Din redliga vän K.” lanserade hon anonymt idén att starta en kvinnotidskrift i Sverige. I artikeln pläderade hon för en tidskrift ”utgifven av svenskorna för svenskorna, med det vackra målet ständigt för ögonen att upplysa och ge upplysning, förädla och förädlas, glädja och glädjas, [...]” och den skulle ”bli en sådan förberedande kurs, som svenskan behöfvde för att göra sig till tankarna myndig, innan hon blir det till handlingarna [...]”. Budskapet var tydligt. Det handlade om att skapa en tidskrift som verkade för en höjning av kvinnans bildning i en tid då kvinnor inte var myndiga.\n\nSophie Adlersparre hade under nyåret 1855/56 lärt känna [](Rosalie Olivecrona). Den jämnåriga Olivecrona var en berest adelskvinna. Hon hade rest och arbetat flera år som lärarinna i Amerika och hon hade givit ut egna dikter. Hon var kunnig i språk, litterärt bevandrad och försvarade [Fredrika Bremer](0000000123200572)s omdebatterade roman *Hertha, eller en själs historia* i *Aftonbladet* 1856. Sophie Adlersparre och Rosalie Olivecrona blev mycket goda vänner. De brevväxlade tätt och av breven framgår det att Rosalie Olivecrona var förtjust i artikeln i *Svenska tidningen: Dagligt Allehanda i Stockholm*. Sophie Adlersparre bedrev ett fascinerande dubbelspel när hon planerade att starta tidskriften tillsammans med sin väninna utan att avslöja att det var hon själv som låg bakom ”Din redliga vän K.” I ett långt brev i februari 1859 skriver hon om ”*the burning question*”, det vill säga tidskriften som de ivrigt arbetat för i över ett år och frågan om huruvida de skulle vara anonyma eller ej dryftades, liksom frågan om hur de skulle bekosta tryckningen. De beslutade sig för att förbli anonyma och de skrev en anmälan, investerade pengar, fick tag i en sättare, ett tryckeri och prenumeranter. Det första häftet av *Tidskrift för hemmet, tillegnad den svenska qvinnan* utkom i juni 1859. Tidskriften var unik i sin samtid som den första kvinnotidskriften i Norden. Den var också upptakten till en unik, lång och obruten borgerlig kvinnotidskriftstradition i Sverige.\n\nSophie Adlersparre och Rosalie Olivecrona var redaktörer för *Tidskrift för hemmet*. Tillsammans hade de en tvåmansredaktion i hemmet under åtta år. De reste utomlands och besökte redaktionen för den engelska tidskriften *The English Woman’s Journal* i London 1861 och de tog till att börja med intryck av tidskrifterna *Revue des deux mondes* och *Household Words*. Efter år av hårt arbete och slitningar som rörde både arbetsinsatsen och olika uppfattningar om vissa frågor tog Sophie Adlersparre 1867 utan tvekan över rodret. Hon var ensam redaktör fram till 1884, då tidskriften omvandlades till *Dagny* och blev Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets organ.\n\nI *Tidskrift för hemmet* fanns artiklar om litteratur, kvinnofrågor, utbildningsfrågor, religion, naturvetenskap, biografier, skönlitterärt material, översättningar av artiklar om utländska författare och debatter, men också skämtfulla inslag. Många under denna tid centrala skribenter bidrog i tidskriften, däribland Fredrika Bremer, [](Eva Fryxell), Thekla Knös och [](Jenny Rossander). Sophie Adlersparre skrev själv mycket i tidskriften genom åren både osignerat och under en rad olika pseudonymer och signaturer, där Esselde var den mest kända. Hennes roll som litteraturförmedlare och hennes litteraturkritiska gärning var betydelsefull. Tidskriftens första period 1859–1867 kännetecknades av upplysande artiklar om facklitteratur medan den andra perioden 1868–1877 innebar att skönlitteraturen fick allt större plats, i synnerhet tendenslitteratur men också barnlitteratur. När tidskriften bytte inriktning och tillägnades Nordens qvinnor från 1878 till 1885 dominerade skönlitteraturen och ny svensk dramatik. Som redaktör reste Sophie Adlersparre till de nordiska länderna och träffade bland andra Camilla Collett, Magdalene Thoresen och Mathilde Fibiger. De skandinaviska förbindelserna gav nya prenumeranter och nytt stoff från danska och norska författare och skribenter.\n\nSophie Adlersparre gifte sig 1869 med Axel Adlersparre, som var kommendörkapten och ledamot av riksdagens andra kammare. Hon blev styvmor till fem barn. År 1879 blev hon änka. Hon arbetade idogt under alla år med tidskriften och engagerade sig och tog initiativ till en rad projekt. En tidig devis i *Tidskrift för hemmet* var att ”kvinnan behöver arbetet, och arbetet behöver kvinnan.” År 1862 startade hon söndags- och aftonskolor för arbetarklassens döttrar i Stockholm, året därpå en renskrivningsbyrå och 1866 bildades Stockholms läsesalong, vilken var ett lånebibliotek för kvinnor med böcker och ett 40-tal olika tidskrifter, däribland många utländska. Sophie Adlersparre var intresserad av sjukvårdsfrågor och 1864 bildades Föreningen för frivillig vård av sårade och sjuka i fält, sedermera Röda korset, där hon ivrigt förfäktade idén om en internationell anslutning.\n\nSophie Adlersparre tog också initiativet till Handarbetets Vänner 1874 och hon fick med sig Hanna Winge, Molly Rothlieb, Anna Fleetwood, Hanna Lindberg, [](Fredrika Limnell) och Ellen Ankarsvärd. Sophie Adlersparre var 1874–1887 ordförande i föreningen, vars syfte var att utveckla och höja det kvinnliga handarbetets konstnärliga nivå. I *Tidskrift för hemmet* fanns bilagor med mönster och rapporter från världsutställningar, där kvinnliga konsthantverkare deltog. Sophie Adlersparre ingick tillsammans med Hilda Caseli i den så kallade Flickskolekommittén 1885–1886, vilket var den första kommittén med kvinnliga ledamöter.\n\nSophie Adlersparre var en pionjär för kvinnors organisering och bildning. I Stockholm växte ett nätverk fram för att förbättra kvinnors villkor och det blev efterhand tydligt att det fanns ett behov av ett organiserat forum för kvinnofrågor i landet. Hon tog initiativet till Fredrika- Bremer-Förbundet som stiftades i december 1884 med programmet att ”under kraftig samverkan af erfarna qvinnor och män, inom så vida kretsar som möjligt verka för en sund och lugn utveckling af arbetet för qvinnans höjande i sedligt och intellektuellt såväl som i socialt och ekonomiskt hänseende.” Förbundet uppfattades som borgerligt och skulle i Bremers anda verka för ”den sanna frigörelsen”. Programförklaringen var lik *Tidskrift för hemmets* syfte och Sophie Adlersparres inflytande var stort. Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets språkrör blev *Tidskrift för hemmets* arvtagare *Dagny*. Under de första åren var Sophie Adlersparre redaktör för tidskriften som bedrev opinionsbildning och gav stort utrymme åt litteratur.\n\nSophie Adlersparre stöttade under sin tid flera kvinnliga författare tidigt i deras karriärer, exempelvis [](Ellen Key) som skrev i *Tidskrift för hemmet* och [](Selma Lagerlöf) vars sonetter hon tryckte i *Dagny*. Hon uppmuntrade och bidrog ekonomiskt till att Lagerlöf kunde fullborda *Gösta Berlings saga* efter Iduns pris för en del av den och hon hade [](Victoria Benedictsson) som gäst i hemmet. Under 1880-talet kom hon i konflikt med både de unga manliga radikalerna som August Strindberg och de äldre konservativa männen som Carl David af Wirsén. När [](Alma Åkermark)s tidskrift *Framåt*, 1886–1889, publicerade den yngre kvinnliga författaren Stella Kleves ([](Mathilda Malling)s) novell ”Pyrrhussegrar” 1886 reagerade Sophie Adlersparre med ett debattinlägg i *Dagny*. Hon var emot de nya idéerna om "fri kärlek", eftersom hon ansåg att den inte kunde gynna kvinnorna.\n\nSophie Adlersparre planerade på äldre dagar att skriva tidskriftens historia, för, som det står i ett brev från 1885 till Rosalie Olivecrona: ”Man förstår oss icke längre”, ”vi äro för gamla, vi hafva blifvit vägda och befunnits lätta på den moderna realismens våg å ena sidan och den reaktionära evangelismens å den andra.”\n\nSophie Adlersparre fick 1895 medaljen Illis quorum meruere labores. Hon avled 1895 och ligger begravd på Galärvarvskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Sophie Adlersparre was a pioneer within the Swedish bourgeois women’s movement and was one of the instigators behind *Tidskrift för hemmet*, the first women’s journal in the Nordic countries.\n\nBaroness Sophie Adlersperre was born in 1823 and grew up on the Helgerum estate in southern Tjust in Kalmar county. She spent her first 13 years there with her mother Sophie, her father Eric, and three siblings – of whom Eric was two years her senior, whilst Axel and Amelie were younger than her – as well as servants and a tutor. She was homeschooled in various subjects including English, German, and French. Life as a member of the nobility also entailed an appreciation of music, classical literature, and maintaining correspondence. Sophie Adlersparre learned to play the piano and to embroider when young. Her father was a retired lieutenant colonel. Although he ran a papermill and a distillery, the family nevertheless faced serious financial problems.\n\nIn the autumn of 1836, when Sophie was 13 years old, her father suffered financial ruin. The family property was sold and they moved to Stockholm to live in an apartment on Regeringsgatan 11. Sophie Adlersparre attended Augusta Bjurström’s girls’ school for two years. Refurbishment of her father’s parental home Manhem was finally finished by 1841 and the family relocated there. [](Sigrid Leijonhufvud) makes a brief reference to the period at Manhem in her biography of her aunt, describing how they enjoyed a rich social life which was very musical but also bore “an undertone of unsatisfied spiritual needs”.\n\nSophie Adlersparre’s father died in 1848. When she was 25 years old she, her mother, and her younger sister moved back to Regeringsgatan 11 in Stockholm and a new phase of her life began.  Stockholm offered a rich cultural and social life, and she made new friends, but also suffered great sorrow. She lost her sister to typhoid in 1849. In addition to this personal loss, she and her mother also fell into financial difficulties. Sophie Adlersparre was forced to provide for the two of them through the only types of activities which were deemed suitable for noblewomen at the time: giving piano lessons, providing white embroidery, and eventually translating English novels.\n\nSophie Adlersparre was an intellectual. It quickly became obvious that she preferred working with a pen rather than a needle. In the early 1850s she visited [](Malla Silfverstolpe)’s literary salon in Uppsala, meeting several authors and literary people, including [](Thekla Knös). She was able to put her contact network to good use in 1858 when she decided to set up a journal. She launched the idea anonymously at the turn of the year 1858-1859 through an article in the conservative *Svenska tidningen: Dagligt Allehanda i Stockholm* which she signed off as “Din redliga vän K” (“your honest friend K”). She advocated on behalf of a journal “published by Swedish women for Swedish women, with the delightful goal to constantly inform and provide enlightenment, to ennoble and be noble, to please and be pleased”, and it was to “become a type of preparatory course required to allow Swedish women to become independent in thought, so that they could then become independent in action”. The message was clear. The intention was to establish a journal intended to improve women’s education at a time when women were subordinate.\n\nSophie Adlersparre had become acquainted with [](Rosalie Olivecrona), a similarly aged well-travelled noblewoman, at the turn of the year 1855-1856. Olivecrona had spent several years travelling and working as a teacher in America and had published her own poetry. She was a linguist, literarily accomplished, and defended [Fredrika Bremer](0000000123200572)’s controversial novel *Hertha, eller en själshistoria* in *Aftonbladet* in 1856. Sophie Adlersparre and Rosalie Olivecrona became very good friends. From their frequent correspondence it is clear that Rosalie Olivecrona was supportive of the article which had appeared in *Svenska tidningen: Dagligt Allehanda i Stockholm*. Sophie Adlersparre was intriguingly duplicitous when planning her new journal together with her friend as she never revealed that she in fact was “your honest friend K”. In a long letter dated February 1859 she writes about  “the burning question’’, that is the journal that they had enthusiastically worked on for over a year, and the question whether they should remain anonymous or not as well as the question how to cover the printing costs. They decided to keep their identities secret, wrote an application, invested money and obtained a typesetter, a printing machine and subscribers. The first edition of *Tidskrift för hemmet, tillegnad den svenska qvinnan* was published in June 1859. At that time this was a unique journal, being the first women’s journal in any of the Nordic countries. It was also the forerunner to a unique, lengthy, and unbroken tradition of bourgeois women’s journals in Sweden.\n\nSophie Adlersparre and Rosalie Olivecrona were the editors of *Tidskrift för hemmet*. They ran their editorial office from home for eight years. They travelled abroad together and visited the editorial office of the English journal *English Woman’s Journal* in London in 1861. Initially they were influenced by the *Revue de deux mondes* and *Household Words* journals. Following years of hard work and efforts, in terms of both input and dealing with various issues, Sophie Adlersparre took sole control in 1867. She remained the only editor until 1884 when the journal changed its name to *Dagny* and became an organ of the Fredrika Bremer Association.\n\n*Tidskrift för hemmet* contained articles on literature, women’s issues, educational matters, religion, the sciences, biographies, fiction, translations of other articles on foreign authors and matters of contention, as well as light-hearted material. Many of the journal contributors were high-profile people of the era, including Fredrika Bremer, [](Eva Fryxell), Thekla Knös and [](Jenny Rossander). Sophie Adlersparre also submitted a lot of material to the journal through the years, both anonymously and using a series of different pseudonyms and aliases, Esselde being the most common. Her most significant contributions were those on literature and literary reviews. During the journal’s initial phase, 1859–1867, its trademark was informative articles on non-fictional literature, whilst the second period, 1868–1877, saw an increase in fictional content, in particular on tendentious literature and children’s literature. From 1878 to 1885 the journal changed its focus and became dedicated to Nordic women and at this point content focused on fiction and new Swedish drama. Sophie Adlersparre travelled the Nordic countries in her guise as editor, meeting Camilla Collett, Magdalene Thoresen, and Mathilde Fibiger, amongst others. These Scandinavian connections gave rise to new subscribers and new material from Danish and Norwegian authors and writers.\n\nSophie Adlersparre married Axel Adlersparre in 1869. He was a commander and a member of the second chamber of parliament. She became step-mother to five children, and was left a widow in 1879. Throughout this time she continued working with the journal and actively took on various other projects. One of the early mottos of *Tidskrift för hemmet* was “women need jobs, and jobs need women”. In 1862 she set up Sunday schools and evening schools for the working-class daughters of Stockholm, and the next year she opened an editing office. Sophie Adlersparre was keenly interested in matters involving healthcare and was involved in 1864 in the establishment of Föreningen för frivillig vård av sårade och sjuka i fält (“association for voluntary care of wounded and ill soldiers”) which later became Röda Korset (Red Cross). She enthusiastically advocated the notion of forming an international branch.\n\nSophie Adlersparre was also a founder of Handarbetets Vänner (Friends of Handicrafts) in 1874 and persuaded Hanna Winge, Molly Rothlieb, Anna Fleetwood, Hanna Lindberg, [](Fredrika Limnell), and Ellen Ankarsvärd to support her. Sophie Adlersparre was chair of the association for developing and raising the artistic level of women’s handicrafts from 1874–1887. *Tidskrift för hemmet* included appendices with patterns and reports on various World’s Fairs in which craftswomen had exhibited. Sophie Adlersparre joined Hilda Caseli in the so-called Flickskolekommittén (“girls’ school commission”) from 1885 to 1886, which was the first commission to include female members.\n\nSophie Adlersparre was a pioneer of women’s movements and education. A network arose in Stockholm aimed at improving conditions for women. In retrospect the need for an organised national forum for women’s issues became apparent. Sophie Adlersparre founded the Fredrika Bremer Association, established in December 1884, which intended “to work towards a healthy and steady development of women’s employment opportunities through the energetic collaboration of experienced women and men, within as wide a circle as possible, in order to provide them with moral and intellectual, as well as social and financial, improvements”. The association, viewed as bourgeois, aimed to work in the spirit of Bremer on behalf of “real emancipation”. Its programme resembled the aims of *Tidskrift för hemmet* and Sophie Adlersparre’s influence was significant. The mouthpiece of the Fredrika Bremer Association, *Dagny*, became the successor to *Tidskrift för hemmet*. Initially Sophie Adlersparre served as the editor of *Dagny*’s editor, and was responsible for its agenda and the serious attention literature received within it.\n\nSophie Adlersparre supported many female writers during the early stages of their careers, such as [](Ellen Key), who wrote for *Tidskrift för hemmet*, and [](Selma Lagerlöf), whose sonnets were published in *Dagny*. Sophie Adlersparre encouraged Selma Lagerlöf and gave her financial support to complete *Gösta Berlings saga* after Lagerlöf had been awarded Idun’s prize for the first part. She also hosted [](Victoria Benedictsson) in her own home. During the 1880s she fell into a dispute with not only young male radicals like August Strindberg, but also older more conservative men such as Carl David af Wirsén. When [](Alma Åkermark)’s journal *Framåt* – active 1886–1889 – published a short story written by the young female writer [](Stella Kleve) and titled “Pyrrhussegrar” in 1886, Sophie Adlersparre responded by submitting an op-ed article to *Dagny*. She was opposed to new ideas about “free love”, which she believed would not be of benefit to women.\n\nIn her final years Sophie Adlersparre planned to write the history of the journal given that, as she wrote in a letter to Rosalie Olivecrona in 1885, “they no longer understand us”, “we are too old, we have been weighed and found to be lacking by modern realism, on the one hand, and by reactionary evangelism, on the other”.\n\nSophie Adlersparre was awarded the Illis quorum meruere labores medal in 1885. She died in 1895 and is buried at Galärvarvskyrkogården in Stockholm.",
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            "date": "1845"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1846",
            "date": "1846"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konststudier i München, Bologna, Florens och Rom",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1851",
            "date": "1851"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1855",
            "date": "1855"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Sophie Adlersparre",
          "description_eng": "About Sophie Adlersparre",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Sophie+Adlersparre+1808)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare*, Signum, Lund, 1990",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
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          "id": "0000000066783790",
          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Kristendom",
        "Katolicism"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "Artists",
        "Christianity",
        "Catholicism"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T11:07:15",
      "libris_uri": [
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      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 54,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1808-03-06",
            "date": "1808-03-06"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Ås församling",
            "pin": {
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            },
            "place": "Ottenby"
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            "date": "1862-03-23"
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            "parish": "",
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Sophie/ Adolphine",
        "lastname": "Adlersparre",
        "sortname": "Adlersparre"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär, porträttmålare",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1841"
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          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
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          "from": {
            "comment": "1840-talet"
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          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "48.856614",
              "lon": "2.352222"
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "51.050409",
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            "place": "Dresden, Tyskland"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            "place": "München, Tyskland"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 44.4936714,
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            },
            "place": "Bologna, Italien"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "43.7695604",
              "lon": "11.25581360000001"
            },
            "place": "Florens, Italien"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": "12.496235"
            },
            "place": "Rom, Italien"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Sophie Adlersparre. Självporträtt (olja på duk, år okänt). Nationalmuseum, NMGrh 4964. Foto: Sofia Persson",
          "description_eng": "Sophie Adlersparre. Self-portrait (oil on canvas, year unknown). Nationalmuseum, NMGrh 4964. Photo: Sofia Persson",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Adlersparre_Sophie.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1782",
            "date": "1782"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1871",
            "date": "1871"
          },
          "firstname": "Karolina",
          "lastname": "Ottiliana von Arbin",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1763",
            "date": "1763"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1838",
            "date": "1838"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Adlersparre",
          "occupation": "Officer, landshövding",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1809",
            "date": "1809"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "firstname": "Georg",
          "lastname": "Adlersparre",
          "occupation": "Överste",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1812",
            "date": "1812"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Adlersparre",
          "occupation": "Kommendör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1814",
            "date": "1814"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1814",
            "date": "1814"
          },
          "firstname": "Carolina Ottilia",
          "lastname": "Adlersparre",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "SOFIA Adolfina Sophie ADLERSPARRE. *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2018-02-07)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=19545"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Sophie Adolphine Adlersparre', urn:sbl:5565, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Gerda Boethius.) (Hämtad 2018-02-07)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5565"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, porträttmålare, kopist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, portrait painter, copyist",
      "text": "Sophie Adlersparre var bildkonstnär, känd för sina porträtt och kopior av kända verk.\n\nSophie Adlersparre föddes 1808. Sedan fadern lämnat den militära yrkesbanan residerade familjen på Öland där Sophie Adlersparre föddes. Hon fick undervisning i hemmet, bland annat i målerikonst som hon redan som ung hade både håg och fallenhet för. De fortsatta konststudierna bedrevs i Stockholm och Sophie Adlersparre gick i lära hos flera av sin tids framstående konstnärer. Mot slutet av 1830-talet for hon till Paris där hon bland annat fick undervisning vid Léon Cogniets ateljé. Tillbaka i Stockholm försörjde hon sig på porträttmåleri och på att själv ge undervisning. Bland hennes elever fanns Amalia Lindgren och [](Emily Nonnen).   \n\nSophie Adlersparre uppmärksammades för sin bildkonst, inte minst för sina kopior av internationellt stora konstnärer som Rafael.  Kronprinsessan och sedermera drottning [Josefina](0000 0000 6153 5544) hörde till dem som gav Sophie Adlersparre sitt stöd. På 1850-talet fick Sophie Adlersparre ekonomiskt stöd för att genomföra en flerårig studieresa. I Dresden gjorde hon en kopia av Sixtinska madonnan som gjorde henne internationellt berömd. \n\nSophie Adlersparre vistades i Rom en längre period. Där kom hon i kontakt med det tyska brödraskap, nasarenerna, som verkade i opposition mot tidens sekulariserade konst. Sophie Adlersparre, som själv var djupt religiös, påverkades starkt och konverterade till katolicismen. Hennes konst finns i flera kyrkor men också i Nationalmuseums samlingar. \n\nSophie Adlersparres bildkonst varierade och så även omdömena om den. I sin artikel i *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* menar Gerda Boëthius att Sophie Adlersparres självständiga arbeten, bland dem porträtt på kungafamiljen, inte var så framstående, medan hennes kopior av de religiösa motiven hos bland andra Rafael skattas högt. Boëthius pekar dock på att Sophie Adlersparre hade stor betydelse för senare kvinnliga konstnärer. Hon var en av dem som i sitt yrkesval och med sin verksamhet jämnade väg för kommande generationers kvinnor som konstnärer.\n\nSophie Adlersparre avled 1862 i Stockholm efter en tids sjukdom, endast 54 år gammal.",
      "text_eng": "Sophie Adlersparre was a painter who was known for her portraits and her copies of other famous works.\n\nSophie Adlersparre was born in 1808. She was born on Öland, where her father had moved following his retirement from a military career. Sophie Adlersparre’s home-schooling included painting, which she not only enjoyed but was skilled at from a young age. She continued her artistic training in Stockholm, where she studied with several of the leading artists of her time. Towards the end of the 1830s she travelled to Paris, where she took lessons at Léon Cogniet’s studio. Upon her return to Stockholm she began to earn her living through painting portraits and by teaching others how to paint. Her students included Amalia Lindgren and [](Emily Nonnen).\n\nSophie Adlersparre became renowned for her paintings, not least for the copies she made of internationally famous artists such as Rafael. The crown princess of Sweden at the time, later queen, [Josefina](0000 0000 6153 5544) was one of Sophie Adlersparre’s patrons. During the 1850s Sophie Adlersparre obtained financial support which enabled her to undertake study travels for several years. While she was in Dresden she painted a copy of the Sistine Madonna which made her internationally famous.\n\nSophie Adlersparre spent a long time in Rome. There she met the Nazarenes, a German brotherhood, who were campaigning against the secularisation of contemporary art. Sophie Adlersparre, who was herself deeply religious, was strongly influenced by them and converted to the Catholic faith. Her art can be found in several churches as well as in the collections of the Swedish Nationalmuseum.\n\nSophie Adlersparre painted a range of different artworks and received varied reviews for them. Gerda Boëthius’ article in *Svenskt biografiskt lexicon* states that Sophie Adlersparre’s own works were not that eminent, including her portrait of the Swedish royal family, whilst her copies of religiously inspired pieces by the likes of Rafael were highly treasured. Boëthius also highlights how important Sophie Adlersparre was to future female artists. By the nature of her choice of career and her activities she belonged to that group of women who smoothed the way for future generations of female artists.\n\nSophie Adlersparre died in Stockholm in 1862 following a period of illness. She was just 54 years old.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "SophieAdolphineAdlersparre",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "München, Tyskland|48.135125|11.581981",
        "Rom, Italien|41.902701|12.496235",
        "Florens, Italien|43.7695604|11.25581360000001",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222",
        "Ottenby|56.2342062|16.4132213",
        "Bologna, Italien|44.4936714|11.3430347",
        "Dresden, Tyskland|51.050409|13.737262"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "67212379"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Helena",
          "lastname": "Tolvhed"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "description": "Bronsmedalj, singelspel, OS i London",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska gymnastik- och idrottsföreningarnas riksförbunds (nuvarande Riksidrottsförbundet) förtjänsttecken i guld",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Märtha Adlerstråhle. *Wikipedia.* (Hämtad 2016-10-20)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rtha_Adlerstr%C3%A5hle"
        }
      ],
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          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "Pionjärer",
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Första kvinnan",
        "Sport"
      ],
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        "Pioneers",
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "First woman",
        "Sport"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T11:14:18",
      "libris_uri": [
        "31fjsrnm4lbfxj6"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 87,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1868-06-16",
            "date": "1868-06-16"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Torpa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.422397",
              "lon": "16.097786"
            },
            "place": "Torpa"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1956-01-04",
            "date": "1956-01-04"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Engelbrekts församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Anna /Märtha/ Vilhelmina",
        "lastname": "Adlerstråhle",
        "sortname": "Adlerstråhle"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "organisation": [
        {
          "name": "Kungliga Lawntennisklubben (1896-1906 H.K.H. Kronprinsens LTK)",
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Svenska Lawntennisförbundet (från 1941 Svenska tennisförbundet)",
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kronprinsessans Hockeyklubb",
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Oelreich, von",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
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          }
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      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Märtha Adlerstråhle, cirka 1910. Fotograf okänd (Sveriges Olympiska Kommitté, Wikimedia Commons)",
          "description_eng": "Märtha Adlerstråhle, circa 1910. Photographer unknown (The Swedish Olympic Committee, Wikimedia Commons)",
          "original_url": "http://sok.se/images/18.6cd9b89d14fefd0c4f5ccaa6/1443616246401/Tennis+Adlerstr%C3%A5hle_M%C3%A4rtha.jpg",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Adlerstrahle_Martha_SOK.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1841",
            "date": "1841"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta Vilhelmina (Minna)",
          "lastname": "von Oelreich, född Barklund",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Charles-Emil",
          "lastname": "von Oelreich",
          "occupation": "Överste, landshövding",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "firstname": "Adolf Einar Teodor",
          "lastname": "Adlerstråhle",
          "occupation": "Major",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "firstname": "Charles Fredrik August",
          "lastname": "Adlerstråhle",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "firstname": "Alice Carolina Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Adlerstråhle",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden* [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindberg, Thomas (red.), *Sveriges olympier: [1896-2012]*, C A Strömberg, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lignell, Ivar (red.), *Svensk tennis: historiskt samlingsverk*, Sv. litteratur, Stockholm, 1938",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Harnesk, Paul (red.), *Vem är vem?. D. 1, Stockholmsdelen*, Vem är vem bokförlag, Stockholm, 1945",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarvem/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Idrottsforum. org Bolling, Hans, ”Socialhistorik över brittisk tennis vann Lord Aberdare-priset 2015”. (Hämtad 2016-09-13)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://idrottsforum.org/bolhan_lake151126/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Tennisspelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Tennis player",
      "text": "Märtha Adlerstråhle var en svensk tennisspelare som var aktiv kring sekelskiftet 1900. Hennes största internationella merit blev bronsmedaljen i singelspel i vid de olympiska sommarspelen i London 1908. \n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle blev under sin aktiva tenniskarriär singelmästare sju gånger i det som kallades för internationella svenska mästerskapen, 1899 samt 1901-1906. Några officiella svenska mästerskap i tennis var ännu inte införda vid denna tid. Märtha Adlerstråhle blev också skandinavisk mästare i singelspel 1906. Hon var dotter till landshövdingen överste Charles-Emil von Oelreich och hans fru Margareta Vilhelmina von Oelreich, född Barklund, och sedan 1889 gift med major Axel Einar Teodor Adlerstråhle.\n\nTillsammans med Elsa Wallenberg, som även hon var tennisspelare och som blev fyra i den olympiska tävlingen, blev Märtha Adlerstråhle Sveriges första kvinnliga olympier i London-OS 1908. Hon vann här bronsmedaljen i singel inomhus efter att de två brittiska spelarna Gwendoline Eastlake Smith och Angela Greene vunnit guld- respektive silvermedalj. Märtha Adlerstråhles brons blev Sveriges första olympiska medalj på damsidan.\n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle var också pionjär för den kvinnliga bandyn (som då även kallades hockey) i Sverige, och var målvakt i Kronprinsessans Hockeyklubb i Stockholm. Denna klubb hade bildats 1908 av kronprinsessan Margareta och bestod av kvinnor ur överklassen. Märtha Adlerstråhle var den första kvinna att belönas med Svenska gymnastik- och idrottsföreningarnas riksförbunds (nuvarande Riksidrottsförbundet) förtjänsttecken i guld.\n\nI Tennisförbundets historiska minnesbok (1938) över framstående svenska tennisspelare beskrivs Märtha Adlerstråhle som ”en märkeskvinna inom svensk tennissport”, både i kraft av internationella framgångar som spelare och för det arbete hon gjorde för att främja svensk tennissport. Märtha Adlerstråhles spel sägs här ha varit präglat av stor säkerhet i alla slag och av en synnerligen god taktik. Här omnämns också hennes framgångar som mixedspelare (dvs. dubbelspel där varje lag består av en man och en kvinna) tillsammans med den dåvarande kronprinsen (senare Gustaf V). \n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle var skattmästare i Svenska Lawntennisförbundet 1907-1918 och styrelseledamot i Kungliga Lawn-Tennisklubben (KLTK, till 1907 med namnet Kronprinsens Lawntennisklubb) 1899-1950. Svensk tennis var vid denna tid en exklusiv överklassport med KLTK och kronprinsen i toppen av hierarkin. Den sociala exklusiviteten medförde större möjligheter för kvinnors del jämfört med många andra moderna idrotter, då sällskapssporter som markerade tillgång till fritid och pengar uppfattades som förenliga med tidens respektabla kvinnlighet. Därmed var det möjligt för kvinnor att, som Märtha Adlerstråhle, inneha ledande positioner inom förbundet. \n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle avled 1956.",
      "text_eng": "Märtha Adlerstråhle was a Swedish tennis player who was active in the early twentieth century. Her greatest international achievement was winning the bronze medal for the singles game at the London Summer Olympics in 1908.\n\nDuring her active career as tennis player Märtha Adlerstråhle achieved the top rank in what was then known as the international Swedish championship seven times, first in 1899, then in 1901 and every subsequent year until 1906. At the time no official Swedish championships in tennis had been instituted. Märtha Adlerstråhle also won the singles in the Scandinavian championships in 1906. She was the daughter of regional governor and Colonel Charles-Emil von Oelreich and his wife Margareta Vilhelmina von Oelreich (née Barklund), and in 1889 she married Major Axel Einar Teodor Adlerstråhle.\n\nAlong with Elsa Wallenerg, who was also a tennis player and who achieved fourth place in the same Olympics, Märtha Adlerstråhle became the first female Swedish Olympian at the Summer London games of 1908. Märtha Adlerstråhle won the indoor singles bronze-medal after the two British players Gwendoline Eastlake Smith and Angela Greene had won gold and silver respectively. Märtha Adlerstråhle’s bronze was Sweden’s first Olympic women’s medal.\n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle was also a pioneer of women’s bandy (which at the time was also called hockey) in Sweden, and was the goalie for the Crown Princess’s hockey club in Stockholm. Princess Margareta founded the club in 1908 and the team comprised women from the upper classes. Märtha Adlerstråhle was the first woman to be awarded the national Swedish gymnastics and sports associations’ golden order.\n\nThe Swedish tennis association’s historical commemorative book from 1938 lists eminent Swedish tennis players and Märtha Adlerstråhle is described as “a remarkable woman in Swedish tennis” not only with regard to her international success as a player but also for her work to promote tennis in Sweden. Märtha Adlerstråhle’s game is said to have been defined by absolute certainty with every stroke and an exceedingly clever tactical game. She is also noted in the book for her success as a mixed-doubles player (where each team comprises a man and a woman) with the then current heir to the throne (later King Gustav V).\n\nMärtha Adlerstråhle was treasurer of the Swedish lawn tennis association from 1907 to 1918 and from 1899 to 1950 she was a board member of Kungliga Lawn-Tennisklubben (the Royal Lawn-Tennis club) (KLTK, previously the Crown Prince’s Lawn Tennis club until 1907). At the time Swedish tennis was an exclusively upper-class sport, headed by KLTK and the heir apparent. This social exclusivity allowed for greater participation by women in comparison with many other modern sports because social sports which denoted access to leisure and money were seen as being compatible with being a respectable woman. This enabled women, such as Märtha Adlerstråhle, to hold leading positions in the association.",
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          "description": "Lundin, Immi, *Att föra det egna till torgs: berättande, stoff och samtid i Kerstin Strandbergs, Enel Melbergs och Eva Adolfssons debutromaner*, Lunds universitet, Avdelningen för litteraturvetenskap, Språk- och litteraturcentrum, Diss. Lund : Lunds universitet, 2012,Lund, 2012",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Eva Adolfsson. *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-12-01)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Adolfsson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Milles, Ulrika, 'Eva Adolfsson [Nekrolog]', *Fokus*, 2010-04-29 (Hämtad 2017-12-01)",
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          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.fokus.se/2010/04/eva-adolfsson/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervjuer med familjemedlemmar",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Litteraturkritiker, författare, essäist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Literary critic, author, essayist",
      "text": "Eva Adolfsson var litteraturkritiker, essäist och romanförfattare.\n\nEva Adolfsson föddes i Malmö men växte upp i Göteborg, där hon gick i gymnasiet. Hennes far var\nGunnar Adolfsson, proletärförfattare, tidningsredaktör och politiker. Han var chefredaktör för den\nkommunistiska *Arbetartidningen* i Göteborg.\n\nEva Adolfsson studerade litteraturvetenskap vid Göteborgs universitet och därefter ryska vid\nStockholms universitet. Hon läste även ryska under ett år i Moskva på 1960-talet. Hon var politiskt\naktiv på vänsterkanten och tillhörde redaktionen för den oberoende socialistiska tidskriften *Zenit*\n1967–1970. Åren 1976–1982 var hon redaktör för tidskriften *Ord & Bild*. Under samma period var\nhon också verksam som litteraturkritiker, främst i *Dagens Nyheter*. Hon spelade en viktig roll som\nförmedlare av feministiska och kvinnopolitiska frågor.\n\nÅren 1968–1982 sammanlevde hon med kritikern Ulf I Eriksson, med vilken hon fick sönerna Måns\noch Linus. Under åren 1984–2000 levde hon tillsammans med litteraturvetaren Ulf Olsson. Paret gifte\nsig 1987. Med Ulf Olsson fick hon sonen Bruno. Hon var länge bosatt i Knivsta i Uppland men efter\nskilsmässan från sin andre man flyttade hon till Stockholm. På somrarna bodde hon i faderns\nbarndomshem i småländska Ryd.\n\nEva Adolfsson var tidigt verksam som kritiker och hon debuterade som essäist. Hon hade en radikal\noch feministisk profil. Som redaktör för *Ord & Bild* satte hon en vänsterradikal prägel på\ntidskriften. År 1980 gav hon ut essäsamlingen *Livstycken*. Den innehåller, liksom de senare\nessäsamlingarna *I gränsland* och *Hör, jag talar!*, essäer om proletärförfattare och kvinnliga\nförfattare, bland andra hennes egna litterära valfrändskaper [](Stina Aronson), [](Birgitta Trotzig) och\n[](Sara Lidman).\n\nEva Adolfsson debuterade skönlitterärt 1989 med *I hennes frånvaro*, en roman som kretsar kring\nfrågan om att söka sitt förflutna. Romanens huvudperson Gertrud\nbefinner sig i någon sorts gränsland mellan myt och verklighet, stumhet och tal. Hon var en gång en\nsjöjungfru och därnere i havets skimrande djup kunde hon sjunga sin egen sång, starkt, vackert och\nfullödigt. I romanens nutid har hon, trots att hon är lärarinna, svårt att uttrycka sig och hon slits\nmellan begäret att återvända till havets djup och sin längtan efter att få stiga upp till den strålande\nvärlden ovanför ytan, som gör henne stum.\n\nEva Adolfssons följande roman, *Till Moskva*, 1995, utspelar sig, som titeln säger, i den ryska\nhuvudstaden och har en tydligt självbiografisk bakgrund. Den handlar om nittonåriga Agnes som\nsensommaren 1962 reser till Moskva för att under ett år studera språk och litteratur. Samtidigt som\nromanen på ett mycket sensitivt och nästan fysiskt påtagligt sätt beskriver en ung kvinnas sökande\nträder den grå och kalla efterkrigstidsstaden fram.\n\nFlera av berättelserna i essäsamlingen *Till skilda orter*, 1998, tycks även de vara självbiografiskt\nförankrade. Här finns exempelvis berättelsen om hur författaren som liten flicka reste med sin pappa\ntill Rumänien i början på femtiotalet. Novellsamlingen består av åtta sammanlänkade berättelser, där\nman i var och en möter en skrivande kvinna som reser till olika platser. Det är emellertid inte de\ngeografiska platserna i sig som är viktiga utan snarare den betydelse de har under en epok eller i ett\nhistoriskt skeende.\n\nRomanen *Förvandling*, 2005, som vann Sveriges Radios romanpris, är ett smart och roande men\nockså mycket allvarligt ”talking back” till Knut Hamsuns 1800-talsroman *Sult*. Den handlar om en\nung kvinnas närmast gränslösa framtidshunger, som bara växer och växer alltmedan hon strövar runt\ni stockholmsförorten Sundbyberg med ett barn i en växande mage. Eva Adolfssons fjärde och sista roman *En\nliten historia*, 2009, som nominerades till Augustpriset, är en dröjande och fjäderlätt berättelse om ett kärleksmöte som aldrig fullföljs. Här når den lätt distanserade och lite ironiska stil, som är Eva\nAdolfssons, sin höjdpunkt.\n\nEva Adolfsson avled 2010. Hon är begravd på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Eva Adolfsson was a literary critic, an essayist, and a novelist. \n\nEva Adolfsson was born in Malmö but grew up in Gothenburg where she also attended high school. Her father, Gunnar Adolfsson, was a working-class writer, a newspaper editor, and a politician. He was editor-in-chief of the Gothenburg-based communist newspaper, *Arbetartidningen*. \n\nEva Adolfsson read literature at Gothenburg university and then studied Russian at Stockholm university. During the 1960s she also spent a year in Moscow developing her Russian-language skills. She was politically active within left-wing circles and, from 1967–1970, was a member of the editorial board of the independent socialist journal *Zenit*. She edited the journal *Ord & Bild* from 1976–1982. At this time she was worked as a literary critic, mainly for the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper. She played an important role as a vehicle of feminist and women’s movement-related issues. \n\nFrom 1968–1982 she lived with Ulf I Eriksson, and they had two sons together, named Måns and Linus. Subsequently, from 1984–2000, Eva Adolfsson lived with the literary expert Ulf Olsson, and the couple married in 1987. They too had a child together, a son called Bruno. Eva Adolfsson was a long-term resident of Knivsta in Uppland. However, following her divorce from her second partner she moved to Stockholm. She spent her summers at her father’s childhood home in the Småland town of Ryd. \n\nEva Adolfsson became a literary critic at an early stage and made her own written debut as an essayist. Her literary profile placed her amongst the radicals and feminists. Indeed, during her time as the editor of *Ord & Bild* the publication took on a radical left-wing tone. In 1980 she published a collection of her essays which was entitled *Livstycken*. This collection, like her later collections entitled *I gränsland* and *Hör, jag talar!*, contains essays on working-class writers and female authors, including her own literary acquaintances [](Stina Aronson), [](Birgitta Trotzig), and [](Sara Lidman). \n\nEva Adolfsson made her debut as a writer of fiction in 1989 upon the release of her book called *I hennes frånvaro*. The central focus of the novel was the search for one’s past. The lead character in the book, Gertrud, finds herself in some kind of no man’s land lying between myth and reality, between a world without speaking and a world of the spoken word. She had previously been a mermaid and whilst in the shimmering depths of the sea she had been able to sing her own song in a strong, beautiful, and sonorous manner. However, in the present time of the novel she – despite being a teacher – finds it hard to express herself and she is torn between the desire to return to the deep seas and her longing to join the brilliant world above water which renders her unable to speak. \n\nEva Adolfsson’s next novel, called *Till Moskva*, was published in 1995 and is situated in the Russian capital of the title. This book is clearly autobiographical in nature. It tells of 19 year-old Agnes who travels to Moscow in the late summer of 1962 in order to spend a year there studying Russian language and literature. The novel portrays a young woman’s search in a very sensitive and almost physically tangible manner all the while simultaneously depicting a grey and cold post-war city. \n\nEva Adolfsson’s 1998 collection of essays entitled *Till skilda orter* also bears autobiographical elements. For example, it includes the story about the author as a little girl travelling to Romania in the early 1950s. The collection of short stories comprises eight linked tales, each of which focuses on a female writer who travels to different places. However, it is not the geographical locations which are important, rather it is their significance at a given point in time or within a historical context. \n\nEva Adolfsson’s novel *Förvandling*, published in 2005, which won the Sveriges Radio prize for novels, is a smart and entertaining, but also very serious work produced in response to Knut Hamsun’s late nineteenth-century novel *Sult*. Her book tells of a young woman’s almost insatiable hunger for the future, which just keeps growing whilst she wanders through the Sundbyberg suburb of Stockholm, carrying a growing foetus inside her. Eva Adolfsson’s fourth, and final, novel called *En liten historia*, published in 2009, was one of the nominees for the August prize. It is a lingering and feather-light story about a romantic meeting which never takes place. In this work Eva Adolfsson’s lightly distancing and slightly ironic style reaches its peak. \n\nEva Adolfsson died in 2010. She is buried in The Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm.",
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      "text": "Greta Adrian var en pionjär inom svensk gymnastikutbildning. Tillsammans med sin make, gymnastikdirektör Sam Adrian, utformade hon den så kallade Örebro-gymnastiken, känd för sitt nytänkande inom såväl den manliga som kvinnliga elitgymnastiken. Under 1940- och 1950-talet revolutionerade hon gymnastikundervisningen för såväl flickor som pojkar i den svenska skolan.\n\nGreta Adrian genomgick sin utbildning vid Gymnastiska centralinstitutet, nuvarande Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, 1913-1915. Därefter var hon verksam i Örebro, där hennes make var anställd som gymnastikdirektör vid Karolinska läroverket. Efter tredje barnets födelse tjänstgjorde hon, 1933-1958, som gymnastikdirektör vid Högre allmänna läroverket för flickor i Örebro. \n\nRedan 1916 startade Greta Adrian en gymnastikförening med arbetare från en av Örebros skofabriker, Arbetarnas gymnastikförening. Hon tog bort kommandoprincipen inom den traditionella linggymnastiken och omvandlade den fristående gymnastiken till långa serier av rörelser. Arbetarnas Elit, som Greta Adrian ledde ända fram till 1934, kom att bli Sveriges mest uppmärksammade manliga elittrupp. Hon startade också en gymnastikförening för kvinnor. Den kallades De Grå efter gymnastikdräktens färg. Greta Adrian ledde den genom att spela egna improvisationer på piano. Även De Grå kom att bli en berömd elittrupp. \n\nGreta Adrian gav ut en rad läroböcker i gymnastik. Hon skrev också debattinlägg och kåserier. I boken *Kilsbergen berättar*, 1969, ger hon sin hyllning till Närkes natur. Till hennes verk hör också tonsättningar av dikter av Jeremias i Tröstlösa, [](Harriet Löwenhjelm) och Dan Andersson. \n\nGreta Adrian tilldelades medaljen Illis quorum för sina samhällsnyttiga insatser. Hon har fått en gata i Örebro uppkallad efter sig, Greta Adrians väg. Hennes namn är även inristat på Närkestenen tillsammans med ett hundra bemärkta "söner och döttrar av Närke".\n\nGreta Adrian avled 1981.",
      "text_eng": "Greta Adrian was a pioneer of Swedish physical education. Together with her husband Sam Adrian, who was a director of physical education, she developed the so-called Örebro style of physical exercise which became known for its innovative approach to both male and female elite physical exercise. During the 1940s and the 1950s she revolutionised instruction in this sphere for both girls and boys in Swedish schools. \n\nFrom 1913–1915 Greta Adrian trained at Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (the central institute of physical education), now the Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan (college of physical education and sport), GIH. Subsequently she worked in Örebro, where her husband was employed as director of physical education at the Karolinska school. Following the birth of her third child she then became employed as director of physical education at the Högre allmänna läroverket för flickor (advanced general school for girls) in Örebro, where she worked from 1933–1958. \n\nIn 1916 Greta Adrian had already set up a gymnastics society, called Arbetarnas gymnastikförening, for the workers at one of the shoe factories in Örebro. She removed the commando-style common to the traditional form of ling gymnastics and converted floor gymnastics into a long series of movements. Right up until 1934 Greta Adrian was in charge of the group known as Arbetarnas Elit (workers’ elite), which became the best-known male elite troop of gymnasts. She also set up a gymnastics society for women. It was called De Grå (the grays) in reference to the colour of their outfits. Greta Adrian directed this troop by playing her own musical improvisations on the piano and subsequently De Grå also became a famous elite troop. \n\nGreta Adrian published a range of textbooks on gymnastics. She also wrote polemical pieces and causerie-style columns. Her book entitled *Kilbergen berättar*, published in 1969, contains her tribute to the nature of Närke. Her publications also include musical renditions of poems by Jeremias i Tröstlösa, [](Harriet Löwenhjelm), and Dan Andersson. \n\nGreta Adrian was awarded the Illis quorum medal in recognition of her contributions to public health. A street in Örebro has been named after her, namely Greta Adrians väg. Her name is also inscribed on the Närke stone which commemorates 100 renowned “sons and daughters of Närke”. \n\nGreta Adrian died in 1981.",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(m%c3%a4rta+afzelius)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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            "date": "1961-06-30"
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      "relation": [
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            "date": "1862-01-22"
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          "firstname": "Anna Sofia Gabriella",
          "lastname": "Afzelius, född Richert",
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            "date": "1921-10-30"
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          "lastname": "Afzelius",
          "occupation": "E. o. professor i processrätt vid Uppsala universitet, justitieråd, president Svea hovrätt, riksdagsman m.m.",
          "type": "Far",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1884-04-09"
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            "date": "1970-07-13"
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            "date": "1955-08-07"
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          "lastname": "Afzelius",
          "occupation": "Justitieråd",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1890-06-12",
            "date": "1890-06-12"
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          "lastname": "Afzelius",
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          "type": "Syster",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1972-09-04"
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          "occupation": "Hovrättsråd",
          "type": "Bror",
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      "source": [
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          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1*, Abbe-Dahlander, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "description": "Cnattingius, Bengt, 'Märta Afzelius bonader', *Årsbok för svenskt gudstjänstliv*, 10(1935), s. 157-158",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://journals.lub.lu.se/index.php/sgl/article/view/13880/12448"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindgren-Fridell, Marita, 'Märta Afzelius' konst', *Hertha* (1914-1999)., 30(1943):3, s. 64-65, 1943",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Brunius, Jan, *Svenska textilier: 1890-1990*, Signum, Lund, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist",
      "text": "Märta Afzelius var verksam som målare men blev främst känd som textilkonstnär. Som skicklig mönsterritare var hon en av nyskaparna inom den kyrkliga textilkonsten.\n\nMärta Afzelius föddes i Stockholm som dotter till Ivar Afzelius och Anna Sofia Gabriella Richert. Fadern var en framstående jurist och politiker som bland annat verkade som professor i processrätt i Uppsala, president i Svea hovrätt, riksdagsman och riksdagens talman. Märta Afzelius utbildades vid Konstakademien 1911–1914. Hennes måleri präglades av en viss naivism och dekorativ förenkling. Den dekorativa läggningen passade väl för en karriär inom den textila konsten. Under sitt yrkesverksamma liv komponerade hon bland annat kartonger till textila verk hos [](Elsa Gullberg)s Textil och Inredningar AB åren 1928–1939, hos AB Licium åren 1941–1952 och därefter hos Alice Lund Textilier AB.\n\nBland Märta Afzelius första uppdrag hos Elsa Gullberg var uppgiften att komponera flossamattor till Svenska Amerikaliniens passagerarfartyg Kungsholm. Hon komponerade flera mattor, däribland en matta i kinesisk stil som väckte stor uppmärksamhet, inte minst på grund av sin storlek. En större matta hade inte vävts i Sverige tidigare. Märta Afzelius bidrog också till förändring och förnyelse av mönstren i duktyg av damast. År 1932 ritade hon ett flertal mönster, som *Svensk Flora* och *Gårdarna* med både flygplan och bilar, som vävdes av Almedahl-Dalsjöfors AB. Hon ritade även mönster till tryckta tyger, exempelvis *Skogen*, som visades på världsutställningen i New York 1939. Märta Afzelius komponerade också broderier till stilmöbler i rokoko och gustaviansk stil, och draperier, med motiv ur de antika gudasagorna. Broderiet *Odysseus återkomst*; visades på Stockholmsutställningen 1930. Vid samma utställning, på avdelningen för kyrklig konst, visades den röllakansvävda altartavlan *Korsfästelsen*, som komponerats av Märta Afzelius. Den målade kartongen med sina stiliserade former väckte uppmärksamhet, eftersom den bildmässigt bröt med den kyrkliga konsttraditionen, och Märta Afzelius fick vid utställningen sitt genombrott som kyrklig formgivare. Den norske konstnären Henrik Sörensen såg hennes altartavla och blev förtjust i dess form, färger och allvar. År 1935 fick hon därför uppdraget att utforma en triptyk att placeras i koromgången bakom hans altarmålningar i Linköpings domkyrka. Det blev Märta Afzelius största vävnad, benämnd *Skapelsen*, och därtill hennes mest kända. Vävnadens komposition är stramt uppbyggd med stiliserade växter och djur i klara färger. Både altaret och triptyken förekommer i [Karin Boyes](0000000110714355) dikt ”Linköpings domkyrka” som ingår i samlingen *De sju dödssynderna*.\n\nDet var intresset för den kyrkliga konsten som fick Märta Afzelius att arbeta för Licium, en ateljé för kyrklig och heraldisk konst. Hennes mästerverk var den rikt broderade biskopskåpan, som skapades i samband med att Stockholms stift inrättades 1942. Licium utförde ett flertal biskopskåpor efter hennes skisser, bland annat till Karlstads och Linköpings stift. Hon komponerade även textilier för andra kyrkliga ändamål, som mässhakar, antependier samt vävda och tryckta draperier med bibliska motiv. Ett flertal kyrkor pryddes med verk av Märta Afzelius, exempelvis Skara domkyrka 1949 och St. Olai i Norrköping 1950. \n\nMärta Afzelius var också en av de konstnärer som ritade nya mönster till vadstenaspetsar. Modernisering av vadstenaspetsarna, både till utseende och till användningsområde, hade initierats av systern Ellen Tiselius, landshövdingefru i Linköping. Som målare skapade Märta Afzelius berättande bilder, som temperamålningen "Flykten från verkligheten", 1940, och dramatiska gouacher inspirerade av Armasjärviolyckan och finska vinterkriget. Hennes vanligaste motiv var blommor och landskap. Märta Afzelius var också verksam som illustratör och tecknare. Hon gjorde illustrationer till vinjetter i böcker, till telegram och skolplanscher, till exempel "Det heliga landet", 1947, och hennes teckningar köptes bland annat in till kung Gustav VI Adolfs samling. \n\nMärta Afzelius deltog i många utställningar både i Sverige och utomlands. Separat ställde hon ut i Linköping och Norrköping 1941, på Färg och form 1946 och på Konstnärshuset 1951, båda i Stockholm, och på Malmö museum 1947.  För sin konstnärliga verksamhet erhöll hon den kungliga medaljen Litteris et Artibus 1941.\n\nMärta Afzelius avled 1961.",
      "text_eng": "Märta Afzelius was a painter and textile artist who primarily found fame as the latter. She was a skilful pattern-designer who was also an innovator within the sphere of sacred textile art.\n\nMärta Afzelius was born in Stockholm. She was the daughter of Ivar Afzelius and Anna Sofia Gabriella Richert. Her father was a prominent lawyer and politician whose many roles included working as a professor of procedural law in Uppsala and serving as president of the Svea Court of Appeal, as well as a parliamentarian and Speaker of the Riksdag. Märta Afzelius was educated at Konstakademien (the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts) from 1911 to 1914. Her painting style was characterised by a certain naïve element and the use of simple ornamentation. Her proclivity for ornamentation was well-suited to a career within textile art. During the course of her professional life she produced textile designs for [](Elsa Gullberg)s Textil och Inredningar AB from 1928 to 1939, for AB Licium from 1941 to 1952, and subsequently for Alice Lund Textilier AB.\n\nMärta Afzelius’s first commission whilst working for Elsa Gullberg was to design pile rugs for use on Kungsholm, a passenger vessel owned by Svenska Amerikalinien (Swedish American Line). She created several rugs, including one in Chinese style which garnered a lot of attention, mainly due to its size; it was the largest rug ever woven in Sweden. Märta Afzelius also introduced changes and innovations to damask table linen designs. In 1932 she created several patterns, such as *Svensk Flora* and *Gårdarna* which depicted aeroplanes and cars, woven by Almedahl-Dalsjöfors AB. She also designed patterns for printed cloth, such as *Skogen*, which was displayed at the New York World’s Fair in 1939. Further, Märta Afzelius designed embroidered patterns for period furniture in the rococo and Gustavian styles, as well as drapery decorated with motifs borrowed from ancient myths. An embroidered work called *Odysseus återkomst* was exhibited at the 1930 Stockholm exhibition. A woven altarpiece made using the ‘röllakan’ technique entitled Korsfästelsen, was also shown at the same exhibition within the sacred art section. The stylised human forms she painted generated a lot of attention given that they represented a visual contravention with the traditional approach to sacred art. The exhibition served as Märta Afzelius’s public breakthrough as a creator of sacred art. When the Norwegian artist Henrik Sörensen saw her altarpiece he became enchanted with its shape, colours, and its serious tone. Märta Afzelius was therefore commissioned, in 1935, to create a triptych for Linköping Cathedral to be placed in the choir ambulatory behind Sörensen’s altar paintings. This piece, called Skapelsen, became Märta Afzelius’s largest woven work and also her most famous creation. This piece is tightly composed of stylised foliage and animals in vibrant colours. [](Karin Boye) mentions both the altar and the triptych in her poem “Linköpings domkyrka”, which can be found in the collection entitled *De sju dödssynderna*.\n\nMärta Afzelius’s interest in sacred art led her to work for Licium, a studio for sacred and heraldic art. Her masterpiece from that period is the richly embroidered bishop’s chasuble which she created in conjunction with the establishment of Stockholm diocese in 1942. Licium continued to produce several bishops’ chasubles, made according to her sketches, for the likes of Karlstad and Linköping dioceses. She also created textiles for other sacred purposes, such as priests’ chasubles, antependia, and woven and printed wall-hangings with biblical motifs. A number of churches commissioned artwork by Märta Afzelius, including Skara cathedral in 1949 and St Olai church in Norrköping in 1950.\n\nMärta Afzelius was also one of many artists to produce new patterns for Vadstena lace. Her sister Ellen Tiselius, who was married to the governor of Linköping, had initiated the modernisation — both in terms of appearance and purpose — of Vadstena lace. With regard to her paintings Märta Afzelius often created narrative works, such as her 1940 tempera painting *Flykten från verkligheten*, and her dramatic gouaches inspired by the Armasjärvi tragedy and the Winter War in Finland. Her most frequently used motifs were flowers and landscapes. Märta Afzelius also worked as an illustrator and supplier of drawings. She produced illustrations for vignettes in books, in telegrams and school posters, such as *Det heliga landet* from 1947. A number of her drawings were also purchased for the personal collection of King Gustav VI Adolf.\n\nMärta Afzelius frequently exhibited her work, in Sweden as well as abroad. She held solo exhibitions in Linköping and Norrköping (1941), at the Stockholm galleries Färg och form (1946) and Konstnärshuset (1951), and at Malmö museum (1947). She received the royal medal Litteris et Artibus in 1941, in recognition of her artistic contribution.\n\nMärta Afzelius died in 1961.",
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          "description": "Reklamskylt av Karin Ageman. Vänermuseet (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
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          "firstname": "Frida Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, senare Ageman, född Malmqvist",
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        },
        {
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            "date": "1861-11-29"
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            "comment": "1940-02-26",
            "date": "1940-02-26"
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          "firstname": "Anders Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Pettersson",
          "occupation": "Sjökapten",
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          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1902-09-01",
            "date": "1902-09-01"
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          "firstname": "Karl Gustav",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, senare Ageman",
          "occupation": "Tandläkare",
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        {
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            "date": "1994-11-23"
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          "firstname": "Elsa Kristina",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, senare Ageman",
          "occupation": "Tjänsteman",
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1955-05-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Ragnhild Frida Maria",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, senare Ageman, gift Mauritzon",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Karin Ageman', *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=17420"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Karin Ageman', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Ageman"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ageman, Karin, *För trygghet åt de anställda svensk samling med Högern för arbete och välfärd*, [Affisch], 1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ageman, Karin, *Rent hus med monopolförslagen: rösta med Svensk samling för grundlagsskydd mot monopol*, [Affisch], 1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Ageman, Karin & Virin, Carl-Axel, *Kurs i modeteckning. textning och layout*, NKI-skolan, Stockholm, 19?",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Alger. Borås tapeter (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.borastapeter.com/tapeter/alger-5371"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karin Ageman. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "http://collection.nationalmuseum.se/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=4475&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Dagens Nyheter*, 1929-11-25, 1930-06-13, 1937-09-17, 1939-04-26, 1940-12-01, 1941-02-26, 1944-06-25, 1945-08-24, 1945-08-25, 1946-05-26, 1950-03-28",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Tecknare, formgivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Illustrator, designer",
      "text": "Karin Ageman var tecknare, konsthantverkare samt reklam- och bokkonstnär. Hon tecknade och gjorde layouten till katalogen *Swedish Arts and Crafts: Swedish Modern* för Världsutställningen i New York 1939.\n\nKarin Ageman föddes 1899 i Stockholm som Karin Charlotta Pettersson. Föräldrarna var sjökapten Anders Gustaf Pettersson och hans hustru Frida Charlotta. Karin Ageman var äldsta barnet och efter henne föddes Karl Gustav, Elsa och Ragnhild. På 1910-talet tog syskonen och modern efternamnet Ageman.\n\nEfter att ha genomgått Statens normalskola för flickor började Karin Ageman konststudier på Högre konstindustriella skolan (HKS, nuvarande Konstfack) i Stockholm. Ett stipendium från Svenska Slöjdföreningen (nuvarande Svensk Form) gjorde det möjligt för henne att göra studieresor till Paris 1926 och Italien 1929. Hon studerade också en tid i Tyskland.\n\nKarin Ageman var en mångsidig konstnär. Hon tecknade bland annat affischer och formgav tapeter, tryckta textilier och bokband. Under åren 1928 till 1936 var hon anställd vid Sveriges Litografiska Tryckerier (SLT) och Esselte Reklams ateljé.\n\nÅr 1928 och nästkommande år textade Karin Ageman adresserna på diplomen till nobelpristagarna. Hon arbetade då tillsammans med hovbokbindaren Frans Beck. Då bokbindarna hade en utställning sommaren 1930 nämndes Karin Ageman som ”en säker konstnärlig kraft” för bokbindare Becks hyllningsadresser och gästböcker. På Nationalmuseum är hon representerad med två bokband, August Brunius *Färg och form* samt Gustaf Frödings *Stänk och flikar*.\n\nÅr 1936 visade Svenska affischtecknare sina alster på en utställning på Galerie Modern i Stockholm. *Dagens Nyheters* recensent Y. B. var inte imponerad utan tyckte att mycket var både fult och osmakligt. Karin Ageman var enligt honom en av de få som höll ”konstnärlig måtta” och beskrevs som mästare till en av de mest tilltalande affischerna, den för Svensk Frukt. För exempelvis Nya Bryggeriet i Lidköping gjorde hon en skylt i litografi med läckert naturtrogna apelsiner med friskt gröna blad och ett glas med pärlande dryck. Texten LORANGA står överst och reklamtrycket är signerat Karin Ageman.\n\nSamma år slutade hon sin anställning för att starta en egen ateljé. Hon utförde valaffischer åt bland andra Högern. På en affisch sitter kvinnor i vad som ser ut att vara kontorsarbete medan en grov länk med texter som ”Pension”, ”Lagfäst uppsägningstid” och ”Sjuklön” agiterar för ”Svensk samling med Högern för arbete och välfärd”. Affischen ”Rent hus med monopolförslagen” bär en svepande kvast som illustration.\n\nVid Världsutställningen i Paris 1937 deltog Karin Ageman. Två år senare vid Världsutställningen i New York fick hon uppdraget att formge den svenska delen av utställningskatalogen *Swedish Arts and Crafts: Swedish Modern – A Movement towards Sanity in Design*, 1939. Hon gjorde en stor bild på ett brudpar som prydde entrén till en bostadsutställning i Eskilstuna 1940. Tillsammans med Carl-Axel Virin utgav hon *Kurs i modeteckning, textning och layout*. I Stockholms reklamförening invaldes hon 1941 som ledamot i Medlemsutskottet.\n\nI Ostermans marmorhallar visades en utställning för kontor och hem 1944. I samband med den utlyste Levande väggar AB en tapettävling med fjorton så kallade nyttokonstnärer inbjudna, varav en var Karin Ageman. Hon deltog med tapeten *De blommor och de blader, de göra mig så glader*, ”i diskret och raffinerat mönster med finsmakareffekter i färg”. Då tävlingen var avgjord stod arkitekten Arne Jacobsen som vinnare med *Mai* och Karin Agemans tapet kom som stark tvåa.\n\nHon fortsatte sedan att formge tapeter med namn som till exempel *Motto: Alger*. Originalet till mönstret ritades 1940. Motto är detsamma som tema, där de olika tapetmönstren är ”släkt” med varandra. Mönstret till *Alger* är både stramt och böljande, precis som vattenväxter. Tapeten finns än idag, 2020, i flera färgställningar. *Skogen* med tunn elegant dekor i nästan vitt är ett annat exempel på ett beständigt tapetmönster.\n\nI augusti 1945 annonserade Konstfackskolan att man anordnade en väsentligt utökad undervisning i reklamkonst, annonskomposition och angränsande reklamfackämnen. Lärare var bland andra Karin Ageman, Akke och Harry Kumlien och Tord Bæckström. Reklamkonstnären Karin Ageman började som extra ordinarie biträdande facklärare i skrift med tillämpningar, avancerade snart till extra ordinarie facklärare och slutligen till facklärare i fackstudier för reklam och bokhantverk 1947. Hon hade kvar sin tjänst fram till sin död.\n\nKarin Ageman avled 1950 i en ålder av 50 år. Hon fick sin sista vila på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Ageman was a designer, craftswoman and advertising and book illustrator. She designed and made the layouts for the catalogue *Swedish Arts and Crafts. Swedish Modern* for the World Exhibition in New York in 1939.\n \nKarin Ageman was born Karin Charlotta Pettersson in 1899 in Stockholm. Her parents were Anders Gustaf Pettersson, a naval captain, and his wife Frida Charlotta. Karin Ageman was the eldest of four children, the younger ones being Karl Gustav, Elsa and Ragnhild. In the 1910s, the children and their mother took the surname Ageman. \n\nAfter having completed her schooling at the State normal school for girls, Karin Ageman started art studies at the art school Högre konstindustriella skolan (HKS, now Konstfack) in Stockholm. A scholarship from the crafts association Svenska Slöjdföreningen (now Svensk Form) enabled her to make study trips to Paris in 1926 and Italy in 1929. She also studied for a time in Germany. \nKarin Ageman was a versatile artist. She designed posters among other things and also wallpaper, printed textiles and book covers. From 1928 until 1936 she was employed at Sveriges Litografiska Tryckerier (SLT) and Esselte’s advertising atelier.\n \nIn 1928 and some years after, Karin Ageman wrote the addresses on the diplomas of the Nobel Prize-winners. She was working at that time with the court bookbinder Frans Beck. When there was a bookbinders’ exhibition in the summer of 1930, Karin Ageman was mentioned as “a sure artistic force” for bookbinder Beck’s acclamatory addresses and guest books. At the Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, she is represented by two book covers: August Brunius’ *Färg och form* and Gustaf Fröding’s *Stänk och flikar*.\n \nIn 1936, Swedish poster designers displayed their works at an exhibition at Galerie Modern in Stockholm. The critic Y. B. on the major daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter* was not impressed by the exhibition, finding that much was both ugly and tasteless. However, Karin Ageman was, according to him, one of the few who held “an artistic standard”. She was described as the master of one of the most attractive posters, that for Swedish Fruit (Svensk Frukt). For Nya Bryggeriet in Lidköping, for example, she made a sign in lithography with delightfully true-to-nature oranges with fresh green leaves and a glass containing a fizzy drink. The text LORANGA stood at the top and the advertisement is signed Karin Ageman.\n \nThe same year, she ended her employment in order to start her own atelier. She made election posters for among others the right-wing party Högerpartiet. On one poster, women are sitting doing what appears to be office work while a thick link with texts like “Pension”, “Legal period of notice” and “Sickpay” agitate for “Swedish rallying to Högern for work and welfare”. The poster “Clean up the monopoly suggestions” shows a woman sweeping with a broom as its illustration. \n\nKarin Ageman participated at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1937. Two years later, at the World Exhibition in New York, she was given the assignment in 1939 of designing the Swedish section of the exhibition catalogue: *Swedish Arts and Crafts – Swedish Modern – A Movement towards Sanity in Design*. She created a large picture of a bridal couple that decorated the entrance to a homes exhibition in Eskilstuna in 1940. She and Carl-Axel Virin published the book *Kurs i modeteckning, textning och layout*. In the Stockholm advertising association, she was elected in 1941 to be a member of the Membership Committee. \n\nIn Osterman’s marble halls, there was an exhibition for the office and home in 1944. In connection with this, Levande väggar AB announced a competition with fourteen invited so-called utility artists, one of whom was Karin Ageman. She participated with the wallpaper *De blommor och de blader, de göra mig så glader*, “in a discreet and refined pattern with gourmet effects colourwise”. The competition was won by the architect Arne Jacobsen with *Mai* and Karin Ageman’s wallpaper was a strong second.\n \nKarin Ageman continued designing wallpaper with names like for example *Motto: Alger*. The original pattern was designed in 1940. Motto means theme, and the various wallpaper patterns are related to each other. The pattern for *Alger* is both strict and billowing, just like aquatic plants. This wallpaper is still being produced today, in 2020, in several colours. *Skogen* with its flimsy, elegant decorativeness in off-white is another example of a long-standing wallpaper pattern. \n\nIn August 1945, the art college Konstfackskolan in Stockholm announced the organisation of a considerably expanded course in advertising art, advertisement composition and related advertising subjects. The teachers were Karin Ageman, Akke and Harry Kumlien, and Tord Baeckström among others. Advertisement artist Karin Ageman started as an extra permanent assistant subject teacher in applied writing, soon advanced to extra permanent subject teacher and finally to subject teacher in studies for advertising and book crafts in 1947. She held this position until her death. \n\nKarin Ageman died in 1950 at 50 years of age. She was given her final resting place in Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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        {
          "description": "’Agnér, Anna Naemi Gabriella’, *SvenskaGravar* (Hämtad 2021-03-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/85617864"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Anna Agnér’, *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2021-03-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=14026"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Anna Agnér’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-03-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Agn%C3%A9r"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Skånska målarskolan’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-03-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A5nska_m%C3%A5larskolan"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska konstnärer: biografisk handbok*, [Ny, revid. och kompl. utg.], Nyblom, Uppsala, 1980",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/svekonst80/0012.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Där den unga skånska konsten väckes till liv’, *Trelleborgstidningen*, 1936-05-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Anna Agnér var bildkonstnär med blomsterstilleben, porträtt och landskap som specialitet. Hon deltog i utställningar både inom och utom landet.\n\nAnna Naemi Gabriella Agnér föddes 1896 som dotter till organisten och folkskolläraren Bror Johansson och hans hustru Sigrid. Paret hade ytterligare en dotter och tre söner. Den äldste av sönerna dog i unga år och hans namn, Bror Gabriel Hildebrand, gick vidare till yngste sonen. Familjen bodde i Hulterstad på Öland och sönerna tog så småningom efternamnet Brorsson.\n\nFamiljen flyttade till skolhuset i Mörrum och man kan anta att fadern undervisade sina egna barn. Anna Agnér bedrev sedan konststudier för skulptören Gottfrid Larsson och målaren, tecknaren och grafikern Otte Sköld i Stockholm. Hon gick också en tid på Skånska målarskolan där syftet enligt *Trelleborgstidningen* 1939 var att ”väcka och skärpa elevernas iakttagelse för det uttrycksfulla i naturens företeelser, samt att bibringa dem den tekniska färdighet som är nödvändig för att kunna i form och färg åskådliggöra detta”.\n\nAnna Agnér gifte sig 1918 med köpmannen Bror Hilbert Thorell och tillsammans fick de sonen Ulf, född 1929. Äktenskapet upplöstes och så småningom träffade hon sin andra make, Gunnar Agnér. De vigdes 1931 och bosatte sig i Stocksund i Danderyd.\n\nAnna Agnér gjorde studieresor till Paris där hon gick på Académie Scandinave Maison Watteau, som drevs av svenska, norska och danska konstnärer. Hon reste också till Sydeuropa och Nordafrika. Hon målade blomsterstilleben och utförde i en ”frisk, välstämd kolorit” porträtt och landskap. Från resorna i Grekland och Palestina gjorde hon tuschteckningar.\n\nAnna Agnér medverkade vid samlingsutställningar i Rättvik, Kristianstad och på Liljevalchs höstsalong. 1938 firades 300-årsminnet av den svenska kolonin i Delaware med bland annat en konstutställning där Anna Agnér deltog. Hon är representerad på museum i Ulricehamn.\n\nAnna Agnér avled 1977 i en ålder av 81 år. Hon har sin sista vila på Djursholms begravningsplats.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Agnér was an artist with a preference for flower still lifes, portraits and landscapes. She participated in exhibitions in Sweden and abroad. \n\nAnna Naemi Gabriella Agnér was born in 1896. She was the daughter of the organist and elementary schoolteacher Bror Johansson and his wife Sigrid. The couple had one more daughter and three sons. The oldest son died in infancy, and his name, Bror Gabriel Hildebrand, was given to the youngest son. The family lived in Hulterstad on the Baltic island of Öland and the sons eventually took the surname Brorsson.\n \nThe family moved to the school building in Mörrum and we may assume that their father taught his own children. Anna Agnér later carried out art studies for the sculptor Gottfrid Larsson and the painter, illustrator and graphic artist Otte Sköld in Stockholm. She also attended the Skånska målarskolan for a period, whose aim, according to the newspaper *Trelleborgstidningen* in 1939, was to “awaken and sharpen the pupils’ observation of the expressive aspects of natural phenomena, and to instil in them the technical skills that are essential to be able to manifest these in form and colour”. \n\nAnna Agnér married the merchant Bror Hilbert Thorell in 1918 and they had one son, Ulf, born in 1929. The marriage was dissolved and she eventually met her second husband, Gunnar Agnér. They were married in 1931 and settled down in Stocksund near Stockholm.\n \nAnna Agnér made study trips to Paris where she attended the Académie Scandinave Maison Watteau that was run by Swedish, Norwegian and Danish artists. She also travelled to southern Europe and North Africa. She painted flower still lifes as well as portraits and landscapes in a “fresh, finely-tuned colour scale”. Her journeys in Greece and Palestine resulted in ink drawings. \n\nAnna Agnér participated in shared exhibitions in Rättvik and Kristianstad and in the Liljevalchs autumn salon. In 1938, the 300th jubilee of the Swedish colony in Delaware was celebrated with among other things an art exhibition in which Anna Agnér participated. She is represented in the museum in Ulricehamn.\n \nAnna Agnér died in 1977 at 81 years of age. Her final resting place is in Djursholm Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AnnaAgner"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Richard",
          "lastname": "Tellström"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "description": "S:t Eriksmedaljen",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          },
          "description": "H.M. Konungens medalj av 8:e storleken",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "description": "Albin Johansson-medaljen i guld för förtjänstfulla insatser inom den svenska kooperationen",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1998",
            "date": "1998"
          },
          "description": "Gastronomiska Akademiens Guldpenna",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Tore",
          "lastname": "Widhe",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Edith",
          "lastname": "Klarin",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.429505",
              "lon": "13.820031"
            },
            "place": "Ystad"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lanthushållslärarexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Rimforsa lanthushållsskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.13682",
              "lon": "15.681261"
            },
            "place": "Rimforsa"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Praktikår, med hushållsansvar, inom lanthushållsutbildningen",
          "institution": "Kvinnliga Medborgarskolan vid Fogelstad",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.151918,
              "lon": 16.092045
            },
            "place": "Julita"
          },
          "type": "Folkhögskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studieresa till USA",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "37.09024",
              "lon": "-95.712891"
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Anna-Britt Agnsäter",
          "description_eng": "By Anna-Britt Agnsäter",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(anna-britt+agns%c3%a4ter)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Anna-Britt Agnsäter",
          "description_eng": "About Anna-Britt Agnsäter",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(anna-britt+agns%c3%a4ter)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lyregård, Berit, 'Dödsfall Anna-Britt Agnsäter', *Dagens Nyheter*,  2006-01-25 (Hämtad 2017-04-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.dn.se/arkiv/familj/dodsfall-anna-britt-agnsater/"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000106765547",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Folkbildning",
        "Konsumentupplysning",
        "Kokböcker"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Adult education",
        "Consumer guidance",
        "Cookbooks"
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      "lastmodified": "2022-11-25T11:10:02",
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        "khw05k2301xw9xh"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1915-06-27",
            "date": "1915-06-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Älmhults församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.552446",
              "lon": "14.137405"
            },
            "place": "Älmhult"
          }
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          "date": {
            "comment": "2006-01-13",
            "date": "2006-01-13"
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          "place": {
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            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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        "lastname": "Agnsäter",
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      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, ungdomsvårdsskola för flickor utanför Göteborg",
          "detail_eng": "Teacher, youth care centre for girls near Gothenburg",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Malgomajskolan",
          "detail_eng": "Teacher, Malgomajskolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "64.972393",
              "lon": "15.334599"
            },
            "place": "Saxnäsfjällen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konsulent",
          "detail": "Hemkonsultent, biträdande, i Göteborgs och Bohus län",
          "detail_eng": "Home economics consultant, deputy, Göteborgs och Bohus län",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": "57.70887",
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konsulent",
          "detail": "Hushållskonsulent, resande, för Kooperativa Förbundet",
          "detail_eng": "Home economics consultant, itinerant, for Kooperativa Förbundet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Chef",
          "detail": "Chef, KF Provkök",
          "detail_eng": "Manager, KF Provkök",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Johansson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.552446",
              "lon": "14.137405"
            },
            "place": "Älmhult"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.13682",
              "lon": "15.681261"
            },
            "place": "Rimforsa"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "64.972393",
              "lon": "15.334599"
            },
            "place": "Saxnäsfjällen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "37.09024",
              "lon": "-95.712891"
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2006",
            "date": "2006"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-10-02",
            "date": "1884-10-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-04-29",
            "date": "1932-04-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Elesine",
          "lastname": "Johansson, född Nilsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-04-15",
            "date": "1880-04-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-01-26",
            "date": "1964-01-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl",
          "lastname": "Johansson",
          "occupation": "Köpman, disponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-04-30",
            "date": "1918-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2008-07-31",
            "date": "2008-07-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunn Marianne",
          "lastname": "Johansson, gift Nauclér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-12-14",
            "date": "1924-12-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Karl Erik",
          "lastname": "Johansson",
          "occupation": "Byggnadsingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-02-20",
            "date": "1915-02-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1992-01-20",
            "date": "1992-01-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Agne",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "lastname": "Agnsäter",
          "occupation": "Tjänsteman, redaktör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1992",
            "date": "1992"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1946-08-16",
            "date": "1946-08-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Helena, kallad Lena,",
          "lastname": "Agnsäter",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Håkan",
          "lastname": "Agnsäter",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindgren, Barbro & Ingeson, Ulla, *Från Amerikastek till grand dessert: 40 år med Vår kokbok*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Boëthius, Monica, 'Vår kokbok fyller 50 år: ett samtal med svensk kokbokshistorias nestor och Vår kokboks skapare, Anna-Britt Agnsäter', *Gastronomisk kalender*., 2002(41), s. 131-136, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’[Nekrolog]’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 2006-01-26",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Provkökschef, kokboksförfattare, folkbildare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Test-kitchen manager, cookbook author, popular educator",
      "text": "Anna-Britt Agnsäter var ledande folkbildare inom konsumentkooperationen och en av skaparna av det svenska folkhemmets matkultur.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter föddes år 1915 i Älmhult. Efter flickskola i Ystad utbildade hon sig till lanthushållslärare på 1930-talet vid Rimforsa lanthushållsskola. Hon gjorde sitt efterföljande praktikår hos [](Elisabeth Tamm) vid Kvinnliga medborgarskolan på Fogelstad. Samtidigt hade Anna-Britt Agnsäter hushållsansvaret för godset Fogelstad. Efter sin lanthushållslärarexamen år 1939 arbetade hon på ett ungdomsvårdhem för vanartiga flickor utanför Göteborg fram till 1942. Därefter var hon lärare på Malgomajskolan i Saxnäsfjällen och från 1943 verksam som biträdande hemkonsulent i Göteborgs och Bohus län. Åren 1943–1945 reste hon på Kooperativa Förbundets uppdrag runt i Norrland och föreläste för ungdomar och husmödrar om hur man skulle ta tillvara beredskapstidens begränsade livsmedelsresurser. År 1945 gifte hon sig med Agne Agnsäter och paret fick senare två barn, Lena och Håkan.\n\nÅr 1946 utsågs Anna-Britt Agnsäter till chef för Kooperativa Förbundets (KF) Provkök i Stockholm och verkade där fram till 1980. KF Provkök växte under hennes tid i storlek och arbetade bland annat med att testa och provtillaga de råvaror som KF köpte in. Provkökets egna experiment utökades med en provsmakningspanel som också testade nya halv- och helfabrikat som blev allt vanligare. Anna-Britt Agnsäters uppfattning var att producenternas och handelns ansvar för livsmedlen sträckte sig ända fram till matbordet varför varudeklarationer var viktiga. Konsumenten gavs råd under mottot ”Väg pris mot kvalitet”. Under hela sin yrkesverksamma tid stred hon för konsumentupplysning och för att göra näringsråd enkla att förstå.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter hade år 1946 planer på att ta fram en kriskokbok som skulle hjälpa husmödrar att hantera de ransoneringar som ännu rådde efter kriget. Pappersbristen gjorde dock att den aldrig trycktes. Åren 1948–1949 reste hon på en nio månaders studieresa till USA för att undersöka nya tillagningstekniker, frysta livsmedelsprodukter men också pulvermixer och matforskning vid Iowa State University. Hon arbetade även i en amerikansk familj som hembiträde för att lära sig hur amerikanska matvaror fungerade i praktiken. Med på resan följde hennes man Agne Agnsäter som arbetade för kooperationens oljeföretag OK. Erfarenheterna från USA kom att helt förändra Anna-Britt Agnsäters syn på matlagning. Som chef för KF Provkök samarbetade hon mycket med Hemmens Forskningsinstitut (HFI) för att bland annat ta fram ergonomiska köksredskap, bättre köksstandarder och ugnssäkra köksserviser. Tillsammans med Gustavsbergs porslins- och plastfabrik och HFI utvecklade hon den fyrdelade och staplingsbara måttsatsen i plast som kom att revolutionera svensk matlagning. Den bestämde vid sidan av decilitermåttet att en matsked rymmer 15 milliliter och en tesked 5 milliliter. För de små mätningarna skapades det nya kryddmåttet (1 milliliter).\n\nMed utgångspunkt från måttsatsen och sina USA-erfarenheter publicerade Anna-Britt Agnsäter år 1951 den helt nyskapande *Vår kokbok*. Bokens receptkonstruktion blev redan på 1950-talet norm för hur kokboksrecept skulle skrivas genom att recepten inleddes med ett uppmanande imperativ (riv, skala, skölj osv.). Kokboken skiftade fokus från att tidigare ha vägt råvarorna till att nu i stället mäta deras volym. Ett recept kunde följas till sitt slut utan att man behövde bläddra upp en ny sida, och bokkapitlens uppställning var efter råvaruteman i stället för som tidigare efter den borgerliga måltidens struktur från soppa till dessert. Ett mål för kokboken var att alla skulle lyckas första gången man lagade en rätt och recepten var därför alltid provlagade flera gånger i provköket. Anna-Britt Agnsäter introducerade där också köttermometern som hon träffat på under sin resa till USA. Anna-Britt Agnsäter ansvarade sedan för utgivningen av 13 upplagor av *Vår kokbok*.\n\nGenom sin ledning av KF Provkök medverkade Anna-Britt Agnsäter till den moderna snabbköpsutvecklingen genom att ta fram innehållsdeklarationer och tillagningsanvisningar som sattes på de nya matförpackningarna. Hon samarbetade med livsmedelskemisten Tore Widhe, som också arbetade inom Kooperativa Förbundet, och tillsammans tog de fram många nya baknings- och mjölprodukter för en enkel och snabb matlagning.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter verkade för en näringsberäknad matlagning och utvecklade kostcirkeln till en matpyramid som presenterades år 1974. Den gjorde det enklare för konsumenten att förstå vad man skulle äta mest och minst av, och hon lanserade begreppet basmat. Matpyramiden ogillades starkt av Socialstyrelsen som i stället argumenterade för den mer komplicerade kostcirkeln. Matpyramiden har dock kommit att användas över hela världen.\n\nEtt viktigt folkbildningsarbete gjorde Anna-Britt Agnsäter och KF Provkök med hjälp av matartiklar i tidningen *Vi* och matstudiecirklar tillsammans med Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund (ABF). Som debattör medverkade hon i samhällsdebatten om problemen med fetma och på 1960- och 1970-talen kritiserade hon TV-kockarnas generösa användning av fett i matlagningen. Hon var medförfattare i ungefär 30 kokböcker med kapitel om näringsriktig mat men gav också ut egna böcker om bjudmat, smörgåsar och djupfrysta råvaror. År 1983 utkom *Matboken* som var en vägvisare, särskilt till unga, om hur man äter på ett näringsriktigt och enkelt sätt. På 1990-talet, då hon blev änka, flyttade hon in i kollektivhuset Färdknäppen på Södermalm i Stockholm och omarbetade då 250 recept från *Vår kokbok* så att de passade de boendes gemensamma matlagning.\n\nFör sitt arbete fick Anna-Britt Agnsäter år 1979 ta emot S:t Eriksmedaljen, 1993 H.M. Konungens medalj av 8:e storleken  och 1995 Albin Johansson-medaljen i guld för förtjänstfulla insatser inom den svenska kooperationen. År 1998 tilldelades hon Gastronomiska Akademiens Guldpenna för sitt skrivande om råvaror och matlagning.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter avled år 2006.",
      "text_eng": "Anna-Britt Agnsäter was a leading popular educator within the sphere of ‘konsumentkooperation’ (consumer cooperatives) and was one of the founders of the food culture of the Swedish ‘Folkhem’ (welfare state).\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter was born in Älmhult in 1915. After attending a girls’ school in Ystad she then trained to become a rural domestic science teacher during the 1930s at the Rimforsa rural domestic science school. She completed her subsequent practical training year with Elisabeth Tamm at the Kvinnliga medborgarskola (civic women’s school) at Fogelstad. At the same time Anna-Britt Agnsäter was responsible for housekeeping at the Fogelstad property. Having obtained her rural domestic science teaching qualification in 1939 she worked at a home for troubled young girls near Gothenburg until 1942. Then she taught at the Malgomaj school in Saxnäsfjällen. From 1943 she was an associate household consultant in Gothenburg and Bohuslän. From 1943-1945 she also travelled around Norrland at the expense of the Kooperativa Förbund giving talks to young folk and housewives about how to cope with the limited supplies during the war-austerity years. In 1945 she married Agne Agnsäter and the couple went on to have two children, Lena and Håkan.\n\nIn 1946 Anna-Britt Agnsäter was appointed head of the Kooperativa Förbundets (KF) (cooperative association)  Provkök (experimental kitchen) in Stockholm where she worked until 1980. During her time KF Provkök grew in size and began to test and experiment with the raw goods supplied by KF. The Provkök experiments expanded to include a taste-testing panel which also tested new half-prepared and fully-prepared food as these options became more common. Anna-Britt Agnsäter’s understanding was that the producers’ and traders’ responsibility for food stretched all the way to dining table, and that was why food labelling was so important. The consumer was advised according to the motto ‘Weigh up the price against the quality’. Throughout her professional period Anna-Britt Agnsäter campaigned for better consumer information and to simplify nutritional advice.\n\nIn 1946 Anna-Britt Agnsäter had plans to produce an emergency cookbook which would help housewives to cope with the rationing which continued after the war. However, the paper shortage meant that it never came to be printed. From 1948-1949 she spent nine months travelling on a study trip to the USA in order to study new cooking techniques, frozen food products, as well as dried powder mixes and food science at Iowa State University. She also worked as homehelp for an American family in order to learn how American food products actually functioned. She was accompanied by her husband as he was working for OK, the cooperative’s oil company. Anna-Britt Agnsäter’s American experiences completely changed her views on food preparation. As head of KF Provkök she often collaborated with Hemmens Forskningsinstitut (HFI) (domestic research institute) in order to deliver ergonomic kitchen tools, improved cooking standards, and oven-safe dining ware. In conjunction with Gustavsberg porcelain- and plastic-factory and HFI Anna-Britt Agnsäter developed the four-piece and stackable plastic measuring set which would revolutionise Swedish cooking. It specified that, along with the decilitre measure, a tablespoon equalled 15 millilitres and that a teaspoon was equal to 5 millilitres. A new measure called ‘kryddmått’ (similar to the ¼ teaspoon measure, 1 millilitre) was established for the smallest measure required.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter produced an entirely new *Vår kokbok*, published in 1951, which was based on the new measuring set and her American experiences. The recipe wording used in the book became the norm by the 1950s, namely that each recipe was introduced with a command word (such as grate, peel, rinse, etc). The cookbook altered the previous focus from weighing the ingredients to measuring their volume instead. A recipe could be completed without needing to turn over the page, and the chapters of the book were arranged according to ingredients instead of, as before, being ordered from soup to dessert, as according to the layout of a bourgeois meal. One of the cookbook’s goals was to make successful cooking available to everyone from the first time a recipe was tried, and thus each recipe was always tested several times in the experimental kitchen. Anna-Britt Agnsäter also introduced the meat thermometer which she had first discovered on her American travels. Anna-Britt Agnsäter was subsequently responsible for the publication of 13 editions of *Vår kokbok*.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter’s leadership of KF Provkök made her a contributor to the modern form of supermarket by including labels with ingredients list and cooking recommendations on new food products. She collaborated with Tore Widhe, a food chemist who also worked for the Kooperativa Förbund. Together they created many new baking and flour products to facilitate simple and quick food preparation.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter campaigned for nutritionally balanced cooking and further developed the circular nutritional graphic into a nutritional pyramid graphic which was first made public in 1974. This simplified and visually clarified which elements should be eaten in which quantities. She also introduced the concept of staple foods. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare was deeply unhappy with the nutritional pyramid graphic and they pushed the more complicated circular form of nutritional graphic. Nevertheless, the nutritional pyramid graphic has been adopted globally.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter and KF Provkök also provided important popular education services through the articles on food published in *Vi* magazine as well as food study groups held in conjunction with the Arbetarnas bildningsförbund (ABF) (workers’ education association). She contributed to social debates on the obesity problem and during the 1960s and 1970s she was critical of the tv-cooks’ heavy reliance on fat in their tv-programmes. She was a co-author of around 30 cookbooks which included chapters on nutritionally balanced meals, but she also published her own books on snacks, sandwiches, and frozen goods. In 1983 she published *Matboken*, which proved a useful pointer particularly to young people on how to eat both nutritious and simple food. During the 1990s, when she had become a widow, she moved into communal accommodation called Färdknäppen in Södermalm in Stockholm, and then revised 250 recipes from *Vår kokbok* in order to make them suitable for communal cooking environments.\n\nIn 1979 Anna-Britt Agnsäter was awarded the St Erik medal in recognition of her efforts, in 1993 H M Konungens medal of the 8th order, and in 1995 she was given the Albin Johansson gold medal for her meritable contributions to the Swedish cooperative. In 1998 Anna-Britt Agnsäter received Gastronomiska Akademiens Guldpenna (Gastronomical academy gold pen) for her writings on ingredients and cookery.\n\nAnna-Britt Agnsäter died in 2006.",
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          "type": "Ideell organisation",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Heggestad, Eva, *Fången och fri: 1880-talets svenska kvinnliga författare om hemmet, yrkeslivet och konstnärskapet = [Captive and free] : [Swedish women writers of the 1880's on the home, working life, and artistry]*, Avd. för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ., Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Uppsala, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Nordin Hennel, Ingeborg, *Alfhild Agrell: rebell, humorist, berättare*, Atrium, Umeå, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Alfhild Teresia Agrell (f. Martin)', urn:sbl:5599, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av O. WlESELGREN.) (Hämtad 2018-01-04)",
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          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5599"
        },
        {
          "description": "Alfhild Agrell. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2018-02-21)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=alfhild+agrell&f=True&EndastDigitaliserat=false&Fritext=&Namn=&Ort=&DatumFran=&DatumTill=&AvanceradSok=False"
        },
        {
          "description": "Alfhild Agrell-sällskapet (Hämtad 2018-02-21)",
          "type": "Litterära sällskap",
          "type_eng": "Literary society",
          "url": "http://www.alfhildagrell.se/"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, dramatiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, playwright",
      "text": "Alfhild Agrell var under 1880-talet en av tidens mest uppmärksammade dramatiker. Hennes författarskap var omfattande och hon skrev i en rad olika genrer.\n\nAlfhild Agrell föddes i Härnösand, där fadern var konditor. Familjen hade det gott ställt och trots faderns ställning som hantverkare tillhörde familjen stadens övre skikt. Vilken utbildning hon fick är oklart men av efterlämnade papper framgår att hon var mycket musikalisk. Ett halvår efter faderns död 1868 gifte hon sig med den tio år äldre köpmannen Pehr Albert Agrell. De bosatte sig i Sundsvall där hon var aktiv som skådespelare i stadens amatörsällskap. År 1876 flyttade de till Stockholm då Pehr Albert Agrell fick anställning som ombudsman i Stockholms köpmannaförening.\n\nÅr 1879 debuterade Alfhild Agrell med novellen ”Skymningsprat”, som publicerades i *Dagens Nyheter* under pseudonymen Thyra och under de följande åren utvecklade hon en enorm produktivitet. Hon deltog livligt i huvudstadens litterära och intellektuella kretsar under 1880-talet och umgicks med flera av de unga och radikala författarna som brukade räknas till Det unga Sverige. Hon blev god vän med [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469), [](Calla Curman) och [](Ellen Key) och valdes in i prestigefulla sammanslutningar som Svältringen och Nya Idun och 1885 även i Publicistklubben.\n\nStörst framgångar hade Alfhild Agrell som dramatiker. Som sådan debuterade hon med två enaktare, *Varför* och *En huvudsak*. Den förra hade premiär på Dramaten 1881, den senare på Nya teatern 1882. Sitt stora genombrott som dramatiker fick hon med problemdramat *Räddad. Interiör i tvenne akter*, som även den sattes upp på Dramaten 1882. Hon använde fortsatt pseudonymen Thyra, men då framgångarna växte avslöjades hennes identitet och uppföljarna *Dömd*, 1884, och *Ensam*, 1886, gav hon ut under eget namn.\n\n*Räddad* brukar beskrivas som påverkad av Ibsens *Et Dukkehjem*. Men för att göra pjäsen rättvisa måste man se hur Alfhild Agrell går i dialog med Ibsen och levererar en stark kritik både av hans pjäs och av samtidens kvinnosyn. I *Räddad* finns inte, som hos Ibsen, någon föredömlig kvinnofigur utan bara kvinnor som deformerats och perverterats av tidens mansförtryck och kvinnoideal. Slutet saknar också den utopiska dimension som finns i Ibsens pjäs. Alfhild Agrells kvinnliga huvudperson lämnar hemmet med sin döde son i famnen. Underförstått för att begå självmord, men slutet är öppet. Pjäsen talade rakt in i samtidsdebatten och den uppfördes på Dramaten inte mindre än 26 gånger, många fler gånger än Strindbergs 1880-talspjäser. Den framfördes dessutom i såväl Göteborg som Köpenhamn, Berlin och London.\n\nDen i kronologisk ordning efterföljande pjäsen *Småstadsliv*, 1883, har en helt annan karaktär. Den är en komedi och ett lustspel som driver kraftfullt med den småstadsmentalitet Alfhild Agrell mött i Härnösand och Sundsvall. En anledning till drift är konkurrensen mellan städerna. Även denna pjäs mötte stort bifall hos recensenterna. Den verkliga uppföljaren till *Räddad* kom året därefter med dramat *Dömd*, vilket tog tag i tidens heta debattämne, sexualmoralen och de utomäktenskapliga barnen, på ett något ovanligt sätt. I centrum står den unga guvernanten Valborg, som haft en utomäktenskaplig förbindelse och fått en son med en man som övergivit henne. Mannen dyker upp som friare till husets dotter. Valborg avslöjar då sakernas förhållande i avsikt att förhindra giftermålet. Det visar sig dock att det är hon som blir dömd och inte han.\n\n*Dömd* blev, liksom tidigare *Räddad*, en stor succé. Det blev också det följande dramat *Ensam*, 1886. Även i detta drama står den förhärskande dubbelmoralen i centrum. Den ogifta Thora har, till skillnad från de flesta ogifta mödrar i litteraturen, tagit hand om sitt barn, dotter Yngva, vilken nu nått giftasvuxen ålder. Det visar sig emellertid att den blivande makens fosterfar är den man som en gång drev Thora i fördärvet genom att inte avslöja att hans bror, som Thora var förälskad i och hade en sexuell relation med, var gift. Han kräver nu att Thora ska gifta sig med honom för att göra Yngva legitim och till en lämplig äkta maka till hans fosterson. Thora vägrar, eftersom hon inte älskar honom, och hennes dotter bryter med henne.\n\n*Räddad*, *Dömd* och *Ensam* gjorde Alfhild Agrell till en av tidens mest uppskattade dramatiker. Hon fick emellertid inte stå oemotsagd. Inom kvinnorörelsen höjdes röster som tyckte att det var omoraliskt att göra den fallna kvinnan till hjältinna. Vissa menade också att Thora gjorde fel: en mor måste alltid offra sig för barnet. Men framför allt jäste det i de manliga lägren över det, som Ola Hansson, i ett brev till Oscar Levertin, kallade ”kjolväldet” i litteraturen och på teaterscenerna. I de attacker som riktades mot tidens kvinnliga författare under de följande åren kom Alfhild Agrell i skottgluggen. Avgörande för både hennes författarskap, och den senare litteraturhistorieskrivningen blev emellertid den unga författaren [](Mathilda Malling)s (då under pseudonymen Stella Kleve) kritiska artikel ”Om efterklangs- och indignationslitteraturen i Sverige” som publicerades i tidskriften *Framåt* 1886. De följande dramer som Alfhild Agrell skrev blev aldrig iscensatta. Men sent i livet återkom hon till ett av dem, *Ingrid. En döds kärlekssaga*, som hon gav ut 1900, och lät framföra i Vetenskapsakademiens fullsatta hörsal med sig själv som recitatör.\n\nNär Alfhild Agrell reducerades till ”indignationsförfattare” under slutet av 1880-talet bytte hon genre och under pseudonymen Lovisa Petterqvist återkom hon som humorist. Med de skämtsamt satiriska dagboksromanerna *I Stockholm*, 1892, och *Hemma i Jockmock*, 1896, erövrade hon en stor publik och inhöstade mycket beröm. De blev hennes största försäljningsframgångar över huvud taget. Den förra trycktes i inte mindre än sex upplagor och den senare i fyra. I dessa böcker spelar hon ut stad och land mot varandra och anlägger, genom den medelålders, pratsamma norrlandsbon Lovisa, ett landsbygdsperspektiv som också blir kulturkritiskt. Hon passade också på att ge sina forna kritiker, Ola Hansson, August Strindberg och Carl David af Wirsén en släng liksom Dramaten och Svenska Akademien.\n\nAlfhild Agrell hade redan i sitt tidigare författarskap producerat sig i den i tiden så populära hembygds-och folklivslitteraturen. Hennes första landsbygdsskildringar *Från land och stad* utkom 1884 och 1887 gav hon ut *På landsbygden*, den förra försedd med teckningar av Victor (Vicke) Andrén och den senare av [](Elsa Beskow). Efter Lovisa Petterqvists komiska berättelser med norrlansperspektiv återgick Alfhild Agrell till den seriösa folklivsberättelsen med samlingen *Nordanfrån*, 1898, publicerad under pseudonymen Stig Stigson. Den innehöll folklivsberättelser från framför allt Ångermanland och Jämtland, några på landsmål. Den rönte stor uppskattning bland såväl recensenter som läsare och trycktes i flera utgåvor. Senare i livet kom Alfhild Agrell att också intressera sig för samernas liv och kultur och 1919 gav hon ut novellsamlingen *En Lappbok*.\n\nHennes sista stora, och enligt henne själv mest seriösa, satsning var romanen *Guds drömmare*, 1904. Den är på många sätt olik allt annat hon skrivit och har, enligt tidens recensenter, en stark intensitet och angelägenhetsgrad. I centrum står den eteriska och idealistiska Margareta. Hon drivs av sin önskan att göra skillnad för sina medmänniskor och möter i detta den unge prästen Åke. Ingen av dem har emellertid de krafter som behövs och Margareta dör slutligen i Åkes armar. Romanen blev ytterligare en framgång för Alfhild Agrell.\n\nEfter skilsmässan från sin make år 1895 kom Alfhild Agrell att föra en kringflackande tillvaro mellan framför allt Stockholm, Gnesta, Köpenhamn och Aneby i Jönköpings län. De sista åren av sitt liv levde hon i ekonomisk misär, var mycket sjuklig och drabbades av psykiska problem. Hon avled på ett sjukhem i Flen 1923 och ligger begravd i sina föräldrars grav på Säbrå kyrkogård utanför Härnösand.\n\nAlfhild Agrell intog länge en undanskymd och bortglömd plats i den moderna litteraturhistorien, men har på 2000-talet börjat återfå sin position som en av de mest intressanta, viktiga och framsynta kvinnliga författarna och dramatikerna under det sena 1800-talet och 1900-talets början. Förlaget Atrium gav ut hennes dramatiska arbeten på nytt 2012. Viktig för omvärderingen av henne har också varit [Ingeborg Nordin Hennel](0000 0000 5068 3664)s biografi *Alfhild Agrell: rebell, humorist, berättare*, 2014, även den utgiven på Atriums Förlag. År 2012 bildades Alfhild Agrell-sällskapet med bas i hennes födelsestad Härnösand.",
      "text_eng": "Alfhild Agrell was one of the most noted dramatists of the 1880s. Her written output was comprehensive and comprised a range of different genres.\n\nAlfhild Agrell was born in Härnösand, where her father worked as a pastry chef. Her family was financially comfortable and belonged to the town’s upper social echelons, despite her father’s social position as a tradesman. The exact nature of Alfhild Agrell’s education remains unclear but surviving documents reveals that she was very musical. Six months after her father’s death in 1868 she married Pehr Albert Agrell, a merchant who was ten years her senior. They settled in Sundsvall, where she became an active member of the town’s amateur drama society. When Pehr Albert Agrell was appointed commissioner to Stockholm’s merchants’ association in 1876 the couple moved to the capital. \n\nAlfhild Agrell made her debut in 1879 with a novella entitled “Skymningsprat”. It was published in *Dagens Nyheter* using the pseudonym Thyra. Alfhild Agrell was exceedingly productive in the ensuing years. During the 1880s she was an active member of Stockholm’s literary and intellectual circles and socialised with several of the young and radical authors now identified as Det unga Sverige (Young Sweden). She became good friends with [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469), [](Calla Curman) and [](Ellen Key). She was elected into prestigious groups such as Svältringen and Nya Idun, as well as Publicistklubben (publicists’ club) in 1885.\n\nAlfhild Agrell was most successful as a dramatist. She made her debut as such with two one-act pieces entitled *Varför* and *En huvudsak*. The former premiered at Dramaten (Royal Dramatic Theatre) in 1881, the latter premiered at Nya teatern in 1882. Her major breakthrough as a playwright came with the problem drama *Räddad. Interiör i tvenne akter*, which was performed at Dramaten in 1882. She was still working under the pseudonym of Thyra, but her success led to her true identity being revealed. When Alfhild Agrell released *Dömd*, 1884, and *Ensam*, 1886, she did so using her real name.\n\n*Räddad* is often rightly described as influenced by Ibsen’s *A doll’s house*. However, to do the play justice it is important to recognise how Alfhild Agrell enters into a dialogue with Ibsen and delivers a harsh critique of both his play and the contemporary view of women. Unlike Ibsen’s play, *Räddad* does not portray any exemplary female characters, but rather women who have been damaged and perverted by the male dominance and feminine ideals of the time. The play’s ending also lacks the utopian vision of Ibsen’s play. Alfhild Agrell’s female lead character leaves her home carrying her dead son. The implication is that she is about to commit suicide but the outcome is left unstated. This play spoke directly to the contemporary debate and was performed no less than 26 times at Dramaten, which was many more times than any of Strindberg’s plays in the 1880s. It was also performed in Gothenburg, Copenhagen, Berlin, and London.\n\nAlfhild Agrell’s next play *Småstadsliv*, 1883, is rather different in character. It is an entertaining comedy which powerfully mocks the small-town mentality which Alfhild Agrell had encountered in Härnösand and Sundsvall and the rivalry between the two towns. This play also found favour with the reviewers. The thematic sequel to *Räddad* was released the following year, namely *Dömd*, a somewhat unusual drama centred on a key polemical issue of the time: sexual morals and illegitimate children. The key figure of the play is Valborg, a young governess who has had an illicit relationship with a man who abandoned her when she gave birth to his son. The same man then re-appears as a suitor seeking to marry the daughter in the household Valborg works for. When Valborg reveals the man’s history in an attempt to prevent the marriage it is she who is judged and not him.\n\n*Dömd* and *Räddad* were both major successes. So too was Alfhild Agrell’s next drama *Ensam*, 1886. This play also focuses on contemporary moral double standards. Unlike most unmarried mothers in literature, the unmarried female lead character Thora has cared for her daughter, Yngva, who has just come of marriageable age. However, it becomes apparent that the foster father of Yngva’s future husband is the same man who ruined Thora’s life by not revealing that his brother, who Thora was in love with and had a relationship with, was married. Now this same man demands that Thora marry him in order to legitimise Yngva and render her a suitable partner for his foster son. Thora flatly refuses as she does not love him, which leads to Yngva breaking off contact with her.\n\nThrough *Räddad*, *Dömd*, and *Ensam* Alfhild Agrell became one of most treasured playwrights of her era. However, she also faced plenty of dissent. Opinions emerged from within the women’s movement declaring that it was immoral to turn a fallen woman into a heroine. Some also believed that Thora was wrong: a mother should always sacrifice herself for her children. However, Alfhild Agrell’s strongest critics were the men railing against the literary and dramatic “kjolväldet” (the tyranny of the skirt), as Ola Hansson put it in a letter to Oscar Levertin. Alfhild Agrell was in the firing line of many attacks directed against the female authors of her day. A critical article, published under the pseudonym Stella Kleve but written by a young author called [](Mathilda Malling), became decisive for both Alfhild Agrell’s writing and for future literary historiography. The article was entitled “Om efterklangs- och indignationslitteraturen i Sverige” and was published in the journal *Framåt* in 1886. No further plays written by Alfhild Agrell were ever staged. However, later on in her life she returned to one of them called *Ingrid. En döds kärlekssaga*, which she published in 1900. She recited it herself to a full audience in the hall at Vetenskapsakademien (Academy of Sciences).\n\nBy the late 1880s Alfhild Agrell had been reduced to an “indignationsförfattare” (author of outrage). She changed genres and began to publish comedic pieces using the pseudonym Lovisa Petterqvist. She gained a sizable readership and garnered a lot of praise for her teasingly satirical diary novels *I Stockholm*, 1892, and *Hemma i Jockmock*, 1896. These became her most financially profitable works. The former was printed in no less than six editions, while the latter was released in four editions. In these books Alfhild Agrell plays the urban against the rural and constructs a rural perspective, which is also critical of culture, through the middle-aged, talkative Lovisa from Norrland. Alfhild Agrell also saw to it that her former critics, such as Ola Hansson, August Strindberg, and Carl David Af Wirsén were at the receiving end, along with Dramaten and Svenska Akademien.\n\nAlfhild Agrell had already previously explored the highly popular format of literature depicting rural and everyday life. Her first depiction of rural life *Från land och stad* was released in 1884, followed in 1887 by *På landsbygden*. The former included drawings by Victor (Vicke) Andrén and the latter was illustrated by [](Elsa Beskow). Alfhild Agrell’s collection entitled *Nordanfrån*, released in 1898 under the pseudonym of Stig Stigson, marked a return to serious depictions of everyday life with a Norrland focus. The collection, comprising everyday life stories mainly from Ångermanland and Jämtland, including some in dialect, generated major positive reviews from critics and readers alike and was printed in several editions. Later on Alfhild Agrell also developed an interest in the Sami, both for their lifestyle and culture, and in 1919 she published a collection of novellas entitled *En Lappbok*.\n\nAlfhild Agrell’s final major and, according to her, most serious literary effort was the novel *Guds drömmare*, 1904. It is in many ways completely unlike anything else she had written and, as noted by the reviewers of the day, conveys an intensity and strong degree of urgency. The ethereal and idealistic figure Margareta is the central character. She is driven by her desire to make a difference to her fellow humans and meets Åke, a young priest on her journey. However, neither of them have the strength that is required of them and, in the end, Margareta dies in Åke’s arms. This novel was yet another success for Alfhild Agrell.\n\nAfter divorcing her husband in 1895 Alfhild Agrell led a nomadic lifestyle mainly between Stockholm, Gnesta, Copenhagen, and Aneby in Jönköping county. The final years of her life saw her endure financial hardship, very poor health and psychological problems. She died at a nursing home in Flen in 1923. She is buried in her parents’ grave at the cemetery in Säbrå,  near Härnösand.\n\nAlfhild Agrell has long been overlooked and forgotten within modern literary historiography. However, during the twenty-first century she has begun to regain her position as one of the most interesting, important, and far-sighted female authors and playwrights of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Atrium publishing house republished her plays in 2012. [Ingeborg Nordin Hennel](0000 0000 5068 3664)’s biography *Alfhild Agrell: rebell, humorist, berättare*, published by Atrium in 2014, has also been a significant factor in the re-evaluation of her work. The Alfhild Agrell society was established in 2012, based in her birth town Härnösand.",
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            "comment": "1690",
            "date": "1690"
          },
          "firstname": "Katarina",
          "lastname": "Israelsdotter Grubb",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1654",
            "date": "1654"
          },
          "firstname": "Israel",
          "lastname": "Grubb",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1669",
            "date": "1669"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "Grubb",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1639",
            "date": "1639"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1702",
            "date": "1702"
          },
          "firstname": "Samuel",
          "lastname": "Månsson Agriconius, adlad Åkerhielm",
          "occupation": "Statssekreterare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1636",
            "date": "1636"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1698?"
          },
          "firstname": "Kristina",
          "lastname": "Månsdotter Agriconia",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Benjamin",
          "lastname": "Månsson Agriconius",
          "occupation": "[dog som spädbarn]",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1647",
            "date": "1647"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1672",
            "date": "1672"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Sofia",
          "lastname": "Månsdotter Agriconia",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1650",
            "date": "1650"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Sara",
          "lastname": "Månsdotter Agriconia",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Åkerhielm, Samuel & Åkerhielm, Anna Agriconia, *Anna Åkerhielm: (Anna Agriconia)*, Stockholm, 1970",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Historiska Bilder. LXX. Run-lejonets i Venedig minnen om nordbor. III.', *Svenska Familj-Journalen*, 1871:10:3, s.65-67, 1871 (Hämtad 2018-02-06)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/famijour/1871/0005.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Runlejonet från Pireus",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://historiska.se/upptack-historien/artikel/runlejonet-fran-pireus/"
        },
        {
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Hovdam, brevskrivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lady-in-waiting, letter writer",
      "text": "Anna Agriconia var hovdam och brevskrivare. Hon bevittnade och skrev om Atens belägring och Parthenons förstörelse, och hon adlades till namnet Åkerhielm 1691.\n\nAnna Agriconia var dotter till prästen Magnus Jonae Agriconius i hans giftermål med Sofia Kempe. Hustrun hade tidigare varit gift med en kyrkans man och medförde tre barn i boet. Tillsammans med Magnus Jonae fick hon ytterligare fyra till fem barn. I familjen skattades bildning högt och åtminstone Anna Agriconia och brodern Samuel Månsson ihågkoms bland annat för att samtiden ansåg dem lärda och kunniga. \n\nRikskanslern Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie engagerade Samuel Månsson som sekreterare, men tjänstgöringen där blev kort. I stället fick han andra uppdrag. Det antas att det var genom Samuel som Anna Agriconia i 25-årsåldern anlitades som hovjungfru hos rikskanslerns maka, furstinnan Maria Euphrosine. Hon uppskattades mycket och rekommendationerna förde henne vidare till tjänst som hovjungfru hos fältmarskalken Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck och hans maka Catharina Charlotta De la Gardie (tillika rikskanslerns dotter). Fältmarskalken anlitades av republiken Venedig i kriget mot turkarna som pågick 1684–1698. Familjen inklusive tjänste- och hovfolk var medföljande. Anna Agriconia ingick bland dem.\n\nÅren i fält förde Anna Agriconia dagbok och skrev brev, framför allt till sin bror Samuel. Venedigs krig och i någon mån de sociala förhållandena på fartygen, där grevinnan och tjänstefolket periodvis bodde, kan följas på nära håll i hennes skrifter. Genom Anna Agriconias anteckningar ges även besked om krigsutvecklingen. Möjligen är det utdrag ur hennes anteckningar och brev som publicerades som krigsnotiser i *Ordinari Post-Tijdender*. Brodern Samuel var vid denna tid nämligen överpostdirektör för postväsendet under vilken tidningen sorterade och det var till honom de flesta breven skrevs. Kanske Anna Agriconia delvis fungerade som en krigskorrespondent?\n\nUtöver att Anna Agriconias vederhäftiga iakttagelser ger en unik inblick i krigets utveckling på farvattnen i sydöstra Medelhavet framgår hur tiden även ägnades åt bildning och till att besöka historiska sevärdheter. Hennes beskrivning av Parthenons förstörelse 1687, vilken hon var ögonvittne till, är den äldsta som bevarats intill vår tid. I det som fanns kvar av det förstörda templet fann Anna Agriconia en arabisk handskrift som hon senare skänkte till Uppsala universitetsbibliotek. År 1691 fick Anna Agriconia som en av få kvinnor motta adelskap. Hon fick då broderns ättenamn, Åkerhielm.\n\nKriget mot turkarna blev fältmarskalk Königsmarcks sista. Han dog 1688. Grevinnan Catharina Charlotta De la Gardie och Anna Agriconia framlevde sina resterande dagar på slottet i Stade. Där avled Catharina Charlotta 1697 och året därpå dog Anna Agriconia.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Agriconia was a lady-in-waiting and a letter writer. She witnessed and wrote about the siege of Athens and the destruction of the Parthenon. She was ennobled under the name Åkerhielm in 1691.\n\nAnna Agriconia was the daughter of Magnus Jonae Agriconius, a priest who had married Sofia Kempe. Sofia had previously been married to another clergyman and brought her three children into her second marriage. Sofia and Magnus went on to have at least four and possibly five children together. Education was highly prized within the family and certainly Anna Agriconia and her brother Samuel are remembered because they were viewed as learned and knowledgeable by their contemporaries.\n\nThe chancellor Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie employed Anna Agriconia’s brother Samuel Månsson as his secretary but he was soon moved into a different post. It is believed that it was through Samuel that Anna Agriconia, aged 25, was appointed lady-in-waiting to the chancellor’s wife, Princess Maria Euphrosine. Anna Agriconia was highly treasured in this post and she was recommended to field marshal Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck and his wife [](Catharina Charlotta De la Gardie) (also the daughter of the chancellor) as a lady-in-waiting. The field marshal was in Venetian service during that republic’s war with the Turks in the period of 1684-1698. The whole family, including their servants, accompanied the field marshal, and this meant that Anna Agriconia also joined them.\n\nAnna Agriconia kept a diary and wrote letters, mainly addressed to her brother Samuel, when she was away during those military campaigns. What she wrote provides a direct view into the Venetian wars and also into the social conditions on board the ships which from time to time served as housing for the countess and her servants. Anna Agriconia’s notes also describe the military events of the wars. It is possible that extracts from her notes and letters were printed as military accounts in *Ordinari Post Tijdender*. Her brother Samuel, the recipient of most of her letters, was at the time serving as chief director of the postal services which published the newssheet. Thus, Anna Agriconia possibly served as an early war correspondent.\n\nNot only did Anna Agriconia’s reliable observations provide unique insight into military developments on the southwestern Mediterranean seas, but they also revealed that there was time for learning and to visit historical sites. Anna Agriconia’s description of the destruction of the Parthenon in 1687, which she personally witnessed, is the oldest surviving account that we have of that event. While making her way through the ruins of the former temple Anna Agriconia discovered an Arabic manuscript, which she later donated to Uppsala University Library. In 1691 she was one of few women to be ennobled. She was given her brother’s ennoblement name, Åkerhielm.\n\nThe war against the Turks was field marshal Königsmarck’s last campaign. He died in 1688. Countess Catharina Charlotta De la Gardie and Anna Agriconia carried on living at the family castle in Stade, where the countess died in 1697. Anna Agriconia died the next year.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnaAgriconia",
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        "Stade, Tyskland|53.5998|9.475439999999935",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lisbeth",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "orcid": "0000-0003-2180-7201"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "date": "1863"
          },
          "description": "Litteris et Artibus",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "description": "Illis quorum",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "date": "1849"
          },
          "institution": "Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "place": {
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            },
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          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
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          "from": {
            "date": "1851"
          },
          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
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      ],
      "externallink": [
        {
          "description": "Medaljer av Lea Ahlborn",
          "url": "http://www.aktiesamlaren-bjb.se/numismatik/medaljer/medaljer/Akademi.htm"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Lea Ahlborn. Europeana collections (Hämtad 2019-12-30)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://www.europeana.eu/portal/sv/explore/people/17055-lea-ahlborn.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Lea Ahlborn",
          "description_eng": "By Lea Ahlborn",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/2533492"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Lea Ahlborn",
          "description_eng": "About Lea Ahlborn",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a%28lea+ahlborn%29&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "Första kvinnan",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Statstjänstemän",
        "1800-talet"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "First woman",
        "Pioneers",
        "Artists",
        "Civil servants",
        "19th century"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T13:49:31",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 71,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1826-02-18",
            "date": "1826-02-18"
          },
          "place": {
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1897-11-13",
            "date": "1897-11-13"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Lea/ Fredrika",
        "lastname": "Ahlborn",
        "sortname": "Ahlborn"
      },
      "num_children": 7,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Gravör",
          "detail": "Myntgravör, Kungliga Myntverket",
          "detail_eng": "Coin engraver, Kungliga Myntverket",
          "from": {
            "date": "1855"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "name": "Kungliga akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedersledamot",
          "from": {
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "name": "Kejserliga konstakademien, Sankt Petersburg",
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lundgren",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1826",
            "date": "1826"
          },
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          }
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Lea Ahlborn. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons",
          "description_eng": "Lea Ahlborn. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
          "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lea_Frederika_Ahlborn_-_schwedische_Graveurin.jpg/200px-Lea_Frederika_Ahlborn_-_schwedische_Graveurin.jpg",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/auto_upload/2017-01-26_110335_2.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1796"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "firstname": "Rebecka Johanna",
          "lastname": "Salmson",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1789"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1853"
          },
          "firstname": "Ludvig",
          "lastname": "Lundgren",
          "occupation": "Medaljgravör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1819"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Henrik",
          "from": {
            "date": "1854"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "occupation": "Bildhuggare",
          "to": {
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gerda",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sigrid",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl-Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1856"
          },
          "death": {
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "firstname": "Elin Marta Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Knut Ernst",
          "lastname": "Ahlborn",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Lea F Ahlborn (f. Lundgren)*, urn:sbl:5611, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Gerda Boéthius.) (Hämtad 2016-10-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5611"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg, P. G. & Stålberg, Wilhelmina (red.), *Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Elektronisk resurs]*, P. G. Berg, Stockholm, 1864-1866",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare*, Signum, Lund, 1990",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olsén, Brita, *Lea Ahlborn: en svensk medaljkonstnär under 1800-talet*, Svenska bokförlaget/Bonnier, Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Stockholm, 1962",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kaldén, Elisabeth, *Lea Ahlborn: kunglig mynt- och medaljgravör*, Kungl. Myntkabinettet, Stockholm, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Medaljgravör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Medal engraver",
      "text": "Lea Ahlborn var medaljgravör och den första kvinnan i statlig tjänst.\n\nLea Ahlborns far var myntgravören Ludvig Lundgren. Hennes mor var konstnär. Under sin uppväxt visade hon starka konstnärliga intressen och skolades av sina föräldrar. År 1849 fick hon dispens att som extraelev följa undervisningen vid Konstakademien i Stockholm trots att hon var kvinna. Hennes lärare Carl Gustaf Qvarnström uppmuntrade henne och efter avslutade studier reste hon tillsammans med honom och sin bror Pehr Henrik till Paris för att fortsätta sina studier.  I Paris arbetade hon hos bildhuggaren Toussaint, myntgravören Barre och hos sin morbror, medaljgravören Johan Salmson.\n\nÅr 1855 avled hennes far och strax därefter även hennes bror. Då planen varit att denne skulle efterträda fadern som gravör vid Kungliga Myntverket och det inte fanns någon annan manlig pretendent fick Lea Ahlborn tjänsten.  Hon blev därmed den första kvinnan i svensk statstjänst. Under fyra årtionden utformade hon Sveriges alla mynt och skapade mer än fyrahundra minnes- och belöningsmedaljer. \n\nLea Ahlborn höll sig uppdaterad i sitt yrke och bidrog till att höja och utveckla medaljkonsten. Hon graverade stämplarna till alla svenska mynt som präglades under 1800-talets andra hälft och präglade de flesta medaljer som utfördes i Sverige under samma tid, närmare 400 stycken. Hon utförde också arbete åt andra svenska institutioner som Svenska Akademien, Vetenskapsakademien och Kungliga Sällskapet Pro Patria. Därutöver graverade hon stämplarna till de norska guldmynten och gjorde den första uppsättningen finska mynt efter kejsar Alexander II:s beslut 1860 att marken skulle vara Finlands myntenhet. \n\nNämnas kan också de medaljer hon gjorde till kungaparets silverbröllop 1873 och till Uppsala universitets 400-årsjubileum 1877. Till hennes utländska uppdrag hörde att 1883 göra medaljer till 100-årsjubileet av amerikanska frihetskrigets slut och till 400-hundraårsjubileet av Columbus upptäckt av Amerika 1892. Hennes sista arbete var ett självporträtt 1901.\n\nLea Ahlborn valdes in som ledamot i Konstakademien samma år som hon erhöll sin tjänst på Kungliga Myntverket. 1881 blev hon ledamot av den Kungliga akademien för de fria konsterna. Från 1878 var hon hedersledamot av Kejserliga konstakademien i Sankt Petersburg. Hon erhöll flera utmärkelser, exempelvis Litteris et Artibus 1863 och Illis quorum 1883. \n\nLea Ahlborn var den första statsanställda kvinnan i Sverige och när hon närmade sig pensionsåldern uppstod en intensiv diskussion om huruvida hon, liksom de statsanställda männen, skulle få behålla två tredjedelar av lönen. Diskussionerna om hennes pension gick heta vid Myntdirektionen, Statskontoret, Statsutskottet och i riksdagens kamrar. Den blev emellertid aldrig avgjord eftersom Lea Ahlborn arbetade intill sin död 1897, då hon drabbades av en hjärnblödning.",
      "text_eng": "Lea Ahlborn was a medal engraver and the first woman to be appointed to a civil service job in Sweden.\n\nLea Ahlborn’s father was Ludvig Lundgren, an engraver for the mint. Her mother was an artist. During her childhood Lea Ahlborn displayed a serious interest in art and received instruction from her parents. In 1849 she was given special dispensation, because she was a woman, to attend formal teaching as an extraordinary student at Konstakademien (the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts) in Stockholm. Her teacher at the academy was Carl Gustaf Qvarnström. He encouraged her in her efforts, and, once she had completed her studies, Lea Ahlborn and her brother Pehr Henrik accompanied Qvarnström to Paris, where she continued her learning. In Paris she worked for the sculptor Toussaint, the coin engraver Barre, and the medal engraver Johan Salmson, who was also her maternal uncle.\n\nLea Ahlborn’s father died in 1855 and her brother passed away shortly thereafter. It had originally been intended that her brother would succeed her father as an engraver for Kungliga Myntverket (the royal mint). Given that no other male successor was present Lea Ahlborn got the job. She thereby became the first woman to be appointed to a position in the Swedish civil service. For the next four decades she was responsible for creating all Swedish coins, during which time she also designed more than four hundred commemorative and merit medals.\n \nLea Ahlborn kept herself abreast of developments in her profession and contributed to the development and improvement of Swedish medal engraving. She created the stamps for every Swedish coin produced during the second half of the 1800s as well as the majority of medals —around four hundred — which were made in the country during that same time period. She also undertook work on behalf of other Swedish institutions such as Svenska Akademien (the Swedish Academy), Vetenskapsakademien (the Academy of Sciences), and Kungliga Sällskapet Pro Patria (Pro Patria royal society). She further engraved the stamps for Norway’s gold coins and produced the first run of Finnish coins, following Emperor Alexander II’s 1860 decree that the markka would be the Finnish unit of currency.\n \nOf note are also the medals she created to commemorate the Swedish royal couple’s silver wedding anniversary in 1873 as well as the 400th anniversary of the founding of Uppsala university in 1877. Her overseas commissions included crafting medals to mark the 100th anniversary of the ending of the American Revolutionary War in 1883 as well as the 400th anniversary of Columbus’ ‘discovery’ of America in 1892. Her final piece of work was a self-portrait which she made in 1901.\n\nLea Ahlborn was elected into Konstakademien as a member in the same year that she was appointed to her position at Kungliga Myntverket. She became a member of Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts) in 1881. She became an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Arts in St Petersburg in 1878. She also received several medals herself, such as the Litteris et Artibus in 1863 and the Illis quorum in 1883. \n\nDue to her being the first woman to gain a civil service position in Sweden, an intense discussion arose around the time of her nearing the pension age, concerning whether she should be entitled to continue to receive two-thirds of her salary, a benefit awarded to her male counterparts. The discussions regarding her pension involved Myntdirektionen (the executive at the mint), Statskontoret (an authority connected to the state treasury) and Statsutskottet (a parliamentary committee), and was also brought up in parliament. The issue was never resolved, as Lea Ahlborn was still working when she died of a brain haemorrhage in 1897.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "LeaAhlborn",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "46739701"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Björkman"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hedvig Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Nordenflycht",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Brödernas informator",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.482778,
              "lon": 15.517222
            },
            "place": "Vreta kloster"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Catharina Ahlgren",
          "description_eng": "By Catharina Ahlgren",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(catharina+ahlgren)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Catharina Ahlgren",
          "description_eng": "About Catharina Ahlgren",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(catharina+ahlgren)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska fruntimmerstidskrifter från 1700-talet [Digitaliserade av KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek] (Hämtad 2017-06-28)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/17/"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000385410465",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "Journalister",
        "Översättare",
        "Redaktörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "Journalists",
        "Translators"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-07T10:22:07",
      "libris_uri": [
        "jgvxxg522hsh78l"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1734",
            "date": "1734"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Ljungs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.482778,
              "lon": 15.517222
            },
            "place": "Vreta kloster"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "Ca 1810"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Catharina/",
        "lastname": "Ahlgren",
        "sortname": "Ahlgren"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Hovdam",
          "detail": "Kammarfru, Lovisa Ulrikas hov",
          "detail_eng": "Lady-in-waiting, court of Lovisa Ulrika",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1764(?)"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Redaktör",
          "detail": "Redaktör, utgivare, skribent och översättare, egen tidskrift",
          "detail_eng": "Editor, publisher, writer and translator, of her own journal",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1772",
            "date": "1772"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1773",
            "date": "1773"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Översättare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1772",
            "date": "1772"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "ca 1810"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Ekerman",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Adelaide",
          "type": "Pseudonym",
          "type_eng": "Pseudonym"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1734",
            "date": "1734"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.482778,
              "lon": 15.517222
            },
            "place": "Vreta kloster"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1756",
            "date": "1756"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "60.451813",
              "lon": "22.26663"
            },
            "place": "Åbo, Finland"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1796",
            "date": "1796"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.410807",
              "lon": "15.621373"
            },
            "place": "Linköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1712",
            "date": "1712"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1763",
            "date": "1763"
          },
          "firstname": "Laurentia Juliana",
          "lastname": "Ljungfelt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1702",
            "date": "1702"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1751",
            "date": "1751"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "occupation": "Häradshövding i Gullbergs härad",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1735",
            "date": "1735"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1737",
            "date": "1737"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredric",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1744",
            "date": "1744"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1757",
            "date": "1757"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1746",
            "date": "1746"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1748",
            "date": "1748"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1750",
            "date": "1750"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ulrica",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1728",
            "date": "1728"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1785",
            "date": "1785"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Edvard",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1756",
            "date": "1756"
          },
          "lastname": "Ekerman",
          "occupation": "Kornett, ryttmästare, Livdrabantkåren",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1768-04-19",
            "date": "1768-04-19"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1791",
            "date": "1791"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1773",
            "date": "1773"
          },
          "lastname": "Bark",
          "occupation": "Boktryckargesäll, konstapel vid örlogsflottan",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1791",
            "date": "1791"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1758",
            "date": "1758"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1790",
            "date": "1790"
          },
          "firstname": "Beata Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Ekerman",
          "occupation": "Skådespelerska, sångerska, kurtisan, spion(?)",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1765",
            "date": "1765"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1800",
            "date": "1800"
          },
          "firstname": "Catharina Juliana, kallad Julie,",
          "lastname": "Ekerman, gift Björkegren",
          "occupation": "Kurtisan, spion(?)",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1762",
            "date": "1762"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Ekerman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1768",
            "date": "1768"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Christopher",
          "lastname": "Ekerman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1774-03-06",
            "date": "1774-03-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1774-07-06",
            "date": "1774-07-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Ulrica Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Bark",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Berger, Margareta, *Äntligen ord från qwinnohopen!: At last, words also from the women : om kvinnopress under 1700-talet*, Akademilitt., Stockholm, 1984",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Björkman, Margareta, 'Catharina Ahlgren, 1734–1810', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2017-06-28)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.oversattarlexikon.se/artiklar/Catharina_Ahlgren"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, 'Min kiära Syster och oförlikneliga Wän!.', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2017-06-28)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/?s=catharina+ahlgren"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, 'Min kiära Syster och oförlikneliga Wän!.', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 1 / redaktion: Eva Hættner Aurelius, Anne-Marie Mai.*, S. 427-439, 1993 [Litteraturbanken] (Hämtad 2017-06-28)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/MollerJensenE/titlar/NordiskKvinnolitteraturhistoria1/sida/427/etext"
        },
        {
          "description": "Oscarsson, Ingemar, ’Med tryckfrihet som tidig tradition’, *Den svenska pressens historia, d.1, I begynnelsen (tiden före 1810)*, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Redaktör, journalist, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Editor, journalist, translator",
      "text": "Catharina Ahlgren var redaktör för *Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer* och verksam som journalist och översättare. Hon var en kvinnlig pionjär i 1700-talets tidskriftsbransch. \n\nCatharina Ahlgren föddes år 1734 i Ljungs församling i Östergötland, som äldsta barn till häradshövdingen Anders Ahlgren och hans maka Laurentia Juliana Ljungfelt. Familjen var bosatt på Sjöbacka säteri vid Motala ström. Även om fadern verkar ha varit en driftig man fick han eftermälet ”quick men oordentlig i sin lefnad”, vilket tyder på att han knappast var något moraliskt föredöme. När han dog 1751 efterlämnade han sin maka med sju barn. \n\nEn flicka som växte upp i en ståndsfamilj vid denna tid fick lära sig skriva på svenska och franska och kanske också att spela något instrument. Catharina Ahlgren, som har beskrivit sig själv som en vetgirig person, kunde förmodligen även dra nytta av den undervisning som brödernas informator förmedlade. I sin tidskrift skrev hon senare: "Mit nöje för at läsa har i hela min lefnad warit så stort, at jag i min ungdom skref […] wersar öfwer mina böcker".\n\nÅr 1756 ingick Catharina Ahlgren äktenskap med Bengt Edvard Ekerman, dåvarande kornett vid Livdrabantkåren. Dottern Beata Charlotta föddes 1758 och sju år senare föddes en andra dotter, Catharina Juliana. Catharina Ahlgren fick ytterligare två barn, sonen Bengt Gustaf och sonen Christopher. Skvallret pekade ut vice amiralen och chefen för galärflottan Christopher Falkengréen som den yngste sonens far. Detta till trots bar sonen hela sitt liv familjenamnet Ekerman och han upptogs som arvinge vid sina två systrars frånfällen. \n\nDen 19 april 1768 utfärdade Stockholms domkapitel skiljobrev för makarna Ekerman. Det var motiverat av mannens othrohet. Catharina Ahlgren bosatte sig därefter med sina barn på Söder. Efter skilsmässan befann hon sig ”uti fattigt tillstånd”. Tre år senare gifte hon om sig med boktryckargesällen Anders Bark. Redan efter två år var makarna dock bosatta på skilda adresser. Catharina Ahlgren flyttade denna gång till Gamla stan. Hennes ekonomiska situation blev med tiden allt mer ansträngd. En period under 1780-talet underhölls hon av dottern Catharina Juliana som i sin tur underhölls av överståthållare Carl Sparre. Att Catharina Ahlgrens ekonomiska situation inte förbättrades med tiden vittnar ett brev från Catharina Juliana till Carl Sparre 1790 om. Catharina Juliana hade då hunnit gifta sig med sekreteraren Nils Björkegren, vilken genom Sparres försorg utnämndes till borgmästare i Linköping. I brevet oroar sig dottern över såväl moderns ekonomiska situation som hennes psykiska hälsa, vilken påverkades negativt när den äldsta dottern Charlotte dog samma år. \n\nÅr 1796 flyttade Catharina Ahlgren till Linköping, där hon i slutet av 1790-talet ingick i borgmästarparets hushåll. När Catharina Juliana dog år 1800 ärvde Catharina och sonen Christopher i enlighet med testamentet avkastningen på försäljningen av dotterns Linköpingsgård. \n\nCatharina Ahlgren debuterade i tryck med en tillfällesdikt riktad till drottning [Lovisa Ulrika](0000 0001 0963 2926) på dennas 44-årsdag den 24 juli 1764. Dikten är författad på franska. Den hade tryckts i Stockholm hos boktryckaren Hesselberg. I två åttaradiga strofer lovsjungs drottningen i högstämda ordalag. Förmodligen kan denna uppvaktning sättas i samband med Catharina Ahlgrens gästspel som kammarfru vid drottningens hov. Utan att ange någon tidpunkt för denna episod nämner Henric Braad i *Ostrogothia literaria* att Catharina Ahlgren efter bara några veckor skulle ha blivit bortkörd från hovet på grund av intriger. \n\nDet var dock inte förrän efter skilsmässan från Bengt Edvard Ekerman som Catharina Ahlgren påbörjade vad man kan kalla en yrkeskarriär. År 1772 kom det första numret av den tidskrift som hennes namn har kommit att bli förknippat med, *Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer*. Tidskriften är tidstypisk så till vida att 1770-talet var det decennium då de så kallade kvinnotidskrifterna fick ett genombrott i den litterära offentligheten. *Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer* intar en självklar plats bland dessa publikationer. Men redaktören Adelaide – Catharina Ahlgrens pen-name – kungör att hon vill nå både manliga och kvinnliga läsare. Denna vidgade målgrupp bjöds också läsning som ingalunda var begränsad till en kvinnlig sfär. Här diskuterades även teman som hörde hemma i den samtida moraliska diskursen och i rojalistiska sammanhang. Därför kan det vara mer rättvisande att ge den genrebeteckningen essätidskrift.\n\n*Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer* utgavs från oktober 1772 till maj 1773. Tidskriften utkom tisdag, torsdag och lördag varje vecka. Efter de första 24 numren bytte tidskriften namn till *Bref-wäxling emellan Adelaide och någre wittre snillen i omväxlande ämnen*. Efter ytterligare 24 nummer fick den ett nytt namn igen, *Fortsättning af Adelaides Brefwäxling angående Fru Windhams Historia*. Fru Windhams historia var en följetong som redaktören själv översatte. Utöver följetongsformen var den vanligaste texttypen i tidskriften, precis som titeln låter antyda, brevformen. Bland alla de mer eller mindre fiktiva brev som publiceras finns ett som intar en särställning. Avsändare är "Uranie", [](Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht). Brevet är daterat Lugnet den 8 mars 1763. Här lovsjungs vänskapen mellan Nordenflycht och adressaten. Detta är av allt att döma ett autentiskt brev, som skänker en speciell pondus åt redaktören Adelaides egna utläggningar om vänskap, det tema som ägnas störst utrymme. I vänskap är Adelaide romantisk och passionerad, men när hon skriver om kärlek mellan kvinna och man anlägger hon ett förnuftsmässigt perspektiv. \n\nI två nummer publicerar Adelaide ett brev till sin dotter. Brevet är en veritabel dygdespegel. Här framträder en moder som ängslas för den dotter som vid 14 års ålder är på väg ut i världen. Grunden är gudsfruktan; ett pedagogiskt grepp blir att jämföra förhållandet till ”Guds Höga Wäsen” med den naturbundna kärleken mellan föräldrar och barn. Eftersom den unga älskar sin mor som dock endast gjort sitt barn förhållandevis små välgärningar, hur mycket mera måste hon då inte älska ”den Aldrahögste”, som gett henne en odödlig själ. Dottern tillhålls ”anständiga, nyttiga och sedolärande böckers läsande, [och att] söka upodla sit förstånd”. I denna bemärkelse bär brevet likheter med den kvinnliga rådgivningslitteratur som var en vanligt förekommande litterär genre vid denna tidpunkt. Med sin tidskrift har Catharina Ahlgren skapat ett dokument som låter oss blicka in i en enskild kvinnas tankevärld. Vi kan följa hur hon, utan formell utbildning, speglar och sätter sin egen prägel på frågor som ägde sin aktualitet i det svenska 1700-talet. \n\nCatharina Ahlgren verkade också som översättare. Hennes första kända översättning var *Abrahams bepröfwelse*, ett bibelepos av Christoph Martin Wieland, som utkom 1772 på Kongl. Tryckeriet, drivet av Henric Fougt. Det var översatt från franskan. Publiceringen av hennes översättning av le chevalier de Mouhys *La paysanne parvenue*, på svenska kallad *Den lyckliga bondflickan* påbörjades 1796, men fullbordades först 1811.\n\nCatharina Ahlgren var livet igenom ett skrivande fruntimmer, en energisk språkbrukare, en kvinnlig förkunnare, rentav en folkbildare. Hon var ett unikum men betraktades med misstänksamhet. I Jonas Apelblads handskrivna anonymlexikon *Anonymi et pseudonymi Sveciæ* kallas hon ”Femina potens sed ingenio plena”. Ett kraftfullt fruntimmer men full av begåvning. \n\nDet är inte helt klarlagt när Catharina Ahlgren avled, men spåren efter henne i källorna upphör redan 1800. I bouppteckningen efter Catharina Juliana (20 december 1800) antecknades att modern varit närvarande vid förrättningen. Därefter påminns man om henne på försättsbladen till delarna av *Den lyckliga bondflickan*. Där läses att Catharina Ahlgren översatt. Den sista delen, nummer 12, kom 1811. Men om Catharina Ahlgren levde då är osäkert.",
      "text_eng": "Catharina Ahlgren was the editor of the journal *Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer* and was also active as a journalist and translator. She was a female pioneer in the publishing industry of the eighteenth century.\n\nCatharina Ahlgren was born in 1734 in Ljung parish in Östergötland. She was the oldest child of the chief district judge Anders Ahlgren and his wife Laurentia Juliana Ljungfelt. The family resided at Sjöbacka manor near Motala river. Although her father appears to have been a driven man his posthumous reputation was that of a man who had been living an enterprising but improper life, implying that he was hardly a role model of morality. He was survived by his wife and seven children when he died in 1751.\n\nAt the time it was the norm for girls of a certain social standing to learn to write Swedish and French, and possibly to learn to play an instrument. Catharina Ahlgren, who described herself as keen for knowledge, presumably also took advantage of the teaching offered by her brothers’ tutor. She later wrote in her journal: “Throughout my life I have taken great pleasure in reading so that even as a child I used to write verses over my books.”\n\nIn 1756 Catharina Ahlgren married Bengt Edvard Ekerman, who was then a low-ranking officer in the Livdrabantkår. Their daughter Beata Charlotta was born in 1758 and seven years later their second daughter, Catharina Juliana, also known as Catharina Julie, was born. Two more boys, Bengt Gustaf and Christopher, completed the family. Rumour had it that vice admiral and head of the Stockholm fleet Christopher Falkengréen was the father of the young Christopher. Despite this, Christopher was known throughout his life as an Ekerman and upon the death of his sisters he received his due inheritance.\n\nOn 19 April 1768 the Stockholm consistory court issued the Ekermans a letter of divorce. Catharina Ahlgren and her children then moved to Söder in Stockholm. The divorce left her in a dire economic situation. Three years later she married Anders Bark, a book printer’s apprentice. However, barely two years later the couple were registered as living at two separate addresses. Catharina Ahlgren had now moved to Gamla stan. Her financial problems continued to worsen. For a while, during the 1780s, she was financially supported by her daughter Catharina Julie, who in turn was being supported by Governor-General Carl Sparre. A letter from Catharina Julie to Carl Sparre from 1790 reveals that her mother’s financial situation remained precarious. By this time Catharina Julie was married to Secretary Nils Björkegren, whom Sparre saw fit to see appointed as town mayor of Linköping. In her letter to Sparre Catharina Julie expresses worries not just regarding her mother’s financial situation but also for her psychological state. Her mother’s mental health had been severely impacted by the death of her first daughter, Charlotta, that same year.\n\nDespite her poverty and ill health Catharina Ahlgren lived on. In 1796 she moved to Linköping, where, a few years later, she became a member of her surviving daughter’s household. In 1800 Catharina Juliana died and Catharina Ahlgren and her son Christopher inherited the proceeds of the sale of the deceased’s Linköping farm, in accordance with her will.\n\nCatharina Ahlgren’s first publication was an occasional poem dedicated to Queen [Lovisa Ulrika](0000 0001 0963 2926), which was printed in honour of her 44th birthday on 24 July 1764. The poem was written in French and printed in Stockholm by Hesselberg press. It consists of two verses, each of eight lines, using high-register vocabulary to praise the queen. Catharina Ahlgren’s praise is presumably related to her time spent as lady of the court at the queen’s court. Without dating this event Henric Braad states in *Ostrogothia literaria* that Catharina Ahlgren had been forced out of the court after just a few weeks due to alleged conspiracies.\n\nHowever, Catharina Ahlgren did not begin what could be termed a professional career until after her divorce from Bengt Edvard Ekerman. The first edition of the journal which she became known for, *Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer*, was released in 1772. The journal was typical of its time; the 1770s was the decade when so-called women’s journals made a breakthrough as official literary publications. However, the editor Adelaide (Catharina Ahlgren’s pseudonym) made it known that she wanted to appeal to both male and female readers. This broad target audience was offered reading material which was not at all limited to the female sphere. A broad range of subjects was covered, from contemporary moral discussions to topics related to royalism. It may therefore be more accurate to describe the publication as an essay journal.\n\n*Brefwäxling emellan twänne fruntimmer* was published from October 1772 until May 1773. The journal was printed on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday every week. After the first 24 editions had been released the journal changed its name to *Bref-wäxling emellan Adelaide och någre wittre snillen i omväxlande ämnen*. Following a further 24 issues the name was changed yet again, this time to *Fortsättning af Adelaides Brefwäxling angående Fru Windhams Historia* (“continuation of Adelaide’s correspondence regarding Mrs Windham’s history”). Mrs Windham’s history was a serial which the editor herself translated. Further to serials, the most common form of printed text in the journal was letters, just as the title implies. Amongst all the more or less fictitious letters which were published there was one which stood out. The sender was [](Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht). It is dated Lugnet, 8 March 1763 and celebrates the friendship between the sender and the receiver. It appears to be a genuine letter, lending veracity to the editor Adelaide’s comments on friendship, the most frequently discussed subject in the publication. Although Adelaide is romantic and passionate in her friendships, when she writes about the love between a man and a woman she takes a sensible perspective.\n\nIn two editions Adelaide published a letter to her daughter, which is a paradigm of virtues. She writes as a mother who is worried about her 14-year-old daughter’s entry into the wider world. The core of each letter is fear of God; for educational purposes the relationship with “God’s Higher Being” is compared to the natural love between parents and their children. As a daughter loves her mother who, comparatively, has only given her minor benefits, how much more must she love “the Almighty”, who has given her an immortal soul. Adelaide recommends her daughter to read decent, useful and informative books in order to nourish her mind. In this aspect the letter is similar to the female advice literature which was a common literary genre at this time. With her journal Catharina Ahlgren’s created a document which provides us with insight into one particular woman’s internal world. Despite her lack of formal education, we can see how she reflects and leaves her own mark on the contemporary issues in Sweden of the 1700s.\n\nCatharina Ahlgren was also active as a translator. Her first translation, as far as is known, was *Abrahams bedröfwelse*, a biblical epic by Christoph Martin Wieland, which was published in 1772 by Henric Fougt’s company. It was translated from French. Catharina Ahlgren’s translation of le chevalier de Mouhy’s *La paysanne parvenue*, known in Swedish as *Den lyckliga bondflickan*, was begun in 1796 and only completed in 1811.\n\nThroughout her life Catharina Ahlgren was a writer, a lively linguist, a female preacher, and a public educator. She was unique but was viewed with a great deal of suspicion. Jonas Apelblad’s handwritten anonymous reference work *Anonymi & pseudonym Sveciæ* lists her as “Femina potens sed ingenio plena”, a powerful woman but full of talent.\n\nIt is not entirely clear when Catharina Ahlgren died, she can only be traced in the sources until 1800. In Catharina Juliana’s inventory proceedings (20 December 1800) it is noted that the mother was present. She next appears on the cover pages of the various parts of *Den lyckliga bondflickan*, where she is named as translator. The last part, number 12, came out in 1811. It is unclear whether Catharina Ahlgren was still alive.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "CatharinaAhlgren",
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        "Åbo, Finland|60.451813|22.26663",
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        {
          "firstname": "Lisbeth",
          "lastname": "Larsson"
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      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "description": "Kellgrenpriset (delat)",
          "type": "Pris",
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        {
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            "date": "1983"
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          "description": "Aniarapriset (delat)",
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        {
          "date": {
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            "date": "2001"
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          "description": "Samfundet De Nios Vinterpris",
          "type": "Pris",
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            "date": "2002"
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      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
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      "education": [
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
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          "type": "Läroverk"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Gunnel Ahlin",
          "description_eng": "By Gunnel Ahlin",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?f=ext&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Gunnel+Ahlin)&r=&m=10&s=c&t=v&d=libris&p=2"
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        {
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Gunnel+Ahlin)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T10:11:29",
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1918-06-01",
            "date": "1918-06-01"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Orsa församling",
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            "comment": "2007-01-07",
            "date": "2007-01-07"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Gunnel/ Maria",
        "lastname": "Ahlin",
        "sortname": "Ahlin"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Yrkeslärare",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1946"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "from": {
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          "to": {
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            "date": "2005"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Husföreståndare",
          "name": "Sigtunastiftelsen",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Hellman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
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            "place": "Orsa"
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          "description_eng": "Gunnel Ahlin with her husband Lars Ahlin, 1960. Photographer unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Ahlin_Gunnel_Wikimedia.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1891-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1959-05-15",
            "date": "1959-05-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Aina",
          "lastname": "Albihn",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-06-24",
            "date": "1889-06-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-11-02",
            "date": "1983-11-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Hellman",
          "occupation": "Rektor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-11-24",
            "date": "1915-11-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-07-16",
            "date": "1998-07-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Teodor Ingemar",
          "lastname": "Hellman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1923-10-09",
            "date": "1923-10-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2016-08-25",
            "date": "2016-08-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Otto",
          "lastname": "Hellman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-04-04",
            "date": "1915-04-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1997-03-10",
            "date": "1997-03-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Gustaf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1997",
            "date": "1997"
          },
          "type": "Make",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1948-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Per Johannes",
          "lastname": "Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Astronom",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Lars & Melberg, Arne, '"Hannibal segraren": två läsningar av Gunnel och Lars Ahlins roman', *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*, 1982:4, s. 268-274",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, 'Att ge sig världen i våld', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 4 / redaktion: Unni Langås ... ; Lisbeth Larsson, svensk huvudredaktör*, 1997 (Hämtad 2020-02-04)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/att-ge-sig-varlden-i-vaald/"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ahlin, Gunnel', *Alex författarlexikon* (Hämtad 2020-02-04)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.alex.se/lexicon/article/ahlin-gunnel"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Gunnel Ahlin var författare, verksam från 1960-talet till det tidiga 2000-talet.\n\nGunnel Ahlin föddes i Orsa år 1918 och spenderade sin uppväxt i staden. Hon var dotter till rektor Johannes Hellman och hans hustru Aina Albihn. År 1938 tog hon studentexamen och arbetade så småningom som yrkeslärare. År 1945 mötte hon författaren Lars Ahlin på Sigtunastiftelsen där hon var husföreståndare. De gifte sig följande år och fick 1948 sonen Per.\n\nGunnel Ahlin debuterade 1960 med romanen *Röster en sommar*, som är en lättsam och stiliserad berättelse om allvarliga ting. Den utspelar sig en sommar på Öland och består helt och hållet av möten och dialoger. I centrum står den sjuttonåriga Gudrun, som söker sin okända mor, samt den unga kvinnan Velita, som återvänt till Öland för att konfrontera sitt förflutna.\n\nUnder 1960-talet publicerade Gunnel Ahlin ytterligare tre romaner. *Här dansar* från 1962 utspelar sig under en midsommar i Dalarna. Även i denna roman arbetar hon med lätt hand fram en dialogisk berättelse som gömmer och avslöjar en sårig moderproblematik. I *Puls* från 1964 är anslaget tyngre. Boken handlar om en ung flicka som arbetar på en manufakturfabrik i en trist landsortsstad. Den lätt vemodiga tonen i de förra romanerna har fått ge vika för ironi och satir när hon träffsäkert beskriver den ogifta unga kvinnans vardag. I den följande romanen *Refuge*, 1967, arbetar Gunnel Ahlin för första gången med en manlig huvudperson, den franske skådespelaren Marcel Clermont, som lyckats fly från ett tyskt fångläger och funnit en tillflykt i Sverige. I den korta kärlekshistorien med en svensk lärarinna sätts dock ett frågetecken för den symboliska titeln. Kanske är det inte han utan snarare hon som behövt en tillflyktsort.\n\nGunnel Ahlin fick sitt genombrott med den historiska romanen *Hannibal sonen*, 1974. Det omfattande episka verket om hur Hannibal fåfängt söker motstå sin kallelse att krossa Rom kom också att avsluta hennes självständiga skönlitterära författarskap. När romanen åtta år senare fick sin fortsättning i *Hannibal segraren* var det med maken Lars Ahlin som medförfattare. För denna roman fick de båda motta flera priser. För Lars Ahlin, som varit en av efterkrigstidens mest betydande författare men som inte publicerat något under två decennier, markerade den en återkomst till ett produktivt författarskap.\n\nEfter Lars Ahlins död gav Gunnel Ahlin ut två böcker om honom: *Lars Ahlin växer upp*, 2001, och *Nu ska vi ta pulsen på världen*, 2005.\n\nGunnel Ahlin avled 2007, 88 år gammal. Hon ligger begravd med sin make på Hedvig Eleonora kyrkogård i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Gunnel Ahlin was an author who was active from the 1960s until the early 2000s.\n\nGunnel Ahlin was born in Orsa in 1918, and spent her there. Her father, Johannes Hellman, was a headmaster, and her mother was named Aina Albihn. Gunnel Ahlin gained her school-leaving certificate in 1938 and then began to work as a vocational studies teacher. In 1945, while she was serving as the housemaster for the Sigtuna Foundation, she met the author Lars Ahlin. The couple married the following year and their son, Per, was born in 1948.\n\nGunnel Ahlin’s literary debut came in 1960 with the release of her first novel, *Röster en sommar*,  a light-hearted and stylised portrayal of serious matters. The story unfolds one summer on Öland and consists entirely of dialogue and meetings between people. At the heart of the tale is seventeen-year-old Gudrun, who is looking for the mother she has never known, and Velita, another young woman who has returned to Öland in order to face up to her past.\n\nGunnel Ahlin published three more novels during the 1960s. *Här dansar*, from 1962, plays out during midsummer celebrations in Dalarna. Here, again, she takes a light-hearted approach using dialogue to present a story in which painful issues surrounding motherhood are both hidden and revealed. Gunnel Ahlin took a darker approach in 1964 in *Puls*, where the story concerns a young girl working at a drapery factory in a dull rural town. The slightly melancholic tone of the earlier novels here gives way to irony and satire in a precise portrayal of a young single woman’s everyday life. In her next novel *Refuge*, published in 1967, Gunnel Ahlin uses a male lead character for the first time. He is a French actor named Marcel Clermont, who has escaped from a German prison camp and made his way to Sweden. The brief love story between him and a Swedish female teacher leads one to question to whom the symbolic title actually refers: is it perhaps the teacher and not the actor who needs a place of refuge?\n\nGunnel Ahlin’s literary breakthrough came through her historical novel, *Hannibal sonen*, published in 1974. This comprehensive epic work, which describes how Hannibal futilely resisted his calling to defeat Rome, also proved to be her final independent piece of fiction. The sequel to the story, entitled *Hannibal segraren*, was released eight years later, and was co-authored with her husband Lars. For this work they both received several prizes. Lars Ahlin, one of the most significant Swedish authors of the post-war period, had not published during the previous two decades and the book marked his return to a productive period of writing.\n\nFollowing her husband’s death, Gunnel Ahlin published two books about him: *Lars Ahlin växer upp*, released in 2001, and *Nu ska vi ta pulsen på världen*, from 2005.\n\nGunnel Ahlin died in 2007, aged 88. She is buried beside her husband at the Hedvig Eleonora Cemetery in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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            "date": "1889"
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          "institution": "Alte Pinakothek",
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          "type": "Studieresa"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Westerdahl, Elisabeth, 'Vem var Gerda Ahlm?', *Antik & auktion*, 2002:1, s. 49-51",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Westerdahl, Elisabeth, ’Gerda från Västerås blev berömd konservator’, *Vestmanlands Läns Tidning*, 2001-08-18",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Gerda Ahlm",
          "description_eng": "By Gerda Ahlm",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/1616581"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1 Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
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        "1900-talet",
        "Konservatorer",
        "Konstnärer"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Artists"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-05T10:05:56",
      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1869-05-25",
            "date": "1869-05-25"
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            "parish": "Västerås domkyrkoförsamling",
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            "place": "Västerås"
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            "date": "1956-08-26"
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            "place": "Chicago, USA"
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        "lastname": "Ahlm",
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          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
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            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "detail": "Konservator, Metropolitan Museum",
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          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
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          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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          "name": "Artists' Guild of Chicago",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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        {
          "description": "Gerda Ahlm avbildad i Hildebrand, Albin & John Kruse (red), Svenskt porträttgalleri XX, Stockholm, 1901. Fotograf okänd",
          "description_eng": "Gerda Ahlm in Hildebrand, Albin & John Kruse (red), Svenskt porträttgalleri XX, Stockholm, 1901. Photographer unknown",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Ahlm_Gerda.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-27",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1844-10-20",
            "date": "1844-10-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-11-02",
            "date": "1944-11-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Augusta Ebba",
          "lastname": "Ahlm, född Nordstedt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819-04-13",
            "date": "1819-04-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1907-01-26",
            "date": "1907-01-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Ahlm",
          "occupation": "Landskamrer",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-10-16",
            "date": "1850-10-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-08-01",
            "date": "1929-08-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Ahlm",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-01-19",
            "date": "1853-01-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Ahlm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-09-06",
            "date": "1856-09-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1863-06-07",
            "date": "1863-06-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Elisabeth Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Ahlm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1865-05-04",
            "date": "1865-05-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-10-31",
            "date": "1954-10-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Alfhild Josefina",
          "lastname": "Ahlm, gift Nelson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-09-29",
            "date": "1873-09-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Ahlm, gift Kempe",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Gerda Ahlm’, *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2021-03-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=16098"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Gerda Ahlm’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-03-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_Ahlm"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gerda Ahlm. Illinois Women Artists Project",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://illinoiswomenartists.org/author/gerda-ahlm/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gerda Ahlm. Sällskapet Nya Idun (Hämtad 2021-03-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://nyaidun.se/gerda-ahlm/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Palm, Amy, *Borta och hemma eller Mera om barnen på Broby: berättelse för barn*, 3. uppl., Hökerberg, Stockholm, 1907",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Richards, Agnes Gertrude, ‘The Romance of Restoring’, *Fine arts journal*, 1915(33):5",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25587344.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, konservator",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, conservator-restorer",
      "text": "Gerda Ahlm var bildkonstnär och konstkonservator. Hon emigrerade till Amerika och ansågs där vara en av de bästa och mest kunniga konservatorerna.\n\nGerda Maria Ahlm föddes i Västerås 1869. Hon var dotter till Lars Vilhelm Ahlm och hans hustru Augusta Ebba. Fadern var landskamrer. Gerda Ahlm hade två systrar som var helsyskon och i familjen fanns även tre halvsyskon, en son och ytterligare två döttrar, från faderns första äktenskap. Gerda Ahlm var redan som barn fascinerad av konst och gamla tavlor och sökte därför in på Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (nuvarande Konstakademien) där hon studerade under åren 1889 till 1891.\n\nEfter studierna gjorde hon flera resor, bland annat till Tyskland, Italien och Frankrike. I Paris fick hon tillfälle att studera på Académie Colarossi för Deschamps och lärde där känna många andra skandinaviska konstnärer, bland andra Gerda Roosval-Kallstenius och Lotten Rönquist. Skandinaverna samlades ofta på kvällarna på kaférestaurang Régence. I bekantskapskretsen ingick även Fanny Låstbom samt Ellen Thesleff, Aleksander Federley och Pekka Halonen från Finland. De tog del av det franska kulturlivet och besökte ofta museer och utställningar.\n\n1893 var året för Världsutställningen i Chicago och Gerda Ahlm deltog där med målningen *Eftersommar*. Hon målade i olja och akryl och hennes motiv var ofta poetiska eller dramatiska landskap och interiörer. Åren 1894–1895 reste hon återigen på studieresor till Frankrike, Italien och dessutom till England. 1896 gick hon den så kallade Tallbergska kursen. Axel Tallberg var grafiker, målare och skriftställare och hade föregående år startat en frikurs i etsning och därmed förbundna gravyrmetoder för Akademiens elever.\n\nEfter att ha studerat etsning begav sig Gerda Ahlm till Norge 1898 och till Belgien 1900. När Svenska Konstnärernas Förening hade sin vårutställning 1901 tyckte *Dagens Nyheters* recensent att hennes ”talang ej hunnit över elevstadiet”, medan kollegan i *Svenska Dagbladet* berömde hennes belgiska motiv som var ”fint och känsligt behandlade i färgen”. Sveriges allmänna konstförening vars syfte var att engagera och aktivera unga konstnärer genom att köpa in och lotta ut konst, köpte ett par av hennes interiörer från Holland.\n\nGerda Ahlm målade och etsade också kvinnoporträtt och deltog i en internationell konstutställning i München. Då Svenska Konstnärernas Förening återigen ställde ut fick Gerda Ahlm, tillsammans med Esther Kjerner och [](Hilma af Klint), pressens erkännande som värda att nämnas bland de yngre konstnärerna. Gerda Ahlm var också tecknare och bidrog med illustrationer till ”Den första och sista nattvardsgången” i *De Ungas Tidning*. Hon illustrerade även Amy Palms bok *Borta eller hemma* från 1907. Musiktrycket *Änglarna sjunger i himlen* som utgavs av Sven Österberg så sent som 1994 bär också hennes teckningar.\n\nÅr 1903 packade Gerda Ahlm kappsäcken för att emigrera till Amerika där hon bosatte sig i Chicago. Hon blev alltmer intresserad av konstkonservering. Genom betydelsefulla kontakter i Sverige och ansökningar till den tyska regeringen fick Gerda Ahlm tillåtelse att studera konservering för FC Sessig på Alte Pinakothek i München. På grund av sina tidigare studier och erfarenheter var Gerda Ahlm väl rustad att ta emot de väl bevakade hemligheter som hörde till yrket.\n\nHon fick sedan många viktiga uppdrag, bland annat att restaurera familjeporträtten i den svenska drottning [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798)s samling. Väl tillbaka i Amerika fick hon anställning som assisterande konservator på Metropolitan Museum i New York. Där lärde hon sig konsten att rengöra och restaurera etsningar.\n\nGerda Ahlm fick där en utmaning i en tavla på grovt hyvlat trä som var så illa åtgången att man inte kunde avgöra om det var ett porträtt eller ett landskap. Efter idogt arbete visade sig tavlan vara ett porträtt av *Madonna och barnet* målad av Albrecht Dürer. Nästa stora utmaning var en målning av den italienske mästaren Giovanni Bellini som var samtida med Dürer. Dessa arbeten renderade Gerda Ahlm en artikel i *Fine Arts Journal* 1916 där hon fick erkännande som en av Amerikas skickligaste konservatorer. Hon arbetade sedan som konservator på Art Institute of Chicago, samt för andra institutioner och privata samlare över hela världen.\n\nParallellt med arbetet som konservator fortsatte Gerda Ahlm att måla och ställa ut sina egna tavlor. I några verk är hon tydligt inspirerad av impressionismen. I landskapen flyter vattnet stilla och glittrande under trädens grönska och i kvinnoskildringarnas ansikten kan man läsa in både vemod och livsvisdom. 1905 och nästkommande år ställde hon ut på Art Institute of Chicago. Hon var en av de första kvinnorna som visade sina alster på de svensk-amerikanska konstutställningarna i Chicago 1905, 1911, och 1912. Hon deltog också i utställningar i Berlin, Dresden och München, i Köpenhamn och Stockholm. Efter denna period visade hon bara sporadiskt sina egna verk fram till 1953. Hon är idag representerad på Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt i Göteborg, tidigare Riksföreningen för svenskhetens bevarande i utlandet.\n\nGerda Ahlm avled 1956 i Chicago i en ålder av 87 år.",
      "text_eng": "Gerda Ahlm was an artist and an art conservator. She emigrated to America and was considered there to be one of the best and most knowledgeable conservators. \n\nGerda Maria Ahlm was born in Västerås in 1869. She was the daughter of Augusta Ebba and Lars Vilhelm Ahlm. Her father was a chief accountant. Gerda Ahlm had two sisters and also two half-sisters and a half-brother from their father’s previous marriage. Gerda Ahlm was even as a child fascinated by art and old pictures, and she applied therefore to the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts where she studied in 1889–1891.\n \nAfter her studies, she made several journeys, first to Germany, Italy and France. In Paris she was given the opportunity of studying at the Académie Colarossi for Deschamps, and she got to know many other Scandinavian artists, among others Gerda Roosval-Kallstenius and Lotten Rönquist. The Scandinavians often gathered in the evenings at the Régence café and restaurant. Included in the group of acquaintances were also Fanny Låstbom and Ellen Thesleff, Aleksander Federley and Pekka Halonen from Finland. They participated in French cultural life and often visited museums and exhibitions.\n \n1893 was the year of the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago and Gerda Ahlm participated there with the painting *Eftersommar*. She painted in oils and acrylic and her motifs were often poetic or dramatic landscapes and interiors. In 1894–1895, she travelled once again to France and Italy to study and also to England. In 1896, she attended the so-called Tallbergska course. Axel Tallberg was a graphic designer, painter and writer who had the previous year started an independent course in etching and relevant methods of engraving for the students at the Academy. \n\nAfter having studied etching, Gerda Ahlm travelled to Norway in 1898 and to Belgium in 1900. When the Swedish artists’ association Svenska Konstnärernas Förening had its spring exhibition in 1901, the critic on the major daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter* found that her “talent had not developed beyond the student stage” while his colleague on the other major daily newspaper *Svenska Dagbladet* praised her Belgian motifs as being “finely and sensitively treated colour-wise”. Sweden’s public art society, the aim of which was to engage and activate young artists by buying and raffling out their works, bought a couple of her interiors from the Netherlands.\n \nGerda Ahlm also painted and etched portraits of women, and participated in an international art exhibition in Munich. When the Svenska Konstnärernas Förening once again had an exhibition, Gerda Ahlm, Esther Kjerner and [](Hilma af Klint) all received press acknowledgement that they were worth a mention among the younger artists. Gerda Ahlm was also an illustrator, and she contributed illustrations to “Den första och sista nattvardsgången” in *De Ungas Tidning*. She also illustrated Amy Palm’s book *Borta eller hemma* from 1907. Sven Österberg’s music publication *Änglarna sjunger i himlen* from as late as 1994 also includes illustrations by her.\n \nIn 1903, Gerda Ahlm packed her bags to emigrate to America where she settled in Chicago. She became more and more interested in art conservation. Through important contacts in Sweden and applications to the German government, Gerda Ahlm was given permission to study conservation with FC Sessig at Alte Pinakothek in Munich. Thanks to her previous studies and experiences, Gerda Ahlm was well equipped to receive the closely guarded secrets held by the profession. She later accepted many important assignments, among others that of restoring family portraits in the collection of the Swedish queen [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798). Once back in America, she was given the appointment of assistant conservator at the Metropolitan Museum in New York. There she learned the art of cleaning and restoring etchings. \n\nGerda Ahlm found a challenge in a picture on roughly planed wood that was so badly damaged that it was impossible to see if it was a portrait or a landscape. After thorough work on it, the picture was shown to be a portrait painted by Albrecht Dürer: *Madonna and Child*. Her next great challenge was a painting by the Italian master Giovanni Bellini, contemporary with Dürer. These works rewarded Gerda Ahlm with an article in *Fine Arts Journal* in 1916, in which she was acknowledged as one of America’s most skilled conservators. She later worked as a conservator at the Art Institute of Chicago, as well as for other institutions and private collectors all over the world. \n\nParallel to her work as a conservator, Gerda Ahlm continued to paint and exhibit her own works. In some of them she was clearly inspired by impressionism. In her landscapes, water flows quiet and sparkling under the trees’ greenery and in her portraits of women, one can read both melancholy and wisdom. In 1905 and the years following, she exhibited her works at the Art Institute of Chicago. She was one of the first women to show her works at the Swedish-American art exhibitions in Chicago in 1905, 1911, and 1912. She also participated in exhibitions in Berlin, Dresden and Munich as well as in Copenhagen and Stockholm. After this period, she only sporadically showed her own works up until 1953. Today she is represented at the association Riksföreningen Sverigekontakt in Gothenburg, formerly the nationalistic Riksföreningen för svenskhetens bevarande i utlandet. \n\nGerda Ahlm died in 1956 in Chicago at 87 years of age.",
      "translator": {
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        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "description": "Kvinnors kamp för kunskap. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2017-02-06)",
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          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/kunskap/"
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          "description": "Anna Ahlström 1885",
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
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            "comment": "1832-05-11",
            "date": "1832-05-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-04-28",
            "date": "1902-04-28"
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          "firstname": "Andrina Charlotta, kallad Lotten,",
          "lastname": "Ahlström, född Wahlberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1830-09-19",
            "date": "1830-09-19"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1904-11-02",
            "date": "1904-11-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "Ahlström",
          "occupation": "Byggmästare, arkitekt",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1862"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1945"
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          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Ahlström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilda",
          "lastname": "Ahlström",
          "type": "Syster",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1868"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof",
          "lastname": "Ahlström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-10-27",
            "date": "1867-10-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1943-09-21",
            "date": "1943-09-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Terserus",
          "occupation": "Lärare, skolföreståndare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
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          "type": "Partner",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ahlströmska skolan. Stockholm Stadsarkiv. SE/SSA/0983 (Hämtad 2021-05-05)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://digitalastadsarkivet.stockholm.se/Databas/bestandsregister/Sok?sidindex=0&fritext=Anna%2bAhlstr%25c3%25b6m"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anna Ahlströms och Ellen Terserus stiftelse, Stockholms stadsarkiv. SE/SSA/0983/02 (Hämtad 2021-05-05)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://digitalastadsarkivet.stockholm.se/Databas/bestandsregister/Sok?sidindex=0&fritext=Anna%2bAhlstr%25c3%25b6m"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kvinnliga Akademikers Förening. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2019-12-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-115342"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stark, Kerstin (red.), *Två bildade kvinnor och en skola: Nya elementarskolan för flickor - Ahlströmska skolan*, Stockholmia, Stockholm, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ullman, Annika (2004). *Stiftarinnegenerationen: Sofi Almquist, Anna Sandström, Anna Ahlström*. Stockholm: Stockholmia",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ransbo, Gunilla & Jonasson, Kerstin (red.), *Anna Ahlström, vår första kvinnliga doktor i romanska språk år 1899: symposieföredrag den 9 december 1999*, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school founder",
      "text": "Anna Ahlström var entreprenör och skolstiftare. År 1902 grundade hon Nya elementarskolan för flickor – Ahlströmska skolan.\n\nAnna Ahlström växte upp i Stockholm som andra barnet i en syskonskara om fyra barn. Båda\nhennes föräldrar kom från enkla förhållanden men hennes far, Johan Ahlström, hade genom\nökade utbildningsmöjligheter för fattiga kombinerat med studiebegåvning genomgått\ngrundläggande utbildning och läroverksstudier. Därtill var han byggmästare och hade\nyrkesdiplom som arkitekt. Familjens välstånd i kombination med att Anna Ahlström föddes i en\ntid då möjligheten till högre utbildning för kvinnor successivt utökades bidrog till att Anna\nAhlström fick en gedigen utbildning. Hon genomgick nioårig grundutbildning vid Institut des\nLangues Modernes i Stockholm och fortsatte sedan sin utbildning vid den äldsta flickskolan i\nSverige – Wallinska skolan, där hon tog studentexamen år 1885. Hon var då 22 år gammal och\nunder de fyra kommande åren fördjupade hon sina kunskaper i framför allt språk och andra\nhumanistiska ämnen vid olika universitet, främst i Frankrike men även i England och Tyskland.\n\nTillbaka i Sverige skrev Anna Ahlström in sig vid Uppsala universitet för fortsatta studier\nsamtidigt som hon undervisade i franska på olika flickskolor i Stockholmsområdet. Hon tog\nkandidatexamen 1891 och disputerade 1899, som den femte kvinnan vid Uppsala universitet,\nmed avhandlingen *Sur la langue de Flaubert*. Arbetsmarknaden för disputerade kvinnor vid\ndenna tid kännetecknades av könsdiskriminering och tillvaron för de kvinnor som ändå lyckades\nfå tillträde till högre positioner var hård. [](Elsa Eschelsson)s situation som docent i processrätt är\ntalande. Anna Ahlström gjorde ett inledande försök till karriär inom flickläroverken. Efter\ndisputation genomförde hon ett års praktisk läroverkslärarutbildning vid Norra Latin i Stockholm.\nHon fick väldigt goda vitsord och undervisade därefter vid olika läroverk i Stockholm. Efter\navslutat provår utlystes ett lektorat som Anna Ahlström sökte men dock nekades på grund av att\nhon var kvinna.\n\nUtbildningsväsendet vid sekelskiftet 1900 diskriminerade inte bara kvinnliga akademiker när det\ngällde tjänster inom akademin. Kvinnliga akademiker blev även bortvalda vid tjänstetillsättning\nvid lärarseminarium. Denna form av diskriminering på arbetsmarknaden för kvinnliga\nakademiker kritiserades starkt av Anna Ahlström och andra kvinnor med akademisk examen.\nKampen för mer jämställda villkor kom bland annat till uttryck 1903 då 93 kvinnliga akademiker\nmed Anna Ahlström som en av frontfigurerna påvisade diskrimineringen i en petition mot\nläroverkskommitténs betänkande från 1902. I valet mellan fortsatt akademisk bana eller arbete\ninom utbildningsväsendet valde Anna Ahlström det senare. Men då en position som kvinnlig\nlektor verkade avlägsen tog hon saken i egna händer och grundade sin egen skola år 1902.\n\nEtt exempel på Anna Ahlströms kraftfullhet i litteraturen om henne är när hon efter att ha nekats lån av såväl banker som sin egen familj vände sig direkt till en känd finansman och på hans fråga om vilken säkerhet hon kunde uppvisa svarade: ”säkerheter, jag kan skriva mitt namn – läsligt!”. Repliken gjorde att lånet beviljades.\n\nNya elementarskolan för flickor, eller Ahlströmska skolan som den kom att heta i folkmun\ninledde sin verksamhet i liten skala under de första fem åren. Skolan fick tidigt ett gott rykte.\nAnna Ahlström skötte också framgångsrikt skolans finanser. I samband med 100-årsjubiléet av\nAnna Ahlströms disputation beskrev Kerstin Stark, tidigare elev och lärare vid skolan, Anna\nAhlström som klartänkt, intelligent och med mycket civilkurage. Dessa förmågor är synliga i\nhennes korrespondens med myndigheter och även en förklaring till skolans framskjutna position och att skolan kom att finnas kvar betydligt längre än många av de flickläroverk och samskolor som stiftades av kvinnor under senare delen av 1800-talet och tidigt 1900-tal.\n\nEfter de första fem åren anställdes [](Ellen Terserus). Hon kom att bli mycket betydelsefull, både för skolan och i Annas Ahlströms eget liv. Inom två år hade Ellen Terserus utsetts till biträdande föreståndarinna och efter ytterligare ett par år flyttade ”Ahlan” och ”Tersan”, som de kallades av lärare och elever, ihop. De levde sedan tillsammans i över 30 år. Samma år som Ellen Terserus anställdes erhöll också Ahlströmska skolan statligt stöd och flyttade till större lokaler. Elevantalet översteg snart 100 elever. Redan på 1910-talet planerade Anna Ahlström att bygga en ny och storartad skola, men första världskriget kom emellan. När den nya skolbyggnaden äntligen stod klar 1926 gick det ca 500 elever i skolan. Den nya skolan som låg på Östermalm ökade inte bara skolans kapacitet till upp emot 1 000 elever. Den utmärktes även genom att vara pampigt byggd med sju våningsplan och sex stora kolonner på framsidan. I processen att samla ihop medel till den nya skolan är Anna Ahlströms egenskap som framgångsrik entreprenör tydlig.\n\nÅr 1930 gick både Anna Ahlström och Ellen Terserus, 67 respektive 63 år gamla, i pension. En ny studierektor respektive föreståndarinna anställdes, men i praktiken fortsatte de båda kvinnorna att leda arbetet på skolan precis som tidigare. På 1930-talet kommunaliserades eller nedlades många av de skolor som stiftats decennierna kring sekelskiftet 1900. Och år 1937 presenterades ett förslag där sex kommunala flickskolor skulle omorganiseras. Till skillnad från vad som var fallet med många andra enskilt stiftade skolor var Anna Ahlströms skola fortfarande vid liv under reformeringsförsöket. Hon lyckades också argumentera för att bevara skolan som enskild flickskola, dessutom med ekonomiska tillskott från statligt håll. Under 1930-talet initierade Anna Ahlström och Ellen Terserus stiftelsen ”Anna Ahlströms och Ellen Terserus Stiftelse”, som från 1944 kom att äga och förvalta skolan.\n\nAnna Ahlström dog den 12 oktober 1943, drygt tre veckor efter att Ellen Terserus avlidit. Hon hade då förestått, arbetat och utformat Nya elementarskolan för flickor i över 40 år. Enligt hennes testamente skulle samtliga texter, som inte var offentliga handlingar, förstöras vilket också skedde.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Ahlström was an entrepreneur and a school founder. In 1902 she founded Nya elementarskolan för flickor (New Elementary School for Girls), which also became known as the Ahlström school.\n\nAnna Ahlström grew up in Stockholm as the second child in a family of four. Both of her parents came from simple backgrounds. However, her father, Johan Ahlström, had obtained a basic level of training and education due to improved education opportunities for the poor and his aptitude for study. He was also a building contractor and had an architect’s vocational certificate. The family’s economic security and the fact that Anna Ahlström was born at a time of increased opportunities for women to obtain higher education meant that Anna Ahlström herself received a solid education. She attended nine years of foundational school at the Institute des Langues Modernes in Stockholm and then continued her studies at the Wallin school, the oldest school for girls in Sweden, from which she graduated in 1885. At that point she was 22 years old. During the following four years she deepened her knowledge of, in particular, languages and other humanities at various universities, mainly in France but also in Great Britain and Germany.\n\nUpon returning to Sweden Anna Ahlström enrolled at Uppsala University to continue her studies whilst teaching French at various girls’ schools in the Stockholm area. She gained her first degree in 1891 and in 1899 she became the fifth woman to receive a doctorate at Uppsala University, defending a thesis entitled “Sur la langue de Flaubert”. At the time the labour market was characterized by gender discrimination for women with doctorates and those who did succeed endured harsh conditions if they gained high-ranking positions. [](Elsa Eschelsson)’s experience as senior lecturer in procedural law is a revealing example. Anna Ahlström took her first steps toward a career within the sphere of girls’ schools. Following her doctorate, she completed a year of practical teacher training at the Norra Latin school in Stockholm. She received excellent recommendations and subsequently taught at various schools in Stockholm. After her successful probationary year she applied for a position as senior teacher but was rejected on the grounds that she was a woman.\n\nAt the turn of the twentieth century the educational authorities not only discriminated against female academics with regard to positions within academia, they also rejected female applications to positions in teacher training colleges. Anna Ahlström and other academically qualified women strongly criticised this type of employment discrimination. Their struggle for equal status included a 1903 petition highlighting the discrimination evident in the educational authority committee’s decision of 1902. The petition was signed by 93 female academics with Anna Ahlström as one of the prime instigators. When it became apparent that becoming employed as a female senior teacher would not become possible for many years, she took matters into her own hands and established her own school in 1902.\n\nAn example of Anna Ahlström’s determination emerges in the literature written about her: after being denied loans by not only banks but also her own family, she turned directly to a known financier. When asked what guarantees she could provide, she answered, “guarantees, I can write my own name - legibly!”. This reply led to the provision of a loan.\nNya elementarskolan för flickor, or the Ahlström school, as it came to be known locally, was a small-scale operation for the first five years of its existence. However, the school quickly earned a good reputation and Anna Ahlström very cleverly managed its finances. When marking the centenary of Anna Ahlström’s thesis defence, Kerstin Stark, a former pupil and teacher at the school, described Anna Ahlström as an intelligent, clear-headed woman with great civil courage. These attributes are evident in her correspondence with the authorities and provide an explanation for the school’s advanced position and for why it persisted significantly longer than many of the girls’ and co-educational schools established by women in the late 1800s and early 1900s.\n\nAfter the school had been up and running for five years, [](Ellen Terserus) was hired. She came to play a very meaningful role, both for the school and in Anna Ahlström’s private life. Ellen Terserus was appointed deputy head within two years of becoming employed and after another two years “Ahlan” and “Tersan” (as they were known by the teachers and students) began living together. They remained together for more than 30 years. The same year that Ellen Terserus was hired, the Ahlström school also received state aid and moved to larger premises. The number of students quickly rose to more than 100. Not long after 1910 Anna Ahlström began to make plans to build a new and grand school but these plans were delayed when the First World War broke out. Nevertheless, in 1926 the new school premises were completed and 500 students were enrolled. The new building, located in Östermalm, not only allowed for a total capacity of almost 1000 students but it was also remarkable for its magnificence: it was a seven-storey building fronted by six large columns. Anna Ahlström’s successful entrepreneurial talents shone in her ability to obtain funds for the new school.\n\nIn 1930 both Anna Ahlström and Ellen Terserus, 67 and 63 years old respectively, retired. Although a new director of studies and head of school were hired both women actually remained in charge of running the school just as before. At this time many of the schools which had been established around the turn of the century were becoming municipalised or were simply shut down. In 1937 a proposal was made to re-organize six municipal girls’ schools. In contrast to many of the other independently established schools, Anna Ahlström’s school continued to run during this period of educational reform. She successfully argued that her school should remain a separate girls’ school and even be awarded financial funding from the state. During the 1930s Anna Ahlström and Ellen Terserus set up the Anna Ahlström and Ellen Terserus Foundation which, from 1944, owned and administered the school.\n\nAnna Ahlström died on 12 October 1943, barely three weeks after Ellen Terserus had passed away. By then she had run, worked at and developed Nya elementarskolan för flickor for over 40 years. In accordance with her will all her papers which were not official documents were destroyed.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Åkerström"
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      "awards": [
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        {
          "description": "Av Astrid Ahnfelt",
          "description_eng": "By Astrid Ahnfelt",
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          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(astrid+ahnfelt)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "description": "Om Astrid Ahnfelt",
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          "type": "LIBRIS",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/2364814"
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        {
          "description": "Åhlén, Bengt & Fries, Carl-Thore (red.), *Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur. [1], 1900-1940*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1942",
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            "date": "1844-10-27"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-10-13",
            "date": "1927-10-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilda",
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          "occupation": "Företagare, innehavare av Stockholms Plymfabrik",
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1845-08-16"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1890-02-17"
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          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Fil.dr., journalist, författare",
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          "type_eng": "Father"
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            "date": "1872-07-25"
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          "firstname": "Silvano Attico",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
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          "description": "Johanson, Klara, ’*I blindo*’, recension, *Stockholms Dagblad*, 1909-01-19",
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      "subtitle": "Författare, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, translator",
      "text": "Astrid Ahnfelt är främst känd för sina insatser för kulturutbytet mellan Sverige och Italien.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt föddes 1876 i Stockholm och tillhörde en akademisk och litterär släkt. Hennes\nfar Arvid Ahnfelt skrev den första avhandlingen om Carl Jonas Love Almqvist och verkade\nsom tidskriftsredaktör och liberal skribent. Hennes mor [](Hilda Ahnfelt) grundade\n1879 Stockholms Plymfabrik som hon drev i egen regi fram till 1912, då sonen Edmund\nAhnfelt övertog ledningen. Astrid Ahnfelt växte upp i Stockholm och befann sig i kretsen\nkring [](Ellen Key), vilken 1897 hjälpte henne att ordna plats som barnflicka hos den\nsvenska familjen Steffen i Compiobbi utanför Florens i Italien. Astrid Ahnfelt stannade ett år i\nToscana och flyttade sedan till Rom med förhoppningen att kunna försörja sig som\npianolärare. I Rom kom hon i kontakt med den svenska kolonin i staden och i stället för att bli\npianolärare började Astrid Ahnfelt att arbeta som kulturkorrespondent för svenska\ndagstidningar och kulturtidskrifter. Hon introducerade italienska kvinnliga författare och\npresenterade 1904 skalden Giosue Carducci, Nobelpristagare i litteratur 1906, för den svenska\npubliken.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt drevs av litterära ambitioner och skrev både på italienska och svenska. År 1902\npublicerades *La lacrima nel mare del dolore e La sposa della morte*, ett verk som innehåller\ntvå berättelser (på svenska lyder titlarna på berättelserna ”Tåren i smärtans hav” respektive\n”Dödens brud”). År 1905 utkom hennes roman *Nutidsungdom* och sagosamlingen *Sagor\noch legender*. Hon publicerade också sagor på italienska. *I blindo*, en 400 sidor lång\nroman med motiv från svenskars liv i Italien utgavs 1908 i Sverige. Innehållet har vissa\nsjälvbiografiska drag. [](Klara Johanson)s recension i *Stockholms Dagblad* av\nromanen är mycket negativ, liksom []( Marika Stiernstedt)s omdöme i *Idun*, även\nom den senare fann viss utvecklingspotential i Astrid Ahnfelts författarskap. I samma nummer\nav *Idun* medverkade Astrid Ahnfelt själv med ett reportage från Messina på Sicilien, som\ndrabbades av en stor jordbävningen i slutet av 1908. Astrid Ahnfelt reste dit för att arbeta som\ntillfällig sjuksköterska och bistå de drabbade. Arbetet resulterade i flera texter i *Idun*.\nTexterna gavs senare ut i bokform.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt arbetade också som litterär kontaktperson. Hon gjorde en resa tillsammans\nmed den italienska författaren Antonio Beltramelli till Sverige, där hon agerade ciceron. Efter\nresan gavs Antonio Beltramellis bok *Attraverso la Svezia* ("Genom Sverige") ut 1908, en bok som också innehöll 13 noveller på italienska av Astrid Ahnfelt. Några av Antonio\nBeltramellis böcker publicerades på svenska i Astrid Ahnfelts översättning. År 1903\npresenterade Astrid Ahnfelt [](Selma Lagerlöf) för den italienska publiken, och 1912\npublicerades artikeln ”Selma Lagerlöf i Italien” i *Stockholms Dagblad*. År 1912 gavs även\nAugust Strindbergs *Mäster Olof* ut på ett förlag i Milano, översatt av Astrid Ahnfelt i\nsamarbete med italienskan Maria Pascolato Pezzè. Astrid Ahnfelt introducerade också\nsvenska författare i tidskriften *Nuova Antologia*: Carl Jonas Love Almqvist 1903, Gustaf\nFröding 1911 och Verner von Heidenstam 1924. Den senare stod hon i korrespondens med\nsedan 1909 och hon besökte honom på Övralid 1930.\n\nÅr 1909 eller 1910 fick Astrid Ahnfelt, som ogift, sonen Silvano Attico, vilken hon själv\nuppfostrade och vars fader är okänd för eftervärlden. Under första världskriget bodde hon i\nFlorens, där hon tycks ha drivit en pensionatsliknande rörelse och haft planer på att starta en\nskola med moderna uppfostringsmetoder. Efter kriget bodde hon i Neapel där hon tjänstgjorde i ett bibliotek och arbetade på svenska konsulatet. År 1922 publicerades hennes översättning till italienska av August Strindbergs *Tjänstekvinnans son*.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelts ekonomiska situation var ständigt kritisk. Hon tycks ha bett att få låna pengar\nav Selma Lagerlöf och 1930 gick Verner von Heidenstam i borgen för ett lån i Riksbanken.\nAstrid Ahnfelt var mycket positivt inställd till Mussolinis fascistiska regim, något som\nförsvårade hennes möjligheter att publicera sig i Sverige. Från och med 1934 försörjde hon\nsig som korrekturläsare på *Il Giornale d’Italia*. Någon gång vid denna tid drabbades hon av\nett hårt slag, när hennes son dog i en motorcykelolycka.\n\nÅr 1938 gavs Heidenstams *Karolinerna* ut i Astrid Ahnfehlts italienska översättning med titeln *Carolus Rex*. 1939 tilldelades hon ett mindre pris på 500 lire av den göteborgska Svensk- Italienska föreningen. Hon tilldelades också en kunglig medalj, Vasamedaljen i guld, 8:e storleken. Under 1950-talet lär Astrid Ahnfelt ha arbetet med översättningen av ett urval\nnoveller av Gabriele d’Annunzio till svenska, som dock aldrig trycktes. Hon dog 1962,\nsannolikt i Rom.",
      "text_eng": "Astrid Ahnfelt is primarily known for her contributions to the cultural exchange between Sweden and Italy.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt was born in Stockholm in 1876 into an academic and literary family. Her father, Arvid Ahnfelt, wrote the first dissertation on Carl Jonas Love Almqvist and had a career as a journal editor and a writer with liberal leanings. Her mother, [](Hilda Ahnfelt), founded the Stockholm Plymfabrik (feather plume factory), which she ran as a proprietary business until 1912 when her son, Edmund Ahnfelt, took over the management. Astrid Ahnfelt grew up in Stockholm and was part of [](Ellen Key)’s social circle. In 1897 Key helped Astrid Ahnfelt to obtain a place as a nanny for the Swedish family Steffen in Compiobbi, just outside Florence in Italy. Astrid Ahnfelt spent a year in Tuscany and then moved to Rome, where she hoped to earn her living as a piano teacher. She fell in with the Swedish community in Rome and instead of becoming a piano teacher she started working as a culture correspondent for Swedish newspapers and cultural magazines. She brought female Italian authors to the attention of the Swedish public and, in 1904, she introduced them to the poet Giosue Carducci, who won the Nobel prize in literature in 1906.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt was driven by her literary ambitions and wrote in both Italian and Swedish. In 1902 *La lacrima nel mare del dolore e La sposa della morte* was published, a work comprising two stories. In 1905 she published a novel called *Nutidsungdom* and a collection of stories entitled *Sagor och legender*. She also published tales in Italian. *I blindo*, a 400-page novel based on the lives of Swedes in Italy, was published in Sweden in 1908. There is a certain autobiographical element to the novel. [](Klara Johanson) wrote a very negative review of the novel for *Stockholms Dagblad*, which was echoed by [](Marika Stiernstedt) in *Idun*, although the latter could see some literary potential in Astrid Ahnfelt’s writing. Ahnfelt also contributed to the same edition of *Idun* with a report from Messina in Sicily, which had been struck by a strong earthquake in late 1908. Astrid Ahnfelt travelled to Messina to serve as a temporary nurse and to provide support to the victims. Her work there led to her writing several pieces for *Idun*, which were later printed as a book.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt also worked as a “literary contact person”. She travelled to Sweden with the Italian author Antonio Beltramelli, whom she accompanied as a cicerone. Following this trip Antonio Beltramelli published his book *Attreverso la Svezia* in 1908, which also included 13 short stories by Astrid Ahnfelt in Italian. Some of Antonio Beltramelli’s books were published in Swedish, having been translated by Astrid Ahnfelt. In 1903 Astrid Ahnfelt introduced [](Selma Lagerlöf) to the Italian public and in 1912 the article “Selma Lagerlöf in Italy” was published in *Stockholms Dagblad*. In 1912 August Strindberg’s *Mäster Olof* was published in Milan, translated by Astrid Ahnfelt in collaboration with the Italian Maria Pascolato Pezzè. Astrid Ahnfelt also presented Swedish authors in the journal *Nuova Antologia*: Carl Jonas Love Almqvist in 1903, Gustaf Fröding in 1911 and Verner von Heidenstam in 1924. She had maintained a correspondence with the latter since 1909 and visited him at Övralid in 1930.\n\nIn either 1909 or 1910 Astrid Ahnfelt, who was unmarried, gave birth to a son, Silvano Attico, whom she raised alone and whose father remains anonymous. During the First World War she lived in Florence, where she appears to have run a bed and breakfast-type business and also intended to found a school based on modern educational methods. After the war she moved to Naples, where she worked at a library and at the Swedish consulate. In 1922 her Italian translation of August Strindberg’s *Tjänstekvinnans son* was published.\n\nAstrid Ahnfelt’s financial situation was always ropey. She appears to have sought a financial loan from Selma Lagerlöf and in 1930 Verner von Heidenstam stood guarantor for a loan from Riksbanken (the state bank). Astrid Ahnfelt was supportive of Mussolini’s fascist regime, which led to difficulties in getting published in Sweden. From 1934 onwards she made a living as a proofreader at *Il Giornale d’Italia*. At some point during this time she lost her son to a motorcycle accident. \n\nIn 1938 Ahnfelt’s Italian translation of Heidenstam’s *Karolinerna* was published, entitled *Carolus Rex*. The following year, in 1939, she was awarded a small prize of 500 lire by the Gothenburg-based Swedish-Italian association. She was also awarded a royal medal, the Vasa gold medal of the eighth degree. In the 1950s Astrid Ahnfelt appears to have worked on the translation of various short stories by Gabriele d’Annunzio into Swedish, but they were never published. She died in 1962, probably in Rome.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AstridAhnfelt",
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      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Carl Olof",
          "lastname": "Rosenius",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
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          "description": "Lindgärde, Valborg , ’Ordets kraft : väckelsernas diktare och predikanter’, *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2021-01-08)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/ordets-kraft-2/"
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          "description": "Lindgärde, Valborg, ’Ordets kraft : väckelsernas diktare och predikanter’, *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 2 / redaktion: Inger-Lise Hjordt-Vetlesen* ...., S. 181-195, 1993 [Litteraturbanken] (Hämtad 2021-01-08)",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Om Clara Ahnfelt",
          "description_eng": "About Clara Ahnfelt",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/2444943"
        }
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        "1800-talet",
        "Psalmer",
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        "Kyrkligt arbete",
        "Kristendom",
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      ],
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        "19th century",
        "Hymns",
        "Authors",
        "Christianity"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T15:14:56",
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1819-02-18",
            "date": "1819-02-18"
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        "firstname": "/Clara/ Fredrika Christina",
        "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
        "sortname": "Ahnfelt"
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        {
          "description": "Modist",
          "detail": "Modist",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Psalmförfattare",
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          },
          "name": "Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
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        {
          "name": "Strömberg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
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            "comment": "1785",
            "date": "1785"
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            "comment": "1832",
            "date": "1832"
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          "lastname": "Björklund",
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1768-05-24",
            "date": "1768-05-24"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1847-05-02",
            "date": "1847-05-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Christian Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Strömberg",
          "occupation": "Fältkamrer, rådman",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1820-07-18",
            "date": "1820-07-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1878-01-13",
            "date": "1878-01-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Strömberg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1813-05-21",
            "date": "1813-05-21"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1882-10-22"
          },
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            "date": "1844"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Tonsättare, musiklärare, predikant",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
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          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
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        {
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            "comment": "1846-03-24",
            "date": "1846-03-24"
          },
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            "comment": "1849-12-26",
            "date": "1849-12-26"
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          "firstname": "Oscar Jonathan",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "type": "Son",
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            "comment": "1848-01-25",
            "date": "1848-01-25"
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            "comment": "1848-07-26",
            "date": "1848-07-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Kofod-Svendsen, Flemming, Ahnfelts sånger : bakgrund, författare och textanalys. Carl Olof Rosenius-sällskapet (Hämtad 2021-01-07)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.co-rosenius.se/sanger-av-rosenius/ahnfelts-sanger-bakgrund-forfattare-och-textanalys-av-flemming-kofod-svendsen/"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Clara Ahnfelt’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-01-07)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Ahnfelt"
        },
        {
          "description": "‘Oscar Ahnfelt’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-01-07)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Ahnfelt"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Aandelige Sange: Dels samlede, dels bearb. samt udg. af Oscar Ahnfelt. Overs. fra det Svenske ved A.L. Gennemseet og rettet af Chr. Dick. [Overs. af Chr. Dick.]*, Christiania, 1876",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Den svenska psalmboken*, Stockholm, 1819",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Den svenska psalmboken*, Herzog & söner, Stockholm, 1937",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/psalmbok/1937/"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Den svenska psalmboken: antagen av 1986 års kyrkomöte*, Verbum, Älvsjö, 1986",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Einebrant, Ove, ’Oscar Ahnfelt, ett 200 års jubileum’, *Carlshamniana*, 2012(27), s. 79-92",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Einebrant, Ove, ’Oscar Ahnfelt : blott en dag, ett ögonblick i sänder’, *Församlingsbladet :  Karlshamns församling, Svenska kyrkan*, 2013:2, s. 8–9",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Feldt, Oscar, *Psalm- och sångförfattare i Sionstoner*, Evang. fosterl.-stift. förl., Stockholm, 1944",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindström, Gunnar, *Karlshamnsskisser: saml. 4*, [Lundins bokh. (distr.)], [Karlshamn], 1970",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lövgren, Oscar, *Oscar Ahnfelt: sångare och folkväckare i brytningstid*, Gummesson, Stockholm, 1966",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lövgren, Oscar, *Psalm- och sånglexikon*, Gummesson, Stockholm, 1964",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Selander, Inger, *Index över den kristna församlingssången i Sverige*, Gummesson  (distr., Stockholm, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Selander, Inger, *"O hur saligt att få vandra": motiv och symboler i den frikyrkliga sången = ["O, hur saligt att få vandra"] : [hymns of the free churches in Sweden : motifs and symbols]*, Gummesson, Diss. Lund : Univ.,Stockholm, 1980",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tegborg, Lennart & Jarlert, Anders (red.), *Sveriges kyrkohistoria 6 Romantikens och liberalismens tid*, Verbum i samarbete med Svenska kyrkans forskningsråd, Stockholm, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Werner, Arnold, *Vår nya psalmbok*., Diakonistyr., Stockholm, 1937",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Modist, psalmförfattare, kyrkligt aktiv",
      "subtitle_eng": "Milliner, hymn writer, active in church life",
      "text": "Clara Ahnfelt författade texter till det sena 1800-talets svenska andliga sång. Hennes insatser i den evangeliska väckelserörelsen liksom hennes praktiska, andliga och psykologiska stöd till sin mer namnkunnige make, sångaren, tonsättaren och predikanten Oscar Ahnfelt, har avsatt viktiga spår.\n\nClara Ahnfelt föddes den 18 februari 1819 i Vimmerby. Hennes föräldrar var fältkamreren och rådmannen Christian Fredrik Strömberg och Beata Christina Björklund. Familjen stannade i\nVimmerby till 1822, då de flyttade till Skänninge. 1835 flyttade Clara till Stockholm där hon arbetade som modist. Mer vet vi inte om henne; det lilla som finns skrivet om henne fokuserar på vad som skulle bli hennes livsuppgift, engagemanget inom den evangeliska väckelserörelsen.\n\nGenom baptismens inträde på den svenska scenen, vid mitten av 1800-talet, uppstod från lutherskt håll något av en motrörelse, med rötter i pietistisk och herrnhutisk tradition från 1700-talet. En gren av denna rörelse var nyevangelismen vars främste representant var Carl Olof Rosenius, som år 1856 var en av grundarna till Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS). Clara Ahnfelt liksom hennes man Oscar Ahnfelt hade god kontakt med Carl Olof Rosenius. Oscar Ahnfelt anlitades ofta som sångare vid Carl Olof Rosenius samlingar.\n\nOscar och Clara Ahnfelt gifte sig midsommaren 1844. De bosatte sig en tid i Jakobs församling innan de 1846 flyttade till Storkyrkoförsamlingen och Västerlånggatan. Här föddes deras två barn, Oscar Jonathan och Maria Elisabeth. Båda barnen dog emellertid som små och 1851 flyttade paret till Karlshamn där Oscar Ahnfelt en tid verkade som informator. År 1860 köpte paret den så kallade Cronholmska gården på Drottninggatan 70, i vilken de inrättade en samlingssal på övre våningen för bönemöten och predikningar. I denna sal bildades 9 mars 1867 Karlshamns Missionsförening, ansluten till EFS. Föreningen växte och redan 1868 byggdes ett missionshus. Ledande i verksamheten var uppenbarligen Clara Ahnfelt – maken Oscar befann sig ofta ute på prediko- och sångturnéer i landet. Hon övertog en söndagsskola och initierade och ledde ett arbete till stöd för sjömans- och Kinamission. Hemmet blev centrum för samtal och själavård och här inhystes de många resepredikanter som gästade föreningen.\n\nPå sina turnéer sjöng Oscar Ahnfelt sina tonsättningar av texter främst av [](Lina Sandell-Berg) men också några av Clara Ahnfelt, till ackompanjemang av sin tiosträngade gitarr. Det hade stort publikt genomslag. 200 sånger samlades och gavs ut i en serie om tolv häften, *Andeliga sånger*, 1850–1877. Delar av utgivningen möjliggjordes genom bidrag av [](Jenny Lind), som också tagit intryck av Carl Olof Rosenius. Samlingen fick mycket stor spridning.\n\nClara Ahnfelts produktion är av litet omfång. Veterligt har hon inte publicerat något i tryck före 1859. I sina texter hade hon ett starkt behov av att understryka omvändelsens och trons inflytande över livet. Det kan nog sägas överhuvudtaget vara ett karaktäristiskt drag i den samtida väckelsens sånger. Där stod hennes och andras diktning också under de oskrivna krav som bestämdes av en pietistisk kultur och estetisk syn, vilken såg formens enkelhet och själva konstlösheten som en garant för äkthet. Clara Ahnfelts sånger är präglade av stark gudsförtröstan och skrivna på ett enkelt, lättflytande språk; dispositionen är klar, ofta med ett antitetiskt mönster, och huvudlinjen hålls skickligt samman.\n\nÅr 1859 publicerades tre texter av henne i femte häftet av *Andeliga sånger* samt tre verser av psalmen *I djupet av mitt hjärta* skriven av den danske biskopen Hans Adolph Brorson (1694–1764). Clara Ahnfelts första vers inleds med orden ”Jo du mig visar vägen”. Sången blev en av de mest spridda i svenska psalm- och sångböcker fram till slutet av 1900-talet. I *Den svenska psalmboken* 1986 har Clara Ahnfelts text ersatts av en översättning av Anders Frostenson.\n\nOscar Ahnfelt avled av en stroke 22 oktober 1882 efter några år av svår depression; det blev Clara Ahnfelts tyngsta tid. Hon avled i lunginflammation 19 mars 1896. De har sin gemensamma grav på Hvilans kyrkogård i Karlshamn.",
      "text_eng": "Clara Ahnfelt wrote the lyrics for Swedish sacred songs of the late-1800s. She left significant traces in Swedish society through her contributions to the evangelical revivalist movement as well as the practical, spiritual and psychological support she provided to her famous husband, the singer, composer and preacher Oscar Ahnfelt.\n\nClara Ahnfelt was born in Vimmerby on 18 February 1819. Her parents were Christian Fredrik Strömberg, a military accountant and magistrate, and Beata Christina Björklund. The family remained in Vimmerby until 1822 when they moved to Skänninge, and then two years later they moved to Stockholm. As a young woman Clara Ahnfelt worked in fashion. We know nothing more about her: the little that has been written about her focuses on what became her life’s work, namely her involvement in the evangelical revivalist movement.\n\nThe introduction of baptism in Swedish society in the mid-1800s, led to the emergence of a kind of counter-movement from within the Lutheran sector, a movement whose roots lay in pietist, Moravian tradition which dated from the preceding century. One branch of this movement was the so-called new evangelists whose main proponent was Carl Olof Rosenius. In 1856 he belonged to a group that founded Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS, the Swedish Evangelical Mission). Clara Ahnfelt, like her husband Oscar Ahnfelt, was in regular contact with Carl Olof Rosenius. Oscar Ahnfelt was often asked to sing during Carl Olof Rosenius’ gatherings.\n\nOscar and Clara Ahnfelt married at Midsummer in 1844. For a time they were members of the Jakob church congregation before moving to Västerlånggatan and joining the Storkyrkan congregation. They had two children, Oscar Jonathan and Maria Elisabeth, both of whom died young. In 1851 the couple moved to Karlshamn where, for a time, Oscar Ahnfelt worked as a tutor. In 1860 the couple purchased the so-called Cronholmska farm at number 70 in Drottningholm. On the top floor of their home they set up a meeting hall to hold prayer meetings and give sermons. In this hall, on 9 March 1867, Karlshamns Missionsförening was established as a branch of EFS. The association expanded and by 1868 a mission building had been constructed. Given that Clara Ahnfelt’s husband Oscar was often away preaching and on singing-tours throughout Sweden she became the leading figure of the enterprise. She took over the running of a Sunday-school and set up and ran efforts in support of the seamen’s and China missions. Her home became a centre for conversations and spiritual care and accommodated many of the travelling preachers who came as guests of the association.\n\nOscar Ahnfelt, when away on his tours, sang his own melodies using lyrics primarily written by [](Lina Sandell-Berg), as well as those written by Clara Ahnfelt, to accompaniment on his twelve-string guitar. He met with great public success. 200 of these songs were gathered into a series of 12 pamphlets, entitled *Andeliga sånger*, published between 1850 and 1877. Some of these publications were made possible through funding received from [](Jenny Lind), who was also very influenced by Carl Olof Rosenius. This printed collection was widely disseminated.\n\nClara Ahnfelt’s output is quite limited. As far as is known she did not published anything before 1859. Her lyrics reveal a strong need to emphasise the influential role of conversion and faith in life, which can probably be taken as typical of contemporary revivalist songs. Clara Ahnfelt’s lyrics, as with those written by others, were also subject to the unwritten demands of pietistic culture and an aesthetic view in which simplicity in form and artlessness were considered a guarantee of authenticity. Clara Ahnfelt’s songs are characterised by a strong trust in God and are written using simple and easy-flowing language. These songs are quite plain in their arrangement, often using an antithetical pattern cleverly bound together by a main thread.\n\nIn 1859 three of the texts she had written were published in the fifth pamphlet of *Andeliga sånger* along with three verses of a hymn called *I djupet av mitt hjärta*, penned by the Danish bishop, Hans Adolph Brorson. Clara Ahnfelt’s first verse began with the words “Jo du mig visar vägen” (Yes you show me the way). The song became one of the most widely disseminated songs of Swedish hymn- and song-books up to the late 1900s. In *Den svenska psalmboken*, published in 1986, Clara Ahnfelt’s lyrics have been replaced by a translation provided by Anders Frostenson.\n\nOscar Ahnfelt, following a period of severe depression, died from a stroke on 22 October 1882. This was the toughest period of Clara Ahnfelt’s life. She herself died of pneumonia on 19 March 1896. They lie buried beside each other at Hvilans cemetery in Karlshamn.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ClaraFredrikaChristinaAhnfelt",
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          "firstname": "Louise",
          "lastname": "Lönnroth"
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            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
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          "description": "Stockholms Plymfabrik, Nr 1030 Plymer m.m. Hilda Ahnfelt. Malmö Museer (Hämtad 2020-03-12)",
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            "comment": "1844-10-27",
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          "description": "Företagare, fabrikör",
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          "description": "Porträtt av Hilda Ahnfelt inramat av plymer i Idun nr 52, 1909. Fotograf okänd (Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1810-09-29",
            "date": "1810-09-29"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1849-04-08",
            "date": "1849-04-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Carolina Helena, kalld Caroline,",
          "lastname": "Molin",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1802-12-13",
            "date": "1802-12-13"
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            "comment": "1875-01-11",
            "date": "1875-01-11"
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          "firstname": "Jacob",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "occupation": "Inspektor, lantbrukare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1835-01-10",
            "date": "1835-01-10"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Fritz Magnus",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA?",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1837-08-21",
            "date": "1837-08-21"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1912-10-17",
            "date": "1912-10-17"
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          "firstname": "Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Runnerström, gift Lundström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1839-06-09",
            "date": "1839-06-09"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-09-21",
            "date": "1913-09-21"
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          "firstname": "Carolina Gustafva",
          "lastname": "Runnerström, gift Lundgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1840-05-13",
            "date": "1840-05-13"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "firstname": "Carl Waldemar",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1841-06-14",
            "date": "1841-06-14"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-10-06",
            "date": "1900-10-06"
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          "firstname": "Axel Christoffer",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1842-07-21",
            "date": "1842-07-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1845-06-14",
            "date": "1845-06-14"
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          "firstname": "Victor Hugo",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1843-08-01",
            "date": "1843-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-12-15",
            "date": "1932-12-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Helena Christina Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Runnerström, gift Jönsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1846-11-13",
            "date": "1846-11-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1848-05-04",
            "date": "1848-05-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Jacob Gustav",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1849-03-04",
            "date": "1849-03-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-07-16",
            "date": "1935-07-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Fanny Elvira",
          "lastname": "Runnerström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-08-16",
            "date": "1845-08-16"
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            "date": "1890-02-17"
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          "firstname": "Arvid Wolfgang Nathanael",
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            "comment": "1871",
            "date": "1871"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Fil dr, publicist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1872-07-25",
            "date": "1872-07-25"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-01-13",
            "date": "1950-01-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Handelsidkare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-04-21",
            "date": "1874-04-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1877-10-22",
            "date": "1877-10-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerda",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-04-30",
            "date": "1876-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "firstname": "Astrid",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Författare, översättare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-08-12",
            "date": "1878-08-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1958-04-16",
            "date": "1958-04-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Louise",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-01-31",
            "date": "1880-01-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1965-04-09",
            "date": "1965-04-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Edmund",
          "lastname": "Ahnfelt",
          "occupation": "Prokurist, företagare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ahnfelt, Hilda, *Plymens historia och strutsen*, Förf., Stockholm, 1910 (Hämtad 2020-03-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:eod-1611302"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Ahnfelts katalog*, Stockholm, 1915-1916 (Hämtad 2020-03-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:vardagstryck-2382558"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Hvar 8 dag*, 1914/1915(16), s. 94 (Hämtad 2020-03-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/hvar8dag/16/0116.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ett trettioårsjubileum: vår första plymfabrik', *Idun*, 1909(22):52, s. 621-622 (Hämtad 2020-03-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50618"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Entreprenör, plymfabrikör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Entrepreneur, plume manufacturer",
      "text": "Hilda Ahnfelt grundade och drev den första plymfabriken i Sverige, och vann under det sena 1800-talet och tidiga 1900-talet erkännande för sin yrkesskicklighet.\n\nHilda Ahnfelt föddes 1844 i Tågerup, Saxtorps församling som dotter till inspektor Jacob Runnerström och hans hustru Caroline Helena Molin. Hon var näst yngst i en syskonskara av 10 barn. När hon var fyra och ett halvt år gammal dog hennes mor i sviterna efter sista barnets födelse. Fadern gifte inte om sig men samma år som han blev änkling flyttade en mamsell Jenny Westerdahl till familjen och blev kvar.\n\nUnder Hilda Ahnfelts uppväxt flyttade familjen 1846 till Tirups socken och 1865 till Felestad, där fadern tjänstgjorde som inspektor och arrendator på olika gårdar. Vid en systers giftermål följde Hilda Ahnfelt med henne till Raus socken och flyttade sedan själv 1868 till Västraby i Välinge socken norr om Helsingborg. I Västraby bodde samtidigt två systrar och en änkeprostinna Ahnfelt, som var mor till Hilda Ahnfelts blivande man. År 1871 vigdes hon i Felestad med litteraturhistorikern filosofie doktor Arvid Wolfgang Nathanael Ahnfelt. De flyttade till Stockholm där maken tjänstgjorde på Kungliga Biblioteket. Arvid Ahnfelt blev senare en flitig liberal journalist och urkundsutgivare. Makarna fick barnen Gunhild, Gerd, Louise, Edmund och [](Astrid Ahnfelt), som sedermera skulle utmärka sig som författare och översättare. Arvid Ahnfelt avled redan 1890 av en trolig hjärtinfarkt. Hilda Ahnfelt fortsatte ett år efter hans död att ge ut hans *Ur dagens krönika: Tidstaflor*, som var en kulturtidskrift och ett organ för de litterära åttiotalisterna, samtidigt som hon drev sin egen tillverknings- och affärsrörelse.\n\nÅr 1879 startade Hilda Ahnfelt Stockholms Plymfabrik, den enda i sitt slag i Sverige. Hon lärde sig själv hantverket genom att experimentera i sitt kök. Matsalen var till en början butik, men snart hyrde hon både butiks- och tillverkningslokaler på Smålandsgatan i Stockholm. Av en intervju i tidskriften *Idun* år 1909, om hennes 30-åriga yrkesliv, framgår att hon vid denna tid hade 16 flickor anställda som hon lärt upp. Sonen Edmund tog några år senare över driften av fabriken. Troligen var även döttrarna engagerade i företaget, då ingen av dem kom att gifta sig.\n\nPlymer och fjädrar användes vid den tiden till kvinnors hattar, till skådespelare och till officerare. Hilda Ahnfelt konkurrerade tidigt med grossister, som ville hindra henne från att tillkännage att hon hade direkta förbindelser med Kapstaden i Sydafrika och Egypten, de stora produktionsorterna, men makens presskontakter näpste grossisterna. Senare sköttes inköpen av sonen Edmund vid stora plymauktioner i London vår och höst. Skörd skedde fyra gånger per år på de stora strutsfarmarna. Vita vingpennor från strutshannar ansågs mycket exklusivt. Man använde även fjädrar från andra fåglar, som häger, maraboustork, påfågel, anka, tupp, kalkon, tjäder med flera.\n\nPlymhantverket omfattar många moment. Man ska kunna dra ut fett, tvätta, bleka, färga och torka materialet. Det innebär även att beskära, hyvla ner och strippa, eller skala av, fjädrarnas nerver. Plymer byggs upp till ”pleureuser” genom att förlänga fanet och handknyta ytterligare fan längst ner. Därtill kommer bindnings- och sömnadsarbeten samt montering. Krusning sker för hand med kniv. En tryckt katalog från 1913 visar mångfalden av den Ahnfeltska fabrikens erbjudanden: äkta strutsplymer i form av amazoner, pleureuser, flossplymer och strutsfjädrar. Fantasier, boor, aigretter, rysch och garnityr med mera kunde även fås av marabou, paradisfågel, häger, kondor, fasan, indisk duva, vit påfågel, emu och kasuar. Man erbjöd också renoveringsarbeten enligt ”bästa franska metod”. Kunder uppgavs vara ”Konungahuset, Statsrådets medlemmar, Diplomatiska kåren, Armén och Kungliga Teatrarna” liksom ”våra förnämsta damskräddare och modehus”.\n\nHilda Ahnfelt fick första pris för sin yrkesskicklighet vid utställningar i Malmö 1881, i Köpenhamn 1888, i Stockholm 1897 och i Landskrona 1913. Företaget ställde ut på Baltiska utställningen i Malmö 1914. Hon gav 1910 ut skriften *Plymens historia och strutsen*, som visar hennes ingående studier rörande det skiftande bruket av plymer av soldater och kungliga hov i olika länder från antiken och framåt. Artikeln ”Strutsen” skildrar uppfödningen på strutsfarmar och hur plymer ”skördas”.\n\nBruket av plymer och fjädrar avtog så småningom, liksom förr i historien under bistrare tider. Första världskriget och ökat krav på djurskydd gjorde också att stora hattar med plymer blev omoderna. Hilda Ahnfelt slapp uppleva hur hennes plymfabrik gick i konkurs 1928. Hon avled 1927 i Stockholm, och begravdes på Solna kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Hilda Ahnfelt was the founder and owner of the first plume factory in Sweden and she won public recognition for her expertise during the late nineteenth- and early-twentieth centuries. \n\nHilda Ahnfelt was born in Tågerup, in Saxtorp congregation, in 1844. She was the daughter of Jacob Runnerström, an inspector, and his wife Caroline Helena Molin. She was the second youngest child in a family of 10 children. Her mother died in childbirth when Hilda Ahnfelt was four and a half years old. Although her father never married for a second time a certain Mademoiselle Jenny Westerdahl moved in with the family the same year that he was widowed and remained with the family. \n\nHilda Ahnfelt and her family moved twice during the course of her childhood: first, in 1846, to Tirup parish and second, in 1865, to Felestad, where her father was an inspector and lease-holder of various farms. When one of her sisters got married Hilda Ahnfelt accompanied her to Raus parish and then, in 1868, she moved to Västraby in Välinge parish, north of Helsingborg. Two of her other sisters and a Mrs Ahnfelt, the widow of parson and mother of Hilda Ahnfelt’s future husband, also lived in Västraby. Hilda Ahnfelt married Arvid Wolfgang Nathanael Ahnfelt, who had a doctorate in literature, in Felestad in 1871. The couple moved to Stockholm where Hilda Ahnfelt’s husband worked at the Royal Library. Arvid Ahnfelt later became a hard-working liberal journalist and publisher of historical sources. The couple had five children, named Gunhild, Gerd, Louise, Edmund, and [](Astrid Ahnfelt). The latter became a distinguished author and translator in her own right. Arvid Ahnfelt died in 1890, most likely from a heart attack. For a year after her husband’s death Hilda Ahnfelt carried on publishing his cultural journal entitled *Ur dagens krönika: Tidstaflor*, a publication which served as an organ for the literati of the 1880s. In the meantime Hilda Ahnfelt also ran her own manufacturing and business enterprise. \n\nHilda Ahnfelt had set up Stockholms Plymfabrik (plume factory) in 1879 and it was the only one of its kind in all of Sweden. She had taught herself the art of plume production by experimenting in her kitchen. Initially her dining room at home had served as her shop but she soon hired both shop- and factory-premises on Smålandsgatan in Stockholm. When she was interviewed about her 30-year long professional life by the *Idun* journal in 1909 Hilda Ahnfelt revealed that she had a staff of 16 girls, all instructed by her. A few years later her son, Edmund, took over the business. It is likely that her daughters were also active in the business as none of them ever married. \n\nAt this time plumes and feathers featured on women’s hats and were used by actors and by officers. From early on Hilda Ahnfelt faced competition from wholesalers who wanted to prevent her from revealing that she had direct contact with major producers in Cape Town, South Africa, and in Egypt. Her husband’s press contacts, however, chastised the wholesalers. Later it was her son, Edmund, who handled procurements at London’s major feather auctions during autumn and spring. The larger ostrich farms would harvest feathers four times a year. White quills from male ostriches were considered to be extremely exclusive items. Feathers from other birds, such as herons, Marabou stork, peacocks, ducks, roosters, turkeys, and capercaillie were also used. \n\nThe plume manufactory involves several stages. Fat must be removed, the feathers washed, bleached, dyed, and then dried. This also entails slicing, paring and stripping, or peeling off, the feathers’ nerves. Feathers are then built up into a “pleureuse” by layering several on top of each other to achieve the desired thickness. This is followed by binding-, sewing-, and assembly-work. A knife is used to bend the feathers. A catalogue published in 1913 shows the variety of items available from the Ahnfelt factory: genuine ostrich feathers shaped into “amazons”, “pleureuses”, down feathers and ostrich feathers. Fascinators, boas, frills, and decorative plumes, and other things, could also be made from Marabou stork, birds of paradise, herons, condors, pheasants, Indian pigeons, white peacocks, emus and cassowaries. Hilda Ahnfelt’s business also offered to refurbish feathered items according to “the best French methods”. The customers included those from “the royal household, cabinet ministers, the diplomatic corps, the army and the royal theatres” as well as “our most eminent female tailors and houses of fashion”. \n\nHilda Ahnfelt won first prize for her expertise at several exhibitions: Malmö in 1881, Copenhagen in 1888, Stockholm in 1897, and Landskrona in 1913. The factory wares were exhibited at the Baltic exhibition in Malmö in 1914. Hilda Ahnfelt published a work entitled *Plymens historia och strutsen* in 1910 which revealed her detailed studies of the varying use of plumes by soldiers and royal courts in different countries from antiquity onwards. An article simply entitled “Strutsen” described the breeding practises at ostrich farms and the “feather harvesting” method. \n\nFeathers and plumed accessories gradually fell into decline, as had happened before during grim times. The First World War and increased demands for animal welfare also led to large hats with plumes becoming unfashionable. Hilda Ahnfelt however did not live to see her plume factory go bankrupt in 1928. She died the year before in Stockholm and was buried in Solna cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "HildaHenriettaAhnfelt",
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        "Landskrona|55.870348|12.83008",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Vollsjö|55.4123|13.4747"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Åkerström"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "description": "Italienska konungens medalj i guld",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "description": "För medborgerlig förtjänst, 8:e storleken i guld (GMmf8)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "description": "Hedersledamot, Dramatiska och musikaliska artisternas pensionsförening",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ebba",
          "lastname": "Atterbom",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Lundström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Utbildad musiklärare",
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Dimming, Lars, 'Hemma hos donatorsparet', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2007-09-20",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Miller, Catharina, '"Jag bygger för damer som förlorat sina pengar"', *Minnenas journal*, 2017-03-02",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Korrespondens med Axel Boëthius 1939-1947. Professor Axel Boëthius papper. Handskriftsavdelningen, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-09-23)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-141652"
        },
        {
          "description": "Korrespondens med Carlo Diano. Professor Axel Boëthius papper. Handskriftsavdelningen, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-09-23)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-141661"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stiftelsen Anna Ahrenbergs fond för vetenskapliga m.fl. ändamål - GLA/B0221. Landsarkivet i Göteborg (Hämtad 2020-09-23)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/PnbOacvILaQfyJJJevgPP5"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Donationer",
        "Social verksamhet",
        "Välgörenhet"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Charity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-05T09:56:46",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 87,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1861-02-03",
            "date": "1861-02-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Göteborgs domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1948-09-27",
            "date": "1948-09-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Vasa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Anna/ Emilia",
        "lastname": "Ahrenberg",
        "sortname": "Ahrenberg"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Pianolärare, privat och vid Robertine Berséns pianoskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1880-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Donator",
          "detail": "Donator, bl a till Göteborgs högskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "name": "Göteborgs Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kassaförvaltare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "name": "Svensk-italienska Föreningen i Göteborg",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "name": "De Blindas Vänner",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot, fr o m 1921 ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet för uppmuntrande av öm och sedlig modersvård",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "name": "Anna Ahrenbergs stiftelse",
          "type": "Stiftelse",
          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "name": "Kristliga föreningen av unga män (KFUM)",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lindhult",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Porträttbyst av Anna Ahrenberg i patinerad brons av Renato Luccetti, årtal okänt (Göteborgs universitets samlingar)",
          "description_eng": "Portrait bust of Anna Ahrenberg, bronze, by Renato Luccetti, year unknown (University of Gothenburg collections)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Ahrenberg_Anna_2.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-29",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1828-04-28",
            "date": "1828-04-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1890-03-02",
            "date": "1890-03-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Sara Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Lindhult, född Wessberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1828-11-17",
            "date": "1828-11-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897-09-15",
            "date": "1897-09-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik Oriel",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Handlande",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1855-06-15",
            "date": "1855-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1899-04-14",
            "date": "1899-04-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Ernfrid",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Handelsagent, inspektör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857-02-01",
            "date": "1857-02-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-01-12",
            "date": "1944-01-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-10-29",
            "date": "1858-10-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Elis Gotthard",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Handelsbokhållare, köpman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-12-29",
            "date": "1859-12-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-03-06",
            "date": "1941-03-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Oskar Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Kassör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-09-19",
            "date": "1862-09-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1905-09-24",
            "date": "1905-09-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Georg",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Handlande, köpman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-02-15",
            "date": "1872-02-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966-03-06",
            "date": "1966-03-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Walborg Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Lindhult",
          "occupation": "Musiklärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1835-09-10",
            "date": "1835-09-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1915-04-23",
            "date": "1915-04-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrik Elis",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahrenberg",
          "occupation": "Grosshandlare, riksdagsledamot",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Björneberg, Anna-Lisa & Carlsson, Anette, *"Så här kan vi inte ha det!": fem kvinnoorganisationer i Göteborg : 100 års ideellt arbete, när samhället svek*, Göteborgskvinnor i rörelse/r (KAF), [Göteborg], 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Blennow, Anna, 'Dea Roma i Göteborg: Anna Ahrenberg och kulturkontakter Göteborg-Rom 1909-1939', *Romhorisont*, 69, 2018, s. 20-22",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fritz, Martin, *Göteborgsdonatorerna Anna och Henrik Ahrenberg: främjare av vetenskap, kultur och social välfärd*, Sekel, Lund, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åkerström, Ulla, *Italienskan vid Göteborgs högskola och Göteborgs universitet: en historik (1928-2012)*, CKM Förlag, Stockholm, 2020",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Donator",
      "subtitle_eng": "Donor",
      "text": "Anna Ahrenberg var donator som bidragit till bland annat Göteborgs högskola (nuvarande Göteborgs universitet) och vetenskaplig forskning. Hon var också verksam inom föreningslivet och värnade särskilt italiensk kultur.\n\nAnna Ahrenberg föddes 1861 i Göteborg, som femte barnet i en av skara av sju. Föräldrarna var handlaren Carl Lindhult och hans hustru Sara Fredrika, född Wessberg. Hon växte upp i Göteborg och bodde där under hela sitt liv. I familjen fanns ett stort musikintresse. Hennes farbror, Oscar Lindhult, var sånglärare i Göteborg och vän med [](Jenny Lind). Både Anna Ahrenberg och hennes yngre syster Walborg Lindhult utbildade sig till musiklärare. Före sitt giftermål gav Anna Ahrenberg pianolektioner privat. Hon undervisade också vid Robertine Berséns pianoskola, grundad 1887.\n\nÅr 1898 reste Anna Ahrenberg för första gången till Italien, en resa som följdes av ett livslångt intresse för landet och dess kultur, med många resor dit och studier i det italienska språket. År 1900 gifte hon sig med den förmögne grosshandlaren, riksdagsledamoten och donatorn Henrik Ahrenberg. Äktenskapet blev barnlöst. Maken delade hennes intresse för Italien och de båda sammanstrålade i Rom med Vilhelm Lundström, professor i klassiska språk vid Göteborgs högskola, och dennes studenter när de utförde en studieresa år 1909. Resan var en pionjärinsats som hade föregåtts av stora förberedelser vid högskolan, med avgiftsbelagda föreläsningar för finansieringen och gratislektioner i italienska av [](Ebba Atterbom), översättare och lärare i italienska. Anna Ahrenbergs vänskap med Vilhelm Lundström och Ebba Atterbom kom att fortleva i många år och ligga till grund för fortsatta samarbeten. År 1915 blev Anna Ahrenberg änka. I makens testamente, som på intet sätt lämnade hustrun lottlös utan tvärtom väl sörjde för hennes ekonomiska trygghet, fanns även instruktioner om en mängd donationer, ett redan påbörjat arbete som Anna Ahrenberg fortsatte.\n\nAnna Ahrenberg var aktiv i föreningslivet och kombinerade det med sina donationer. Hon var med bland grundarna till föreningen Göteborgs Idun 1923, vilken hade danska Kvindelig Læseforening som förebild. För att klara ekonomin bildades 1924 aktiebolaget Göteborgs Idun, i vilket Anna Ahrenberg köpte aktier utöver de donationer hon gjorde till föreningen. Hon gav också bidrag till det Kvinnornas hus som föreningen så småningom köpte. Det låg på Storgatan 47 och invigdes år 1941. Att invigningen skedde i närvaro av kronprinsessan [Louise](0000 0000 4911 4069) visar hur viktigt föreningens arbete ansågs vara. Föreningen, som fortfarande är aktiv, hade folkbildning som mål, liksom att samla kvinnor med kulturella och sociala intressen. Man anordnade föredrag inom vetenskap, konst, litteratur och musik, gjorde studiebesök och stödde ideell verksamhet av social natur. Föreningen arrangerade också tillställningar till förmån för välgörenhet och barnteater. Det lär också ha spelats mycket bridge under 1930-talet.\n\nUnder 1920- och 1930-talen hade Anna Ahrenberg en framträdande roll rörande kulturkontakterna mellan Sverige och Italien. Hon fortsatte sina studier i italienska, det språk hon älskade, under hela sitt liv. Hon framträdde också som pianist i sociala sammanhang såsom föreningsmöten och inom välgörenheten. Efter makens bortgång bodde Anna Ahrenberg kvar i deras bostad på Föreningsgatan 10, där de hade inrett ett särskilt rum som kallades ”italienska rummet”. Bland hennes sällskapsdamer återfanns ofta italienskor och hon reste regelbundet till Italien. Där var hon en välkänd gäst i de fina salongerna och hon var en gång på audiens hos Mussolini. Den 12 mars 1925 bildade Anna Ahrenberg tillsammans med bland andra Vilhelm Lundström och Ebba Atterbom den Svensk-italienska föreningen vid en sammankomst på restaurangen Gamle Port i Göteborg. Vilhelm Lundström blev ordförande, Ebba Atterbom vice sekreterare och Anna Ahrenberg blev utsedd till kassaförvaltare. Föreningen, som fortfarande är aktiv, hade redan från början ett livfullt och rikt program. Dess verksamhet har sedan starten bestått av att arrangera vetenskapliga och populära föredrag i arkeologi, historia, litteratur och musik och tillhörande social samvaro.\n\nAnna Ahrenberg fortsatte under hela livet att göra stora donationer, både till filantropiska och vetenskapliga ändamål, ofta som “givare okänd”. Redan från 1898 hade Göteborgs högskola (nuvarande Göteborgs universitet) tilldelats årliga medel av Henrik Ahrenberg och högskolan intog en central position som mottagare också av fru Ahrenbergs donationer. Vid Svensk-italienska föreningens sammanträde på Valand i Göteborg den 16 februari 1928 tillkännagavs att Anna Ahrenberg donerat medel att användas till avlönande under tre läsår framåt av ett lektorat i svenska språket vid ett italienskt universitet och ett lektorat i italienska språket vid Göteborgs högskola. Tre år senare, till minne av sin 70-årsdag den 3 februari 1931, gjorde hon en stor donation som lade grunden till Anna Ahrenbergs Italienska Lektorsfond. Denna donation kom att bli en garanti för italienskans existens vid lärosätet under många år. Senare samma år tilldelades Anna Ahrenberg, som första svenska kvinna, den italienska konungens medalj i guld för sina insatser ämnade att stärka det svensk-italienska kulturella utbytet. År 1931 erhöll hon även den svenska konungens guldmedalj av åttonde storleken med inskriften ”För medborgerlig förtjänst”. År 1941 fick hon en hedersgåva från italienska staten, bestående av en portfölj med italienska etsningar, överlämnad av envoyén Giuseppe Renzetti, som tack för sina insatser rörande undervisningen av italienska vid högskolan och de svensk-italienska relationerna.\n\nDen 27 mars 1933 gjorde Anna Ahrenberg ytterligare en stor donation genom att lägga grunden för stiftelsen Anna Ahrenbergs fond för huvudsakligen vetenskapliga ändamål. Anna Ahrenberg satt själv som ordförande i fondens styrelse under resten av sitt liv. Hon gjorde också ett stort antal andra donationer till Göteborgs högskola, exempelvis gällande professuren i klassisk fornkunskap och antikens historia, seminariebiblioteket, institutionen för marin botanik, samt en stor donation till byggnaden för det konsthistoriska seminariet. På 1930-talet upprättade Ahrenberg också en bostadsstiftelse, Anna Ahrenbergs stiftelse, med hyresfria lägenheter i en fastighet på Gibraltargatan för mindre bemedlade äldre damer. Hon var ordförande i välgörenhetsföreningen Sällskapet för uppmuntran av öm och sedlig modersvård och i De blindas vänner, och tillhörde styrelsen i Kristliga föreningen av unga män (KFUM). År 1946 blev hon utsedd till hedersledamot i Dramatiska och musikaliska artisternas pensionsförening. Under sitt liv gjorde Anna Ahrenberg många donationer, som inte nämns här. Hon lade också grund för hur donationsverksamheten skulle fortsätta efter hennes bortgång.\n\nAnna Ahrenberg gick bort 1948, vid 87 års ålder. Hon ligger begravd på Östra kyrkogården i Göteborg tillsammans med sin man Henrik.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Ahrenberg was a donor who contributed money to Gothenburg College (now the University of Gothenburg) and scientific research. She was active in various societies and was especially protective towards Italian culture. \n\nAnna Ahrenberg was born in 1861 in Gothenburg, the fifth child of seven. Her parents were Sara Fredrika Lindhult, née Wessberg, and Carl Lindhult, a merchant. She grew up in Gothenburg and lived there all her life. The family was very interested in music. Her paternal uncle Oscar Lindhult was a voice teacher in Gothenburg and a friend of [](Jenny Lind). Both Anna Ahrenberg and her younger sister Walborg Lindhult trained to be music teachers. Before her marriage, Anna Ahrenberg gave private piano lessons. She also taught at Robertine Bersén’s piano school, founded in 1887.\n \nIn 1898, Anna Ahrenberg travelled for the first time to Italy, a trip that resulted in a lifelong interest in the country and its culture, with many journeys there and studies of the Italian language. In 1900, she married the wealthy wholesale dealer, member of parliament and donor Henrik Ahrenberg. The marriage was childless. Her husband shared her interest in Italy and in Rome they both met up with Vilhelm Lundström, a professor of classical languages at Gothenburg College, and his students, when the latter were on a study trip in 1909. The trip was a pioneer work that had been preceded by great preparations at the college, with lectures for a charge to finance the trip and free lessons in Italian given by [](Ebba Atterbom), a translator and teacher of Italian. Anna Ahrenberg’s friendship with Vilhelm Lundström lived on for many years and laid the foundations for their continued cooperation. In 1915, Anna Ahrenberg was widowed. In her husband’s will, that in no way left his wife penniless but rather the opposite, took good care of her financial security, there were also instructions on a number of donations, work that he had started and that Anna Ahrenberg continued.\n \nAnna Ahrenberg was active in various societies and combined that with her donations. She was one of the founders of the association Göteborgs Idun in 1923, which had the Danish association Kvindelig Læseforening as its model. To manage the economy, the limited company Göteborgs Idun was started in 1924, in which Anna Ahrenberg bought shares apart from the donations she made to the association. She also gave contributions to the women’s house Kvinnornas hus that the association eventually purchased. The address was Storgatan 47 and it was opened in 1941. That the opening was attended by crown princess [Louise Mountbatten](0000 0000 4911 4069) shows how important the association’s work was deemed to be. The association, that is still active, had as its goal popular education, as well as gathering women together who had cultural and social interests. They organised lectures on science, art, literature and music, made study visits and supported idealistic activities of a social nature. The association also arranged children’s theatre and events for the benefit of charity. It is said that much bridge was played during the 1930s. \n\nDuring the 1920s and 1930s, Anna Ahrenberg played a prominent role in the cultural contacts between Sweden and Italy. She continued her studies of Italian, the language she loved, during her whole life. She also performed as a pianist in social contexts like association meetings and charity events. After her husband’s death, Anna Ahrenberg continued living in their home in Föreningsgatan 10, where she and her husband had furnished a special room called “the Italian room”. Among her women friends were often Italians and she travelled regularly to Italy. There she was a well-known guest in the best salons and once she had an audience with Mussolini. On 12 March 1925, Anna Ahrenberg and others, among them Vilhelm Lundström and Ebba Atterbom started the Swedish-Italian Association at a meeting at the Gamleport restaurant in Gothenburg. Vilhelm Lundström was elected chairman, Ebba Atterbom was made vice-secretary and Anna Ahrenberg was made the cashier.\n \nThe association, that is still active, had right from the beginning a lively and full programme. Its activities have since its start consisted of arranging scientific and popular lectures in archaeology, history, literature and music, with subsequent social get-togethers. \n\nAnna Ahrenberg continued her whole life to make large donations, for both philanthropic and scientific ends, often as “donor unknown”. As early as 1898, Gothenburg College (now the University of Gothenburg) had been awarded money annually by Henrik Ahrenberg, and the college took up a central position as the recipient of Mrs Ahrenberg’s donations too. At the meeting of the Swedish-Italian Association at Valand in Gothenburg on 16 February 1928, it was announced that Anna Ahrenberg had donated money to be used to pay the salaries for three years of a lecturer in Swedish language at an Italian university and of a lecturer in Italian at Gothenburg College. Three years later, as a memorial to her own seventieth birthday on 3 February 1931, she made a large donation that laid the foundation for the fund Anna Ahrenbergs Italienska Lektorsfond. This donation was to guarantee the existence of the Italian language at this seat of learning for many years. Later the same year, Anna Ahrenberg was the first Swedish woman to be awarded the Italian king’s gold medal for her contributions to strengthening Swedish-Italian cultural exchange. In 1931, she also received the Swedish king’s gold medal of the eighth grade with the inscription “For civic merit”. In 1941, she received an honorary gift from the Italian state, consisting of a briefcase filled with Italian etchings, and handed over by the envoy Giuseppe Renzetti, as thanks for her contributions to the teaching of Italian at the college and to Swedish-Italian relations.\n \nOn 27 March 1933, Anna Ahrenberg made yet another large donation by starting the foundation “Anna Ahrenbergs fond för huvudsakligen vetenskapliga ändamål”. Anna Ahrenberg herself was the chairwoman of the foundation’s board for the rest of her life. She also made a great number of other donations to Gothenburg College, for example for a professorship in classical antiquity and its history, a library for the teacher training college, the department of marine botany, as well as a large donation to the building of the school of art history. In the 1930s, Anna Ahrenberg also started a foundation for residential accommodation, Anna Ahrenbergs stiftelse, with rent-free flats in a building in Gibraltargatan for less affluent older ladies. She was the chairwoman of the charity association Sällskapet för uppmuntran av öm och sedlig modersvård and in De blindas vänner, and she was a member of the board of the Christian YMCA (KFUM). In 1946, she was elected to be an honorary member of the Dramatiska och musikaliska artisternas pensionsförening. During her lifetime, Anna Ahrenberg made many donations that are not named here. She also lay the foundation for how the donations enterprise should be continued after her death. \n\nAnna Ahrenberg died in 1948, at 87 years of age. She lies buried in the Eastern Cemetery in Gothenburg with her husband Henrik.",
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          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, riksdagsledamot 1976–1989, biträdande socialminister och sjukvårdsminister 1981–1982, ordförande, Folkpartiets länsförbund i Malmöhus län 1979–1983",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "name": "Folkpartiet (FP, nuvarande Liberalerna)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2019",
            "date": "2019"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ordförande",
          "name": "Svenska Afghanistankommittén",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Andersson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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        {
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            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
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              "lat": 59.421296,
              "lon": 16.47697
            },
            "place": "Torshälla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 45.4972,
              "lon": -73.6104
            },
            "place": "Montréal, Kanada"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": -41.2887953,
              "lon": 174.7772114
            },
            "place": "Wellington, Nya Zeeland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.724444,
              "lon": 14.1025
            },
            "place": "Brösarp"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2019",
            "date": "2019"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Karin Ahrland, cirka 1985. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 – beskuren)",
          "description_eng": "Karin Ahrland, circa 1985. Photographer unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 – cropped)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Ahrland_Karin_1985.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-08-20",
            "date": "1899-08-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-10-24",
            "date": "1954-10-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Nyhlén",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1897-10-13",
            "date": "1897-10-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1958-03-28",
            "date": "1958-03-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Valfrid Andreas",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Bruksdisponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-11-29",
            "date": "1924-11-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-03-08",
            "date": "2009-03-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Fredrik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "lastname": "Petersson",
          "occupation": "Professor i statskunskap",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-03-26",
            "date": "1924-03-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-02-03",
            "date": "2009-02-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Harald",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahrland",
          "occupation": "Försvarsdirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2009",
            "date": "2009"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1965-04-13",
            "date": "1965-04-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2010-02-14",
            "date": "2010-02-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Harald Andreas",
          "lastname": "Ahrland",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Fakta om folkvalda: Riksdagen 1985-1988*, Riksdagens förvaltningskontor, Stockholm, 1986, s. 19-20",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Karin Ahrland', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-01-29)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Ahrland"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, riksdagsledamot, diplomat",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lawyer, member of parliament, diplomat",
      "text": "Karin Ahrland var jurist, politiker, diplomat och kvinnosaksaktivist.\n\nKarin Ahrland föddes i bruksmiljö vid Nyby bruk i Torshälla, där hennes far var disponent. Hon gick i skola och tog studenten i Eskilstuna, och fortsatte sina studier i Lund där hon tog en juris kandidatexamen 1958.\n\nI Lund gjorde Karin Ahrland sig ett namn i studentkretsar och valdes till förste kurator för Värmlands nation. Åren i Lund var nyttiga för den blivande offentliga personen — hon tränade sig i att tala, att knyta kontakter och sköta föreningsangelägenheter.\n\nEfter tingstjänstgöring i Sjöbo sökte sig Karin Ahrland till den administrativa banan. Hon tjänstgjorde vid regeringsrätten i Stockholm, utsågs till förste länsassessor i Falun och från 1971 i Malmö, där hon bosatte sig med familjen, bestående av maken Nils och sonen Andreas.\n\nTidigt i yrkeslivet stötte Karin Ahrland på manliga fördomar om kvinnor vilket fick henne att engagera sig i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. Hon var dess ordförande 1970—1976, och drev då särskilt frågan om en ökad kvinnorepresentation i politiken.\n\nFöljdriktigt gick hon själv in i politiken genom Folkpartiet (nuvarande Liberalerna). Liberalismen var ett naturligt val för Karin Ahrland på grund av hennes självständiga karaktär och hennes bakgrund i svensk bruksmiljö där hela världen var mottagare av de framställda produkterna.\n\nFör Folkpartiet blev Karin Ahrland nyttig i flera roller. Hon hade hög trovärdighet på jämställdhetsområdet, en samling frågor som då gav Folkpartiet profil. Hon blev riksdagsledamot 1976, vid det val som för första gången sedan 1930-talet ledde till en ickesocialistisk regering under centerpartisten Thorbjörn Fälldin. Karin Ahrland blev kvar i riksdagen till efter valet 1988. Ett drygt år var hon statsråd med ansvar för sjuk- och hälsovården, ett område som ingalunda varit hennes specialitet. Med den erfarenhet och säkerhet som karriären i förvaltningen och riksdagen givit henne, satte hon sig dock snabbt in i sina frågor.\n\nSom jurist var Justitieutskottet en given plats för henne, och hon var dess ordförande 1985—1989. Karin Ahrland hörde dessutom till den lilla grupp riksdagsledamöter som hördes och märktes i den allmänna debatten; under flera år skrev hon kolumner i dagspressen. Hon var en klart tänkande jurist och en god skribent.\n\nDet var delvis hennes allmänpolitiska engagemang som fick Karin Ahrland engagerad i Svenska Afghanistankommittén, som hade bildats efter Sovjets inmarsch i Afghanistan 1979. Hon var dess ordförande i två omgångar. Dessutom bidrog hennes stora intresse för Asien. Karin Ahrland vara sedan ungdomen en berest resenär; hon berättade gärna hur hon som student i början av 1950-talet ledsagat ett amerikanskt par som kommit till Europa för att se de länder vilka Amerika räddat från Hitler. På 1980-talet var hon FN-delegat.\n\nNär Karin Ahrland lämnade riksdagen och tillfrågades om nytt uppdrag var Utrikesdepartementet det givna valet. År 1989 övergick Karin Ahrland i diplomatisk tjänst. Hon var generalkonsul i Montreal, Kanada och ambassadör i Wellington, Nya Zeeland — en post som också innefattade några öriken i Stilla havet.\n\nSom den kvinnopionjär hon var avslutade Karin Ahrland sin tjänst med uppdraget att vara introduktör av främmande sändebud. Alla män före henne hade burit en guldsmidd uniform, hon hade en svart kaftan med stora guldbroderier, köpt i en basar någonstans i Asien.\n\nKarin Ahrlands engagemang för liberalism och kvinnosaken förblev starkt också under åren som pensionär i Illstorp, Brösarps kommun i östra Skåne. Hon läste, lyssnade, deltog i debatten och påverkade sitt parti.\n\nHon reste så länge krafterna räckte. Kashgar, en gammal oasstad i västligaste Kina, hörde till de sista resmålen. Likaså var Karin Ahrland på plats i Washington vid det amerikanska presidentvalet 2008 som förde Barack Obama till Vita Huset.\n\nMen hon följde också det gamla rådet att odla sin trädgård. På den före detta åkern i Illstorp planterade Karin Ahrland träd, ett arboretum i liten skala: en tidsenlig, klimatvänlig insats.\n\nKarin Ahrland avled 2019. Hon ligger begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Malmö.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Ahrland was a lawyer, politician, diplomat and activist in the women’s cause. \n\nKarin Ahrland was born in a works setting at Nyby works in Torshälla, where her father was the works manager. She attended school and matriculated in Eskilstuna. She continued her studies at the University of Lund where she took her Bachelor of Laws Degree in 1958. \n\nKarin Ahrland made a name for herself in student circles in Lund and was elected as the first curator of the student association Värmlands nation. Her years in Lund were beneficial to her as a public person to be — she practised giving speeches, made contacts and took care of association business. After service in the district court in Sjöbo, Karin Ahrland applied to the administrative course. She served at the Supreme Administrative Court in Stockholm, was appointed as the first county assessor in Falun and from 1971 in Malmö, where she settled down with her husband Nils and son Andreas. \n\nEarly on in her professional life, Karin Ahrland encountered male prejudices about women, which led to her getting involved in the Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. She was its chairperson in 1970—1976, and pushed especially for the issue of increased women’s representation in politics. Consequently, she herself entered politics via the Liberal People’s Party (Folkpartiet, now Liberalerna). Liberalism was a natural choice for Karin Ahrland on account of her independent character and her background in the Swedish works environment, the products from which were sent out into the whole world. \n\nKarin Ahrland was beneficial to the liberal Folkpartiet in several different roles. She enjoyed high credibility in the field of gender equality, a collection of issues that contributed to the Folkpartiet profile. She was elected a member of parliament in 1976, at the election that for the first time since the 1930s led to a non-socialist government under the leadership of the Centre politician Thorbjörn Fälldin. Karin Ahrland remained in parliament until after the 1988 election. For slightly longer than a year she was the minister responsible for healthcare, a field that was not at all her speciality. With the experience and sureness that her career in the administration and parliament had given her, however, she soon mastered the necessary issues of the day. \n\nThe Committee on Justice was the given place for Karin Ahrland as a lawyer, and she was its chairperson in 1985—1989. She also belonged to the small group of members of parliament who were heard and paid attention to in general public discussion; for several years she wrote columns in the daily newspapers. She was a clear-thinking lawyer and a good writer. \n\nIt was partly her general political engagement that led Karin Ahrland to become involved in the Swedish Afghanistan Committee, that had been started after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. She was its chairperson for two sessions. Her great interest in Asia also contributed. She had travelled widely since her youth. She loved telling the story of how as a student at the beginning of the 1950s, she had guided an American couple who had come to Europe to see the countries that America had saved from Hitler. In the 1980s she was made a delegate to the United Nations. \n\nWhen Karin Ahrland left parliament and was once again asked about a new assignment, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs was the obvious choice. In 1989, Karin Ahrland transferred to the diplomatic service. She was Consul General in Montreal, Canada and Ambassador in Wellington, New Zealand — a post that also included some island kingdoms in the Pacific Ocean. \n\nAs the woman pioneer she was, she concluded her assignment by being the introducer of foreign emissaries. All the men before her had worn gold-decorated uniforms. She wore a black caftan with gold embroidery that she had bought in a bazaar somewhere in Asia. \n\nKarin Ahrland’s engagement in liberalism and the women’s cause was further strengthened during the years after her retirement in Illstorp, a village in the southern Swedish province of Skåne. She read, listened, participated in discussions and influenced her party. She travelled for as long as her strength allowed. Kashgar, an ancient oasis city in western China, was one of her last travel goals. Karin Ahrland was also in place in Washington for the presidential election in 2008 that brought Barack Obama to the White House.\n \nHowever, she also followed the age-old advice to attend to one’s garden. On a former field in Illstorp, Karin Ahrland planted trees, an arboretum on a small scale: an up-to-date, climate-friendly action. \n\nKarin Ahrland died in 2019. She lies buried in the Old Cemetery in Malmö.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "KarinAhrland",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Sjöbo|55.633333|13.7",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Brösarp|55.724444|14.1025",
        "Malmö|55.604981|13.003822",
        "Montréal, Kanada|45.4972|-73.6104",
        "Wellington, Nya Zeeland|-41.2887953|174.7772114",
        "Lund|55.70466|13.191007",
        "Torshälla|59.421296|16.47697"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "71364164"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anneli",
          "lastname": "Palmsköld"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 67.428291,
              "lon": 22.5114178
            },
            "place": "Junosuando"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "externallink": [
        {
          "description": "Hör Erika berätta 1948 hur hon uppfann lovikkavanten. Sveriges Radio (Hämtad 2018-01-02)",
          "url": "http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=1017&artikel=6374753"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Slöjd",
        "Uppfinnare",
        "Företagare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Handicraft",
        "Inventors",
        "Entrepreneurs"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2019-10-10T11:44:17",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 86,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1866-02-22",
            "date": "1866-02-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Pajala församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 67.428291,
              "lon": 22.5114178
            },
            "place": "Junosuando"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1952-12-15",
            "date": "1952-12-15"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Junosuando församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 67.3403184,
              "lon": 22.6105034
            },
            "place": "Lovikka"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Maria /Erika/",
        "lastname": "Aittamaa",
        "sortname": "Aittamaa"
      },
      "num_children": 7,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Stickare, framför allt vantar, uppfinnare av Lovikkavanten, senare vantfabrikör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 67.3403184,
              "lon": 22.6105034
            },
            "place": "Lovikka"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Olofsdotter Kruuka",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Riiga",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 22.5114178
            },
            "place": "Junosuando"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 67.3403184,
              "lon": 22.6105034
            },
            "place": "Lovikka"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Erika Aittamaa",
          "description_eng": "Erika Aittamaa",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Aittamma_Erika.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1829",
            "date": "1829"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Kajsa",
          "lastname": "Larsdotter Kruuka",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1825",
            "date": "1825"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof",
          "lastname": "Andersson Kruuka",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Olsson Kruuka",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859",
            "date": "1859"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Karolina",
          "lastname": "Olofsdotter Kruuka",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863",
            "date": "1863"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl",
          "lastname": "Olsson Kruuka",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "firstname": "Isak",
          "lastname": "Olsson Kruuka",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "firstname": "Oskar",
          "lastname": "Olsson Kruuka",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860",
            "date": "1860"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "firstname": "August",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "lastname": "Aittamaa",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Oskar",
          "lastname": "Kruuka",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Lorens",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "firstname": "Hugo",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Mariana",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa, gift Hansson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "firstname": "Eufrosyne Inga",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa, gift Karbin",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "firstname": "Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa, gift Öman",
          "occupation": "Städare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto Harald",
          "lastname": "Aittamaa",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Palmsköld, Anneli, 'En historia om stickning', *Stickning / redaktion: Britt-Marie Christoffersson*, Hemslöjdens förlag, Stockholm, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Söderberg, Bruno, [Intervju med Erika Aittimaa], *Tornedalen: tidskrift*, Tornedalens krets av J. U. F., Lomkärr, 1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wintzell, Inga, *Sticka mönster: historiskt om stickning i Sverige*, Nordiska mus., Stockholm, 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Stickerska, uppfinnare av lovikkavanten",
      "subtitle_eng": "Knitter, inventor of the Lovikka mitten",
      "text": "Erika Aittamaa uppfann Lovikka-vanten.\n\nErika Aittamaa föddes 1866 i Junosuando by i Pajala församling. Hennes modersmål var meänkieli. Det finns få uppgifter om Erika Aittamaas uppväxt, utöver att hon hade fem syskon. Som vuxen betecknade hon sig och sin familj som fattig och det är troligt att hon växte upp under fattiga förhållanden. Hon gifte sig med August Aittamaa och fick tillsammans med honom sju barn varav tre överlevde till vuxen ålder, tre dog som barn och en som ung. I en intervju med en journalist som genomfördes i samband med hennes 70- årsdag 1936, berättar hon att det var svårt med försörjningen och ett sätt att öka inkomsterna var att ta emot beställningar på vantar från dem som hade det bättre ställt i byn. Beställarna lämnade ull som Erika Aittamaa sedan bearbetade och stickade av mot betalning.\n\nErika Aittamaa hade rykte om sig att vara skicklig och 1892 fick hon en beställning på ett par arbetsvantar. Mannen som skulle använda dem arbetade i skogen och var i behov av extra tjocka, varma och slitstarka vantar. Ullen spanns till ett tjockt garn och användes till två par vantar som Erika Aittamaa kände sig nöjd med. De borde till och med hålla flera vintrars användning, menade hon. Men beställaren var långt ifrån nöjd med resultatet. Han tyckte att vantarna var alldeles för stela och hårda och ansåg att hon hade förstört ullen. Detta ledde till nya försök att framställa hållbara och funktionella arbetsvantar lämpliga för skogsarbete men som samtidigt var mjuka och sköna. Efter att ha stickat nya vantar provade hon att tvätta dem flera gånger för att sedan karda dem noga så att ytan ruggades upp. Till slut var resultatet till belåtenhet för alla inblandade och vantarna efterfrågades av allt fler. Beställningar kom in från olika byar i Tornedalen och från samer i området. De var särskilt populära bland forbönder som körde malm från Kiruna till Haparanda via Lovikka, byn där familjen Aittamaa bodde.\n\nFrån början var vantarna enfärgade i ullens färg, men så småningom började Erika Aittamaa att pryda kragen kring handleden med broderier i klara, starka färger. Detta, menade hon, tilltalade särskilt den samiska kundkretsen. Hon lade också till en tofs i nederkanten som gjorde att vantarna vid behov kunde hängas upp på tork. Till sist var uppfinningen klar. Lovikka-vantarna stickades därefter i otvättat ullgarn som var tjockt och mycket poröst. Stickningen var lös, modellen var tumvantar med en uppvikt krage kring handleden. Vantarna tvättades så att de drog ihop sig och blev täta, sedan ruggades den stickade ytan upp med hjälp av kardor. Till sist broderades kragen i klara färger. Broderiet gjorde att kanten hölls in något och slöt tätt kring handleden.\n\nVantarna från Lovikka blev snart kända i vidare kretsar och efterfrågan ökade. Familjen fick det bättre ställt tack vara inkomsterna från vanttillverkningen. Erika Aittamaa fortsatte sticka vantar året runt och för att klara av beställningarna utbildade hon kvinnor i byn som hon sedan anlitade. Hon lär ha ställt höga krav, målet var att alla vantar skulle stickas och broderas lika. På så sätt kom hon att bli verksam som vantfabrikör med förmågan att leverera i takt med att beställningarna kom in.\n\nPå 1930-talet hjälpte en lärare i byns skola till med att söka patent på Lovikka-vanten. Patentet beviljades men det kostade 30 kronor att lösa ut patentbrevet. Erika Aittamaa hade inte så mycket pengar och trots att byborna samlade in pengarna, var hon för stolt för att ta emot denna gåva. Brevet returnerades så småningom och därmed blev det inget patent. Samma stolthet kan skönjas i intervjun i samband med 70-årsdagen, då hon berättar: ”Det var Gud som gav mig en fingervisning och hjälpte mig, så vi kunnat uppfostra barnen, utan att anlita hjälp från andra”.\n\nErika Aittamaa blev änka 1942. Efter hennes död tio år senare, 1952, fortsatte byborna att sticka vantar och år 1961 inregistrerade husmodersföreningen Lovikka-vanten som varumärke. Märket står för handstickade vantar enligt Erika Aittamaas modell. Från att ha varit arbetsvantar för skogsarbetare och samer kom de nu snarare att förknippas med vintersport, skidor och pulkabackar. Lovikka-vanten är fortfarande (2017) en välkänd produkt och för att uppmärksamma Erika Aittamaas uppfinning har en jättevante uppförts utanför skolan i Lovikka. Vantarna uppmärksammades också på frimärke år 1998.",
      "text_eng": "Erika Aittamaa invented the Lovikka mitten.\n\nErika Aittamaa was born in Junosuando village in Pajala parish in 1866. Her mother tongue was Meänkieli. There is little information on her early years other than that she had five siblings. She later described herself and her family as being poor and it is indeed likely that she grew up in impoverished conditions. She married August Aittamaa and had seven children with him, although only three of them survived into adulthood. Three of them died as children, and one of them as a teenager. Erika Aittamaa was interviewed by a journalist in 1936, when she turned 70, to whom she revealed how difficult it had been to make an adequate living and that one of the ways she had earned extra money was to take commissions for mittens from those who were better-off in the town. The commissioners would bring her wool, which Erika Maittamaa turned into yarn and knitted in return for payment.\n\nErika Aittamaa was rumoured to be very skilful and in 1892 she was commissioned to make a pair of workman’s mittens. The man who intended to use them was a forestry worker and needed extra thick, warm, and durable mittens. Erika Aittamaa spun the wool into a thick yarn and made two pairs of mittens which she was happy with. She believed they would even last for several winters. However, the man who commissioned them was very unhappy with the result. He found the mittens far too rigid and uncomfortable and felt that she had ruined the wool. This led to new attempts to produce durable and functional workman’s mittens that were suited to forestry work but still remained soft and comfortable. Having knitted a new pair Erika Maittamaa tried to wash them several times in order to then use a carding comb to rough up the outer edge. Eventually she produced a product that was acceptable to all parties and this type of forestry mitten became highly desirable. Orders came in from various villages in Tornedalen and from local Sami populations. The mittens were particularly popular amongst shepherds who transported ore from Kiruna to Haparanda, via Lovikka, which was the village where Erika Aittamaa lived with her family.\n\nInitially the mittens were simply made in one uniform natural colour, that of the original wool, but it was not long before Erika Aittamaa began to embellish the wristlet with brightly coloured embroidery. She believed this was particularly popular with her Sami customer. She also added a bobble at the bottom edge, which allowed the mittens to be hung up and dried out when necessary. This was extent of her additions. The Lovikka mittens were knitted in unwashed wool which was very thick and porous. The weave was loose, and used a pattern for a thumbed mitten which had a folded-down wristlet. The mittens were then washed in order to shrink them and make them tight-fitting, and then the outer edges were roughed up with carding combs. The final stage involved embroidering the wristlet in bright colours. This embroidery helped to pull the edges tight and improved the neat fit around the wrist.\n\nThe Lovikka mittens quickly became known in ever-increasing circles and demand for them grew. The Aittamaa family finances greatly benefited from the profits made from mitten production. Erika Aittamaa continued knitting mittens all year round and trained local women in the village to knit them and then employed them in order to meet the demand. She apparently set very high standards as she was determined that each mitten should be knitted and embroidered identically. She thus became a mitten producer who was able to deliver in accordance with demand.\n\nIn the 1930s one of the local village teachers helped Erika Aittamaa to take out a patent for the Lovikka mitten. She was successfully awarded the patent but it cost 30 kroner to obtain the patent letter and Erika Aittamaa did not have that much money. Even though the local villagers collected money on her behalf she was too proud to accept their donations. The patent letter had to be returned and thus she never gained her patent. She expressed the same pride in the interview she gave on her 70th birthday when she said: “God pointed me in the right direction and I helped myself so that we could bring up our children without relying on help from others.”\n\nErika Aittamaa was widowed in 1942. Following her death, in 1952, the local villagers continued to knit the mittens and in 1961 the housewives’ association registered the Lovikka mittens as a trademark. This trademark represents hand-knitted mittens made according to Erika Aittamaa’s pattern. They then became associated with winter sports, namely skiing and sledging, instead of the traditional forestry worker and Sami connections. The Lovikka mitten remains (in 2017) a well-known product and in order to commemorate Erika Aittamaa’s invention a giant mitten has been erected in front of Lovikka school. The mittens were also represented on Swedish stamps in 1998.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ErikaAittamaa",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Junosuando|67.428291|22.5114178",
        "Lovikka|67.3403184|22.6105034"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Mikael",
          "lastname": "Strömberg"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Povel",
          "lastname": "Ramel",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hans",
          "lastname": "Alfredson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Tage",
          "lastname": "Danielsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Beppe",
          "lastname": "Wolgers",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "institution": "Dramatens elevskola (nuvarande Stockholms dramatiska högskola)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "type": "Högskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Åhlander, Lars & Qvist, Per Olov (red.), *Svenska skådespelare i film och TV 1897-2000. Bd 1, A-K*, Svenska filminstitutet [distributör bokh.], Stockholm, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000046859698",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Sångare",
        "Skådespelare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Singers",
        "Actors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-17T08:48:41",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 77,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1930-12-29",
            "date": "1930-12-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "62.449167",
              "lon": 0
            },
            "place": "Skön"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2008-08-03",
            "date": "2008-08-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Vällingby församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Lissi/ Sofia",
        "lastname": "Alandh",
        "sortname": "Alandh"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Holmqvist",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2008",
            "date": "2008"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-10-23",
            "date": "1899-10-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1989-03-05",
            "date": "1989-03-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Vilma",
          "lastname": "Österback",
          "occupation": "Damskräddare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-02-22",
            "date": "1895-02-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963-01-07",
            "date": "1963-01-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Rudolf",
          "lastname": "Holmqvist",
          "occupation": "Plåtslagare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "firstname": "Hardy",
          "lastname": "Alandh",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2012",
            "date": "2012"
          },
          "firstname": "Göran",
          "lastname": "Söderqvist",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ericson, Uno & Engström, Klas (red.), *Myggans nöjeslexikon: ett uppslagsverk om underhållning. 1, A-Barc*, Bra böcker, Höganäs, 1989. S. 57",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Lissi Alandh', *Rollboken*, Dramatens arkiv (Hämtad 2021-06-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://old.dramaten.se/Medverkande/Rollboken/Person/1753"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lissi Alandh, *Svensk Filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2017-11-11)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=62677"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lissi Alandh, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2016-09-14)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissi_Alandh"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lissi Alandh. Öppet arkiv Sveriges Television (Hämtad 2016-10-13)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.oppetarkiv.se/sok/?q=lissi+alandh"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skådespelare, revyartist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Actor, cabaret artist",
      "text": "Lissi Alandh var en framstående skådespelerska under mitten av 1900-talet, främst verksam inom revy och kabaré. Hon medverkade också i ett 60-tal filmer, spelade in skivor och framträdde i radio och TV.\n\nLissi Sofia Holmquist (sedermera Alandh) föddes 1930 i Skön i Medelpad. Modern var skräddaren Vilma Österback (omgift Emhult) och fadern plåtslagarmästaren Rudolf Holmqvist. Åren 1950-1954 var hon gift hon med Hardy Alandh, och 1955-1960 med Göran Söderqvist.  \n\nLissi Alandh blev tidigt teaterintresserad. Hon flyttade till Stockholm för att studera teater redan på 1940-talet. Efter att ha tagit lektioner för [](Manja Benkow) och Willy Koblanck kom hon in vid Dramatens elevskola 1949. När hon utexaminerades därifrån 1952 fick hon engagemang inom revy- och kabarébranschen, bland annat på Scala och Folkan. Revy och kabaré kom också att bli Lissi Alandhs huvudsakliga verksamhetsområde. Hon medverkade i Povel Ramels Knäppupprevyer, exempelvis *Denna sida upp* (1954) samt *På avigan* (1966), och var flitigt engagerad av Hans Alfredson och Tage Danielsson. Lissi Alandh framträdde i Svenska Ords första revyer *Gröna Hund* (1962), *Hålligång* (1963), *Gula Hund* (1964) och i filmen *Svenska Bilder* (1964). Under flera år gestaltade hon Doris Lundin i radio- och tv-serien *Mosebacke Monarki*. Lissi Alandh medverkade också i Beppe Wolgers kabaréer på Hamburger Börs, *Farfars barnbarn* (1963) samt *Farfars gladbarn* (1965), tillsammans med bland andra [](Monica Zetterlund) och [](Sonya Hedenbratt).\n\nPå scenen agerade Lissi Alandhs karaktärer med vampig framtoning, vilket kom att bli ett av hennes kännetecken tillsammans med det humoristiska. Hennes komiska talang bottnade i skarpa repliker och perfekt timing. Såväl Ramel som Hasse & Tage använde detta i nummer som ”Den strömlinjeformade Rödluvan”, ”Mondänpladdran”, ”Den sexiga adjunkten”, ”En ung flicka talar ut” och ”Karl Ansgar”.\n\nLissi Alandh var framför allt scenskådespelare men hon agerade också på film. Hon filmdebuterade redan under 1940-talet men hennes första större filmroll var som grevinnan Berta i Alf Sjöbergs *Fröken Julie* från 1951. Därefter följde flera roller i bland annat *Tystnaden* (1963) av Ingmar Bergman och *Nattlek* (1966) av [](Mai Zetterling).\n\nLissi Alandh var även en duktig sångerska. På 1960-talet spelade hon in skivor, varav en tillsammans med Åke Söderqvist. Från 1970-talet och framåt syntes Lissi Alandh allt mer sällan på scen och film. Hon gjorde dock några mindre filmroller i till exempel *Picassos äventyr* (1978) och P&B (1983), samt film för barn och unga, till exempel TV-filmen *Laras långa resa* (1989). En av de sista rollerna för TV var som den avdankade revystjärnan Veronica Valtonen i del tre av tv-serien *Rederiet* (1992). \n\nLissi Alandh dog 2008 i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Lissi Alandh was an eminent actress in the mid-twentieth century who mainly worked with variety shows and cabaret. She also acted in about 60 films, recorded albums and performed on the radio and on TV.\n\nLissi Sofia Holmquist (later Alandh) was born in 1930 in Skön in Medelpad. Her mother was the seamstress Vilma Österback (remarried as Emhult) and her father was Rudolf Holmqvist, a master tinsmith. Lissi was married to Hardy Alandh between 1950 and 1954 and to Göran Söderqvist from 1955 to 1960.\n\nLissia Alandh developed her interest in theatre at an early age. She moved to Stockholm to pursue theatre studies in the 1940s. Having taken lessons from [](Manja Benkow) and Willy Koblanck, she was accepted to Dramatens elevskola (the Royal Dramatic Theatre’s school for acting) in 1949. She graduated in 1952 and was hired for variety shows and cabaret at venues such as Scala and Folkan. Variety shows and cabaret became her main sphere of work. She acted in Povel Ramels’ popular revue series “Knäppupprevyer”, including *Denna sida upp*, 1954, and *På avigan*, 1966, and was frequently hired by Hans Alfredson and Tage Danielsson. Lissi Alandh appeared in Svenska Ord’s first variety shows *Gröna Hund*, 1962, *Hålligång*, 1963, and *Gula Hund*, 1964, and in the film *Svenska Bilder*, 1964. For many years she played Doris Lundin in the radio and TV series *Mosebacke Monarki*. Lissi Alandh also appeared in Beppe Woger’s cabarets at Hamburger Börs, namely *Farfars barnbarn*, 1963, and *Farfars gladbarn*, 1965, along with [](Monica Zetterlund) and [](Sonya Hedenbratt), amongst others.\n\nOn stage Lissi Alandh portrayed seductive characters, and this became her trademark alongside comical roles. Her comedic talents lay in snappy retorts and perfect timing. Both Ramel and Hasse & Tage made use of this in acts like “Den strömlinjeformade Rödluvan”, “Mondänpladdran”, “Den sexiga adjunkten”, “En ung flicka talar ut” and “Karl Ansgar”.\n\nLissi Alandh was foremost a stage actress, but also acted in films. She debuted on film in the 1940s but her first serious role was as Countess Berta in Alf Sjöberg’s *Fröken Julie*, 1951. Subsequently she acted in several films including Ingmar Bergman’s *Tystnaden*, 1963, and Mai Zetterling’s *Nattlek*, 1966.\n\nLissi Alandh was also an accomplished singer. In the 1960s she recorded albums, including one with Åke Sundström. From the 1970s onwards Lissi Alandh appeared less frequently on stage and in films. She played some minor roles in *Picassos Äventyr*, 1978, and *P&B*, 1983, as well as in children’s and youth productions, such as the TV movie *Laras långa resa*, 1989. One of her last TV roles was as the retiring variety show star Veronica Valtonen in the third part of the TV series *Rederiet*, 1992.\n\nLissi Alandh died in 2008 in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "LissiAlandh",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Skön|62.449167|0"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "53949501"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Jennifer",
          "lastname": "Vintkvist"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Sif",
          "lastname": "Ruud",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Lindahl",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Mimi",
          "lastname": "Pollak",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lorens",
          "lastname": "Marmstedt",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hasse",
          "lastname": "Ekman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "institution": "Högre allmänna läroverket för flickor",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skådespelarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1940"
          },
          "institution": "Willy Koblancks teaterskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "*Copenhagen Theatre Circle: celebrating 50 years*, Copenhagen Theatre Circle, [Köpenhamn], 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kindblom, Mikaela, 'Elsie Albiin', *Svensk filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2021-01-29)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/Item/?type=person&itemid=61047"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Skådespelare",
        "Teaterchefer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Actors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-28T11:10:10",
      "libris_uri": [
        "8krws74x6t7t8544"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 87,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1921-12-17",
            "date": "1921-12-17"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Helsingborgs stadsförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2009-04-03",
            "date": "2009-04-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.769444,
              "lon": 12.500556
            },
            "place": "Kongens Lyngby, Danmark"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Elsy (/Elsie/) Marianne",
        "lastname": "Albiin",
        "sortname": "Albiin"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Reporter, Öresunds-Posten",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1937"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "detail": "Skådespelare, t o m 1952 Stockholm, därefter internationellt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Teaterdirektör",
          "detail": "Grundare, föreståndare, Det Engelske Teater",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Albin",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Albin Ford",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.046467,
              "lon": 12.6945121
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1954"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": -24.7761086,
              "lon": 134.755
            },
            "place": "Australien"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.3555177,
              "lon": -1.1743197
            },
            "place": "Storbritannien"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 33.8750629,
              "lon": 35.843409
            },
            "place": "Libanon"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 37.09024,
              "lon": -95.712891
            },
            "place": "USA"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.769444,
              "lon": 12.500556
            },
            "place": "Kongens Lyngby, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2009",
            "date": "2009"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-01-29",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891-02-12",
            "date": "1891-02-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1976-11-23",
            "date": "1976-11-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Eulalia",
          "lastname": "Persson, senare Albin, född Andersson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-04-02",
            "date": "1884-04-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1956-12-26",
            "date": "1956-12-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Albin",
          "lastname": "Persson, senare Albin",
          "occupation": "Musikfanjunkare, kapellmästare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-06-07",
            "date": "1917-06-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2004-05-26",
            "date": "2004-05-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Inga-Britt Maria",
          "lastname": "Albin, gift Pehrsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1922-07-14",
            "date": "1922-07-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-04-11",
            "date": "1998-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Bernhard, kallad Tony,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "lastname": "Ford",
          "occupation": "Pilot",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1998",
            "date": "1998"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1950-10-17",
            "date": "1950-10-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Michael Anthony",
          "lastname": "Ford",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "[Uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Barn",
          "type_eng": "Child"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Fickjournalen*, 1952:29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Helsingør Dagblad*, 2019-04-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Crick, *På tu man hand med filmidoler*, Medén, Stockholm, 1947",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Skånska Socialdemokraten*, 1943-11-17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 2009-04-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skådespelare, filmstjärna, teatergrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Actor, film star, theatre founder",
      "text": "Elsie Albiin var en populär skådespelare och filmstjärna kring 1900-talets mitt.\n\nElsie Albiin var dotter till musikfanjunkaren och kapellmästaren Karl Albin och hans maka Ellen. Hon föddes i Helsingborg 1921 och hade en fyra år äldre syster, Inga. Efter avlagd realexamen vid flickläroverket i Helsingborg arbetade Elsie Albiin under ett år som reporter på *Öresunds-Posten*, bland annat skrev hon filmrecensioner. Hon hade tidigt intresserat sig för såväl film, teater som för musik. Så var fadern också kapellmästare vid Helsingborgs stadsteater. Elsie Albiin deltog i skolpjäser, tog danslektioner och staterade på teatern där hon bland annat såg [](Signe Hasso) gästspela, vilket inspirerade henne att följa sin håg. Föräldrarna var inte förtjusta i tanken, de kände till avigsidorna, men dotterns vilja segrade.\n\nElsie Albiin hade en tid [](Sif Ruud) som lärare i talteknik och hon ordnade så att Elsie Albiin 1940 kunde komma till Stockholm för att fortsätta sina teaterstudier. Hon sökte in till Dramatens elevskola men blev inte antagen utan studerade istället för Willy Koblanck på hans teaterskola under två år. Hon fick 1942 en liten filmroll och blev då upptäckt av filmproducenten Lorens Marmstedt, som erbjöd henne elevkontrakt hos Terra-film. Elsie Albiin fortsatte sina teaterstudier, dels hos [](Anna Lindahl), dels hos [](Mimi Pollak), när hon hade paus i sitt filmarbete. Sin enda egentliga scenroll spelade hon våren 1944 i William Saroyans pjäs *Livet är ju härligt* på Oscarsteatern, som sjuksköterskan Elsie, i pjäsen uppvaktad av Bengt Ekerot.\n\nElsie Albiin filmdebuterade egentligen redan 1940 i en mycket liten roll i Hasse Ekmans romantiska komedi *Med dej i mina armar*. Det skulle heller inte dröja särskilt länge innan hon gavs huvudroller, hon gjorde något av en kometkarriär vid filmen. Elsie Albiin debuterade på riktigt i en huvudroll i *Kvinnor i fångenskap* från 1943 i regi av Olof Molander – och slog igenom omedelbart. Helt oprövad, alldeles i början av sin skådespelarbana, fick hon lysande recensioner och blev eftertraktad till huvudroller efter att dittills ha gjort några statistuppgifter.\n\nElsie Albiin kom också att medverka i den första svenska långfilmen i färg, *Klockorna i Gamla Sta'n* som fick sin premiär julhelgen 1946. Filmen producerades av filmbolaget Europafilm och regisserades av Ragnar Hyltén-Cavallius. I centrum fanns filmbolagets och tidens verkliga storstjärna, Edvard Persson, men även Georg Fant och [](Gunnel Broström) hade tillsammans med Elsie Albiin huvudroller. Vid inspelningen användes det amerikanska tvåfärgssystemet Cinecolor och även om kvaliteten på färgen varierade i filmen så var det ändå den som fick mest beröm vid premiären. Ett sentimentalt men stundtals vackert kolorerat vykort med olika stockholmsvyer ansåg en del röster. Filmen gick dock hem hos publiken.\n\nElsie Albiin medverkade i närmare 20 svenska filmer mellan 1940–1952. Bland dessa kan nämnas *Sonja*, 1943, *Excellensen*, 1944, *En dag skall gry*, 1944, *Fram för lilla Märta*, 1945, *Rötägg*, 1946, *Harald Handfaste*, 1946, och *Det kom en gäst*, 1947. Hon spelade som oftast huvudroller eller större roller. Elsie Albiin provfilmade även för Paramount i Hollywood och spelade i den italiensk-amerikanska konstnärsfilmen *Rapture* (*Sangue sul sagrato*), 1950. Sin sista filmroll på svensk mark gjorde hon i den svensk-amerikanska samproduktionen *Han glömde henne aldrig*, 1952. Därefter följde bland annat den amerikanska kriminalfilmen *Smygande skräck* (*Hidden Fear*), 1957, som spelades in i Köpenhamn. Här spelade Elsie Albiin bland annat mot John Payne och Conrad Nagel.\n\nElsie Albiin medverkade även i den brittiska dramafilmen *Intimate Relations*, 1953, som visades på Cannesfestivalen. Hon hyllades i samband med detta av Jean Cocteau, juryordförande det året som också skrivit pjäsen på vilken filmen baserats. Han menade att hon lyckats prestera den bästa tolkningen av rollen som gjorts, på scen såväl som på filmduken och att hon för övrigt var hänförande. Elsie Albiin kom totalt att spela i fem internationella filmer åren 1950–1957, samt i en amerikansk TV-film med Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. 1954.\n\nElsie Albiin drog sig tillbaka från filmkarriären redan 1957 och levde periodvis bland annat i Australien, England, Libanon och USA. Från 1950-talets mitt var dock Danmark hemmabasen, där hon bosatt sig strax utanför Köpenhamn, varifrån makens nya flygrutt utgick. Hon lärde sig däremot aldrig behärska det danska språket och det blev därför svårt att fortsätta sin karriär i det nya hemlandet. Istället startade och drev hon då en engelskspråkig teatergrupp, Det engelske Teater, i Köpenhamn kring 1960-talets slut och 1970-talets början.\n\nElsie Albiin var enkel och okonstlad samtidigt som hon var glamorös, ambitiös och såg ut som en filmstjärna från Hollywood. Hon var ett av svensk films stora hopp kring 1940-talets slut, ytterligare på god väg att inleda en karriär i Hollywood. Istället gjorde karriären halt och hon försvann samtidigt också från svenskarnas näthinnor. Även om hennes utflykt till den internationella filmarenan blev kortvarig så lovordades hon där som en duktig karaktärsskådespelare, som även innehade stjärnkvalitet och charm. ”[Bergman](Ingrid Bergman)s vinnande personlighet kombinerad med [Garbo](Greta Garbo)s utsökta, klassiskt sköna ansiktsläggning” sades det bland annat. Men ibland gör livet helt enkelt andra planer. Efter sig lämnar Elsie Albiin trots allt flera fina dramatiska gestaltningar i ett antal välgjorda filmer.\n\nElsie Albiin var gift med den brittiske piloten Tony Ford från 1949 fram till hans död 1998, med vilken hon fick två barn. Sonen Michael Ford är verksam som författare i Danmark.\n\nElsie Albiin dog i Virum utanför Köpenhamn 2009. Hon är begravd på Ordrup Kirkegård.",
      "text_eng": "Elsie Albiin was a popular actress and film star in the mid-1900s.\n \nElsie Albiin was the daughter of Karl Albin, a military musician, and his wife Ellen. She was born in Helsingborg in 1921 and had one sister, Inga, four years older. After having passed her School Certificate at the girls’ grammar school in Helsingborg, Elsie Albiin worked for a year as a reporter at *Öresunds-Posten*, writing film reviews among other things. She had been interested early on in film, theatre and music theatre, as well as music itself, no doubt influenced by her father who was the music director at the Helsingborg city theatre. Elsie Albiin participated in school plays, took dancing lessons, and worked as an extra at the theatre where she saw among others [](Signe Hasso) in guest performances. This inspired her to follow her inclination. Her parents were not overjoyed by the thought since they knew the drawbacks, but their daughter’s will won. \n\nElsie Albiin had [](Sif Ruud) as her teacher in voice technique for a short time and she organised things so that Elsie Albiin was able to travel to Stockholm in 1940 to continue her theatre studies. She applied to Dramaten’s drama school but was not accepted so she studied instead at Willy Koblanck’s drama school for two years. In 1942, she was given a small film role in which she was discovered by the film producer Lorens Marmstedt, who offered her an apprentice contract with Terra-film. Elsie Albiin continued her drama studies, partly with [](Anna Lindahl), and partly with [](Mimi Pollak), when she had a break in her film work. Her only real screen role was in the spring of 1944 in William Saroyan’s play *Livet är ju härligt* at Oscarsteatern, as the nurse Elsie, who was courted by Bengt Ekerot in the play.\n \nElsie Albiin actually made her film debut in 1940 in a very small role in Hasse Ekman’s romantic comedy *Med dej i mina armar*. It would not be very long either before she was given main roles – she had something of a comet career in films. Elsie Albiin made her real debut in a main role in *Kvinnor i fångenskap* from 1943, directed by Olof Molander – and she made her breakthrough immediately. Completely untried, right at the beginning of her career as an actress, she received brilliant reviews and was much sought after for main roles after only having had parts as an extra previously. \n\nElsie Albiin also had a main role in the first Swedish full-length film in colour, *Klockorna i Gamla Sta'n* that had its premiere at Christmas 1946. The film was produced by the film company Europafilm and directed by Ragnar Hyltén-Cavallius. In the centre was the really great star of the film company and that day, Edvard Persson. Georg Fant, [](Gunnel Broström) and Elsie Albiin had other main roles. During the filming, the American dual-colour system Cinecolor was used, and even though the quality of the colour varied throughout the film, it was nonetheless the colour that received most praise at the premiere. Just a sentimental though sometimes beautifully coloured postcard with many different views of Stockholm, thought a number of reviewers. The film was nevertheless a success with the filmgoers. \n\nElsie Albiin participated in almost 20 Swedish films between 1940 and 1952. Among these may be mentioned *Sonja* in 1943, *Excellensen* in 1944, *En dag skall gry* in 1944, *Fram för lilla Märta* in 1945, *Rötägg* in 1946, *Harald Handfaste* in 1946, and *Det kom en gäst* in 1947. She played mostly main roles or bigger roles. Elsie Albiin also test-filmed for Paramount in Hollywood and played in the Italian-American film about artists entitled *Rapture* (*Sangue sul sagrato*) in 1950. Her last film role in Sweden was in the Swedish-American co-production *Han glömde henne aldrig* in 1952. After that followed an American criminal drama *Hidden Fear* in 1957, filmed in Copenhagen. In it, Elsie Albiin was cast together with John Payne and Conrad Nagel among others. \n\nElsie Albiin also participated in the British drama film *Intimate Relations* in 1953, that was shown at the Cannes festival. She was acclaimed for this by Jean Cocteau, the chairman of the jury that year. He had also written the play upon which the film was based, and in his opinion, she had succeeded in creating the role best of all those who had performed it, on stage and screen. Moreover, he found her ravishing. Elsie Albiin performed in five international films in 1950–1957 as well as an American TV film with Douglas Fairbanks Jr. in 1954. \n\nElsie Albiin retired from her film career in 1957 and lived on and off in Australia, England, Lebanon and the USA. From the mid-1950s, Denmark was however her home base, and she settled just outside Copenhagen. Her husband’s new flight route departed from there. She never learned to master Danish, however, and it was therefore difficult to continue her career in her new home country. Instead, she started an English-speaking theatre group, Det engelske Teater, in Copenhagen around the end of the 1960s and beginning of the 1970s. \n\nElsie Albiin was simple and natural while at the same time being glamorous and ambitious and looking like a Hollywood film star. She was one of the great hopes of Swedish film around the end of the 1940s, and furthermore well on her way to starting a career in Hollywood. Instead, her career came to an abrupt halt and she disappeared from Swedish view. Even though her excursion into the international film arena was brief, she was much acclaimed there as a skilful character actress who also possessed star quality and charm. “[Bergman](Ingrid Bergman)’s winning personality combined with [Garbo](Greta Garbo)’s exquisite, classically beautiful facial features” was one way of expressing it. However, sometimes life has other plans. Elsie Albiin has despite everything left behind her several fine dramatic performances in a number of high-quality films.\n \nElsie Albiin was married to British Tony Ford from 1949 until his death in 1998. They had two children. Their son Michael Ford is an author now living in Denmark. \n\nElsie Albiin died in Virum near Copenhagen in 2009. She is buried in Ordrup Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "ElsieAlbiin"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eskil",
          "lastname": "Fagerström"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Hellström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Alice",
          "lastname": "Babs",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Charles",
          "lastname": "Redland",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Frank",
          "lastname": "Vernon",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Miff",
          "lastname": "Görling",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Thore",
          "lastname": "Ehrling",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Inspelningar och intervju med Mabel Albins. Musik- och teaterbiblioteket (Hämtad 2020-05-11)",
          "type": "Musik",
          "url": "https://discover.musikverket.se/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=Mabel+Albins"
        },
        {
          "description": "Inspelningar med Mabel Albins. Svensk mediedatabas (Hämtad 2020-05-11)",
          "type": "Musik",
          "url": "https://smdb.kb.se/catalog/search?q=Mabel+Albins&x=0&y=0"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000407673021",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Sångare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Pioneers",
        "Singers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T15:48:58",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 93,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1912-10-04",
            "date": "1912-10-04"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Kristina församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.782614,
              "lon": 14.161788
            },
            "place": "Jönköping"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2005-11-29",
            "date": "2005-11-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Slottsstadens församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Margit /Mabel/ Georgina",
        "lastname": "Albins",
        "sortname": "Albins"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Sångare",
          "detail": "Jazzvokalist",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tjänsteman",
          "detail": "Anställd vid Amerikanska ambassaden i Stockholm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Albintz",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Dahlberg",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mae Bell",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.782614,
              "lon": 14.161788
            },
            "place": "Jönköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 37.09024,
              "lon": -95.712891
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 37.09024,
              "lon": -95.712891
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2005",
            "date": "2005"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-05-11",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-03-14",
            "date": "1872-03-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1968-11-30",
            "date": "1968-11-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Evelina",
          "lastname": "Albintz, född Nyström",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-10-27",
            "date": "1870-10-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-12-10",
            "date": "1933-12-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Albin",
          "lastname": "Johansson",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-01-09",
            "date": "1901-01-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-09-03",
            "date": "1983-09-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Berta Ingeborg Helena",
          "lastname": "Johansson, gift Andrén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-03-14",
            "date": "1903-03-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1997-09-30",
            "date": "1997-09-30"
          },
          "firstname": "John Albin Herbert",
          "lastname": "Albintz",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-01-03",
            "date": "1906-01-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-10-16",
            "date": "1941-10-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Kjell Olof Gerhard",
          "lastname": "Albintz",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-03-25",
            "date": "1907-03-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1994-04-25",
            "date": "1994-04-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid Kerstin Marianne",
          "lastname": "Johansson, gift Krakau",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-11-03",
            "date": "1909-11-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1999-05-10",
            "date": "1999-05-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Agnes Valborg Irene",
          "lastname": "Johansson, gift Kärrlander",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-11-15",
            "date": "1906-11-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987-01-27",
            "date": "1987-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Hjalmar",
          "lastname": "Dahlberg",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Albins (gift Dahlberg), Mabel – sångerska och gitarrist', *Orkesterjournalen*, 2011-07-26 (Hämtad 2020-05-11)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://orkesterjournalen.com/wordpress/?p=2933"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jazzvokalist, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering jazz singer",
      "text": "Mabel Albins var en av Sveriges allra första jazzinfluerade professionella vokalister.\n\nMabel Albins föddes i Jönköping den 4:e oktober 1912. I samband med en lång vistelse i USA under åren 1934—1935 kom hon i kontakt med jazzen. Hennes resa till Nordamerika var i syfte att besöka släktingar i bland annat New York, samt för att utbilda sig till reklamtecknare. Redan innan hon for hade hon dock sjungit med dansorkestrar i Sverige. I USA framträdde hon bland annat på radiosända talangtävlingar som *Major Bowes Amateur Hour*.\n\nPå väg hem från USA, ombord på Amerikabåten Gripsholm, lärde hon känna Nils Hellström. Denne var en central gestalt i den tidiga svenska jazzen och skulle inom kort bli jazztidningen *Orkesterjournalens* första redaktör. I tidningens julnummer 1935 fanns en presentation av Mabel Albins, där hon framställdes som en ambitiös och lovande sångare och artist.\n\nSnart sjöng Mabel Albins med de främsta svenska underhållningsorkestrarna. Med tidens beteckning var hon ”refrängsångerska”. År 1936 turnerade hon med Charles Redlands orkester, året efter sjöng hon med Frank Vernons orkester på Bal Palais i Stockholm. År 1938 sjöng hon med Thore Ehrlings orkester i en radiosändning och 1939 med Miff Görlings band. Samtliga orkestrar tillhörde toppskiktet i svensk underhållnings- och dansmusik under denna era.\n\nI en tid när få svenskar talade engelska utmärkte sig Mabel Albins genom sitt goda engelska uttal. En av de som tidigt hörde och inspirerades av Mabel Albins var den tolv år yngre [Alice Babs](Hildur Sjöblom), som i sin självbiografi berättar att Mabel Albins hjälpte henne med uttal och texter till ett par engelska jazzlåtar. Det existerar bara en handfull inspelningar med Mabel Albins. Den mest kända är en inspelning från 1938 av ”Alexander’s Ragtime Band” tillsammans med Sonora Swing Singers.\n\nFrån 1942 minskade Mabel Albins aktivitet som sångare, framförallt eftersom hon fått arbete på den amerikanska ambassaden i Stockholm. År 1948 emigrerade hon till USA och tillbringade större delen av sitt liv där innan hon återvände till Sverige och Malmö, där hon avled 2005, 93 år gammal. Hon ligger begravd på Limhamns kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Mabel Albins was one of the first professional singers in Sweden to introduce jazz influences into her singing. \n\nMable Albins was born in Jönköping in 1912. She was first exposed to jazz music during a lengthy visit to the USA during the 1934–1935 period. She had travelled to North America both to visit family in various places, including New York, and to train as an illustrator of advertising. She had already performed as a vocalist with dance bands in Sweden before she travelled across the Atlantic Ocean. She carried on singing in the USA, appearing, for example, in radio competitions such as *Major Bowes Amateur Hour*. \n\nOn her return journey from America, on the Gripsholm, Mable Albins became acquainted with Nils Hellström, a central figure of the early Swedish jazz world who became the first editor of the jazz magazine called *Orkesterjournalen* shortly afterwards. The 1935 Christmas issue of the magazine includes a feature on Mabel Albins which presents her as an ambitious and promising singer and artist. \n\nIt was not long before Mable Albins began to sing with the most prominent Swedish entertainment orchestras. Her contemporaries described her as a “crooner”. In 1936 she toured with the Charles Redland band, and the following year she performed with the Frank Vernon band at Bal Palais in Stockholm. In 1938 she performed on a radio programme with the Thore Ehrling band, and the next year she appeared with the Miff Görling band. All these bands belonged to the elite of Swedish entertainment and dance bands at the time. \n\nAt this time few Swedes spoke English and Mabel Albins thus stood out as she had mastered the English language. [Alice Babs](Hildur Sjöblom), who was twelve years her junior, was one of the early singers who listened to and took inspiration from Mabel Albins. In her autobiography Alice Babs reveals that she received help from Mabel Albins in terms of pronunciation and the lyrics of a couple of English jazz songs. Only a handful of Mabel Albins recordings have survived. The best-known of these is a recording from 1938 with “Alexander’s Ragtime Band” and the Sonora Swing Singers. \n\nFrom 1942 onwards Mabel Albins no longer performed as a singer as often primarily because she had gained employment at the American Embassy in Stockholm. In 1948 she emigrated to the USA, where she spent most of her life until she finally returned to Sweden. She died in Malmö in 2005, aged 93. She is buried at Limhamn cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MargitMabelGeorginaAlbins",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Malmö|55.604981|13.003822",
        "USA|37.09024|-95.712891",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Jönköping|57.782614|14.161788"
      ]
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      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Karin",
          "lastname": "Lindeqvist"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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          "description": "Svenska Akademiens översättarpris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1963, 1973"
          },
          "description": "Sveriges författarfonds premium till personer för belöning av litterär förtjänst",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
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          "description": "Litteraturfrämjandets stipendium",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
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          "description": "Elsa Thulins översättarpris",
          "type": "Pris",
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
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          "description": "Samfundet De Nios översättarpris",
          "type": "Pris",
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
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          "description": "Letterstedtska priset",
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      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
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          "firstname": "Örjan",
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          "firstname": "Gunnel",
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            "date": "1930"
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          "type": "Flickskola"
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            "date": "1930"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 43.6043,
              "lon": 1.4419900000000325
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            "place": "Toulouse, Frankrike"
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            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
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          "description": "Fil.kand.examen, franska och italienska",
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            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
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          "institution": "Lunds universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
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            "place": "Lund"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
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          "type": "Universitet"
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        {
          "description": "Språkstudier",
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            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.3829,
              "lon": 2.177429
            },
            "place": "Barcelona, Spanien"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
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        {
          "description": "Språkstudier",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "41.902701",
              "lon": "12.496235"
            },
            "place": "Rom, Italien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Lindholm, Margareta, *Kärlek: situationer*, 1. uppl., Kabusa, Ystad, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Eva Alexanderson",
          "description_eng": "By Eva Alexanderson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(eva+alexanderson)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Eva Alexanderson",
          "description_eng": "About Eva Alexanderson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(eva+alexanderson)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Persson, Annika Ruth, 'Eva Alexanderson, 1911–1994', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2017-10-31)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.oversattarlexikon.se/artiklar/Eva_Alexanderson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Eva Alexandersons arkiv. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2023-01-24)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/LPBYFecRrH6d0G02H087k3"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000054820937",
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Författare",
        "Översättare",
        "Katolicism",
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        "Redaktörer",
        "Antinazism"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Authors",
        "Translators",
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        "Christianity",
        "Lesbianism",
        "Politics",
        "Autobiographies",
        "Anti-Nazi movement"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2023-01-24T08:21:54",
      "libris_uri": [
        "wt79bzhf00vcks5"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1911-01-09",
            "date": "1911-01-09"
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            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1994-12-20",
            "date": "1994-12-20"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Bromma församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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      "name": {
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          "description": "Förlagsanställd",
          "detail": "Förlagsanställd, korrekturläsare, Svenska bokförlagets lexikografiska avdelning 1935–1937, Albert Bonniers Förlag 1946–1955",
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        {
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            "date": "1954"
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            "date": "1994"
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          "name": "Amnesty International",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Alexanderson-Lundström",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
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        {
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            "date": "1911"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-01-30",
            "date": "1880-01-30"
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            "date": "1954-06-20"
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
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        {
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            "date": "1880-03-13"
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          "occupation": "Advokat",
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        {
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            "date": "1905-02-21"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1937-08-18",
            "date": "1937-08-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Baltzar Hildebrand",
          "lastname": "Alexanderson",
          "occupation": "Med.kand.",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-07-01",
            "date": "1907-07-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1986-08-15",
            "date": "1986-08-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Karl Axel",
          "lastname": "Alexanderson",
          "occupation": "Försäkringstjänsteman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "firstname": "Ragnvald",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "lastname": "Lundström",
          "occupation": "Fil.lic., medgrundare, direktör, Utrikespolitiska Institutet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Eva Alexandersons samling. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2017-10-31)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=5184&searchType=EXTENDED&query=eva+alexanderson&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22eva+alexanderson%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A114844&c=1#alvin-record%3A114844"
        },
        {
          "description": "Heurling, Bo (red.), *Författaren själv: ett biografiskt lexikon av och om 1189 samtida svenska författare*, Wiken, Höganäs, 1993",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hallgren, Hanna, ’Är du själv lesbisk? Jag är det’, *Aftonbladet*, 2005-01-02 (Hämtad 2017-10-31)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.aftonbladet.se/kultur/article10522404.ab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindeqvist, Karin, 'Kärlekens absolut: Eva Alexandersons "Kontradans" och 1960-talets homosexualitetsdiskurs', *Lambda nordica*, 8(2002):2, s. 6-20, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stenborg, Elisabeth, 'Eva Alexanderson: en bortglömd kulturpersonlighet?', *Signum*, 2005(31):2, s. 21-29, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, översättare, samhällsdebattör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, translator, societal debater",
      "text": "Eva Alexanderson var författare och översättare. Hon skrev den första självbiografiska\nromanen om ett kärleksförhållande mellan två kvinnor i svensk litteratur.\n\nEva Alexanderson föddes i Stockholm 1911. Hemmet var högborgerligt men familjens\nekonomi var ofta ansträngd. I flera av sina böcker ger hon inblickar i den olyckliga, ensamma\nbarndomen i det känslokalla hemmet. År 1930 tog hon studenten och kom därefter att studera\nromanska språk på Lunds universitet. Efter examen 1935 och språkstudier utomlands fick hon\nanställning på Svenska bokförlaget där hon läste korrektur på ordböcker. Hennes\nantifascistiska engagemang ledde henne till den antinazistiska tidningen *NU* under\nperioderna 1937–1938 och 1941–1942, senare även till Utrikespolitiska Institutet där hon var\namanuens under åren 1942–1944. Där mötte hon en av institutets initiativtagare, Rangvald\nLundström, som hon gifte sig med 1944. Äktenskapet var inte lyckligt och paret skildes redan 1946.\n\nEfter andra världskriget fick Eva Alexanderson anställning på Albert Bonniers Förlag som\nförlagsredaktör och översättare. På förlagets uppdrag reste hon till Paris för att diskutera\n[](Gunnel Vallquist)s Proust-översättning med henne. Det blev början till en livslång och\nbetydelsefull vänskap mellan de båda kvinnorna. Eva Alexanderson debuterade som författare\nmed reseberättelsen *Resa till smältpunkten*, 1954. Ett år senare, 1955, konverterade hon till\nkatolicismen, lämnade Bonniers och bosatte sig i Italien. Därefter försörjde hon sig som\nfrilansöversättare och fortsatte sitt skönlitterära skrivande. Hon reste också mycket och har i\nolika skrifter skildrat vistelser i bland annat Mexiko, Spanien, Italien och Mellanöstern.\n\nDe allra flesta av Eva Alexandersons böcker är mer eller mindre självbiografiska. Debutboken\n*Resa till smältpunkten*, 1954, handlar om hur hon efter kriget och skilsmässan reste till\nMexiko för att återknyta kontakten med en man hon tidigare haft ett förhållande med.\nÅterföreningen misslyckas men mötet med den mänskliga nöden i ett fattigt land gjorde ett\ndjupt intryck på henne och ledde till ett livslångt engagemang mot orättvisor och utsugning. I\n*mig som liten är*, 1955, skildrar hon i korta, impressionistiska ögonblicksbilder sin barn- och\nungdom. Vuxenvärlden ses uteslutande genom barnets ögon och jagberättarens språk\nförändras från barndomens egenuppfunna ord till tonårstidens slang. Särskild pregnans har\nhennes desperata, fruktlösa försök att vinna den dyrkade, men otillgängliga, moderns kärlek.\nAndra teman är den bekymmersamma, sjukliga kroppen och den unga flickans frågor och oro kring kvinnokroppens funktioner och mänsklig reproduktion i en tid då dessa omgavs av\nmassiv, skamfylld tystnad.\n\nDen följande boken, äktenskapsskildringen *Guldhönan*, 1956, är Eva Alexandersons enda\nhelt fiktiva. Enligt henne själv skildrar den kampen mellan gott och ont inom människan. En\ncharmerande men känslokall man gifter sig med en begåvad, empatisk men sjuklig kvinna i\nförhoppning att snart få ärva hennes förmögenhet. I slutändan kastas dock förhållandet\nberoende/oberoende om och den förment starke mannen går under. I *Väckt ur drömmen*,\n1958, låter Eva Alexanderson återigen det egna livet vara en inspirationskälla.\nHuvudpersonen heter liksom i *mig som liten är* Mona. Namnet valde Eva Alexanderson för\ndess associationer till grekiskans *monos*, som betyder ensam. Den unga Mona reser runt i ett\nEuropa präglat av konflikter och framväxande fascism. Hon upplever inbördeskriget i\nSpanien, möter Mussolinis Italien och hör om brinnande synagogor och judeförföljelser i\nnazisternas Tyskland. En kärlekshistoria interfolieras med skarpa iakttagelser av hur diktatur\noch totalitära idéer omformar och förvrider vardagslivets minsta detaljer och mänskliga\nrelationer.\n\nNästa bok, *Fyrtio dagar i öknen*, 1964, bygger på dagboksanteckningar från en\nkonvalescensvistelse på ett norskt högfjällshotell i mitten av 1950-talet. Berättelsen är en inre\nuppgörelse med skuldkänslor och självförnekelse och framför allt en redogörelse av hur hon\nnår fram till en gudstro och beslutar sig för att bli katolik. Korta minnesbilder från\nbarndomen, förflutna kärlekar och det olyckliga äktenskapet blixtrar förbi. Reseskildringen\n*Pilgrimsfärd*, 1967, bygger på intryck från hennes årslånga vistelse i bland annat Syrien,\nLibanon och Israel där hon besöker ett antal olika religiösa kommuniteter.\n\nEva Alexanderssons mest kända och omskrivna roman är dock utan tvekan *Kontradans*, 1969. I den beskriver hon med förkrossande ärlighet sin passionerade men konfliktfyllda\nkärleksrelation till en yngre, italiensk kvinna, Claudia. För dem båda är gudstron mycket\nviktig – jagpersonen är nybliven konvertit och Claudia står i beredskap att gå i kloster. Men\nreligiösa betänkligheter till trots inleder de ett förhållande och deras erotiska möten skildras\nmed intensiv, poetisk skönhet. Kvinnorna slits mellan tro och åtrå och förhållandet blir\nalltmer smärtsamt. Till slut måste de skiljas. Även om den lesbiska relationen är olycklig är\nromanens insisterande på all kärleks lika värde absolut. *Kontradans* fick ett ganska svalt\nmottagande bland recensenter och många ställde sig undrande inför den religiösa problematiken. Den fick dock stor betydelse för många läsare, något som inte minst märks i\nde många bevarade läsarbreven till Eva Alexanderson, där kvinnor berättar om sig själva och om hur viktig romanen varit för deras självacceptans som lesbiska. Som kanske de första kända svenskarna gick hon och författaren Bengt Martin också öppet ut som homosexuella i ett reportage i *Aftonbladet* samma år som *Kontradans* publicerades. Kritikernas negativa\nbedömning av *Kontradans* tog Eva Alexanderson hårt och hon lade det egna, skönlitterära\nskrivandet åt sidan under många år. Hon fortsatte dock vara sexualpolitiskt aktiv och var\nredaktör för debattskriften *De homosexuella i församlingen: dags att ompröva?*, 1973, där\npersoner från olika kristna samfund argumenterar för en förändrad syn på samkönad kärlek.\n\nDet dröjde till början av 1990-talet innan Eva Alexanderson återkom som skönlitterär\nförfattare, denna gång med *Sparkplats för jungfrun: ett socialmänskligt collage*, 1992. I\nden möter läsaren återigen barndomshemmet men denna gång riktas blicken mot alla de\nhembiträden, ”trotjänarinnor” och barnjungfrur som arbetade i hemmet i början av 1900-talet.\nHon beskriver deras arbetsuppgifter, dagliga slit, tålamod med kinkiga barn och besvärligt\nherrskap. Tydligt framstår det hur viktig den värme och uppmärksamhet som många av dem gav\nbarnet Eva var. Köket blev en tillflyktsort från finrummens avvisande frostighet. Hennes sista\nbok, *Saga och sanning i Neutralien*, 1994, består av intryck och situationer från Sverige\nunder andra världskriget. Här beskriver hon sitt beredskapsarbete på telefoncensuren, besök\npå den antinazistiska Tisdagsklubben och ger även inblickar i äktenskapet med den\ncharmerande och entusiasmerande men svårt alkoholiserade mannen. Texten skrevs under\nåren 1949–1950 men refuserades och manuskriptet blev liggande fram till dess att hennes\nnye förläggare intresserade sig för det. \n\nEva Alexanderson gjorde också många översättningar, främst från franska och italienska. Hon översatte inom många genrer som deckare, politiska debattskrifter, romaner, dramatik och memoarer av skilda författare som Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Nathalie Sarraute, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean Paul Sartre, Violette Leduc, Italo Calvino, Marie-Madeleine de Lafayette, Albert Camus och Umberto Eco. Hon har vunnit flera prestigefyllda översättarpriser, bland annat [](Elsa Thulin)s översättarpris 1969.\n\nMot slutet av 1960-talet bosatte sig Eva Alexanderson i Rimbo i Uppland där Gunnel\nVallquist bodde sedan tidigare och även hade bildat en katolsk samtalsgrupp. I mitten av\n1980-talet flyttade hon vidare till Uppsala och senare av hälsoskäl till ett seniorboende för katoliker, Josephinahemmet i Bromma. Hon avled 1994 efter en tids sjukdom. I flera\nminnesrunor nämns det stora lugn och den inre frid som präglade hennes sista tid.",
      "text_eng": "Eva Alexanderson was an author and a translator. She wrote the first autobiographical novel in Swedish literature to portray a sexual relationship between two women.\n\n\nEva Alexanderson was born in Stockholm in 1911. She came from an extremely bourgeois home where the family finances were often precarious. Some of her books provide an insight into her unhappy and lonely childhood in an emotionless home. In 1930 she gained her school-leaving certificate and then began to study Romance languages at Lund university. Following graduation in 1935 and linguistic study trips abroad she became employed at the Svenska bokförlag publishing house where she proofread dictionaries. Her anti-fascist activism led her to the anti-Nazi magazine *NU*, where she was active from 1937-1938 and from 1941-1942. Later she also worked at the Utrikespolitiska Institut (foreign policy institute) as an assistant from 1942-1944. She met Rangvald Lundström, one of the institute’s founders, and they married in 1944. It was not a happy marriage and the couple split by 1946.\n\n\nAfter the Second World War Eva Alexanderson was employed by Albert Bonnier publishers as a publishing editor and translator. At the company’s expense she travelled to Paris in order to discuss [](Gunnel Vallquist)’s translation of Proust with the translator. This became the start of a lifelong and significant relationship between the two women. Eva Alexanderson made her authorial debut with a travelogue entitled *Resa till smältpunkten* in 1954. One year later, in 1955, she converted to the Catholic faith, gave up her job at Bonnier and settled in Italy. She then made a living as a freelance translator and continued her writing. She also did a lot of travelling and published various accounts of visits to Mexico, Spain, Italy, and the Middle East.\n\n\nThe majority of Eva Alexanderson’s books are more or less autobiographical. Her debut work, *Resa till smältpunkten*, recounts how she, following the war and her divorce, travelled to Mexico to reconnect with a man with whom she’d previously had a relationship. Their reunion was no success but her experience of human hardship in that poor country left a strong impact on her and initiated a lifelong activism against injustice and exploitation. Her book called *mig som liten är*, from 1955, portrays her childhood and youth through brief, impressionistic glimpses. The adult world is solely viewed through a child’s eyes and the narrative voice changes from a childish made-up language to teenaged slang. Her desperate and fruitless attempts to win the love of her beloved but inaccessible mother are particularly poignant. Another theme is the worrying body and its proneness to illness and the questions and worries of a young girl with regard to female bodily functions and human reproduction at a time when these issues were surrounded by an overwhelming shame-induced silence.\n\n\nHer next book, a portrayal of a marriage called *Guldhönan*, from 1956 , was Eva Alexanderson’s only entirely fictitious piece of work. According to her it depicted the innate human struggle between good and evil. A charming but emotionless man marries a gifted, empathetic but sickly woman in the hopes of inheriting her wealth. In the end the relationship is turned upside down and the supposedly strong man collapses. In *Väckt ur drömmen*, from 1958, Eva Alexanderson returns to her own life as a source of inspiration. The lead character is named Mona, just like in *mig som liten är*. Eva Alexanderson chose the name due to its association with Greek monos, which means alone. Young Mona travels around a Europe marked by conflict and increasing fascism. She experiences the civil war in Spain, visits Italy under Mussolini, and hears of burning synagogues and Jewish persecutions in Nazi Germany. A love story is interwined with penetrating accounts of how dictatorship and ideas of totalitarianism are altering and distorting the minutiae of everyday life and human relations.\n\n\nHer next book, *Fyrtio dagar i öknen*, from 1964, is based on her diary entries from a period of convalescence spent at a Norwegian alpine hotel in the mid-1950s. The story tells of an internal settling of guilt feelings and self-denial and, most of all, an account of how she came to believe in God and decided to accept the Catholic faith. Brief memories of her childhood, past love affairs, and her unhappy marriage flash past.  Her travelogue, *Pilgrimsfärd*, from 1967, is based on her year-long stay in Syria, the Lebanon, and Israel, during which she visited a number of different religious communities.\n\n\nHowever, Eva Alexanderson’s most well-known and discussed novel is, without doubt, *Kontradans*, from 1969. In it she portrays, with astonishing honesty, her passionate but intensely conflicted love affair with a younger Italian woman called Claudia. Their faith is of massive importance to both of them – the narrator is a new convert whilst Claudia is preparing to enter a convent. Nevertheless, despite their religious beliefs, the two begin a relationship and their passionate meetings are described with intense but poetic beauty. The women are torn between faith and attraction and the relationship becomes increasingly painful. In the end they have to part. Although the lesbian affair portrayed is an unhappy one the novel’s insistence that all love is of equal worth is absolute. \n\n\n*Kontradans* was fairly lukewarmly received by reviewers and many found themselves pondering the religious problem it posited. The novel proved important to its readers, however, which is particularly evident in the many readers’ letters Eva Alexanderson received in which women presented their own stories and how important the book had been to them in their own self-acceptance of their lesbianism. Eva Alexanderson and fellow author Bengt Martin were perhaps the first two known Swedish authors who openly came out as gay in a report by *Aftonbladet* which was published the same year that *Kontradans* was released. The negative reviews the book received hit Eva Alexanderson hard and she wrote no further literary works for many years. She continued her activism in the sphere of sexual politics and served as editor for the 1973 opinion piece *De homosexuella i församlingen: Dags att ompröva?* in which people from different Christian communities argued for a change in perspectives on same-sex love.\n\n\nIt was not until the early 1990s that Eva Alexanderson returned to writing fiction, producing *Sparkplats för jungfru: Ett socialmänskligt collage* in 1992. Once again the reader is presented with her childhood home but this time the focus lies on the servants, the faithful domestic help and nannies who worked in people’s homes in the early 1900s. She describes their duties, the daily grind, the patience they showed to fractious children and awkward employers. It quickly becomes apparent how important the warmth and attention many of these servants showed Eva Alexandersson as a child was to her. The kitchen became a refuge from the frosty rejection of the formal reception salon. \n\n\nEva Alexanderson’s last book, *Saga och sanning in Neutralien*, from 1994, comprises impressions and situations from Sweden of the Second World War. In this book she describes her wartime work within the telephone censorship service, her visits to the anti-Nazi Tisdagsklubb (Tuesday club), and she also provides insights into her marriage to a charming and exciting but severely alcoholic husband. The text, originally composed during 1949-1950, had been rejected, and the manuscript had been left untouched until her new publisher took an interest in it.\n\n\nEva Alexanderson also undertook a lot of translation work, mainly from French and Italian into Swedish. She translated various genres of work, such as thrillers, political opinion pieces, novels, drama, and memoires by various authors including Tomasi di Lampedusa, Nathalie Sarrute, Simone de Beauvoir, Jean Paul Sartre, Violette Leduc, Italo Calvino, Marie-Madeleine de Lafayette, Albert Camus and Umberto Eco. Eva Alexanderson won several prestigious translation prizes, including the [](Elsa Thulin) translation prize in 1969.\n\n\nTowards the end of the 1960s Eva Alexanderson settled in Rimbo in Uppland. Gunnel Vallquist was already living there and had set up a Catholic conversation group. In the mid-1980s Eva Alexanderson moved to Uppsala and later, for reasons of poor health, she moved into a home for elderly Catholics in Bromma called the Josephina home. Eva Alexanderson died in 1994 after a period of illness. Several posthumous tributes noted the great calm and inner peace she experienced during her final years.",
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Konstnärsringen",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Kvinnliga medborgarskolan vid Fogelstad",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Alexandrova Sjögren",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Lokman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.755826",
              "lon": "37.6173"
            },
            "place": "Moskva, Ryssland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.436961,
              "lon": 24.753575
            },
            "place": "Tallinn, Estland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.619146",
              "lon": "17.723419"
            },
            "place": "Sigtuna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Gösta",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "lastname": "Lundquist",
          "occupation": "Ingenjör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1905-04-29",
            "date": "1905-04-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966-04-28",
            "date": "1966-04-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Gösta Tage Filip Peder",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "lastname": "Sjögren",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1926-07-30",
            "date": "1926-07-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Vera",
          "lastname": "Alexandrova-Lefferts",
          "occupation": "Bildkonstnär",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Lindberg, Berit, *Kvinnor - vakna, våga!: en studie kring pedagogen och samhällsvisionären Honorine Hermelin Grønbech*, Diss. Lund : Univ.,Lund, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ejewall, Peter, *Det för mig ytterst intressanta mysteriet jag: en bok om Peder Sjögren*, Ellerström, Lund, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Håkansson, Tore, *Mina första nittio år*, Ord & visor, Skellefteå, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forsgren, Peter, *"Att lyssna med ögat": studier i Peder Sjögrens 1940-talsromaner*, Daidalos, Diss. Göteborg : Univ.,Göteborg, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dahlgren, Eva, *Balettresan*, Artos, Skellefteå, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericson, Gertrud, *Dans på schemat: beskrivning och bedömning i ett estetiskt ämne*, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'G T F (Peder) Sjögren', urn:sbl:5992, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Anders Tyrberg) (Hämtad 2018-02-16)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5992"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Dansare, danspedagog",
      "subtitle_eng": "Dancer, dance pedagogue",
      "text": "Vera Alexandrova var en inflytelserik ryskfödd danspedagog i Stockholm som undervisade en rad sedermera framstående dansare, koreografer och skådespelare. Hon blev även en uppskattad skönlitterär författare.\n\nVera Alexandrova föddes i Moskva 1893. Hon studerade balett, fridans och teater vid Ryska teaterakademin GITIS, där hon tog examen 1918. Efter revolutionen flydde hon till Tallin, där hon blev anställd som dansös och dansregissör vid statsoperan. År 1923 gifte hon sig med den svenske ingenjören Ernst Gösta Lundquist och kom till Göteborg, där hon grundade en dansskola för barn, ungdomar och vuxna som genast blev uppmärksammad. År 1926 flyttade hon med skolan till Östermalm; därefter var hon bosatt i Sigtuna och Stockholm under resten av sitt liv. Under 1920- och 1930-talet var hennes dansskola mycket populär bland välbeställda familjer i Stockholm. Hon undervisade både i balett och så kallad plastisk dans och samarbetade med flera scener där eleverna fick ha uppvisningar och så småningom också kunde få uppdrag. Under de första åren i Sverige framträdde hon också själv som danskonstnär. Redan efter några år skrev hon även danskritik på svenska, framför allt i tidskriften *Scenen*, samtidigt som hon underhöll Stockholms konstnärer, radikaler och intellektuella av olika nationaliteter i sin våning.\n\nVera Alexandrova var inspirerad av Isadora Duncans idéer om den fria dansen och kvinnans frigörelse. Vera Alexandrova menade att dansen kunde frigöra det konstnärliga anlag som finns inom varje människa, inte minst inom barnen. Genom spontana kroppsrörelser kan människan också komma i kontakt med och uttrycka sin fantasi och sin personlighet medan inre spänningar kan släppa. Det var också framför allt som danspedagog som Vera Alexandrovas rykte bestod. Bland hennes elever kom flera att bli framgångsrika dansare, koreografer och pedagoger, som [](Birgit Cullberg), [](Elsa Marianne von Rosen), Ivo Cramér och [](Eva Dahlgren).\n\nÅr 1937 gifte Vera Alexandrova om sig med författaren Peder Sjögren. Därefter inleddes hennes eget författarskap med den prosalyriska berättelsesamlingen *Katedralen i berget*, 1941, vars modernistiska och drömska stil fick ett fint mottagande i pressen. På 1940-talet föreläste hon under flera år i rad vid Kvinnliga medborgarskolan på Fogelstad. Hon höll också kurser vid Södergården i Stockholm och blev på [](Herta Svenson)s initiativ anlitad för att undervisa fabriksarbeterskorna på Tobaksmonopolet i Stockholm i rytmisk gymnastik. Detta arbete skildrar hon poetiskt och engagerat i *Maskinen och blomman*, 1944. Samtidigt utkom den mer melankoliska diktsamlingen *Femina sum*.\n\nFör Vera Alexandrova steg det konstnärliga skapandet, den medmänskliga kärleken och bönen ur samma källa, den som människor når genom att erkänna sina brister, dela varandras smärta och lämna konventionens väg för att följa intuitionens. Hennes religiositet hängde nära samman med hennes samhällskritik. Hon var född ortodox kristen men kom att upptas i katolska kyrkan. Med tankeboken *Skogen Stockholm*, 1945, utvecklade Vera Alexandrova den religiösa tematik som skymtat redan i de tidigare böckerna, bitvis\nmed ett mer dogmatiskt tonfall. De självbiografiska romanerna *Sandal och sidensko*, 1949, och *Träduvor i parken*, 1950, skildrar hennes uppväxt och lärotid som ung dansös i Moskva.\n\nVera Alexandrova dog i Sigtuna 1968. Hon är begravd på Katolska Kyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Vera Alexandrova was an influential Russian-born dance instructor in Stockholm. She taught many people who later became prominent dancers, choreographers, and actors. She was also a much-treasured writer of fiction.\n\nVera Alexandrova was born in Moscow in 1893. She studied ballet, expressionist dance, and drama at the Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, GITIS, from which she graduated in 1918. After the Russian Revolution she fled to Tallinn, where she became employed as a dancer and a director of dance at the state opera. She married the Swedish engineer Ernst Gösta Lundquist in 1923 and moved to Gothenburg. There she set up a dance school for children, youth, and adults, which very quickly attracted attention. In 1926 she and the school moved to Östermalm, Stockholm. She lived in Sigtuna, and eventually in Stockholm, for the rest of her life. During the 1920s and 1930s her dance school was very popular amongst the well-to-do of Stockholm. She taught both ballet and what was called “plastisk dans” (a form of freestyle dance), and she collaborated with various theatres, where students would perform and eventually gain employment. During her early years in Sweden she herself also performed as a dance artist. It was not long before she began to write dance reviews in Swedish, particularly for the journal *Scenen*, whilst she also entertained local artists, radicals, and intellectuals of various nationalities at her apartment in Stockholm.\n\nVera Alexandrova was inspired by Isadora Duncan’s ideas on expressionist dance and women’s emancipation. Vera Alexandrova believed that dance could release the artistic ability which lies inside every person, especially within every child. Spontaneous physical movements could also allow people to become aware of and express their imagination and their personality whilst releasing internal tensions. Vera Alexandrova ’s reputation was largely based on her role as a dance instructor. Several of her students went on to become successful dancers, choreographers, and teachers, including [](Birgit Cullberg), [](Elsa Marianne von Rosen), Ivo Cramér, and [](Eva Dahlgren).\n\nIn 1937 Vera Alexandrova married for a second time, this time to the author Peder Sjögren. She then began writing and published her collection of lyrical prose stories entitled *Katedralen i berget*, 1941. Its modern and dreamy style was well-received by the reviewers. For several years during the 1940s Vera Alexandrova gave lectures and held classes at Södergården in Stockholm. At [](Hertha Svensson)’s suggestion Vera Alexandrova became employed by Tobaksmonopolet in Stockholm to instruct the female factory workers in rhythmic gymnastics. She described this job in poetic and vivid terms in *Maskinen och blomman*, published in 1944. At the same time she also published a more melancholy poetry collection entitled *Femina sum*.\n\nVera Alexandrova felt that artistic creativity, brotherly love, and prayer all originated from the same source, which people attain when they recognise their failings, share each other’s pain, and abandon convention in order to follow their intuition. Her religious expression walked hand in hand with her criticism of society. She had been born into the Russian Orthodox Church but became a Catholic convert. In her book of reflections entitled *Skogen Stockholm*, 1945, Vera Alexandrova developed the religious themes she had already hinted at in her earlier books, albeit with a somewhat more dogmatic emphasis. Her autobiographical novels *Sandal och sidensko*, 1949, and *Träduvor i parken*, 1950, recount her childhood and training years as a young dancer in Moscow.\n\nVera Alexandrova died in Sigtuna in 1968. She is buried at Katolska kyrkogården (the Catholic Cemetery) in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "VeraAlexandrova",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Sigtuna|59.619146|17.723419",
        "Tallinn, Estland|59.436961|24.753575",
        "Moskva, Ryssland|55.755826|37.6173"
      ],
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          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Käll"
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      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Magda",
          "lastname": "Boalt, faster",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
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            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
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          "institution": "Vasa Realskola",
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
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          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Med.lic.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
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          "institution": "Karolinska Institutet",
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          "description": "Med.dr.examen",
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
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          "type": "Universitet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Birgitta Alexius",
          "description_eng": "By Birgitta Alexius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Alexius%2c+Birgitta)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artiklar av Birgitta Alexius i databasen PubMed (Hämtad 2020-03-25)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Alexius+B%5BAuthor%5D"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000365722488",
          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Läkare",
        "Psykiatri",
        "Forskare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Doctors",
        "Psychiatry"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T16:11:00",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 75,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1939-03-22",
            "date": "1939-03-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Katarina församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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        "to": {
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            "date": "2015-03-14"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Högalids församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Birgitta/",
        "lastname": "Alexius",
        "sortname": "Alexius"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Läkare",
          "detail": "Läkare, Mariakliniken 1968–1970, Långbro sjukhus 1970–1973, S:t Görans sjukhus 1973–1986, Danderyds sjukhus 1986–1994, S:t Görans sjukhus 1994–2004",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "2004",
            "date": "2004"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "Sakkunnig, Föreningen Läkare mot AIDS: forskningsfond",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1988",
            "date": "1988"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Suppleant, Stockholms socialnämnd 1981–1985; ledamot, Stockholms kommunfullmäktige 1985, för Stockholmspartiet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot, sakkunnig, forskningsfonden",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1988",
            "date": "1988"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen Läkare mot AIDS",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          },
          "type": "Stiftelse",
          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
          },
          "name": "Stockholmspartiet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Vårdinge hembygdsförening",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Boalt",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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        {
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            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
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            "pin": {
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2015",
            "date": "2015"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-25",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1912-04-19",
            "date": "1912-04-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1999-04-28",
            "date": "1999-04-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Carin Margareta",
          "lastname": "Boalt, född Åkerman",
          "occupation": "Professor i byggnadsfunktionslära",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-08-26",
            "date": "1910-08-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000-01-27",
            "date": "2000-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Gunnar Rudolf",
          "lastname": "Boalt",
          "occupation": "Professor i sociologi",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1937-07-15",
            "date": "1937-07-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Siv",
          "lastname": "Boalt, gift Boalt Boëthius",
          "occupation": "Professor i psykologi",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1941-08-12",
            "date": "1941-08-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2008-06-10",
            "date": "2008-06-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Elsa Karin, kallad Kaj,",
          "lastname": "Boalt, gift Fischer, skild Åkerman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1944-05-22",
            "date": "1944-05-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Åke",
          "lastname": "Boalt",
          "occupation": "Samhällsgeograf",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1946-04-21",
            "date": "1946-04-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Arne",
          "lastname": "Boalt",
          "occupation": "Socionom",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1936-09-16",
            "date": "1936-09-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000",
            "date": "2000"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Folke",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "lastname": "Alexius",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2000",
            "date": "2000"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1965-05-08",
            "date": "1965-05-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid Annika",
          "lastname": "Alexius",
          "occupation": "Professor i nationalekonomi",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1967-02-14",
            "date": "1967-02-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Katarina",
          "lastname": "Alexius",
          "occupation": "Docent i juridik, lektor i socialt arbete",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Birgitta Alexius' [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 2015-05-03",
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        {
          "description": "'Birgitta Alexius', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-03-25)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgitta_Alexius"
        },
        {
          "description": "Birgitta Alexius hemsida (Hämtad 2020-03-25)",
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Psykiater, forskare, politiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Psychiatrist, researcher, politician",
      "text": "Birgitta Alexius var psykiater och forskare med bred kompetens, men även författare och politiker.\n\nBirgitta Alexius föddes 1939 i Stockholm. Båda föräldrarna var professorer, modern [](Carin Boalt) i byggnadsfunktionslära och fadern Gunnar Boalt i sociologi. Familjen bodde i Stockholm men hade ett torp i Sörmland där de fem barnen tillbringade sina somrar.\n\nBirgitta Alexius tog studenten vid Vasa Realskola 1958. Efter studentexamen påbörjade hon medicinstudier på Karolinska Institutet där hon avlade medicine licentiatexamen 1966. År 1968 började hon arbeta som läkare vid Mariakliniken där hon bland annat blev väl förtrogen med de beroendemedicinska tillstånden. Från 1970 till 1973 arbetade hon som psykiater på Långbro sjukhus och därefter kom hon till psykiatriska kliniken på Sankt Görans sjukhus där hon i första omgången stannade till 1986.\n\nUtifrån erfarenheten från akutpsykiatrin, att många patienter återkom flera gånger med likartade symtom, valde Birgitta Alexius att ägna sitt avhandlingsarbete åt en modell för förbättrad samverkan mellan akutmottagning och de psykoterapeutiskt inriktade öppenvårdsinsatser som fanns att tillgå i samhället. Det resulterade 1983 i en doktorsavhandling där hon kunde visa att om patienterna systematiskt hänvisades till adekvata öppenvårdsinsatser, förbättrades deras tillstånd oftare och färre kom åter med samma sjukdomsbild. Efter detta införde hon som praxis på den psykiatriska akutmottagningen på Sankt Görans sjukhus att alla som hemförlovades skulle ha en hänvisning till en relevant öppenvårdsinsats.\n\nFrån 1986 till 1994 var Birgitta Alexius överläkare på Danderyds psykiatriska klinik med placering på infektionskliniken på Roslagstulls sjukhus och som psykiatrisk konsult för HIV-infekterade patienter. Under denna period gjorde hon flera studier kring denna patientgrupp. Bland annat publicerade hon tillsammans med medarbetare en undersökning av vilka HIV-infekterade patienter som tvångsomhändertogs enligt smittskyddslagen, som i detta avseende var strängare än i de flesta andra länder. Hon kunde där visa att alla tvångsomhändertagna tillhörde underprivilegierade grupper, huvudsakligen missbrukare eller flyktingar från länder med hög HIV-prevalens.\n\nÅr 1994 kom Birgitta Alexius tillbaka till Sankt Görans psykiatriska klinik, initialt som sektionschef för akutsektionen. Hon stannade på Sankt Göran till sin pensionering 2004. Utmärkande för henne som överläkare och chef var hennes utomordentliga förmåga att organisera och strukturera verksamheten, vilket skapade trygghet hos alla i personalgruppen. Hon var också mycket kunnig, inte minst i den medicinska juridiken, som ständigt är aktuell i den psykiatriska akutvården. Hon var en förebild och mentor för yngre kolleger, i synnerhet de kvinnliga kollegerna, men ett stort stöd för alla personalgrupper.\n\nBirgitta Alexius gifte sig 1964 med civilingenjören Erik Alexius, med vilken hon fick två döttrar, Annika och Katarina. Makarna separerade 1986 men skildes aldrig. Erik avled 2000.\n\nVid sidan av sin läkargärning hade Birgitta Alexius också ett stort intresse för hembygds- och släktforskning. Hon förblev i många år engagerad i hembygdsföreningen i Vårdinge socken, där sommartorpet låg, och medarbetade också i deras tidskrift *Vårdkasen*. Hon skrev böcker om modern, mormoderns syster, missionären Emma Löfström samt om mormoderns far Anders Petter Löfström, som anses ha grundat Sundbybergs stad. Efter pensioneringen fick hon mer tid att skriva. Hon fick också mer tid att ägna sig åt sina barnbarn, som var hennes stora glädje.\n\nBirgitta Alexius var också aktiv inom lokalpolitiken, som medlem i Stockholmspartiet. Hon var suppleant i Stockholms socialnämnd 1981—1985 samt ledamot i kommunfullmäktige 1985. Hon engagerade sig bland annat i prostitutionslagstiftningens förändringar.\n\nTvå år efter sin pensionering insjuknade Birgitta Alexius i en allvarlig blodsjukdom, efter att aldrig ha haft en enda sjukdag under sitt yrkesliv. Hon fick diagnosen myelodysplastiskt syndrom, MDS, en stamcellssjukdom som påverkar blodbildningen, med ganska dyster prognos. Hon hade redan innan en god insikt i immunsystemet efter att ha arbetat fem år med HIV-positiva patienter och hon lärde sig nu det mesta om sin sjukdom. Tack vare detta och en engagerad och kunnig kollega, som inte tvekade att sätta in nya läkemedel från forskningsfronten, fick hon en avsevärt längre överlevnad med god livskvalitet jämfört med den ursprungliga prognosen. Hon delade med sig av dessa erfarenheter till andra patienter via ett gemensamt forum, Marrowforums.\n\nBirgitta Alexius avled 2015. Begravningsgudstjänsten hölls i Högalidskyrkan och hon fördes till sin sista vila i Minneslunden på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Birgitta Alexius was a psychiatrist and researcher with broad qualifications. She was also an author and a politician.  \n\nBirgitta Alexius was born in 1939 in Stockholm. Both her parents were professors, her mother [](Carin Boalt) of building performance analysis and her father Gunnar Boalt of sociology. The family lived in Stockholm but had a country cottage in Sörmland where the five children spent their summers.  \n\nBirgitta Alexius matriculated at Vasa Realskola in 1958. After matriculation, she started studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute where she took her licentiate in medicine in 1966. She started working as a physician at Mariakliniken in 1968, where she became familiar with medical addiction conditions. From 1970 until 1973, she worked as a psychiatrist at Långbro hospital and after that she worked at the psychiatric clinic at St Göran’s Hospital where – her first time there – she remained until 1986. \n\nFrom her experiences of emergency psychiatry, that many patients returned many times with similar symptoms, Birgitta Alexius chose to devote her research to developing a model for improving the cooperation between emergency departments and the psychotherapeutically orientated outpatient care available in the community. This resulted in a doctoral thesis in 1983 in which she was able to demonstrate that if patients were systematically referred to adequate outpatient care resources, their conditions improved more often and fewer returned with the same syndrome. After this, she introduced the practice at the psychiatric emergency department at St Göran’s Hospital of referring discharged patients to an outpatients’ resource.  \n\nFrom 1986 until 1994, Birgitta Alexius was the consultant at the Danderyd psychiatric clinic, stationed at the infectious diseases clinic at the Roslagstull Hospital, as consultant for HIV-infected patients. During this period, she carried out several studies on this patient group. Among other things, she and a colleague published an investigation of which HIV patients were forcibly detained under the Infectious Diseases Act that was stricter in that respect than in most other countries. In this study she was able to prove that all those who were forcibly detained belonged to underprivileged groups, mainly addicts or refugees from countries with high prevalence of HIV.  \n\nBirgitta Alexius returned to St Göran’s psychiatric clinic in 1994 initially as the director of the emergency department. She remained there until her retirement in 2004. Notable for her career as a consultant and director was her outstanding capacity to organise and structure an enterprise thus creating a feeling of security for everyone in the staff group. She was also very knowledgeable, not least about medical legislation, which is an aspect that is continually to the fore in psychiatric emergency care. She was a role model and mentor for younger colleagues, in particular for her women colleagues. However, she was a great source of support for all groups of staff.  \n\nBirgitta Alexius married Erik Alexius, a civil engineer, in 1964. They had two daughters, Annika and Katarina. They separated in 1986 but were never divorced. Erik died in 2000.  \n\nApart from being a physician, Birgitta Alexius was also very interested in research into her home district and genealogy. She was for many years engaged in her home district association in Vårdinge parish, where her country cottage was situated, and she also wrote for its magazine *Vårdkasen*. She wrote books about her mother, a maternal great aunt, the missionary Emma Löfström and also her maternal great-grandfather Anders Petter Löfström, who is said to have founded the town of Sundbyberg. After her retirement, she had more time to write. She also had more time to spend with her grandchildren, who were her great joy.  \n\nBirgitta Alexius was also active in local politics, as a member of the Stockholm Party. She was a deputy on the Stockholm social committee in 1981—1985 and a member of the municipal council in 1985. She was involved in among other things the reforms in legislation on prostitution. \n\nTwo years after her retirement, Birgitta Alexius fell ill with a serious blood disease, after never having taken sick leave for a single day in her working life. She was given the diagnosis myelodysplastic syndrome, MDS, a stem cell disease that influences the production of the blood, with a rather gloomy prognosis. She already had good insight into the immune system after having worked for five years with HIV-positive patients, and now she taught herself most of what there was to know about her illness. Thanks to this and an engaged and knowledgeable colleague, who did not hesitate to prescribe new medications from the cutting edge of research, she was able to survive far longer with good quality of life than was predicted in the original prognosis. She shared her experiences with other patients via a common forum, Marrowforums. \n\nBirgitta Alexius died in 2015. Her funeral was held in Högalid Church and she was carried to her final resting place in the Memorial Garden at the Northern Cemetery in Solna.",
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        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "firstname": "Britt G.",
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      "furtherreference": [
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          "description": "Av Harriet Alfons",
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          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Harriet+Alfons)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "description": "Om Harriet Alfons",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(harriet+alfons)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
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          "description": "Brändström, Lena, 'Skattkammaren full med glada bilder* [intervju med Harriet Alfons], *Göteborgs handels- och sjöfartstidning*, 1984:110",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Fransson, Birgitta, 'Hon är en skattkammare', *Opsis Kalopsis*, 1988:3, s. 22-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Hammarström, Tommy, 'Expressens Heffaklump -83 till Harriet Alfons', *Expressen*, 1983-12-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "Redaktör",
          "detail": "Redaktör, Natur & Kultur 1944–1947, Albert Bonnies Förlag 1947–1953, Forum 1953–1955",
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          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Rebecca Vibeke",
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          "description": "Alfons, Harriet, 'Under mitt Lundagårds kronor', *Under Lundagårds kronor : Samling 5. D. 2 minnen upptecknade av gamla studenter..*, S. 380-393, 1991",
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          "description": "Strandberg, Karin & Alsberg, Rebecca, 'Harriet Alfons, 1923-2015', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2019-11-14)",
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      "subtitle": "Förlagsredaktör, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Editor, translator",
      "text": "Harriet Alfons var förlagsredaktör och översättare under 1900-talets andra hälft.\n\nHarriet Alfons föddes in i den svenska judiska kultureliten. Släkten på fädernet härstammar från en handlande David Josephson som invandrade till Sverige 1780 i den första vågen judisk invandring från Tyskland. Fadern Ragnar Josephson var en känd konsthistoriker. Harriet Alfons föddes i Uppsala 1923, men när fadern fick en professur i konsthistoria i Lund flyttade familjen dit. Modern hette Gabrielle Abramson, även detta ett känt namn i en judisk kontext. I Lund grundade Ragnar Josephson 1934 det som senare har kommit att heta Skissernas museum. Han blev även ledamot av Svenska Akademien 1960. Josephsons bror Gunnar var bokhandlare och ordförande för den Mosaiska församlingen i Stockholm. Dennes son var skådespelaren Erland Josephson. Under några år kring 1950 var Ragnar Josephson Kungliga Dramatiska Teaterns chef.\n\nHarriet Alfons tog studenten på Katedralskolan i Lund och fortsatte med studier i litteraturhistoria, engelska samt religionshistoria och tog filosofie kandidatexamen 1944. Hon valde således en egen väg in i det svenska kulturlivet med en gedigen akademisk bas. I Lund träffade hon konstnären och författaren Sven Alfons, som hon gifte sig med 1945. Han hade varit faderns elev i konsthistoria. Sven Alfons kom att tillhöra fyrtiotalisterna och var inspirerad av surrealisterna.\n\nParet Alfons bosatte sig i Stockholm och Harriet Alfons första tjänst blev som redaktör på förlaget Natur & Kultur. Chefen Johan Hansson initierade en ny typ av antologi för barn – *Min skattkammare* – och Harriet Alfons blev dess redaktionssekreterare. Tillsammans med Annie Löfstedt fick hon sätta igång det barnlitterära projektet, något som till att börja med inte var självklart för henne. Tillsammans med maken Sven Alfons umgicks hon i 1940-talets litterära kretsar. Därför blev också vuxeninslagen i de första antologierna märkbara. En viktig kontakt i detta sammanhang blev [](Britt G. Hallqvist), som Harriet Alfons upptäckte var en utmärkt författare för barn.\n\nEfter några år som redaktör på Albert Bonniers Förlag respektive Forum övergick Harriet Alfons 1955 till Svensk Läraretidnings Förlag med serien *Barnbiblioteket Saga* som sin portalutgivning. [](Signe Wranér) hade drivit verksamheten sedan mitten av 1930-talet och Harriet Alfons uppfattade verksamheten som förlegad. På Saga stannade Harriet Alfons den längsta tiden i sitt yrkesliv – i hela arton år. Hon kallades ibland för Fru Saga.\n\nEn ny epok i Harriet Alfons karriär inleddes 1973 då Natur & Kultur önskade inleda en satsning på *Min nya skattkammare*. Hon blev ansvarig för utgivningen och var verksam på Natur & Kultur fram till 1988. Efter pensioneringen fortsatte Harriet Alfons att ge ut antologier i egen regi, men på Berghs förlag tillsammans med kollegan Margot Henrikson.\n\nHarriet Alfons omfattande översättningsbana (närmare hundra titlar) fick egentlig fart först mot slutet av 1950-talet. Om denna verksamhet har dottern Rebecca Alsberg och Karin Strandberg skrivit i *Svenskt översättarlexikon*. Huvudparten av översättningarna hämtades från engelskan, som ju varit hennes studiespråk. Harriet Alfons översatte barnböcker för Saga, men började alltmer översätta vuxenböcker på uppdrag av Bonniers och Forum och senare Alba och Trevi. Bredden var stor, från bilderböcker till nobelpristagare.\n\nDet var skönlitteraturen som lockade mest, särskilt kvinnliga författare, exempelvis Doris Lessing. Ett flertal översättningar gjorde Harriet Alfons i samarbete med Jadwiga P. Westrup, några med dottern Rebecca Alsberg. Viktiga insatser gjorde hon också genom att översätta Virginia Woolf, Rebecca West och Edith Wharton. Under 1970-talet översatte hon ett antal verk inom barnpsykologin. Konstintresset visade sig i hennes översättningar av exempelvis Rudolf Broby-Johansens *Liv i konsten*, 1990. Översättningarna gjorde hon vid sidan av sitt krävande förlagsarbete. Det blev under kvällar och helger som översättningarna fick utföras.\n\nHarriet Alfons insatser som förlagsredaktör under ett halvt sekel från 1940-tal till 1990-tal utgör en viktig byggsten till den moderna svenska barnlitteraturens framväxt. Hon var en av alla dessa kompetenta, kulturellt aktiva kvinnor som gav barnlitteraturen en ryggrad. Som projektledare för *Min skattkammare* i sin första utgivningsomgång några år på 1940-talet och framförallt *Min nya skattkammare* på Natur & Kultur från 1973 satte hon sin prägel på vilka texter som valdes ut och senare kan betraktas som kanoniserade i den svenska antologihistorien. En närmare studie av den banbrytande utgivningen återstår att göra. Även Harriet Alfons urval av illustrationer och kontakter med författare vore värda att studera närmare. Som översättare följde hon med sin tid och gjorde en betydande insats för den kvinnolitterära rörelsen som växte sig stark under 1970-talet.\n\nHarriet Alfons fick ett långt liv och avled i Stockholm 2015.",
      "text_eng": "Harriet Alfons, née Josephson, was a publisher and translator during the second half of the twentieth century.  \n\nHarriet Alfons was born into the Swedish Jewish cultural élite. Her family on her father’s side was descended from the trader David Josephson who came to Sweden in 1780 in the first wave of Jewish immigration. Her father Ragnar Josephson was a well-known art historian. Harriet Alfons was born in Uppsala in 1923, but when her father was made professor of art history at Lund University, the family moved there. Her mother was Gabrielle Abramson, also a well-known name in the Jewish context. In Lund, Ragnar Josephson founded what later became known as The Museum of Sketches, in 1934. He was made a member of the Swedish Academy in 1960. Josephson’s brother Gunnar was a bookseller and chairman of the Mosaic Congregation in Stockholm. Gunnar Josephson’s son was the actor Erland Josephson. For a number of years around 1950, Ragnar Josephson was the Director of the Royal Dramatic Theatre (Dramaten).   \n\nHarriet Alfons matriculated at the Cathedral School in Lund and continued with her studies in the history of literature, English and the history of religion, taking her B.A. degree in 1944. She thus chose her own path into Swedish cultural circles, with a solid academic foundation. In Lund, she met the artist and author Sven Alfons, whom she married in 1945. He had been her father’s student in art history. Sven Alfons came to belong to the forties’ generation and was inspired by the surrealists.  \n\nThe Alfons couple settled in Stockholm and Harriet Alfons’ first appointment was as an editor at the publishers Natur & Kultur. The Director Johan Hansson started a new type of anthology for children – *Min skattkammare* – and Harriet Alfons was its first editorial secretary. Along with Annie Löfstedt, she had to start up this children’s literature project, which was not at all easy for her at first. Together with her husband Sven Alfons, she socialised with the literary circles of the 1940s. This is why the adult element in the first anthologies was noticeable. One important contact in this context was [](Britt G. Hallqvist), who, as Harriet Alfons discovered, was an excellent author for children.  \n\nAfter several years as editor at the publishing houses Albert Bonniers Förlag and Forum respectively, Harriet Alfons transferred in 1955 to Svensk Lärartidnings Förlag with the series *Barnbiblioteket Saga* as her first publication. [](Signe Wranér) had run the enterprise since the mid-1930s and Harriet Alfons perceived it as being outdated. She remained at Saga for the longest period of her professional life – a total of eighteen years. She was sometimes called Mrs Saga.  \n\nA new epoch in Harriet Alfons’ career commenced in 1973 when Natur & Kultur wanted to initiate an investment in *Min nya skattkammare*. She was made responsible for its publication and was actively involved at Natur & Kultur until 1988. After her retirement, Harriet Alfons continued to publish anthologies under her own direction but at the Bergh Publishers, in collaboration with her colleague Margot Henrikson.  \n\nHarriet Alfons’ extensive translation career (almost one hundred titles) only actually speeded up towards the end of the 1950s. Her daughter Rebecca Alsberg and Karin Strandberg have written about this in *Svenskt Översättarlexikon* (the Swedish lexicon of translators).  Most of the translations were from English which she had studied. Harriet Alfons translated children’s books for Saga, but started translating adult literature more and more as commissioned by Bonniers and Forum, later Alba and Trevi. Her breadth was impressive, from children’s books to Nobel Prize-winners.  \n\nHowever, fiction attracted her most, especially women authors like for example Doris Lessing. In several translations, Harriet Alfons collaborated with Jadwiga P. Westrup, and in others with her daughter Rebecca Alsberg. She also made important contributions by translating Virginia Woolf, Rebecca West and Edith Wharton. During the 1970s, she translated a number of works on child psychology. Her interest in art showed for example in her translation of Rudolf Broby-Johansen’s *Liv i konsten*, in 1990. These translations she did alongside her demanding publishing work. They had to be accomplished in evenings and on weekends.  \n\nHarriet Alfons’ achievements as a publishing editor during the half-century 1940s –1990s constitute an important building block in the emergence of modern Swedish children’s literature. She was one of all those competent, culturally active women who gave children’s literature its backbone.  As project leader for *Min skattkammare* in her first publication in the 1940s and above all *Min nya skattkammare* at Natur & Kultur from 1973, she set her stamp on which texts were chosen and can later be regarded as canonised in the Swedish history of anthologies. A closer study of that pioneering publication remains to be done. Harriet Alfons’ selection of illustrations and contacts with authors would also be worth studying more closely. As a translator, she was a child of her time, making a significant impact on the women’s literary movement that was growing strong during the 1970s.  \n\nHarriet Alfons had a long life. She died in Stockholm in 2015.",
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          "name": "Mika",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-11-24",
            "date": "1874-11-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-11-09",
            "date": "1947-11-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna-Clara",
          "lastname": "Romanus-Alfvén, född Romanus",
          "occupation": "Läkare, pionjär, rösträttskvinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-01-12",
            "date": "1879-01-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-01-03",
            "date": "1944-01-03"
          },
          "firstname": "John Johannes Anton",
          "lastname": "Alfvén",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-05-30",
            "date": "1908-05-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-04-02",
            "date": "1995-04-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Hannes Olov Gösta",
          "lastname": "Alfvén",
          "occupation": "Fysikprofessor",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "firstname": "Edov",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "occupation": "Journalist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Gudrun",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Mikael",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "occupation": "Fysiker",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
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      ],
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0027.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anne-Marie Alfvén-Eriksson. *Wikipedia*. (Hämtad 2016-09-19)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Marie_Alfv%C3%A9n-Eriksson"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Bibliotekarie",
      "subtitle_eng": "Librarian",
      "text": "Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson var en pionjär inom biblioteksverksamheten på svenska fängelser.\n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson växte upp i en läkarfamilj i Norrköping. Hennes mor, [](Anna-Clara Romanus-Alfvén), var en av Sveriges första kvinnliga läkare och disputerade i medicin redan 1906. Hennes far, Johannes Alfvén, bror till tonsättaren Hugo Alfvén, var läkare vid Centralfängelset i Norrköping. Hon var syster till Hannes Alfvén, sedermera nobelpristagare. Hon gifte sig 1940 med journalisten Edov Eriksson. De fick två barn, Gudrun och Mikael.\n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson avlade en filosofie kandidatexamen vid Stockholms universitet 1940. Därefter arbetade hon som journalist en kortare period, men det var som bibliotekarie hon kom att verka under merparten av sitt yrkesverksamma liv. Hon genomgick Skolöverstyrelsens bibliotekarieutbildning 1947 och arbetade därefter som bibliotekarie vid Norrköpings stadsbibliotek. \n\nEfter makens död flyttade hon till Stockholm där hon blev chefsbibliotekarie vid Danderyds folkbibliotek. Under denna period undervisade hon också vid Skolöverstyrelsens biblioteksskola och började recensera barn- och ungdomslitteratur i *Dagens Nyheter*. Åren 1971-1973 var Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson konsulent för Kriminalvårdens arbete med litteraturläsning på fångvårdsanstalter, vilket hade stor betydelse för utvecklingen av denna verksamhet liksom för henne själv. Efter sin pensionering flyttade hon till Lund, där hennes barn var bosatta, och inledde doktorandstudier vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Lunds universitet. År 1986 disputerade hon med avhandlingen *Brottslingen - villebråd eller medmänniska?: bilden av brottslingen i svensk barn- och ungdomslitteratur mellan åren 1945 och 1975*. En innovativ och grundläggande studie som blivit en återkommande referens inom barnlitteraturforskningen.\n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson avled 2009.",
      "text_eng": "Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson was a pioneer of Swedish prison library facilities. \n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson grew up within a medical family in Norrköping. Her mother, [](Anna-Clara Romanus-Alfvén), was one of the earliest female doctors in Sweden, having gained her medical degree as early as 1906. Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson’s father, Johannes Alfvén – brother of the composer Hugo Alfvén – was also a doctor. He worked at Norrköpings Centralfängelse (central prison). Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson’s brother, Hannes Alfvén, was a recipient of the Nobel prize. In 1940 Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson married the journalist Edov Eriksson. They had two children together, named Gudrun and Mikael. \n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson gained her Bachelor’s degree at Stockholm university in 1940. Although she briefly worked as a journalist the majority of her professional life involved being a librarian. In 1947 she completed the Skolöverstyrelsen (Swedish national educational agency) librarianship course and then became employed at Norrköping city library. \n\nFollowing the death of her husband Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson moved to Stockholm. There she was appointed head librarian of Danderyd public library. During this time she also taught at the Skolöverstyrelsen librarian school and began to write reviews of children’s- and youth-literature for the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper. From 1971–1973 Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson served as consultant to the Kriminalvården (Swedish prison service) project on the provision of reading material within  prisons. Her role as consultant had a major impact on the project as well as on her own development. Following her retirement Anne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson moved to Lund, where her children lived. She began doctoral work in the department of literature at Lund university. In 1986 she defended her thesis entitled *Brottslingen – villebråd eller medmänniska?: bilden av brottslingen i svensk barn- och ungdomslitteratur mellan åren 1945 och 1975*. This was an innovative and path-breaking study which serves as a recurring point of reference within children’s literature studies. \n\nAnne-Marie Alfvén Eriksson died in 2009.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnneMarieAlfvenEriksson",
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        "Norrköping|58.587745|16.192421"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Schwartz"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "description": "Boklotteriets översättarstipendium",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "description": "Letterstedtska priset",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Akademiens översättarpris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "description": "Elsa Thulins översättarpris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Österling",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Folkskollärarexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
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          "institution": "Rostads folkskollärarseminarium",
          "place": {
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              "lat": "56.663445",
              "lon": "16.356779"
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fil.kand.examen, engelska, tyska och romanska språk",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
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          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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        {
          "description": "Fil.lic.examen, romanska språk",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1929",
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          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Karin Alin",
          "description_eng": "By Karin Alin",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Karin+Alin+1892)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
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      "id": [
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Företagare",
        "Lärare",
        "Översättare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "Teachers",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-04-22T09:26:05",
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 81,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1892-11-28",
            "date": "1892-11-28"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Västerås domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1974-07-06",
            "date": "1974-07-06"
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          "place": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Katarina (/Karin/)",
        "lastname": "Alin",
        "sortname": "Alin"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Övningsskollärare, Folkskoleseminariet i Strängnäs 1915–1925(?), Folkskoleseminariet i Uppsala 1925–1932, Högre lärarinneseminariet i Stockholm 1932–1939",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Översättare",
          "detail": "Översättare, litterär agent",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
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      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Ahlin",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
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            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
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            "date": "1913"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.663445",
              "lon": "16.356779"
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
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        },
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            "date": "1915"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Strängnäs"
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            "date": "1925"
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "comment": "1930-talet"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Amalia",
          "lastname": "Ahlin, född Halldén",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858",
            "date": "1858"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik August",
          "lastname": "Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Löjtnant",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Teresia",
          "lastname": "Ahlin, gift Uhlebäck",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Folksskollärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gundborg",
          "lastname": "Ahlin",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Ahlin, gift Beckström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "firstname": "Sara Agneta",
          "lastname": "Ahlin, gift Lind",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Magnus",
          "lastname": "Eriksson Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Häradsskrivare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
          },
          "firstname": "Dagmar Kristina",
          "lastname": "Ahlin, gift Lundström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987",
            "date": "1987"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Eriksson Ahlin",
          "occupation": "Landskontorist",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Karin Alins efterlämnade papper. Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2020-01-15)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-L131"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fondo Erich Linder. Fondazione Mondadori i Milano (Hämtad 2018-01-29)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.fondazionemondadori.it/linder/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schwartz, Cecilia, 'Karin Alin, 1892–1974', *Svenskt Översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2018-01-29)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.oversattarlexikon.se/artiklar/Karin_Alin"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schwartz, Cecilia, 'Agenti segreti. Alcuni profili della mediazione culturale tra Italia e Svezia', *Libri in viaggio [Elektronisk resurs] / a cura di Laura Di Nicola & Cecilia Schwartz*, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A642386&dswid=-8910"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Översättare, litterär agent, lärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Translator, literary agent, teacher",
      "text": "Karin Alin var en av Sveriges främsta översättare från italienska, spanska och franska under 1900-talet.\n\nKarin Alin föddes i Västerås 1892. Fadern var löjtnant och barnaskaran talrik: sju flickor och två pojkar. Efter avlagd folkskollärarexamen 1915 började Karin Alin arbeta som övningsskollärare först i Strängnäs och sedan i Uppsala. Parallellt med skolundervisningen bedrev hon universitetsstudier och blev 1929 filosofie kandidat i engelska, tyska och romanska språk. Kort därefter påbörjade hon högre studier i romanska språk under ledning av professor Ernst G. Wahlgren vid Uppsala universitet. Under följande år avlade hon tentamina för högsta betyg för filosofie licentiatexamen i spanska, 1931, italienska och provençalska, 1932, samt fornfranska, 1934.\n\nMellan 1932 och 1943 tjänstgjorde Karin Alin vid Högre lärarinneseminariet i Stockholm och startade samtidigt sin verksamhet som översättare och litterär agent. Hon levde av allt att döma ensam och fick inga barn. Som person var hon enligt uppgift tillbakadragen och reserverad men i hennes omfångsrika korrespondens framtonar samtidigt bilden av en viljestark och strävsam yrkeskvinna som ofta kämpade i motvind med självupptagna författare, missunnsamma översättarkolleger och förläggare med hårda nypor. En av hennes främsta konkurrenter var den jämnåriga översättaren [Karin de Laval](Karin Laval), som också hade en agentur med inriktning mot främst italiensk litteratur.\n\nÅr 1951 beviljades Karin Alin förtidspension efter flera års sjukskrivning på grund av ”hjärtbesvär”, som hon uttrycker det. I samband med pensioneringen tog översättarverksamheten verklig fart, även om hennes första översättning – *Vår tids tema* av den spanske filosofen José Ortega y Gasset – är från 1936. Karin Alin översatte i genomsnitt tre–fyra titlar per år från och med 1940-talet fram till sin död 1974. Hennes översättargärning spänner över ett brett språkligt register som inbegriper engelska, tyska, franska, spanska, italienska, portugisiska, holländska och norska, men med tiden inriktade sig Karin Alin alltmer mot de romanska språken och då främst spanska och italienska.\n\nBland de författare som Karin Alin översatt återfinns nobelpristagarna François Mauriac, Miguel Ángel Asturias och Gabriel García Márquez samt andra stora namn som Edward Morgan Forster, Federico García Lorca och Italo Calvino. Det var hon som introducerade Calvino i Sverige redan 1956 med en översatt novell och presentation av författarskapet i *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*. Korrespondensen med olika svenska förlag vittnar också om att hon under många år försökte övertala dem att ge ut Calvino, vilket till slut lyckades när Albert Bonniers Förlag nappade på *Klätterbaronen*, som gavs ut 1959 i Karin Alins översättning. *Klätterbaronen* är den av Calvinos titlar som utkommit i flest utgåvor i Sverige, alltid i hennes översättning.\n\nUnder 1940- och 1950-talen översatte Karin Alin främst från italienska men från och med mitten av 1960-talet övergick hon alltmer till att översätta från spanska. Detta har flera olika förklaringar. En är att den neorealistiska berättarglädjen i italiensk prosa avtog på 1960-talet\n och ersattes med stränga krav på ett mer experimenterande berättande, vilket fick en hämmande effekt på många romanförfattare. Under 1960-talet blev det därmed svårare att hitta italienska författare som var internationellt gångbara. En mer konkret anledning var att Karin Alin, som också var litterär agent, systematiskt motarbetades av den italienske kollegan Erich Linder. Den i dag mytomspunne agenten Linder såg inte med blida ögon på hennes inflytande över den italienska litteraturen i Skandinavien och framför allt i Nobelprisets Sverige. Tonen i korrespondensen mellan Linder och Karin Alin är ofta öppet fientlig. Flera gånger säger Linder rent ut att han vill ha så lite med henne att göra som möjligt. I ett brev från 1958 låter han slutligen meddela att han har anlitat en ny agent för hela den skandinaviska marknaden, Peter Janson-Smith. Men den större koncentrationen på spanskspråkig litteratur blev mycket lyckosam för Karin Alin, inte minst genom översättningen av Nobelpristagaren Gabriel García Márquez stora roman *Hundra år av ensamhet*.\n\nSom översättare var Karin Alin produktiv och framgångsrik. Hon översatte omkring 150 titlar för den svenska bokmarknaden och teaterscenen. Den stora kvantiteten översättningar motsvaras ofta av god kvalitet och hon belönades under sin livstid med de stora svenska översättarpriserna. I recensionerna omnämns Karin Alins översättningar oftast i positiva ordalag, även om någon recensent dristar sig till att påtala hennes förkärlek för väl kreativa ordsammansättningar. Kanske kan det faktum att flera av hennes översättningar nytrycks än i dag ändå vara en indikation på att texterna är av en kvalitet som står sig väl.\n\nKarin Alin dog i Stockholm 1974.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Alin was one of the most prominent Swedish translators of Italian, Spanish and French works during the 1900s.\n\n\nKarin Alin was born in Västerås in 1892. Her father was a lieutenant and the large family comprised seven daughters and two sons. After gaining her school-leaving certificate in 1915 Karin Alin began to work as trainee teacher, initially in Strängnäs and then in Uppsala. At the same time she also attended Uppsala university. In 1929 she gained her Bachelor’s degree in English, German, and Romance languages. Shortly afterwards she began further studies in the Romance languages under the guidance of Professor Ernst G. Wahlgren at Uppsala university. She gained top marks for her licentiate in Spanish in 1931, for Italian and the Provençale language in 1933, and for ancient French in 1934.\n\n\nKarin Alin worked at the advanced teacher-training programme in Stockholm between 1932 and 1943, whilst also setting up her own business as translator and literary agent. She appears to have lived alone and not to have had any children. According to accounts she was a retiring and reserved individual, but her extensive correspondence emphasises the impression that she was a strong-willed and industrious career woman who often struggled with self-absorbed writers, suspicious fellow translators, and tough publishers. One of her biggest rivals was her contemporary, [Karin de Laval](Karin Laval), who also ran an agency focusing mainly on Italian literature.\n\n\nIn 1951 Karin Alin took early retirement following several years of ‘heart problems’ (as she put it) which had left her unable to work. Her translation work really took off once she retired, although her very first translation, *Vår tids tema* written by the Spanish philosopher José Ortega y Gasset, dates from 1936. Karin Alin translated in total about three or four works every year from the 1940s onwards until her death in 1974. Her translation work spanned a range of languages including English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, and Norwegian. Over time Karin Alin tended to focus mainly on the Romance languages, and within these largely on Spanish and Italian.\n\n\nKarin Alin’s translations included works by Nobel-prize holders François Mauriac, Miguel Angel Asturias, and Gabriel García Márquez, as well as other major names such as Edward Morgan Foster, Federico García Lorca, and Italo Calvino. She introduced Calvino to Swedish readership in 1956 by translating one of his short stories and presenting his writings in *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*. Her correspondence with various Swedish publishers also reveals that she spent many years trying to convince them to publish Calvino, and she was finally successful in getting Albert Bonnier publishers to take on her translation of *Klätterbaronen* and publishing it in 1959. *Klätterbaronen* is the most frequently published title by Calvino in Sweden and it is always Karin Alin’s translation that is used.\n\n\nDuring the 1940s and 1950s Karin Alin mainly translated Italian works, but from the mid-1960s onwards she increasingly began to translate from Spanish. There are several different explanations for this. One was the decline in the neo-realistic joy of the narrator in Italian prose during the 1960s and its replacement by a harsh demand for more experimental narration, which had an inhibitory impact on many novelists. During the 1960s it became increasingly difficult to find Italian authors who were internationally accessible. A more concrete reason was that Karin Alin, who also worked as a literary agent, was being systematically counteracted by her Italian-language colleague Erich Linder. Linder, today a legendary agent, was unsettled by her influence on the dissemination of Italian literature in Scandinavia, particularly within the Nobel prize homeland of Sweden. The tone of the correspondence between Linder and Karin Alin is often overtly hostile. Linder blatantly states, on several occasions, that he wants as little to do with her as is possible. In one letter from 1958 he finally informs her that he has taken on a new agent for the entire Scandinavian market, namely Peter Janson-Smith. However, Karin Alin’s greater focus on Spanish-language literature actually worked greatly in her favour, not least in her translation of the Nobel-prize holder Gabriel García Márquez’ major novel *Hundra år av ensamhet*.\n\n\nKarin Alin’s translation output was productive and successful. She translated about 150 titles for the Swedish book market and for the theatre. This high output was usually of good quality and she was awarded the major Swedish translation prizes during her lifetime. Reviewers usually made positive comments on Karin Alin’s translations, albeit the odd reviewer ventured to criticise her preference for highly creative word combinations. Perhaps the fact that several of her translations are still being printed today is an indication of the lasting quality of her work.\n\n\nKarin Alin died in Stockholm in 1974.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KarinAlin",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Västerås|59.6099|16.544809",
        "Kalmar|56.663445|16.356779",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Strängnäs|59.3774523|17.0321193"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "74872238"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Rydbeck"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Bosson, svägerska",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Alin-Bosson, svägerska",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Eslövs enskilda elementarskola för flickor",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Katedralskolan, högre allmänna läroverket, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Folkskollärarexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "institution": "Folkskoleseminariet i Landskrona",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.870348,
              "lon": 12.83008
            },
            "place": "Landskrona"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Organistutbildning, även kyrkosång",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.3774523,
              "lon": 17.0321193
            },
            "place": "Strängnäs"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "’Anna Bosson’ [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1962-06-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Berit, *Ljus och upplysning äfven för qvinnan: kvinnors medborgarbildning i den svenska folkhögskolan 1868-1918*, 1. uppl., Anamma, Göteborg, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Anna Alin-Bosson",
          "description_eng": "By Anna Alin-Bosson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Anna+Alin-Bosson)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Skolledare",
        "Kristendom",
        "Musiker",
        "Folkbildning",
        "Organister"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
        "School directors",
        "Christianity",
        "Musicians",
        "Adult education"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-05T19:20:56",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 78,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1883-12-09",
            "date": "1883-12-09"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Borlunda församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1962-06-21",
            "date": "1962-06-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Enskede församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Anna/ Teresia",
        "lastname": "Alin-Bosson",
        "sortname": "Alin-Bosson"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Klippans samskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.134722,
              "lon": 13.1475
            },
            "place": "Klippan"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare i sång, hygien, slöjdledning, biträdande föreståndare, Hammenhögs folkhögskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.557396,
              "lon": 14.348965
            },
            "place": "Simrishamn"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Sångpedagog, lärare, föreståndare för de kvinnliga sommarkurserna, Tärna folkhögskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.124444,
              "lon": 15.145833
            },
            "place": "Kumla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rektor",
          "detail": "Rektor, Tärna fristående lanthushållsskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.124444,
              "lon": 15.145833
            },
            "place": "Kumla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, fransk-nordisk folkhögskolekurs",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1952"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.6452851,
              "lon": 1.819207
            },
            "place": "Rambouillet, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "name": "Landskrona seminariekör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "name": "Västmanlands läns hemslöjdsförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "name": "Svenska folkhögskolans lärarförbund (SFHL)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare, körledare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "name": "Kumla församlings kyrkokör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "name": "Evangeliska Fonden",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Stiftelse",
          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "name": "Västmanlands husmodersförbund",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fullmäktigeledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "name": "Riksförbundet för kvinnlig samhällstjänst",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "name": "Vita Bandet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "name": "Röda korset",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Alin",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          }
        },
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          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          }
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            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
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            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.557396,
              "lon": 14.348965
            },
            "place": "Simrishamn"
          },
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            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.124444,
              "lon": 15.145833
            },
            "place": "Kumla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.6452851,
              "lon": 1.819207
            },
            "place": "Rambouillet, Frankrike"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Anna Alin-Bosson, 1922. Foto: Per Bagge (1866-1936). Lunds universitetsbiblioteks bildsamlingar, 65325:1",
          "description_eng": "Anna Alin-Bosson, 1922. Photo: Per Bagge (1866-1936). Lund University Libraries, 65325:1",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Alin_Bosson_Anna.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-06-26",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1846-03-10",
            "date": "1846-03-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1922-10-24",
            "date": "1922-10-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Alin, född Andersdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-02-23",
            "date": "1845-02-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921-11-28",
            "date": "1921-11-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Albin",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "occupation": "Lärare, kantor, organist",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-03-21",
            "date": "1873-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1876-02-16",
            "date": "1876-02-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Oswar Benedictus",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-10-25",
            "date": "1874-10-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1876-03-03",
            "date": "1876-03-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Ivar Crispinius",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-09-07",
            "date": "1876-09-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1878-06-08",
            "date": "1878-06-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerda Regina",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-09-14",
            "date": "1878-09-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1923-04-17",
            "date": "1923-04-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Tyko Folke",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "occupation": "Teol.dr., lektor, docent",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-12-06",
            "date": "1880-12-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1881-06-15",
            "date": "1881-06-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Torvald",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-06-19",
            "date": "1882-06-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1884-06-15",
            "date": "1884-06-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Birger Malte",
          "lastname": "Alin",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-04-02",
            "date": "1882-04-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-08-27",
            "date": "1962-08-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Hjalmar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "lastname": "Bosson",
          "occupation": "Folkhögskollärare, folkhögskolerektor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-05-12",
            "date": "1910-05-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1997-08-01",
            "date": "1997-08-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Maj Astrid",
          "lastname": "Bosson, gift Bosson-Nordbö",
          "occupation": "Fil.mag., läroverksadjunkt, konsulent och skolråd, Skolöverstyrelsen",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1912-05-15",
            "date": "1912-05-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-06-12",
            "date": "1995-06-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Valgerd, kallad Gerd,",
          "lastname": "Bosson",
          "occupation": "Fil.mag., folkhögskollärare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Agrell, Gunnar (red.), *Tärna folkhögskola 1876-1976: historik, minnen och personliga synpunkter, aktuella folkhögskolefrågor, bildreportage*, Folkhögsk., Sala, 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anterot, Börje (red.), *Tärna folkhögskola 125: 1876-2001*, Tärna folkhögskola, Sala, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carli, Nils (red.), *Tärna 75 år, 1876-1951: En jubileumsskrift om Västmanlands läns folkhögskola*, Tärna folkhögsk, Tärna, 1951",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dolby, Carl (red.), *Hammenhögs lantmannaskola och lanthushållsskola 1907-1957: minnesverk utg. med anledning av skolans 50-årsjubileum*, AB-förl., Malmö, 1957",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Tärna*, 1962(48):3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Tärna folkhögskola: 1876-1926*, Tärna, 1926",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åberg, Thorsten (red.), *Svenska folkhögskolans lärare: matrikel*, Ehlin, Stockholm, 1947",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åberg, Thorsten (red.), *Svenska folkhögskolans lärare 1939*, Palmer & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1939",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervju med brorsonen Sven Alin, 2004",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, musiklärare, skolföreståndare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, music teacher, school principal",
      "text": "Anna Alin-Bosson var folkskollärare, folkhögskollärare och musikpedagog. Hon var under mer än tre decennier biträdande föreståndare vid Tärna folkhögskola med ansvar för de kvinnliga kurserna. Hon var även rektor för lanthushållsskolan vid Tärna.\n\nAnna Alin-Bosson föddes 1883 som Anna Teresia Alin. Hon växte upp i Borlunda kyrkby mellan Eslöv och Lund, där fadern Olof Alin var skollärare och kantor. Modern Maria, född Andersdotter, födde totalt sju barn varav alla utom Anna Alin-Bosson och den äldre brodern Folke dog redan före tre års ålder. År 1899 avslutade Anna Alin-Bosson sju års studier vid Eslövs enskilda elementarskola för flickor och 1902 tog hon studentexamen vid Katedralskolan i Lund. Sedan följde examen 1904 vid det nya folkskollärarinneseminariet i Landskrona; därefter fick hon anställning som folkskollärare vid Klippans samskola. Här stannade hon under tre år men tog samtidigt organist- och kyrkosångarexamen i Strängnäs 1906.\n\nÅr 1908 gifte sig Anna Alin-Bosson med Nils Hjalmar Bosson och de fick sedermera två döttrar tillsammans. Maken, som kom från en familj med stark folkhögskoleförankring, hade studerat geografi i Lund och sedan blivit folkhögskollärare. Han hade strax före giftermålet tillträtt tjänsten som föreståndare vid Hammenhögs folkhögskola i Skåne. Det blev nu den 25-åriga hustruns uppgift att bistå honom i det arbetet, som biträdande föreståndare med ansvar för de kvinnliga kurserna. Anna Alin-Bosson engagerade sig särskilt i den husmoderskurs som skapades, och bidrog genom sitt sätt att organisera den till utvecklingen mot en självständig lanthushållsskola, en reform som genomfördes nationellt 1913 då folkhögskolorna fick möjlighet att anordna kvinnliga lanthushållsskolor som en motsvarighet till de manliga lantmannaskolorna. Husmodersutbildningen i Hammenhög betonade således medvetet relationerna mellan lanthushållet och lantbruket men omfattade även hälso- och barnavård, barnuppfostran med psykologi samt hemvård där estetik och konststudier ingick.\n\nRedan efter några år var det dock dags för Anna Alin-Bosson att lämna Hammenhög. År 1913 tillträdde maken befattningen som rektor för Tärna folkhögskola, belägen i Kumla församling utanför Sala i Västmanland. Här kom han och hustrun att stanna under hela 35 år, fram till pensioneringen. Tärna var en av de äldsta folkhögskolorna och även en av de mest kända, vilket hängde samman med den tidigare föreståndaren Teodor Holmberg och hans hustru [](Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg). De hade lett skolan under mer än tre decennier och varit mycket tongivande speciellt under de tidiga åren, för den allmänna utvecklingen och debatten inom folkhögskolerörelsen i Sverige. Mot slutet hade de dock isolerats alltmer på grund av sin politiska svängning åt höger, sina allt starkare nationalistiska sympatier och ett avståndstagande till den skandinavism som varit en viktig grundpelare i framväxten av folkhögskolerörelsen.\n\nDet blev nu Anna Alin-Bossons uppgift att ta över efter Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg som ansvarig på Tärna för de kvinnliga sommarkurserna och för de husmoderskurser som omorganiserats till lanthushållsskola. Uppenbarligen lyckades hon bra redan från början; år 1915 slog de kvinnliga folkhögskole- och lanthushållskurserna på Tärna svenskt rekord i deltagande med 105 elever. Lanthushållsskolans utbildning låg liksom den kvinnliga folkhögskolekursen under sommarhalvåret, men 1917 utvecklade man även en kortare vinterkurs. När verksamheten löpte på under hela året blev det enklare att driva småjordbruket som var knutet till lanthushållsskolan. Dessutom fick man lättare att rekrytera kvalificerade lanthushållslärare eftersom de kunde garanteras arbete året om. Trädgården rustades också upp vilket innebar att utbildningen i trädgårdsskötsel kunde förstärkas. I skriften till Tärna folkhögskolas 50-årsjubileum 1926 konstaterar Anna Alin-Bosson att syftet med folkhögskolans och lanthushållsskolans kvinnobildning var att ”tjäna våra hem och vårt land genom sin strävan att dana vaket levande, arbetsglada, dugliga, varmhjärtade, goda kvinnor.” I mångt och mycket utgick nog verksamheten fortfarande från det ”maternella” bildningsideal Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg förespråkat, med fokus på praktiskt hushållsarbete i andras eller eget hem. Men successivt ställde samhällets omvandling nya krav på utbildningen för kvinnor, med större fokus även på teoretiska kunskaper. Folkhögskolan blev också efter hand en allt viktigare utbildningsväg för kvinnor som ville gå vidare till andra studier. År 1937 började man därför på Tärna folkhögskola ta emot kvinnliga elever även på vinterkursens andra årskurs, vilket innebar att man för första gången praktiserade samundervisning. År 1942 frikopplades Tärna lanthushållsskola helt från folkhögskolan och Anna Alin-Bosson blev då dess rektor fram till 1944. Vid folkhögskolan fortsatte hon sitt arbete fram till makens pensionering 1947.\n\nOm Anna Alin-Bosson hade ett starkt engagemang i de kvinnliga folkhögskolekurserna och i lanthushållsskolan, så var det ändå sången och musiken som var hennes främsta intresse. Den unisona sången var generellt viktig inom folkhögskolerörelsen och betonades också starkt av de tidigare föreståndarna på Tärna. Anna Alin-Bosson stärkte dess ställning ytterligare. Hennes förmåga att få med sig människor i sång beskrevs av omgivningen som enastående, vilket märktes både i den vardagliga undervisningen och vid samkväm och fester. Hon var en skicklig pianist och sångerska, en framstående sångpedagog och karakteriserades som ”en uppfostrarinna genom sång”. Hon betonade den unisona sångens betydelse och främst var det den hon arbetade med i sångundervisningen. Hon undervisade både de manliga och kvinnliga eleverna på Tärna i sång. Hennes mål här var framförallt att väcka lusten att sjunga och att lära in sånger som gav eleverna en rik repertoar med uttryck för olika stämningar, sånger som de sedan kunde bära med sig och använda såväl i hemlivet som i förenings- och församlingslivet. En viktig uppgift för Anna Alin-Bosson var också ledningen av skolans kör. En sådan fanns alltid på Tärna och där dominerade stämsången. Kören hade även framträdanden i Kumla kyrka.\n\nTärna förblev under Anna Alin-Bossons och hennes makes tid en stor och viktig folkhögskola, som kom att fostra många unga lärare och blivande folkhögskolerektorer. År 1934 organiserades en kurs för unga folkhögskollärare på uppdrag av Svenska Folkhögskolans Lärarförbund, SFHL (föregångare till Förbundet Folkhögskollärarna). Man hade täta kontakter med andra folkhögskolor, bland annat med Bollnäs folkhögskola där makens syster [](Ingeborg Bosson) var rektor under 1930- och 1940-talen. Man stärkte de internationella kontakterna och skapade många personliga förbindelser med människor i övriga Norden och i andra länder; åtskilliga konstnärer, pedagoger, vetenskapsmän och representanter för tidens kulturliv besökte skolan. Man försökte också tydligare knyta an till den danska folkhögskolerörelsens traditioner. Många elever kom från isolerade gårdar och byar på landsbygden eller från krävande förhållanden inom arbetslivet och under 1930-talet rådde svår arbetslöshet. Man fick också efter hand alltfler internationella elever från olika länder. I ett sådant sammanhang blev den Grundtvigska tanken om folkhögskolan som en hem- och familjeliknande gemenskap extra viktig. Här fick Anna Alin-Bosson en viktig roll inte minst för sin förmåga att bygga gemenskap genom sången och musiken. Hon blev mycket beundrad och älskad i den centrala position hon hade på skolan. ”Tärna gjorde säkert sin största förlust någonsin, när Anna Bosson pensionerades samtidigt som maken”, konstaterade en före detta elev när han långt senare såg tillbaka på sin tid vid folkhögskolan. ”Ingen kommer någonsin att få en sådan ställning som hon hade”, var ett annat omdöme.\n\nAnna Alin-Bosson hade även ett stort engagemang i föreningslivet, knutet till den kristna tro som var viktig för henne under hela livet, samt till sången och till kvinnofrågan. Under studietiden sjöng hon i flera körer i Skåne. Hon grundade Kumla församlings kyrkokör 1933 och var dess ledare fram till 1947. Hon deltog också flera gånger i Västerås stifts kyrkosångshögtider. Anna Alin-Bosson var bland annat medlem i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet, Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst och Vita Bandet samt styrelseledamot i Västmanlands husmodersförbund och i Västmanlands läns hemslöjdsförening. Hon ingick också under några år i styrelsen för Svenska Folkhögskolans Lärarförbund. Hennes publikationer är dock få; exempelvis bidrog hon vid några tillfällen med personliga betraktelser i stiftets julbok. Hon skrev även en artikel om [](Alice Tegnér) i *Sveriges K.F.U.K.*, huvudorgan för Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor, KFUK. Den redigerades under 1930-talet av förbundssekreteraren [](Signe Bosson-Alin) som var änka efter Anna Alin-Bossons bror Folke, men även syster till maken.\n\nAnna Alin-Bosson flyttade vid pensioneringen 1947 till Stockholm. Hon och maken fortsatte dock att vara engagerade i internationella folkhögskolesamarbeten under ytterligare några år; bland annat undervisade hon på en fransk-nordisk folkhögskolekurs i Rambouillet, Frankrike, under början av 1950-talet.\n\nAnna Alin-Bosson avled i Enskede församling 1962. Hon jordfästes i Kumla kyrka och är gravsatt på Kumla kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Alin-Bosson was an elementary schoolteacher, a folk high school teacher and a music teacher. She was the assistant principal at Tärna folk high school for more than three decades, responsible for women’s courses. She was also the principal for the rural domestic science college at Tärna. \n\nAnna Alin-Bosson was born in 1883 as Anna Teresia Alin. She grew up in a village outside Lund where her father Olof Alin was the schoolteacher and church organist. Her mother Maria, née Andersdotter, gave birth to seven children of whom all except Anna Alin-Bosson and her older brother Folke died before the age of three. In 1899, Anna Alin-Bosson completed seven years of studies at the Eslöv private elementary school for girls and in 1902 she matriculated at Katedralskolan in Lund. In 1904, she qualified as a teacher at the new elementary training college for schoolmistresses in Landskrona; and thereafter she was engaged as an elementary schoolmistress at the coeducational school at Klippan. She stayed there for three years while at the same time qualifying for her examination as an organist and church singer in Strängnäs in 1906.\n \nIn 1908, Anna Alin-Bosson married Nils Hjalmar Bosson and they later had two daughters. Her husband, whose family was firmly established in the folk high school environment, had studied geography at Lund University and later become a folk high school teacher. Just before their marriage, he had taken up his position as principal of Hammenhög folk high school in the southern Swedish province of Skåne. It now became his 25-year-old wife’s task to support him in his work, as assistant principal responsible for women’s courses. Anna Alin-Bosson was especially engaged in the new housekeeping course, and contributed through her way of organising it so that it developed into an independent rural domestic science college, a reform that was implemented on a national scale in 1913 when the folk high schools were given the possibility of organising women’s rural domestic science colleges as the equivalent of the men’s agricultural colleges. The housekeeping education at Hammenhög thus consciously emphasised the relationship between the rural household and agriculture and also included healthcare and childcare, children’s upbringing, education and psychology as well as home care including aesthetics and art studies. \n\nAfter only a few years, it was however time for Anna Alin-Bosson to leave Hammenhög. In 1913, her husband was appointed principal of Tärna folk high school in Kumla parish outside Sala in the province of Västmanland. He and his wife were to remain there for 35 years until their retirement. Tärna was one of the oldest folk high schools and also one of the best known, thanks to the previous principal Teodor Holmberg and his wife [](Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg). They had led the school for more than three decades and been very influential in the general development and discourse within the folk high school movement in Sweden, especially in their early years. Towards the end, they had become more and more isolated on account of their political leaning to the right, their ever-stronger nationalist sympathies and their rejection of the Scandinavianism that had been a mainstay in the development of the folk high school movement. \n\nIt now became Anna Alin-Bosson’s task to take over after Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg as responsible both for the Tärna women’s summer courses and for the rural domestic science college that had now reorganised the housekeeping courses. She clearly succeeded very well right from the start; in 1915, the women’s folk high school and rural domestic science courses set a Swedish record with 105 pupils. Both sets of women’s courses took place during the summer season, but in 1917, a shorter winter course was also started. When the activities took place during the entire year, it was easier to run the small farm linked to the rural domestic science college. In addition, it was easier to recruit qualified rural domestic science teachers since they could be guaranteed work all year round. \nThe garden was also put into order which meant that the gardening course could be further developed. In the booklet for Tärna folk high school’s 50th jubilee in 1926, Anna Alin-Bosson established that the aim of the women’s courses at Tärna and at the rural domestic science college was to ”serve our homes and our country through our striving to form alert, lively, hard-working, capable, warm-hearted, good women.” In many ways, the enterprise was still based on the \n”maternal” educational ideal recommended by Cecilia Bååth-Holmberg, focusing on practical household work in others’ homes or one’s own. However, society’s transformation made successively new demands on education for women, with greater focus also on theoretical knowledge. The folk high school gradually became a more and more important educational path for women wanting to continue on to other studies. In 1937, Tärna folk high school also started accepting women pupils on the winter season’s second-year course, which meant that coeducation was put into practice for the first time. In 1942, Tärna rural domestic science college was made completely independent of the folk high school and Anna Alin-Bosson then became its principal up until 1944. She continued her work at the folk high school until her husband’s retirement in 1947. \n\nEven though Anna Alin-Bosson was strongly involved in the women’s courses at the folk high school and also at the rural domestic science college, it was music and singing that were her main interests. Unison singing was generally important in the folk high school movement, and it had also been emphasised by the former principals at Tärna. Anna Alin-Bosson strengthened its status further. Her capacity to get people to join in singing was described by people around her as unique, which was apparent in daily teaching and at social gatherings and parties. She was a skilled pianist and singer, an eminent voice teacher and was characterised as ”an educator through singing”. She emphasised the significance of unison singing that she also mainly worked with in her singing lessons. She taught singing to both men and women at Tärna. Her aim was above all the awaken their desire to sing and to learn songs that gave them a varied repertoire that could express many different moods, songs that they could then bear with them and use in their home lives as well as in associations and congregations. One important task for Anna Alin-Bosson was also to lead the school choir. Tärna always had one and there part-singing was the rule. The choir also gave concerts in Kumla Church.\n \nTärna remained a great and important folk high school under the leadership of Anna Alin-Bosson and her husband, one which was to educate many young teachers and folk high school principals-to-be. In 1934, a course for young folk high school teachers was organised on the assignment of the Swedish folk high school teachers’ union: Svenska Folkhögskolans Lärarförbund, SFHL (the predecessor of Förbundet Folkhögskollärarna). They had close contact with other folk high schools, among others the one at Bollnäs where her sister-in-law [](Ingeborg Bosson) was the principal during the 1930s and 1940s. They reinforced their international contacts and created many personal links with people in the other Nordic countries and further afield. Diverse artists, teachers, scientists and representatives of the cultural life of the times visited the school. They also tried to create closer links with the Danish folk high school movement’s traditions. \n\nMany pupils came from isolated farms and villages in the countryside or from demanding conditions in workplaces, and during the 1930s, there was grave unemployment. Gradually, more and more international pupils arrived from various other countries. In these contexts, the Grundtvig philosophy of the folk high school as a home- and family-like community became even more important. Anna Alin-Bosson had a vital role in this not least because of her capacity to create a feeling of community through singing and music. She became very admired and loved in the central position she had at the school: ”Tärna certainly suffered its greatest loss ever when Anna Bosson retired at the same time as her husband”, as a former pupil stated when he looked back many years later on his days at the folk high school. ”Nobody will ever be able to achieve the position she had”, was another assessment. \nAnna Alin-Bosson was also very involved in the life of associations linked to the Christianity that was important to her all her life, as well as those linked to singing and women’s issues. During her time as a student, she sang in several choirs in Skåne. She founded the Kumla congregation’s church choir in 1933 and was its leader until 1947. She also participated in Västerås Diocese’s church choral festivals. Anna Alin-Bosson was a member of among others the women’s associations Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet, Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst and Vita Bandet and she was also a board member of the Västmanlands husmodersförbund and Västmanlands läns hemslöjdsförening. Additionally, she was for some years a board member of the teachers’ union Svenska Folkhögskolans Lärarförbund. Her publications are few, like for example her personal thoughts in the Diocese’s Christmas book. She wrote an article on the composer Alice Tegnér in *Sveriges K.F.U.K.*, the main organ of the YWCA in Sweden. It was re-edited in the 1930s by the YWCA’s secretary [](Signe Bosson-Alin), the widow of Anna Alin-Bosson’s brother Folke and also her sister-in-law.\n \nAnna Alin-Bosson moved to Stockholm in 1947 on her retirement. She and her husband continued their engagement in international folk high school cooperation for several more years however. Among other things, she taught on a French-Nordic folk high school course at Rambouillet in France at the beginning of the 1950s.\n \nAnna Alin-Bosson died in Enskede parish in 1962. Her funeral was in Kumla Church and she lies buried in Kumla Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AnnaAlinBosson",
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      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Cecilia",
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          "firstname": "François Amable Louis",
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          "occupation": "Anställd i franska armén, skådespelare, dansare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1760-05-20",
            "date": "1760-05-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1843-11-01",
            "date": "1843-11-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Antoine",
          "lastname": "Bournonville",
          "occupation": "Dansare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1760-05-20",
            "date": "1760-05-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1770-11-28",
            "date": "1770-11-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Bournonville",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1765-08-09",
            "date": "1765-08-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1789",
            "date": "1789"
          },
          "firstname": "Ursula",
          "lastname": "Bournonville, gift Raymond",
          "occupation": "Dansare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1750",
            "date": "1750"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1792-05-14",
            "date": "1792-05-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Claude",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1783",
            "date": "1783"
          },
          "lastname": "Alix de la Faye",
          "occupation": "Tandläkare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1792",
            "date": "1792"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1783-12-21",
            "date": "1783-12-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Charles Felicien Pascal",
          "lastname": "Alix de la Faye",
          "occupation": "Brigadier i fransk krigstjänst",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bournonville, August, *Mit teaterliv: erindringer og tidsbilleder, Band 1*, København, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dahlgren, Fredrik August, *Förteckning öfver svenska skådespel uppförda på Stockholms theatrar 1737-1863 [Elektronisk resurs]: och Kongl. theatrarnes personal 1773-1863 med flera anteckningar*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1866 (Hämtad 2021-05-06)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/dfastothea/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fridericia, Allan, *August Bournonville: balletmesteren som genspejlede et århundredes idealer og konflikter*, København, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Dansare, danslärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Dancer, dancing teacher",
      "text": "Julie Alix de la Faye var dansare, bland annat vid Kongl. Operan i Stockholm.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye tillhörde familjen Bournonville som kommit att bli en av balettvärldens mest berömda familjer. Äldst i en syskonskara om fem enligt vissa källor, fyra enligt andra, föddes hon i Hatte (Bryssel), Belgien, där hennes far François Amable Louis Bournonville och hennes mor Jeanne för tillfället var bosatta. Båda hennes föräldrar var från Frankrike och ingick i en på sin tid omtalad teatergrupp som leddes av den då kände lustspelsförfattaren Charles Favart. Som vanligt var vid denna tid gick barnen i föräldrarnas fotspår och stannade inom yrket. Favart ska ha gått i konkurs och ägarna till teatern, ”damerna Meeus”, hade fordringar som föranledde Moritz von Sachsen att utfärda en häktningsorder och Favart försvann. Några löner hade sannolikt inte betalats ut. Vart familjen Bournonville då tog vägen är okänt.\n\nAtt vara medlem i en teaterfamilj innebar många resor och arbete i olika städer vid olika hov runt om i Europa. Familjen Bournonville kom till Lyon där Julie Alix de la Fayes bror Antoine föddes i maj 1760. Fadern hade då försvunnit. Om han återvände till Lyon eller om det var först i Wien som familjen återförenades är oklart. Till Wien kom familjen i mitten av 1760-talet, och det var där som Julie Alix de la Fayes karriär tog sin början. Familjen utökades med brodern Wilhelm, som dog i tvinsot endast 10 år gammal, och systern Ursula. Till Wien kom även Jean Georges Noverre 1767. Om Julie Alix de la Faye var engagerad i hans trupp är dock inte känt. Hennes bror Antoine däremot var elev och deltog i många av de barnbaletter som Noverre satte upp.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye debuterade 1765 i baletten *La Ciaconne* i koreografi av Jean Dupré, i Wien. I november 1768 uppträdde hon i St. Petersburg i rollen som Moder Ryssland i en balett som hyllar Katarina II. Baletten var skapad av Angiolini som stod i polemik med Noverre om hur en handlingsbalett skulle byggas.\n\nMellan åren 1772 och 1781 levde och verkade Julie Alix de la Faye tillsammans med sin familj i Kassel. Där dansade hon oftast de ledande rollerna. Brodern Antoine reste till Paris och vidare till London, dit systern Ursula också tog sig. Året därefter strålade syskonen samman i Stockholm där de alla tre anslöt sig till Gustaf III:s ensemble. Det nya teaterhuset skulle invigas den 30 september 1782 och öppningsföreställningen var Naumanns opera *Cora och Alonzo*. Det var också i den operan som Julie Alix de la Faye så småningom skulle komma att uppträda i sin avskedsföreställning den 12 februari 1798. Modern stannade i Kassel men kom till Stockholm på besök flera gånger.\n\nDen 28 december 1782 förlovade sig Julie Alix de la Faye med den vid hovet verksamme franske tandläkaren Claude Alix de la Faye. De gifte sig året därpå i Chapelle de France, den katolska församlingen. Samma år gifte sig systern Ursula med sekond-dansören vid Kongl. Operan och dansmästaren vid Karlbergs Krigsakademi, Joseph Avon kallad Raymond, även han ursprungligen från Frankrike.\n\nTre år innan Julie Alix de la Faye slutade som premiärdansös erhöll hon en garanti för att hon skulle få pension livet ut under förutsättning att hon stannade vid teatern som lärare i elevskolan.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye fick en son 1783, Charles Felicien Pascal. Han lämnade senare Sverige. \n\nJulie Alix de la Faye dog i Stockholm 1826.",
      "text_eng": "Julie Alix de la Faye was a dancer, for instance with the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye was a member of the Bournonville family, which has become one of the most well-known families of the ballet world. She was the eldest of five siblings, although some sources note there were only four. Julie Alix de la Faye was born in Brussels, Belgium, where her father François Amable Louis Bournonville and her mother Jeanne were temporarily living. Her parents were French and members of a renowned theatre troupe, which was led by Charles Favart, at the time a famous author of comedies. As was the norm, the children followed in their parents’ footsteps and continued in the same trade. Favart apparently went bankrupt. When the “Meeus ladies”, who owned the theatre where the company performed, sought the payment of his debts, Moritz von Sachsen delivered an arrest warrant for Favart, leading to Favart’s disappearance. In all likelihood none of the company members’ salaries had been paid. It remains a mystery as to where the Bournonville family went at that point.\n\nBeing a member of a theatrical family entailed a lot of travelling and working in different places at various royal courts across Europe. The Bournonville family came to Lyon and in May 1760 Julie Alix de la Faye’s brother Antoine was born there. At that point their father had disappeared. Whether he ever returned to Lyon or whether the family only reunited later in Vienna remains unclear. Nevertheless, the family arrived in Vienna in the mid-1760s and that was where Julie Alix de la Faye’s career began. The family expanded once again to include her brother Wilhelm, who later sadly died of pulmonary tuberculosis just aged 10, and her sister Ursula. Jean Georges Noverre also arrived in Vienna in 1767. It is not known whether Julie Alix de la Faye worked in his theatre troupe, but her brother Antoine was a student of Noverre’s and danced in many of the children’s ballets which Noverre staged.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye made her debut in the ballet *La Ciaconne*, which was choreographed by Jean Dupré in Vienna in 1765. Three years later she appeared as Mother Russia in a ballet performed in honour of Katarina II in St Petersburg in November 1768. This ballet had been created by Angiolini who disagreed with Noverre about how to present a ballet that told a story.\n\nFrom 1772 to 1781 Julie Alix de la Faye lived and worked with her family in Cassel. She often danced lead roles. Her brother Antoine travelled first to Paris, and then on to London, where their sister Ursula also followed. The following year the siblings came together in Stockholm and signed up as part of King Gustav III’s ensemble. A new theatre was to be opened on 30 September 1782 at which the first performance was to be Naumann’s opera *Cora och Alonzo*. Julie Alix de la Faye would eventually dance in that opera for her final performance on 12 February 1798. Her mother, meanwhile, remained in Cassel but visited Stockholm on several occasions.\n\nOn 28 December 1782 Julie Alix de la Faye became engaged to the French dentist Claude Alix de la Faye who was also employed at the Swedish court. They married the following year at Chapelle de France, which was the Catholic congregation in Stockholm. That same year her sister Ursula married Joseph Avon dit Raymond, who was the second dancer at the Royal Opera and dance master at Karlberg Krigsakademi (military academy). He too was of French origins.\n\nThree years before Julie Alix de la Faye ceased being the lead dancer she received a guarantee that she would be awarded a lifelong pension if she remained with the theatre as a teacher at their school.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye had one son, Charles Felicien Pascal, who was born in 1783. He later left Sweden.\n\nJulie Alix de la Faye died in Stockholm in 1826.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "JulieAlixdelaFaye",
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          "description": "Brev till Annastina Alkman. Edvard Alkmans samling. Handskriftssamlingen, Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2021-05-11)",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=Carl+Otto+Lagercrantz&page=17&postid=Brev_327453"
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        {
          "description": "Samtal med anledning av 80-årsdagen 1964-06-30. Svensk mediedatabas. (Hämtad 2016-09-16)",
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      "subtitle": "Journalist, översättare, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Journalist, translator, author",
      "text": "Annastina Alkman var en expansiv journalist och aktiv kvinnosakskvinna.\n\nAnnastina Alkman växte upp i Stockholm. Hon fick sin grundläggande utbildning först vid Åhlinska skolan, en privat flickskola, och därefter vid den likaledes privata Palmgrenska samskolan, den första skolan i Skandinavien med samundervisning upp till studentexamen. Efter studentexamen 1899 studerade hon musik vid Kungliga Musikkonservatoriet 1897-1901 samtidigt som hon studerade naturvetenskapliga ämnen först vid Stockholms högskola och därefter vid Uppsala universitet, där hon 1902 avlade en fil.kand.examen med matematik, astronomi och mekanik. En kort period arbetade hon också som matematiklärare, men sin karriär kom hon att göra inom journalistiken.\n\nÅr 1902 anställdes Annastina Alkman som volontär vid *Dagens Nyheter*. Hon gjorde ett legendariskt intåg med en sedermera berömd kvarnhjulshatt beprydd med rönnbär. Hennes uppgifter blev att skriva understreckare, göra lokala referat av textil- och modevisningar och skriva C-notiser. Hon var mycket språkkunnig och fick även översättningsuppgifter. \n\nÅr 1905 gifte hon sig med tidningens kulturredaktör, Edvard Alkman. Denne hade 1904 köpt tidningen *Göteborgs-Posten* och paret flyttade till Göteborg. Hon födde dottern Eva, den sedermera kända journalisten och barnbokskritikern [](Eva von Zweigbergk), och 1919 dottern Lena, vilken avled samma år. Då *Göteborgs-Posten* 1926 hotades av konkurs överlät Alkman tidningen till Harry Hjörne och makarna flyttade tillbaka till Stockholm. Annastina Alkman fortsatte dock att skriva i tidningen. \n \nBåda makarna lade ner sin själ i *Göteborgs-Posten* och tidningen utvecklades under deras år i starkt frisinnad anda. Annastina Alkman breddade och utvecklade dess kulturjournalistik och blev snabbt en lokal storhet. Hon verkade som såväl musikrecensent som teater- och litteraturkritiker, gjorde en mängd reportage och intervjuer och skrev regelbundet personliga kåserier. Hennes sociala engagemang kom framför allt till uttryck i hennes reportage och inlägg i kvinnofrågan. \n\nAnnastina Alkman var mycket politiskt engagerad, framför allt i kvinnosaksfrågor, något som intensifierades under göteborgstiden. Hon engagerade sig i den av [](Frigga Carlberg) skapade Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (F.K.P.R.) och blev en av de ledande kvinnosakskvinnorna i Västsverige. Hon spelade också en betydande roll som ordförande i den göteborgska lokalföreningen av den av läkarna [](Ada Nilsson) och [](Julia von Sneidern) 1914 grundade Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK). 1921 var hon delegat vid Kvinnokongressen för fred i Wien. Hon deltog i den tionde rösträttskongressen i Paris 1926. 1927 blev hon vald till hedersledamot i Paris liberala kvinnoförening.\n\nAnnastina Alkman var konstnärligt begåvad. Hon fortsatte sina musikstudier, översatte facklitteratur och utvecklade så småningom ett eget författarskap, där hennes memoarer *När gräset var grönt…*, 1965, tillhör höjdpunkterna. Den är illustrerad med hennes egna akvarellmålningar och Annastina Alkman fick ett sent genombrott som akvarellmålare. 85 år gammal debuterade hon med en separatutställning på Galleri Brinken i Stockholm. Utställningen blev en succé och Nationalmuseum köpte en av akvarellerna. \n\nAnnastina Alkman avled 1971.",
      "text_eng": "Annastina Alkman was an expansive journalist who was an active member of the women’s movement. \n\nAnnastina Alkman grew up in Stockholm. She gained her basic education at the Åhlinska school, a private school for girls, and subsequently at the similarly private Palmgren co-educational school. The latter was the first secondary coeducational school in Scandinavia. After gaining her school-leaving certificate in 1899 Annastina Alkman studied music at the Kungliga Musikkonservatoriet (royal conservatoire of music) from 1897–1901. At the same time she also studied the sciences, initially at Stockholms högskola (college) and then at Uppsala university, where she gained her Bachelor’s degree in mathematics, astronomy, and mechanics in 1902. Apart from a brief stint as a mathematics teacher, she made her career as a journalist. \n\nIn 1902 Annastina Alkman began working as a volunteer for the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper. Her entry onto the premises, wearing what later became a famous large-brimmed hat decorated with rowanberries, was legendary. Her tasks included writing feature articles, providing local reports on textile- and fashion-shows, and writing minor articles. Given that she had extensive linguistic skills she was also tasked with providing translations. \n\nIn 1905 Annastina Alkman married Edvard Alkman, who was the newspaper’s cultural editor. He had purchased the *Göteborgs-Posten* newspaper in 1904 and thus the couple subsequently moved to Gothenburg. Their two daughters were born there, first Eva – herself later a well-known journalist and children’s book reviewer, [](Eva von Zweigbergk) – and in 1919 Lena, who died the same year. In 1926 *Göteborgs-Posten* faced bankruptcy, at which point Edvard Alkman handed it over to Harry Hjörne. Although the Alkman family then moved back to Stockholm Annastina Alkman carried on writing for *Göteborgs-Posten*. \n\nDuring the Alkman couple’s ownership of the Gothenburg newspaper they put their heart and soul into the enterprise. Their extremely liberal approach left a heavy mark on the paper. Annastina Alkman expanded and developed the cultural journalism side of the paper and rapidly became a local bigwig. Her journalistic contributions included music reviews as well as theatre- and literary-reviews, along with numerous reports and interviews, whilst also comprising personal causerie-style columns. The main outlet for her social activism came through her reporting and her involvement in the women’s movement. \n\nAnnastina Alkman was extremely politically active – particularly within the women’s movement – and these activities intensified during her time in Gothenburg. She was a member of the Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR) (association for women’s suffrage) which had been set up by [](Frigga Carlberg). Annastina Alkman was also one of the leading figures of the women’s movement in western Sweden. Further, she also played a significant role as chair of the local Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK) (liberal women’s association) set up by two female doctors, [](Ada Nilsson) and [](Julia von Sneidern), in 1914. In 1921 Annastina Alkman was a delegate at the Women’s Peace Congress in Vienna. In 1926 she was also a participant at the tenth women’s suffrage congress in Paris. Annastina Alkman was elected honorary member of the Paris liberal women’s association in 1927. \n\nAnnastina Alkman was also artistically gifted. She continued to study music, translated textbooks, and eventually became a writer. Her memoires, entitled *När gräset var grönt…* and published in 1965, are a highlight of her literary output. She provided her own watercolours as illustrations for the book. Annastina Alkman made a very late debut as a watercolourist. At the age of 85 she held a solo exhibition at the Galleri Brinken in Stockholm. Her exhibition was a success and one of her watercolours was acquired by the National Museum. \n\nAnnastina Alkman died in 1971.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnastinaAlkman",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "17208327"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Camilla",
          "lastname": "Bergvall"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Annastina",
          "lastname": "Alkman, svägerska",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Betty",
          "lastname": "Olsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lydia",
          "lastname": "Wahlström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Amelie",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Violinstudier",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "institution": "Kungl. Musikaliska akademien",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "‘Elsa Alkman’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-10-27)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Alkman"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Elsa Anna Maria Alkman (Ahlström)'. *Geni* (Hämtad 2020-10-27)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.geni.com/people/Elsa-Anna-Maria-Alkman/6000000021848864215"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Elsa Alkman",
          "description_eng": "By Elsa Alkman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(elsa+alkman)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schmidt, Pia, *Kvinnliga tonsättare i Sverige 1800-1935: en verkförteckning*, Examensarbete,Borås, 1982",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.diva-portal.se/smash/get/diva2:852224/FULLTEXT01.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "Zweigbergk, Eva von, ’Elsa Alkman’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1975-02-27",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000051933899",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Författare",
        "Musiker",
        "Rösträtt",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Antinazism"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Authors",
        "Musicians",
        "Suffrage",
        "Women's movement"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-14T17:24:36",
      "libris_uri": [
        "64jlmm4q4r2hnc4"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 96,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1878-11-18",
            "date": "1878-11-18"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Stora Tuna församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.484304,
              "lon": 15.4339689
            },
            "place": "Borlänge"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1975-02-21",
            "date": "1975-02-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Limhamns församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.5833,
              "lon": 12.935799999999972
            },
            "place": "Limhamn"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Elsa/ Anna Maria",
        "lastname": "Alkman",
        "sortname": "Alkman"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Musiklärare",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.053743,
              "lon": 14.579688
            },
            "place": "Sölvesborg"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bankanställd",
          "detail": "Bankanställd",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Medarbetare, Mellersta Skåne",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Eslövs fattigvårdsstyrelse",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kompositör",
          "detail": "Kompositör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.587745,
              "lon": 16.192421
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot, Eslövskretsen fr o m 1907, Skåndeförbundet 1911–1913",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR, lokalavdelning av LKPR)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vice ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "name": "Eslövs försköningsförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "name": "Eslövs läsestuga",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "name": "Eslövs Musiksällskap",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen Eslövs lånebibliotek",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot, Norrköpingskretsen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Norrköpings lokalavdelning",
          "name": "Insamlingen för landsflyktiga intellektuella",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Norrköpings lokalavdelning",
          "name": "Föreningen frisinnade kvinnor (FFK, senare Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund, FKR)",
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Ahlström",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.4419,
              "lon": 18.07033
            },
            "place": "Täby"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.053743,
              "lon": 14.579688
            },
            "place": "Sölvesborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.8374959,
              "lon": 13.3036265
            },
            "place": "Eslöv"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.867778,
              "lon": 13.089167
            },
            "place": "Teckomatorp"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.587745,
              "lon": 16.192421
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.5833,
              "lon": 12.935799999999972
            },
            "place": "Limhamn"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elsa Alkman. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Elsa Alkman. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Alkman_Elsa.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-11-04",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-08-16",
            "date": "1850-08-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-07-27",
            "date": "1932-07-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Clara Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Ahlström, född Guinchard",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1848-09-08",
            "date": "1848-09-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-03-28",
            "date": "1906-03-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto Theodor",
          "lastname": "Ahlström",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör, trafikchef",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-08-11",
            "date": "1884-08-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-07-04",
            "date": "1972-07-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Signe Eva Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Ahlström, gift Lewin",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-08-17",
            "date": "1872-08-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1960-09-26",
            "date": "1960-09-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Efraim",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "lastname": "Alkman",
          "occupation": "Apotekare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1916-09-02",
            "date": "1916-09-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-04-16",
            "date": "2009-04-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Inga Linnea",
          "lastname": "Alkman, gift Hellberg",
          "type": "Fosterdotter",
          "type_eng": "Foster daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Elsa Alkmans samling. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-10-27)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-114913"
        },
        {
          "description": "Alkman, Elsa, *Rösträttsbrevet för dagen : några ord till vänner och motståndare*, 1916",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/35369"
        },
        {
          "description": "Perwe, Johan, *Mörkläggning: nazismen och motståndet i Norrköping 1933-1945*, Carlssons, [Stockholm], 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/hwsvkvin/0007.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlén, Bengt & Fries, Carl-Thore (red.), *Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur. [1] 1900-1940*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, musiker, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, musician, suffragette",
      "text": "Elsa Alkman var konstnär, författare, kompositör och violinist men hade också ett stort samhällsengagemang. Hon deltog aktivt i frågan om kvinnlig rösträtt.\n\nElsa Alkman föddes 1878 i Stora Tuna i Dalarna. Hon växte upp i ett välbärgat medelklasshem med både tjänsteflicka och hembiträde men samtidigt var hennes tillvaro rotlös. Familjen flyttade ofta eftersom Elsa Alkmans far, civilingenjören Otto Theodor Ahlström, arbetade som trafikchef vid järnvägen. Under hennes uppväxt bodde familjen i Täby, Göteborg, Stockholm, Härnösand och Sölvesborg.\n\nEfter tre års violinstudier vid Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien i Stockholm återvände hon till Sölvesborg runt sekelskiftet 1900 och försökte försörja sig som musiklärare. När det inte gick flyttade hon till Malmö och började arbeta på bank. I Malmö träffade hon sin blivande man Olof Alkman. År 1906 gifte de sig och flyttade till Eslöv där maken hade fått en apotekartjänst. I Eslöv började Elsa Alkman engagera sig både lokalt och på distriktsnivå i Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR).\n\nI samband med första världskrigets slut så propagerade hon för att såväl män som kvinnor behövdes i arbetet med att återställa ordningen i samhället och hon kopplade ihop detta med behovet av den kvinnliga rösträtten. Elsa Alkman var säker på att kvinnorna skulle få rösträtt, frågan var bara när: “Utvecklingen kan lika litet hejdas som vårfloden, där den brusar fram”, skriver hon år 1915 i rösträttsföreningens flygblad. Hon skrev, föreläste och organiserade.\n\nElsa Alkman skrev ett reportage på de danska kvinnornas första rösträttsdag vid en folkomröstning den 14 december 1916. Hon var själv på plats och besökte vallokaler och pratade med aktiva i kvinnorörelsen och skrev därefter ett lättsamt reportage med allvarliga undertoner till tidningen *Rösträtt för kvinnor* som gavs ut av Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt under åren 1912–1919.\n\nUnder åren i Skåne skrev Elsa Alkman också skönlitterära texter som inspirerades av arbetet för kvinnors rösträtt. Romanen *En oförbätterlig* gavs ut år 1911 på Albert Bonniers Förlag och handlar om en operettsångerskas komplicerade liv i en fördomsfull småstad. Huvudpersonen försöker bryta sig ur patriarkatets bojor och arbetar för lika rättigheter. Boken fick goda recensioner i både *Dagny* och *Idun*. Hon skrev även sagospel med sång och dans för barn och målade akvareller. Hon fortsatte såklart även att spela musik och att sjunga i den lokala kyrkokören i Eslöv. År 1916 fick hon och maken en dotter.\n\nElsa Alkman var frisinnad och liberal. Hon värderade rätten att leva sitt eget liv. När kvinnor väl fått rösträtt fortsatte hon sitt politiska arbete under några år men var kritisk till de många kompromisser som partipolitiken innebar. I slutet av 1920-talet föreslog hon ett kvinnoparti “som ett rent nödvärn” i en artikel i tidningen *Tidevarvet* där hon var en återkommande skribent.\n\nEfter ett tjugotal år lämnade Elsa Alkman och hennes make Skåne. Makens arbete styrde valet av ny bostadsort och de hamnade i Norrköping. Där fanns en riktig orkesterförening och Elsa Alkman tog lektioner i harmonilära och började komponera musik. Musiken tog allt större plats i hennes liv, hon komponerade och spelade både på föreningsmöten och i konsertsammanhang.\n\nI Norrköping träffade hon likasinnade och blev medlem i Frisinnade Kvinnors Norrköpingskrets och i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets lokalavdelning. Hon engagerade sig också i flyktingfrågor under 1930-talet, bland annat genom att organisera insamlingar till de flyktingar som kom till Sverige. Hon arrangerade också en hemlig antinazistisk studiecirkel i Norrköping med hjälp av [](Amelie Posse). På samma sätt som Tisdagsklubben i Stockholm och andra systercirklar i landet ville de “stärka den inre fronten genom samtal”. Ett trettiotal personer visade intresse för nätverket.\n\nElsa Alkman dog den 21 februari 1975, 96 år gammal i Limhamns församling och begravdes på Kreamtorielundens begravningsplats i Norrköping.",
      "text_eng": "Elsa Alkman was an artist, author, composer and violinist who was also very engaged in the community. She participated actively in the issue of women’s suffrage. \n\nElsa Alkman was born in 1878 at Stora Tuna in Dalarna. She grew up in a wealthy middle-class home with servants, but at the same time her life was rootless. The family moved frequently since Elsa Alkman’s father, Otto Theodor Ahlström, was a civil engineer working as the director of traffic on the railways. During her youth, the family lived in Täby, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Härnösand and Sölvesborg.\n\nAfter studying the violin for three years at the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm, she returned to Sölvesborg around the turn of the century 1900 and attempted to earn her living as a music teacher. When that did not succeed, she moved to Malmö and started working in a bank. In Malmö she met her future husband Olof Alkman. In 1906, they married and moved to Eslöv where he had been appointed to a post as apothecary. In Eslöv, Elsa Alkman began to get involved locally and at the district level in the suffrage organisation Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR).\n \nIn connection with the end of the first world war, she propagated for women’s being as necessary as men in the work of restoring order in the community and she linked this to the need for women’s suffrage. Elsa Alkman was sure that women would be granted the right to vote, the question was only when: “Development can be stopped as little as can the spring floods, as they roar forth”, she wrote in 1915 in a flyer for the suffrage association. She wrote, lectured and organised. \n\nElsa Alkman wrote a report on the Danish women’s first day of voting at a referendum on 14 December 1916. She was there herself, visiting the polling booths and speaking to people active in the women’s movement. Afterwards she wrote an easy-going report with serious undertones for the magazine *Rösträtt för kvinnor* published by Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt in 1912–1919. \n\nDuring her years in Skåne, Elsa Alkman also wrote fictional texts inspired by her work for women’s suffrage. The novel *En oförbätterlig* was published in 1911 by Albert Bonniers Förlag and was about an operetta singer’s complicated life in a small town marked by prejudice. The main character tried to break out of the chains of patriarchy and to struggle for equal rights. The book received good reviews in both *Dagny* and *Idun*. She also wrote a fairy tale play with song and dance for children, and painted water colours. She continued of course playing music, and also singing in the local church choir in Eslöv. In 1916, the Alkman couple had a daughter. \n\nElsa Alkman was a liberal. She valued the right to live one’s own life. When women had finally gained the right to vote, she continued her political work for a few years but was critical to the many compromises that party politics entailed. At the end of the 1920s, she suggested a women’s party “as a pure emergency defence” in an article in the magazine *Tidevarvet*, for which she wrote regularly.\n \nAfter about twenty years, Elsa Alkman and her husband left Skåne. Her husband’s work dictated their choice of new home town and they ended up in Norrköping. There was a real orchestra society there, and Elsa Alkman took lessons in harmony and started composing music. Music took an ever greater place in her life, and she composed for and played at meetings as well as concerts. \n\nIn Norrköping she met like-minded people and became a member of the liberal Frisinnade Kvinnors branch in Norrköping and the local branch of Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. She became engaged in refugee issues during the 1930s, among other things by organising collections for refugees coming to Sweden. She also arranged a secret anti-Nazi study group in Norrköping with the help of [](Amelie Posse). In the same way as the Tuesday Club in Stockholm and other sister groups in the country, they wanted “to strengthen the inner front through conversation”. About thirty people showed interest in the network. \n\nElsa Alkman died on 21 February 1975, at 96 years of age, in Limhamn Parish. She was buried at Krematorielundens begravningsplats (cemetery) in Norrköping.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "ElsaAlkman",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Agnes",
          "lastname": "Hamberger"
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      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "description": "Illis quorum",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "description": "För medborgerlig förtjänst, i guld, (GMmf)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elias",
          "lastname": "Fries, morfar",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": "Statens normalskola för flickor",
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
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              "lat": 51.752021,
              "lon": -1.257726
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            "place": "Oxford, Storbritannien"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Gunhild Almén",
          "description_eng": "By Gunhild Almén",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Gunhild+Alm%c3%a9n)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Gunhild Almén",
          "description_eng": "About Gunhild Almén",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/17535795"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lagercrantz, G., ’Gunhild Almén död’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1954-04-06",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Skolledare",
        "Lärare",
        "Social verksamhet"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "School directors",
        "Teachers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-06T08:47:22",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 71,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1882-08-21",
            "date": "1882-08-21"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
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            "date": "1954-04-04"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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        "firstname": "/Gunhild/ Friesia",
        "lastname": "Almén",
        "sortname": "Almén"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Sofi Almqvists skola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rektor",
          "detail": "Lärare, fr o m 1924 rektor, Brummerska skolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "detail": "Styrelseledamot, Svenska fattigvårdsförbundets barnavårdsbyrå",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "detail": "Styrelseledamot, Stockholms folkeskoledirektion och barnavårdsnämnd",
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            "date": "1918"
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "date": "1924"
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          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
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          "description": "Sakkunnig",
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            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            },
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            "comment": "1930-talet"
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          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
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          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets stipendienämnd",
          "type": "Prisnämnd",
          "type_eng": "Prize committee"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Röda korset",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
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            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
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      ],
      "portrait": [
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          "description": "Gunhild Almén (t.h) med Hilma, gift Sterky (t.v.) och Ina Almén. Fotograf och år okänt (bild i privat ägo)",
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1841-08-21",
            "date": "1841-08-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-06-26",
            "date": "1919-06-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Susanna Christina",
          "lastname": "Almén, född Fries",
          "occupation": "Social hjälpverksamhet, tecknare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-01-24",
            "date": "1833-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-11-24",
            "date": "1903-11-24"
          },
          "firstname": "August Teodor",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Professor, medicinsk och fysiologisk kemi, generaldirektör, Medicinalstyrelsen",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-04-03",
            "date": "1863-04-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938-10-10",
            "date": "1938-10-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Kristina Maria, kallad Ina,",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Direktör, Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "firstname": "Sally Junia Augusta",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-11-08",
            "date": "1867-11-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875-04-15",
            "date": "1875-04-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Elias Alfred",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-10-14",
            "date": "1871-10-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-03-14",
            "date": "1919-03-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Tore August",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Professor, juridik, rättsvetare, ämbetsman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-01-27",
            "date": "1878-01-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-07-23",
            "date": "1972-07-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilma Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Almén, gift Sterky",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-08-13",
            "date": "1879-08-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1880-01-23",
            "date": "1880-01-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Sanna Augusta",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Alménska släktarkivet. Uppsala universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-06-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-7012"
        },
        {
          "description": "Almén, Ina, *Om Sanna Almén, f. Fries. 1, Mitt barndomshem i Uppsala*, Föreningen Elias Fries' ättlingar, Uppsala, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohman, Nils (red.), *Svenska män och kvinnor: biografisk uppslagsbok. 1 A-B*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/smok/1/0065.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gunhild Almén. *Sällskapet Nya Idun* (Hämtad 2020-06-30)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://nyaidun.se/gunhild-almen/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, rektor, sakkunnig",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school principal, expert",
      "text": "Gunhild Almén var lärare och rektor vid Brummerska skolan i Stockholm, samt sakkunnig i pedagogiska utredningar.\n\nGunhild Friesia Almén föddes 1882 i Uppsala. Hennes mor Susanna Christina, född Fries, var dotter till botanikern och mykologen Elias Fries och själv en duktig svamptecknare som hjälpte fadern i hans arbete. Gunhild Alméns far August Almén var läkare, professor i kemi och politiker. Hon var yngst i en syskonskara av sju. Hennes bror Tore Almén, rättsvetare, och systern [](Ina Almén), grundare av Kvinnornas andelsförening Svenska Hem, var kända namn i sin samtid. Tillsammans ägnade de tre syskonen mycket tid åt att ordna det Alménska släktarkivet som även till stor del berörde släkten Fries. Uppväxten har av systern Ina Almén beskrivits som lycklig och privilegierad. Familjen hade en stor våning i Kemikum i Uppsala med stadens troligtvis första privata badrum. Fadern hade sitt laboratorium i samma byggnad. Det var ofta många besökande middagsgäster kring bordet, både studenter och släktingar.\n\nSom barn gick Gunhild Almén i Statens normalskola för flickor. Därefter studerade hon vid ett privat lärarinneseminarium och läste även kurser i Oxford. År 1902 fick hon sin första anställning som lärare på Sofi Almquists samskola, grundad av [](Sofi Almquist). Där stannade hon i två år innan hon gick vidare till Brummerska skolan – en plats där hon skulle komma att stanna i många år. Skolan hade grundats 1882 av [](Eugenie Brummer) och var en av Stockholms mest välrenommerade flickskolor med viss överklassprägel. Mellan 1924 och 1939 innehade Gunhild Almén tjänsten som rektor på skolan. Hennes tjänstgöring upphörde när Brummerska skolan tillsammans med Ateneum för flickor och Annaskolan-Detthowska skolan 1939 uppgick i Norrmalms kommunala flickskola och skolan drevs efter detta i kommunal regi.\n\nVid sidan av arbetet på skolan innehade Gunhild Almén även sociala och politiska uppdrag såsom sakkunnig i 1924 års utredning om frågor rörande privatläroverk, och medarbetare i utformandet av 1924 års lag om samhällets barnavård. Hon var ledamot av Stockholms folkskoledirektion och barnavårdsnämnd åren 1918—1924 och satt i styrelsen för Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets stipendienämnd. Under åren 1914—1933 satt hon även i styrelsen för Svenska fattigvårdsförbundets barnavårdsbyrå. Hon förblev ogift och fick inga barn.\n\nGunhild Almén invaldes i sällskapet nya Idun 1911 där även hennes syster Ina Almén var medlem. År 1924 tilldelades Gunhild medaljen Illis quorum och 1939 guldmedaljen För medborgerlig förtjänst. Mot slutet av sitt liv var hon bland annat engagerad i Röda korset.\n\nGunhild Almén avled 1954 i Stockholm. Hon vilar i familjens grav på Gamla kyrkogården i Uppsala.",
      "text_eng": "Gunhild Almén was a teacher and principal of Brummerska skolan in Stockholm. She was also an expert who served on educational enquiries.\n\nGunhild Friesia Almén was born in Uppsala in 1882. Her mother, Susanna Christina, née Fries, was the daughter of Elias Fries, a botanist and mycologist. Susanna Christina was an accomplished illustrator of mushrooms in her own right and helped her father with his work. Gunhild Almén’s father was August Almén, a doctor, a chemistry professor, and a politician. Gunhild Almén was the youngest in a family of seven siblings. Two of her siblings – namely, her brother Tore Almén, a legal scholar, and her sister [](Ina Almén), founder of Kvinnornas andelsförening (Women’s cooperative association) Svenska Hem – became famous during her lifetime. These three siblings all spent much of their time organising Alménska släktarkivet (Almén family archives), which also included the Fries family to a significant extent. Gunhild Almén’s sister, Ida, has described their childhood as a happy and privileged one. The family lived in a large apartment in Kemikum, Uppsala, which was, perhaps the first to be furnished with a private bathroom in that town. Their father’s laboratory was housed in the same building. The evening dinner table was often populated by visitors, both students and family members.\n\nGunhild Almén attended Statens normalskola för flickor (girls’ school). She continued her education at a private female teacher-training programme and also read courses at Oxford. In 1902 she gained her first post as a teacher at Sofi Almquists samskola (coeducational school), founded by [](Sofi Almquist). She spent two years teaching at that school before moving on to Brummerska skolan – where she remained for many years. That school had been founded in 1882 by [](Eugenie Brummer) and it was one of the most highly-reputed girls’ schools in Stockholm and had a touch of the upper class about it. Gunhild Almén held the post of principal at that school from 1924 until 1939. Her job there ended when Brummerska skolan along with Ateneum för flickor and Annaskolan-Detthowska skolan all merged into Norrmalms kommunala flickskola (municipal girls’ school) in 1939. From then on the school was run by the municipality.\n\nAlongside her teaching work Gunhild Almén also took on political and social roles, which included serving as an expert on the 1924 enquiry into matters relating to private schools and being part of the 1924 drafting of that year’s law regarding social childcare. She was a member of Stockholms folkskoledirektion (public school board) and of the child welfare agency from 1918–1924 and she was on the board of the Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet stipend agency. During the 1914–1933 period she was also on the board of Svenska fattigvårdsförbundets barnavårdsbyrå (Swedish poor relief child welfare bureau). She never married and she never had any children.\n\nGunhild Almén was elected into the Nya Idun society in 1911 where her sister Ina Almén was also a member. In 1924 Gunhild Almén was awarded the Illis quorum medal and in 1939 she received the gold medal for civic service. Towards the end of her life she also worked with the Red Cross.\n\nGunhild Almén died in Stockholm in 1954. She lies in the family grave at Gamla kyrkogården (the old cemetery) in Uppsala.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "GunhildAlmen",
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        "Oxford, Storbritannien|51.752021|-1.257726",
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      ]
    },
    {
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        }
      ],
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      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Selma",
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          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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          "lastname": "Hübner",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gurli",
          "lastname": "Linder",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Whitlock",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Thore",
          "lastname": "Fries, morbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ezaline",
          "lastname": "Boheman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Hesselgren",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "institution": "Tekniska skolan (nuvarande Konstfack)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "institution": "Högre konstindustriella skolan (HKS, nuvarande Konstfack)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Svenska hem: Kvinnornas kooperativ för 100 år sedan (Hämtad 2017-09-06)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://svenskahemsbutiker.se.crystonepreview.net/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Ina Almén",
          "description_eng": "By Ina Almén",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(ina+almen)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Ina Almén",
          "description_eng": "About Ina Almén",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Alm%c3%a9n%2c+Ina)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Kooperation",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Företagare",
        "Formgivning"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Cooperation",
        "Women's movement",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "Design"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-20T11:13:21",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 75,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1863-04-03",
            "date": "1863-04-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1938-10-10",
            "date": "1938-10-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Engelbrekts församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Kristina Maria (/Ina/)",
        "lastname": "Almén",
        "sortname": "Almén"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Chef",
          "detail": "VD, Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem",
          "detail_eng": "Managing director, Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Ritare, Svensk Konstslöjdutställning",
          "detail_eng": "Draughtswoman, Svensk Konstslöjdutställning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ekonom",
          "detail": "Kassaförvaltare, AB P.A. Norstedt & Söner",
          "detail_eng": "Treasurer, Svensk Konstslöjdutställning",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sekreterare",
          "detail": "Privatsekreterare åt fadern",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Ritare, lärare, skribent",
          "detail_eng": "Draughtswoman, teacher, writer",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Skolhem för handikappade och polioskadade barn",
          "detail_eng": "Founder, boarding school for handicapped children and children affected by polio",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.36296",
              "lon": "18.1468"
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "name": "Iduns kvinnliga akademi",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1863",
            "date": "1863"
          },
          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ina Almén",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2017-09-06_141346.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1841-08-21",
            "date": "1841-08-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-06-20",
            "date": "1919-06-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Susanna Kristina, kallad Sanna,",
          "lastname": "Almén, född Fries",
          "occupation": "Social hjälpverksamhet, tecknare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-01-24",
            "date": "1833-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-11-24",
            "date": "1903-11-24"
          },
          "firstname": "August Teodor",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Professor, medicinsk och fysiologisk kemi, generaldirektör, Medicinalstyrelsen",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "firstname": "Sally Junia Augusta",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1865",
            "date": "1865"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-11-08",
            "date": "1867-11-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875-04-15",
            "date": "1875-04-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Elias Alfred",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-10-14",
            "date": "1871-10-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-03-14",
            "date": "1919-03-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Tore August",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Professor, juridik, rättsvetare, ämbetsman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-01-27",
            "date": "1878-01-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-07-23",
            "date": "1972-07-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilma Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Almén, gift Sterky",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "firstname": "Sanna Augusta",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild Fresia",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Rektor",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Alménska släktarkivet. Uppsala universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2017-09-06)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/resultList.jsf?faces-redirect=true&includeViewParams=true&query=Alm%C3%A9nska%20sl%C3%A4ktarkivet&searchType=EXTENDED&dswid=6445"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nathhorst, Mary, T., 1879-1974, 'Banbryterskor: fröken Ina Almén och Svenska Hem', *Dagny*, 1910:44, s. 501-503, 1910 (Hämtad 2020-01-15)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/55683"
        },
        {
          "description": "Björk, Monika & Kaijser, Eva, *Svenska Hem: en passionerad affär*, Stockholmia, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Linder, Gurli, 'Ina Almén och Svenska Hem', *Idun*, 1908(21):14, s. 165-166, 1908",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50490"
        },
        {
          "description": "Almén, Ina, *Om Sanna Almén, f. Fries. 1, Mitt barndomshem i Uppsala, Föreningen Elias Fries' ättlingar*, Uppsala, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Direktör för Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem",
      "subtitle_eng": "Director of Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem",
      "text": "Ina Almén var en framgångsrik direktör för konsumentföreningen Kvinnornas Andelsförening\nSvenska Hem.\n\nIna Almén föddes 1863 i Uppsala som äldsta barn till August Almén och Sanna Fries.\nHemmet hade en stark vetenskaplig prägel. August Almén var professor i medicinsk och\nfysiologisk kemi vid Uppsala universitet, och Ina Alméns morfar var den kände botanisten\noch professorn Elias Fries. År 1883 flyttade familjen till Stockholm. Där genomgick Ina\nAlmén en treårig utbildning vid Tekniska skolan. Hon fick därefter anställning som riterska\nhos fröknarna [](Selma Giöbel) och [](Bertha Hübner) som startat ett konstindustriellt företag, vilket senare blev aktiebolaget Svensk Konstslöjdutställning. Efter några år gick hon över till en anställning som kassaförvaltare hos AB P.A. Norstedt & Söner, där hon arbetade i tio år. Hon arbetade därefter som sekreterare åt sin far, då han som generaldirektör i Medicinalstyrelsen under de sista åren av sitt liv var sysselsatt med en stor statistisk undersökning. Efter faderns död ägnade sig Ina Almén återigen åt sina konstindustriella intressen, dock utan någon fast anställning. Hon gjorde studieresor utomlands, gav kurser och skrev artiklar om konstindustrin.\n\nTillsammans med sin goda vän [](Anna Whitlock) var Ina Almén med och startade\nKvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem, som 1905 öppnade sin första butik i Stockholm.\nÅret efter blev hon verkställande direktör för det nybildade företaget. Med sitt intresse för\nformgivning och slöjd gick hon in för att skapa en vacker miljö i den nyöppnade butiken. Hon\nblev känd för sitt engagemang för arbetsmiljö och personal och sin förmåga att lösa de\nsvårigheter man ställdes inför. Bland annat gjorde hon våren 1906 en inköpsresa till Tyskland,\nHolland och England för att hitta leverantörer som vågade trotsa den bojkott Svenska Hem\nutsattes för av Stockholms Specerihandlareförening. Efter en konflikt med styrelsen om\npersonalens julgratifikation sa hon upp sig 1910. Ina Almén ägnade sig därefter åt att bygga\nupp ett hem för handikappade och polioskadade barn, vilket sedan utvidgades till ett skolhem på Lidingö.\n\nIna Almén valdes in i kultursällskapet Nya Idun 1902. [](Gurli Linder), tidigare invald i\nsällskapet, intervjuade henne i tidningen *Idun* i april 1908 och beskriver henne\nsom en person med stor intellektuell begåvning, sällsynt redig tankeförmåga, strängt\nmålmedveten energi och en duktig arbetsledare. År 1918 valdes Ina Almén också in i Iduns\nkvinnliga akademi, som var en exklusiv samling med bland andra [](Selma Lagerlöf),\n[](Karolina Widerström) och andra kända medlemmar.\n\nIna Almén förblev ogift och bodde hemma tills hon närmade sig 50-årsåldern. Tillsammans\nmed två av sina syskon, justitierådet Tore Almén och rektor [](Gunhild Almén), ägnade hon sig åt det Alménska släktarkivet, som i stor utsträckning också berör släkten Fries. Ina Almén bidrog med värdefulla minnesanteckningar till arkiven.\n\nIna Almén avled 1938 i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Ina Almén was a successful director of the consumer association Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem.\n\n\nIna Almén was born in Uppsala in 1863. She was the eldest child of August Almén and Sanna Fries. Her home life was heavily influenced by science. August Almén was a professor of medical and physiological chemistry at Uppsala university. Ina Almén’s maternal grandfather was the famous botanist and professor Elias Fries. In 1883 Ina Almén and her family moved to Stockholm where Ina Almén completed a three-year training course at Tekniska skolan (technical college). She was then employed as a draughtswoman with Misses [](Selma Giöbel) and [](Bertha Hübner) at their newly-established industrial art company, which later became the limited company called Svenska Konstslöjdutsällning. A few years later she took on a position as treasurer for AB P.A. Norstedt & Söner publishing house, where she remained for ten years. She then worked as her father’s secretary when he, towards the end of his life, was engaged in a major statistical enquiry as part of his role as director general of the Medical Board. Following her father’s death Ina Almén focused on her interest in industrial art albeit without any formal employment. She undertook study trips abroad, held courses, and wrote articles on industrial art.\n\n\nIna Almén and her good friend [](Anna Whitlock) were involved in setting up Kvinnornas Andelsförening Svenska Hem, which opened its first shop in Stockholm in 1905. The following year Ina Almén became executive officer of the newly established company. Her interest in design and handicrafts lay behind her determination to create a beautiful environment inside the just-opened shop. She became known for her interest in the working environment and staff and for her ability to resolve any difficulties that arose. Amongst other things she undertook a shopping trip to Germany, the Netherlands, and to Great Britain in the spring of 1906 in her search for suppliers willing to ignore the boycott imposed on Svenska Hem by the Stockholm Specerihandlareförening (grocers’ association). Following a dispute with the board over staff Christmas bonuses Ina Almén resigned in 1910. She then dedicated herself to creating a home for children who were handicapped and suffering the effects of polio. This home later was expanded into a boarding school in Lidingö.\n\n\nIna Almén was elected into the cultural association called Nya Idun in 1902. [](Gurli Linder), who was already a member of the association, interviewed Ina Almén for the journal *Idun* in April 1908 in which she described Ina Almén as a person of considerable intellectual talent, who had a rare ability for clear thinking, strictly goal-oriented energy, and was a successful boss. In 1918 Ina Almén was elected into Idun’s women’s academy, an exclusive group which included [](Selma Lagerlöf) and [](Karolina Widerström), as well as other well-known women.\n\n\nIna Almén never married and lived at home until she was almost 50 years old. Along with two of her siblings Tore Almén, a judge, and [](Gunhild Almén), a school principal, she devoted herself to the Almén family archives, which to a large extent also comprises the Fries family. Ina Almén contributed important memoirs to the archive.\n\n\nIna Almén died in Stockholm in 1938.",
      "translator": {
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            "date": "1935"
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          "firstname": "Johan Aron Andersson",
          "lastname": "Almén",
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            "date": "1866"
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            "date": "1942"
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          "firstname": "Alma Carolina",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
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            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
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          "firstname": "Emil Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigge Theodor Frans",
          "lastname": "Almén",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "subtitle": "Tonsättare, musiklärare, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Composer, music teacher, writer",
      "text": "Ruth Almén var musiklärare, tonsättare och skribent.\n\nRuth Almén föddes 1870 i Solberga, Bohuslän, som dotter till kyrkoherden Johan Aron Andersson Almén och hans hustru Johanna Karolina Hellevi. Ruth Almén var näst äldst av fem syskon. Sannolikt fick hon från barnsben lära sig spela klaver och sjunga. Att hitta på melodier och att teckna och skriva ingick också i dåtidens sysselsättningar för barn. Miljön i prästgården förefaller ha varit generös och kultiverad.\n\nRuth Almén studerade för flera lärare. Hon reste till Stockholm och fick undervisning i piano av Richard Andersson och därefter av Knut Bäck i Göteborg. Hon reste till Berlin kring sekelskiftet 1900 och studerade för pianisten Heinrich Barth. Senare reste hon även till Paris där hon studerade för pianisten Robert Lortat. Harmonilära och kontrapunkt studerade hon för Gustaf Hägg i Stockholm och för Wilhelm Stenhammar i Göteborg. Hennes verkförteckning är sparsmakad och innehåller en pianokonsert, en sonat för violin och piano, två pianosonater, några småstycken för piano samt nio sånger. Hennes stil är senromantisk och har en klang av Johannes Brahms men kanske än mer av Wilhelm Stenhammars kammarmusik.\n\nFrån 1897 var Ruth Almén lärare i piano och musikteori och vid sidan om sin verksamhet som pianist och lärare var hon också tonsättare, poet och skribent. År 1895 publicerades hennes första diktsamling *Vid synranden* under pseudonymen Runar Alm, en pseudonym hon använde fram till 1904. Förutom poesi skrev och publicerade hon under 1900-talets början flera berättelser för barn och senare även artiklar som publicerades i flera nummer av *Kvinnornas tidning* år 1925.\n\nUnder större delen av sitt liv bodde Ruth Almén i Göteborg. Det musikaliska klimatet för kvinnor var bättre i Göteborg än i många andra städer. [](Elfrida Andrée) var både domkyrkoorganist och undervisade många göteborgskvinnor. Mellan 1897 och 1929 ledde hon tillsammans med sin systerdotter [](Elsa Stenhammar) folkkonserterna i Göteborg. Elsa Stenhammar var mycket aktiv både som pedagog och körledare och hon hade stor social kompetens. Med sin kusin Wilhelm Stenhammar samarbetade hon kring orkestern och hon bildade konserthuskören. Även om det bara finns bevis för att Ruth Almén studerade för Wilhelm Stenhammar förefaller det mycket troligt att hon hade kontakter även med kretsen kring Elfrida Andrée och Elsa Stenhammar.\n\nRuth Almén dog i Göteborg 1945.",
      "text_eng": "Ruth Almén was a music teacher, a composer, and a writer.\n\nRuth Almén was born in Solberg, Bohuslän in 1870. She was the daughter of Johan Aron Andersson Almén, a vicar, and his wife Johanna Karolina Hellevi. Ruth Almén was the second of five children. It is likely that she learned to play the piano and sing at an early age. Composing melodies, drawing, and writing were all considered to be suitable pastimes for children at the time. The clerical home of her childhood appears to have been a generous and cultured one.\n\nRuth Almén had several teachers. She travelled to Stockholm, where she took piano lessons from Richard Andersson, followed by Knut Bäck in Gothenburg. She then travelled to Berlin around the turn of the 20th century, where she studied with the pianist Heinrich Barth. She later travelled to Paris, where she studied with the pianist Robert Lortat. She learned how to harmonise and counterpoint in Stockholm with Gustaf Hägg, and then in Gothenburg with Wilhelm Stenhammar. The list of her compositions is highly select and consists of a concert for piano, a violin and piano sonata, two piano sonatas, a few minor pieces for piano, and nine songs. Her compositions were written in a late-romantic style which was reminiscent of both Johannes Brahms and particularly of Wilhelm Stenhammar’s chamber music.\n\nFrom 1897 Ruth Almén also worked as a piano teacher and an instructor in music theory. In addition to being a pianist and a teacher she also composed, wrote poetry, and was a writer. Her first poetry collection was published in 1895. It was entitled *Vid synranden*, and published under the pseudonym of Runar Alm, which was a name she used until 1904. In the early 1900s she also published several children’s stories, in addition to poetry, and later also wrote articles which were published in several editions of *Kvinnornas tidning* in 1925.\n\nRuth Almén spent the majority of her life living in Gothenburg, where – in comparison to many other places – the musical climate was more advantageous for women. [](Elfrida Andrée) was both an organist at the cathedral there and taught many women in the town. From 1897 to 1929 she and her niece [](Elsa Stenhammar) ran the “folkkonserter” (public concerts) in Gothenburg. Elsa Stenhammar was a very active pedagogue and choirmaster and had great social skills. She and her cousin Wilhelm Stenhammar collaborated in orchestral terms and she established the concert house choir. Even though there is only evidence that Ruth Almén studied with Wilhelm Stenhammar, it is highly likely that she moved in Elfrida Andrée’s and Elsa Stenhammar’s circles.\n\nRuth Almén died in Gothenburg in 1945.",
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        {
          "firstname": "Eugenie",
          "lastname": "Brummer",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": "Styhrlanderska skolan",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.752844,
              "lon": 17.009159
            },
            "place": "Nyköping"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "institution": "Mörtska skolan",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.752844,
              "lon": 17.009159
            },
            "place": "Nyköping"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          },
          "institution": "Seminariet för bildande av lärarinnor i Stockholm (senare Högre lärarinneseminariet)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Sofi Almquist",
          "description_eng": "By Sofi Almquist",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(sofi+almquist)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Sofi Almquist",
          "description_eng": "About Sofi Almquist",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(sofi+almquist)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Skolledare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T14:01:02",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 82,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1844-03-09",
            "date": "1844-03-09"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Kila församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.744982",
              "lon": "16.54907"
            },
            "place": "Kila"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1926-10-22",
            "date": "1926-10-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.408",
              "lon": "18.019"
            },
            "place": "Danderyd"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Lovisa Sofia (/Sofi/)",
        "lastname": "Almquist",
        "sortname": "Almquist"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Guvernant",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1867",
            "date": "1867"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1867",
            "date": "1867"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Grundare, föreståndare, Sofi Almquists samskola",
          "detail_eng": "Founder, director Sofi Almquist samskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare, läroböcker",
          "detail_eng": "Author, textbooks",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Uffe-kretsen, grupp av reformvänliga pedagoger",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Hultén",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1844",
            "date": "1844"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 58.752844,
              "lon": 17.009159
            },
            "place": "Nyköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.401213",
              "lon": "18.089121"
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Sofi Almquist",
          "description_eng": "Sofi Almquist",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Sofi_Almqvist_1.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1803",
            "date": "1803"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "firstname": "Beata Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Ljungberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1804",
            "date": "1804"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Oliver",
          "lastname": "Hultén",
          "occupation": "Bruksinspektor, Ålberga gods",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1837",
            "date": "1837"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Beata Christina",
          "lastname": "Hultén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1839",
            "date": "1839"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Otto",
          "lastname": "Hultén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840",
            "date": "1840"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Claes Oliver",
          "lastname": "Hultén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1842",
            "date": "1842"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Axel",
          "lastname": "Hultén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1844-02-15",
            "date": "1844-02-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1923-10-18",
            "date": "1923-10-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigfrid O. I.",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "lastname": "Almquist",
          "occupation": "Fil.dr, lärare, rektor, läroboksförfattare, botaniker",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876",
            "date": "1876"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1876",
            "date": "1876"
          },
          "firstname": "Dödfödd",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Nanna",
          "lastname": "Almquist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Almquist",
          "occupation": "Lärare, rektor, läroboksförfattare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Almquist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Almquist",
          "occupation": "Med. kand., skolledare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Sofi Almquists enskilda papper, SE/SSA/0262B. Stockholms stadsarkiv (Hämtad 2017-03-016)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?postid=Arkis%2071341F61-850B-4273-B41C-D48FEC7BAA6E"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ullman, Annika, *Stiftarinnegenerationen: Sofi Almquist, Anna Sandström, Anna Ahlström*, Stockholmia, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åstrand, Sigurd, 'Sofi Almquists samskola 1892-1936', *Två studier av pedagogiska pionjärinsatser.*, S. 5-135, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school founder",
      "text": "Sofi Almquist var lärare, läroboksförfattare, reformpedagog och skolstiftare. År 1892 grundade\nhon Sofi Almquists samskola i Stockholm.\n\nSofi Almquist växte upp på Ålberga gods i Kila socken med fyra äldre syskon. Hon var dotter till\nLovisa Ljungberg och bruksinspektorn Per Oliver Hultén. Det finns bara knapphändiga uppgifter\nom Sofi Almquists barndom, men det är känt att hon genomgick skolan med goda resultat. När\nhennes far 1861 anmälde henne till första kullen i det nystartade Seminariet för bildande av\nlärarinnor i Stockholm, blev hon genast antagen. Hon behövde inte genomföra inträdesprövning,\nvilket var fallet för dem som inte hade godkända betyg i de nödvändiga ämnena. Seminariet för\nbildande av lärarinnor, som 1878 skulle byta namn till Högre lärarinneseminariet, var den första\nhögre utbildningsinstitutionen för kvinnor i Sverige och kom att spela en viktig roll både formellt\noch informellt genom de nätverk som Sofi Almquist fick tillgång till under sin studietid. Flera av\nde kvinnor som kom att stifta eller förestå flick- och samskolor i Stockholm vid denna tid hade\ngenomgått sin grundläggande utbildning vid Högre lärarinneseminariet.\n\nStudierna vid seminariet kännetecknades av stor valfrihet och ämnesfördjupning, inslag som Sofi\nAlmquist tog med sig in i sin framtida gärning. Vårterminen 1864 avlade hon examen vid\nseminariet. Av de 19 som samtidigt avslutade sina studier var Sofi Almquist en av tre som\nbelönats med det högsta betyget i undervisningsskicklighet. De tre första yrkesverksamma åren\narbetade hon som guvernant i en okänd familj innan hon 1867 fick ett erbjudande att vara en del\nav ett nytt skolprojekt – pastor Gustaf Emanuel Beskows Beskowska skolan. Sofi Almquist\ntackade ja till erbjudandet och utgjorde tillsammans med två manliga lektorer det första kollegiet\npå skolan. Kollegiet kom att utökas efter några år med bland andra Sofi Almquists blivande make\nSigfrid Almquist. Båda var under några år på 1870-talet verksamma som lärare på Beskowska\nskolan. Sigfrid Almquist blev därefter rektor vid Norra Real.\n\nNär Sigfrid och Sofi Almquist gifte sig år 1875 avslutade Sofi Almquist sin anställning vid\nBeskowska skolan och arbetade ett par år som timlärare vid Statens normalskola för flickor,\nsamtidigt som hon och maken Sigfrid Almquist började bilda familj. Familjebildningen för paret\nAlmquist kom under äktenskapets första tio år att kantas av tragedier och påfrestningar. Av parets\nfem barn dog två före fem års ålder, en dödfödd son och en dotter som avled fyra år\ngammal. Vidare hade parets andra barn Nanna autistiska drag och var i perioder\nväldigt sjuklig. De två andra flickorna Signe och Märta växte dock upp utan\nproblem och Sofi Almquist återgav deras utveckling i sitt dagboksskrivande. Båda döttrarna kom\nlängre fram att spela en viktig roll då de tillsammans övertog ansvaret för Sofi Almquists\nsamskola efter moderns pension 1915.\n\nUnder familjebildningsåren författade Sofi Almquist läroböckerna *Barnens andra läsebok*,\nutgiven 1877, och *Barnens första läsebok*, utgiven 1883. Böckerna trycktes i ett flertal upplagor\nända fram till 1920-talet och innebar ett ekonomiskt tillskott. I samband med att den äldre dottern\nSigne skulle börja skolan samlade Sofi Almquist en mindre krets elever kring sig och inrättade en\nundervisningsgrupp som inledningsvis undervisades i hemmet. Under femårsperioden 1886 till\n1891 växte skolan. Ytterligare två undervisningsgrupper med varsin lärare initierades och lokaler hyrdes i den Brummerska skolan av [](Eugenie Brummer), som genomgått lärarutbildningen\nsamtidigt med Sofi Almquist.\n\nÅr 1892, efter en anonym donation på 3000 kr, tog Sofi Almquist steget och grundade Sofi\nAlmquists samskola. Skolan växte snabbt och hade efter tio år utökats med en\ngymnasieavdelning och flyttat till större lokaler på Artillerigatan. Maken Sigfrid Almquist\nundervisade periodvis på gymnasiet och var några år studierektor. Döttrarna kom också att\nintegreras i skolprojektet. Den äldre dottern Signe Almquist blev själv lärare och arbetade vid\nskolan. Den yngre dottern Märta Almquist tog studenten som privatist och läste sedan kemi, och\näven om hon inte hade någon formell lärarutbildning undervisade hon på samskolan i ämnet. Att\ndet under tidigt 1900-tal gick bra för skolan visar inte minst att den 1904 flyttade till ett nytt\nskolhus som kunde inrymma cirka 500 elever. I skolhuset inrättades också en bostadsvåning för\nmakarna Almquist.\n\nSofi Almquists pedagogiska grundsyn kan sammanfattas i betoningen på individuella val,\nhemmet som en integrerad del av skolgången samt samskolan som en viktig form för att\navdramatisera relationen mellan flickor och pojkar. Sofi Almquists samskola var inte bara en\nerkänd utbildningsinstitution för barn utan samtidigt en plantskola för lärarinnor. Ett tvåsiffrigt\nantal föreståndarinnor, skolstiftare och rektorer rekryterades under årens lopp bland dem som\ntidigare ingått i Sofi Almquists lärarkollegium.\n\nI takt med att skolan växte och expanderade under tidigt 1900-tal närmade sig också Sofi\nAlmquist pensionsåldern, som vid denna tid var 64 år. När hon 1908 uppnått denna ålder slutade\nhon undervisa men kvarstod som föreståndarinna i ytterligare tio år innan döttrarna 1918 övertog\nskolan. Sofi och Sigfrid Almquist flyttade 1912 ut till en villa i Djursholm-Ösby.\n\nÅr 1914 belönades Sofi Almquist med den kungliga medaljen Illis quorom. Hon blev änka 1922\noch avled själv 1926, 82 år gammal. Sofi Almquists samskola fortsatte sin verksamhet under\nledning av döttrarna in på 1930-talet. Nya pedagogiska och politiska vindar medförde dock att\nSigne och Märta Almquist beslöt att lägga ned skolan år 1935 i stället för att ändra på de\ngrundprinciper som modern tidigare slagit fast.",
      "text_eng": "Sofi Almquist was a teacher, a textbook author, an educational reformer and a school founder. In 1892 she founded Sofi Almquist’s co-educational school in Stockholm.\n\nSofi Almquist grew up on Ålberga estate in Kila parish with her four older siblings. She was the daughter of Lovisa Ljungberg and factory inspector Per Oliver Hultén. There is little information on Sofi Almquist’s childhood but it is known that she successfully completed her school years. In 1861 her father registered her amongst the first batch of applicants for the newly established teacher training programme for female teachers in Stockholm and she was directly accepted. She was exempted from the entrance exam, a requirement for all applicants who did not have the necessary grades in the relevant subjects. This teacher training programme for female teachers, which in 1878 changed its name to Högre lärarinneseminariet (the advanced teacher training programme), was the first further training institution for women in Sweden. It came to play an important role in Sofi Almquist’s life both formally and informally through the network she gained access to during her studies. Several of the women who later established or ran girls’ and co-educational schools in Stockholm had obtained their foundational training at the Högre lärarinneseminariet.\n\nStudies at the teacher training programme were characterized by a great freedom of choice and in-depth studies, pedagogical elements which inspired Sofi Almquist’s future work. During the autumn term of 1864 she completed her teacher training exams. Out of the 19 women who completed their studies with her Sofi Almquist was one of three who was awarded top marks in teaching competency. She spent her first three working years employed as a governess for an unknown family before she, in 1867, was invited to become part of a new school project, namely reverend Gustaf Emanuel Beskow’s school. Sofi Almquist accepted the invitation and, along with two male teachers, became the Beskow school’s first staff. A few years later the staff numbers increased to include Sofi Almquist’s future husband Sigfrid Almquist. The couple both worked as teachers at the Beskow school for some years during the 1870s. Sigfrid Almquist later became head teacher at Norra Real.\n\nWhen Sofi and Sigfrid got married in 1875, Sofi Almquist resigned from her position at the Beskow school. She spent the next couple of years working as a part-time teacher at state-run schools for girls while she and Sigfrid had children. The first ten years of marriage were framed by tragedies and tribulations. The couple had five children, but two of them died before they turned five; one son was still-born (1876) and one daughter died at the age of four (1881-1885). The couple’s second child, Nanna, exhibited traits of autism and suffered many periods of illness. Their two other daughters, Signe (born 1879) and Märta (born 1883) had healthy childhoods and Sofi Almquist described their development in her diaries. Both of her daughters came to play an important role when they jointly took over responsibility for Sofi Almquist’s co-educational school on their mother’s retirement in 1915.\n\nSofi Almquist spent her child-bearing years writing two teaching textbooks:  *Barnens andra läsebok*, published in 1877, and *Barnens första läsebok*, published in 1883. Both books were printed in several editions right up until the 1920s and provided a source of financial income. When her eldest daughter, Signe, was about to start school, Sofi Almquist gathered a small circle of pupils around her and set up a teaching group, which she initially taught in her home. Her teaching group grew over a five year period between 1886 and 1891. Yet another two teaching groups, each with their own teacher, were set up and premises were hired at the [](Eugenie Brummer)’s school, who had studied together with Sofi Almquist.\n\nIn 1892, after receiving an anonymous donation of 3000 Swedish kroner, Sofi Almquist decided to establish the Sofi Almquist co-educational school. The school grew quickly and, after ten years, had expanded to include a high school section and moved to larger premises on Artillerigatan. Her husband, Sigfrid Almquist, sometimes taught at the high school and was director of studies there for a few years. Their daughters also became involved in the school. Their eldest daughter, Signe Almquist, became a teacher herself and worked at the school, while their younger daughter, Märta Almquist, graduated from school as a private student, studied chemistry and started teaching chemistry at the co-educational school, despite a lack of formal teaching qualifications. In 1904 the school moved to new premises, which could accommodate around 500 pupils, revealing just how successful the project was in the beginning of the twentieth century. The school building also comprised a residential apartment for the Almquist couple.\n\nSofi Almquist’s basic educational outlook focused on the individual’s choice, the home as an integrated aspect of school, and co-education as a vital element in normalising relations between girls and boys. Sofi Almquist’s co-educational school was not just a recognised foundational institution for children but also a seedbed for female teachers. A large number of Sofi Almquist’s teaching staff went on to become school mistresses, school founders and heads of schools. \n\nAs the school grew and expanded at the beginning of the twentieth century, Sofi Almquist’s retirement age approached. When she turned 64 in 1908 she stopped teaching but stayed on as director of the school for a further ten years until her daughters took over in 1918. Sofi and Sigfrid Almquist had moved from the school to a house in Djursholm-Ösby in 1912.\n\nIn 1914 Sofi Almquist was awarded the royal medal lllis quorum. She became a widow in 1922 and died in 1926 at the age of 82. Sofi Almquist’s co-educational school continued to run under her daughters’ control until the 1930s. As a consequence of new educational and political trends, Signe and Märta Almquist decided to close the school in 1935 rather than alter the basic principles that had been established by their mother.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "SofiAlmquist",
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        "Nyköping|58.752844|17.009159",
        "Kila|58.744982|16.54907",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Danderyd|59.408|18.019",
        "Djursholm|59.401213|18.089121"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "69315861"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lisbeth",
          "lastname": "Håkansson Petré"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "lastname": "Key",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gerda",
          "lastname": "Bergh",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Amalia",
          "lastname": "Fahlstedt",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
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        {
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            "comment": "1860-talet"
          },
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              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1870-talet"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Håkansson Petré, Lisbeth, *Tisdagar med Tolfterna: nätverkande kvinnor i sekelskiftets Stockholm*, Stockholmia förlag, [Stockholm], 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Tolfterna",
          "description_eng": "About Tolfterna",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3aTolfterna&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "’I bildningssträfvandets tjänst’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1904-01-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "Bibliotekarier",
        "Folkbildning",
        "Pionjärer",
        "1900-talet"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "Librarians",
        "Adult education",
        "Pioneers",
        "20th century"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-19T09:34:55",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 40,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1863-12-28",
            "date": "1863-12-28"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Maria Magdalena församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1904-01-02",
            "date": "1904-01-02"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Katarina församling",
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Anna/ Charlotta Franselia",
        "lastname": "Almqvist",
        "sortname": "Almqvist"
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        {
          "description": "Sömmerska",
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            "comment": "1870-talet"
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          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Affärsbiträde",
          "detail": "Butiksföreståndare, trikåbod",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliotekarie",
          "detail": "Föreståndare, Katarina församlings läsestuga",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Biblioteksansvarig, ledare, Stockholm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890-talet"
          },
          "name": "Tolfterna",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
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          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
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            "date": "1904"
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      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-02-06",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "[Okänd]",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Okänd]",
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          "type_eng": "Father"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Brev från Anna Almqvist, Ellen Keys samling. Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2021-02-05)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-L41"
        },
        {
          "description": "Almqvist, Anna, ’En stockholmsarbeterska om idealen’, *Idun*, 1900:15, s. 226-227",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/49951"
        },
        {
          "description": "’En minneshögtid’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1904-10-03",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fahlstedt, Amalia, ’Anna Almqvist’, *Idun*, 1904:2, s. 18",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50225"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Bibliotekarie, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering librarian",
      "text": "Anna Almqvist var en självbildad intellektuell arbetarkvinna och föreståndare för Katarina församlings läsestuga.\n\nAnna Almqvist föddes på Södermalm i Stockholm 1863. Det är okänt vilka som var hennes föräldrar och övrig familj. Anna Almqvist började arbeta med sömnad redan när hon gick i folkskolan. Efter avslutad skolgång tog hon anställning som hattsömmerska. Under en kort period förestod hon en trikåbod. Vid sidan om arbetet bedrev Anna Almqvist egna studier. Hon läste, gick på föredrag, konserter och utställningar. Hon var flitig besökare på Stockholms Arbetareinstitut, stadens första folkbildningsinstitution med föreläsningsverksamhet och bibliotek. Kanske var det där som hon fick tips om Tolfternas samkväm, en organisation där kvinnor möttes över klassgränserna för att utbyta erfarenheter. Organisationen bildades på initiativ av bland andra [](Ellen Key) som även föreläste regelbundet på Stockholms Arbetareinstitut.\n\nI Tolfterna blev Anna Almqvist en tongivande person. Hon skötte biblioteket och blev med tiden även ledare för samkvämen. Vid ett samkväm höll hon ett livsfilosofiskt föredrag under rubriken ”Om idealen” som väckte stor uppskattning. Föredraget publicerades i tidningen *Idun* under rubriken ”En stockholmsarbeterska om idealen” vilket visar hur ovanligt det var att en kvinna med Anna Almqvists bakgrund fick möjlighet att publicera sig. En tysk översättning av föredraget trycktes i tidskriften *Ethische Kultur*.\n\nAnna Almqvist uppmuntrade andra arbetarkvinnor att bilda sig. I Tolfterna kämpade hon för att samkvämen skulle bli det utbyte över klassgränserna som det var tänkt. Arbetarrörelsens kvinnor ansåg att hon borde ägna sin begåvning åt klasskampen men hon ville inte binda sig utan beskrev sig själv som ”en vilde”.\n\nGenom kontakterna i Tolfterna fick hon 1903 arbete som föreståndare för den av Föreningen för folkbibliotek och läsestugor nyöppnade läsestugan i Katarina församling. Läsestugorna var en föregångare till folkbiblioteken och riktade sig särskilt till arbetarklassens barn och vuxna. Arbetet var krävande. Anna Almqvist skötte läsestugan på egen hand och arbetsdagarna var långa. Hon hade många planer för hur hon ville utveckla verksamheten men hann inte sätta dem i verket eftersom hennes hälsa försämrades hastigt, bland annat på grund av den ansträngande arbetssituationen. \n\nAnna Almqvist avled 40 år gammal i Stockholm 1903.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Almqvist was a self-taught intellectual working-class woman who was also one of the first librarians to work within the public library sphere. She also ran the Katarina congregation reading room.\n\nAnna Almqvist was born in Södermalm, Stockholm in 1863. Her parents’ identities remain unknown as does the fact of whether or not she had siblings. Anna Almqvist took up sewing whilst she was still a pupil at public school. On completing her schooling she gained employment as a milliner’s seamstress and for a short time she ran a sewing stall. Alongside her paid employment Anna Almqvist also undertook her own studies. She read, attended lectures and concerts and went to exhibitions. She frequently visited Stockholms Arbetareinstitut (workers’ institute), the capital city’s first public education institute which offered lectures and a library. It was perhaps there that she first learned of Tolfterna’s gatherings. Tolfterna was an organisation which resulted from the initiative of [](Ellen Key) and others. Ellen Key also regularly gave lectures at Stockholms Arbetareinstitut.\n\nAnna Almqvist became an influential figure within Tolfterna. She not only ran the library but eventually also ran the social gatherings. At one of these meetings she gave a talk on the philosophy of life entitled “Om idealen” which generated a lot of positive response. The talk was then published in the *Idun* journal, where it was re-titled “En stockholmsarbeterska om idealen”, revealing just how unusual it was for a woman of Anna Almqvist’s background to get published. A German translation of the talk was also published in the *Ethische Kultur* journal.\n\nAnna Almqvist encouraged the working-class women around her to educate themselves. She worked hard to ensure that Tolfterna’s gatherings actually offered the intended exchange between the classes. The women in the workers’ movement felt that she should dedicate her talents to fighting the class war but she didn’t want to box herself in and described herself as “en vilde” (a bit of a maverick).\n\nIt was through the contacts she made in Tolfterna that, in 1903, Anna Almqvist was appointed director of the newly-opened reading-room in Katarina congregation. This library had been set up by Föreningen för folkbibliotek och läsestugor (association of public libraries and reading-rooms). Reading rooms were forerunners to public libraries and were particularly aimed at working-class children and adults. This was a demanding yet rewarding post. Anna Almqvist managed the reading room single-handedly and worked long hours every day. Although she had a lot of plans to develop the enterprise her physical exertions caused her health to decline rapidly. After just a few months she became severely ill and died, aged only 40.\n\nAnna Almqvist died in Stockholm in 1903.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnaAlmqvist"
    },
    {
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      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
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      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lina",
          "lastname": "Sandell-Berg",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Tora Vega",
          "lastname": "Holmström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "lastname": "Trotzig",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
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          "lastname": "Fjæstad",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Agnes",
          "lastname": "Wieslander",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Agda",
          "lastname": "Holst",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Maj",
          "lastname": "Bring",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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          "firstname": "Siri",
          "lastname": "Derkert",
          "type": "Kollega",
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
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            "date": "1888"
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        },
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1891"
          },
          "institution": "Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola (nuvarande Konsthögskolan Valand)",
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            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890-tal"
          },
          "institution": "Konstnärsförbundets skola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "externallink": [
        {
          "description": "Verk av Ester Almqvist",
          "url": "https://www.google.se/search?client=firefox-b&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=S%C3%A5gverket%2C+decembersol+ester+almqvist&oq=S%C3%A5gverket%2C+decembersol+ester+almqvist&gs_l=psy-ab.3...5042.8243.0.8430.15.15.0.0.0.0.132.924.13j1.14.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..1.0.0.7dXU-9mYc8w"
        }
      ],
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          "description": "Fagerström, Linda, 'Konst och kön i kontinentens närhet: Malmö konstmuseum', *Representation och regionalitet : genusstrukturer i fyra svenska konstmuseisamlingar.*, S. 117-138, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
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      ],
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      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Barn- och ungdomslitteratur",
        "Författare",
        "Illustratörer"
      ],
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        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Artists",
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        "Authors"
      ],
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      "libris_uri": [
        "tr572nfc21mvn22"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 64,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1869-11-03",
            "date": "1869-11-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Bromma församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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          "date": {
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          "description": "Illustratör",
          "detail": "Illustratör, bibelordspråk, Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen",
          "detail_eng": "Illustrator, biblical citations, Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890-tal"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
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          "description": "Konstnär",
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            "comment": "1890-tal"
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            "comment": "1934",
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          "type": "Yrke",
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          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare, illustratör",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
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            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
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          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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            "date": "1918"
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            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
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          "description": "Ester Almqvist",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2017-08-22_124804.jpeg"
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      ],
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            "comment": "1840-10-30",
            "date": "1840-10-30"
          },
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            "date": "1913-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Augusta Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Almqvist, född Swahn",
          "occupation": "Lärare, bokhandlare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819",
            "date": "1819"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "firstname": "Knut Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Almqvist",
          "occupation": "Präst, lärare, föreståndare vid Missionsinstitutet Johannelund",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-11-12",
            "date": "1871-11-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-12-11",
            "date": "1964-12-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Almqvist",
          "occupation": "Sjukhemsföreståndare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ester Almqvists brevsamling. Lunds universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2017-08-22)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=7205&searchType=ARCHIVE&query=&aq=%5B%5B%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%22ARCHIVE_ORG_ID_facet%3A8%22%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A70745&c=24#alvin-record%3A70745"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rausing, Birgit, *Ester Almqvist och hennes krets*, Signum, Lund, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Werkmäster, Barbro & Furborg, Lars (red.), *"-i en ny tids anda": kvinnliga modernister från 1900 till 1930 : Säfstaholms slott, Vingåker 2004*, Vingåkers kommun, Vingåker, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Furborg, Lars (red.), *- att aldrig underkasta sig: tre kvinnliga modernister : Ester Almqvist, Tora Vega Holmström, Ellen Trotzig*, Säfstaholms slott, Vingåker, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sandblad, Nils Gösta, 'Ester Almqvist: 1869-1934', *Ord och Bild*, 1937(46):10, s. 550-562",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/ordochbild/1937/0602.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Ester Almqvist var en av pionjärerna i arbetet med att introducera den moderna konsten i Sverige. \n\nEster Almqvist föddes i Bromma där hennes föräldrar arbetade som lärare vid en teologisk skola som drevs av Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS). Fadern Knut Wilhelm Almqvist, som var präst och även föreståndare på skolan i Johannelund, dog då Ester Almqvist var nio år. För att försörja de båda döttrarna arbetade modern som privatlärare och bokhandlare. Ester Almqvist föddes med deformerad rygg, men sökte sig trots detta mot ett yrkesliv som konstnär. Hon utbildade sig vid Tekniska skolan i Stockholm 1888–1891 och efter det på Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola, senare Valands konstskola, där Carl Larsson och Richard Bergh undervisade. Som elev vid Konstnärsförbundets skola i Stockholm hade hon Bruno Liljefors och Per Hasselberg som lärare. Skolan startades i opposition mot de akademiska måleriideal som lärdes ut vid Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna, Konstakademien. Ester Almqvist var också medlem i Konstnärsförbundet och ställde ut tillsammans med dem både i Sverige och internationellt – bland annat vid världsutställningen i St. Louis, Missouri i USA, 1904. \n\nFrån omkring 1918 levde Ester Almqvist i Lund. Hon arbetade, reste till kontinenten, bland annat till Berlin, och ställde ut med flera andra kvinnliga skånekonstnärer. Bland dem fanns [](Tora Vega Holmström), [](Ellen Trotzig), [](Maja Fjæstad), [](Agnes Wieslander) och [](Agda Holst). Konstnärskollegan [](Maj Bring) reste med henne till Paris. Systern Maria Almqvist flyttade också till Lund och hade som sjukhemsföreståndare en stabil ekonomi, vilket var till hjälp för Ester Almqvist, vars inkomster var mer oregelbundna. \n\nEster Almqvists stil brukar beskrivas som nationalromantisk och neoimpressionistisk, och från ungefär 1910 expressionistisk. Hennes mest kända målningar är *Hängbjörken*, 1900, i nationalromantisk anda, och *Sågverket, decembersol*, 1914, som skildrar ett landskap i expressionistisk stil där vintersolen ger intryck av att skicka vibrerande strålar över hela himlen som fylls av gyllene ljus i stark kontrast till byggnadernas kyligt blålila skuggor. \n\nÅret före hennes död 1934 ordnade flera kvinnliga konstnärer, bland dem [](Siri Derkert), [](Vera Nilsson) och [](Mollie Faustman), en utställning med Ester Almqvists akvareller på Galleri Färg och Form i Stockholm, för att understryka hennes betydelse som modernistisk pionjär. Ett år efter hennes död arrangerade konstnärens vän och dåvarande amanuensen vid Malmö konstmuseum Nils Gösta Sandblad i samråd med Tora Vega Holmström en minnesutställning på Skånska Konstmuseum i Lund. En minnesutställning visades också samma år i Malmö (dock ej på Malmö Konstmuseum) och tre år senare, 1938, i Stockholm samt på Galerie Moderne i Bryssel. I samband med minnesutställningen i Stockholm 1938 recenserade dåtidens inflytelserika kritiker Gustaf Näsström, Gotthard Johansson och Nils Palmgren alla verk av Ester Almqvist; samtliga dock med utgångspunkt i hennes funktionshinder. \n\nEster Almqvist är den kvinnliga konstnär som har rikast representation i samlingarna på Malmö Konstmuseum, 2083 verk. Skälet är den donation som hon testamenterade till museet, vilken består av en omfattande samling olje- och akvarellmålningar, kol-, pastell- och blyertsteckningar, grafiska blad samt skissböcker. Samlingens kärna är konst på papper, endast 13 av verken i donationen var oljemålningar. Före donationen ägde museet endast några få teckningar och sex oljemålningar av konstnären. Också Jönköpings läns museum äger flera oljemålningar av konstnären, där separatutställningar med Ester Almqvist visats 1978 och 2014. \n\nEster Almqvists syster Maria Almqvist grundade Ester Almqvists minnesfond. Stipendier baserade på fondens avkastning delas årligen ut till en eller flera konstnärer födda eller verksamma i Skåne. Stipendiet delades ut första gången 1966, till [](Barbro Bäckström). \n\nVerk av Ester Almqvist har flera gånger visats i utställningar om kvinnliga pionjärer i modernismen på Säfstaholms slott. Först 2004 med ”… i en ny tids anda”: kvinnliga modernister från 1900 till 1930, året därpå i - att aldrig underkasta sig: tre kvinnliga modernister: Ester Almqvist, Tora Vega Holmström, Ellen Trotzig, och 2010 i ”Härtill är vi tvungna”: Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnor 1910–2010. Ester Almqvist var också en av många kvinnliga konstnärer på grupputställningen De berömda och de glömda: kvinnliga svenska modernister 1900–1930 på Mjellby konstmuseum och Norrköpings Konstmuseum 2006. \n\nEster Almqvists målning *Sammankomsten* från 1929 valdes 1991 av FN:s postadministration till motiv för ett frimärke som illustrerar den 20:e artikeln i FN:s deklaration om mänskliga rättigheter, som slår fast att var och en har rätt till frihet i fråga om fredliga möten och sammanslutningar. \n\nEster Almqvist avled 1934 och hennes grav finns på Norra kyrkogården i Lund.",
      "text_eng": "Ester Almqvist was one of the pioneers behind efforts to introduce modern art into Sweden.\n\nEster Almqvist was born in Bromma near Stockholm. Her parents were teachers at a theology school run by Evangeliska Fosterlands-Stiftelsen (EFS). Her father, Knut Wilhelm Almqvist, was a priest and director of Johannelund school. He died when Ester Almqvist was nine years old. In order to provide for her family Ester Almqvist’s mother worked as a private tutor and book seller. Although Ester Almqvist had been born with a deformed spine, this did not prevent her from becoming an artist. She trained at the technical college in Stockholm from 1888 to 1891 and then at Göteborg Musei rit- och målarskola, later known as Valand art school, where Carl Larsson and Richard Bergh taught. When she was a pupil at Konstnärsförbundet’s school in Stockholm her teachers included Bruno Liljefors and Per Hasselberg. The school had been established as a protest against the academic painting ideals which were being taught at Konstakademien. Ester Almqvist also became a member of Konstnärsförbundet and exhibited with them both in Sweden and internationally, including at the World’s Fair in St Louis, Missouri in the USA, in 1904.\n\nEster Almqvist settled in Lund from about 1918. She worked, travelled on the continent – for example to Berlin – and exhibited with several other female artists from Scania. These included [](Tora Vega Holmström), [](Ellen Trotzig), [](Maja Fjæstad), [](Agnes Wieslander) and [](Agda Holst). Her colleague [](Maj Bring) accompanied her to Paris. Her sister, Maria Almqvist, who was financially comfortable thanks to her job as the director of a hospice, also settled in Lund. This was beneficial for Ester Almqvist, whose earnings were quite irregular.\n\nEster Almqvist’s style is usually described as belonging to the national romanticist and neo-impressionist schools, although from about 1910 onwards she became more of an expressionist. Her most well-known paintings are *Hängbjörken*, 1900, painted in the national romantic style and *Sågverket, decembersol*, 1914, which portrays the countryside in an expressionist style. Vibrating rays of sunshine appear to emanate from the winter sun across the entire sky, filling it with a golden light which contrasts sharply with the cool blueish-purple shadows of the buildings.\n\nThe year before Ester Almqvist died, in 1934, several female artists, including [](Siri Derkert), [](Vera Nilsson) and [](Mollie Faustman), organised an exhibition of her watercolour paintings at Galleri Färg och Form in Stockholm in order to raise awareness of her significance as a pioneer of Swedish modern art. A year after her death her friend Nils Gösta Sandblad (who, at the time, was an assistant at Malmö art museum) organised a memorial exhibition at the Skånska Konstmuseum in Lund with the help of Tora Vega Holmström,. Another memorial exhibition was held in Malmö that year (but not at Malmö Konstmuseum). Three years later, in 1938, a further exhibition was held in Stockholm as well as at Galerie Moderne in Brussels. The contemporary influential art critics Gustaf Näsström, Gotthard Johansson and Nils Palmgren all reviewed Almqvist; and all of them based their reviews on her disability.\n\nEster Almqvist is the female artist who is represented with most artworks in the collections of Malmö Konstmuseum, a total of 2,083 pieces. She had specified in her will that her collection of oil and watercolour paintings, charcoal, pastel and ink drawings, graphic pages and sketchbooks should be donated to that particular museum. The core of the collection comprises art on paper, and only 13 of the pieces included in the donation were oil paintings. Prior to the posthumous donation the museum only owned a few drawings and six oil paintings by Almqvist. Jönköping’s regional museum also owns several oil paintings by Ester Almqvist, and they held special exhibitions presenting her work in 1978 and 2014.\n\nThe Ester Almqvist memorial fund was founded by her sister, Maria Almqvist, and it awards annual stipends, based on the fund’s income, to one or several artists either born in Scania or who are active there. The stipend was first awarded in 1966 to [](Barbro Bäckström).\n\nEster Almqvist’s works have been displayed in several exhibitions on female pioneers in modern art at Säfstaholm castle. The first time was in 2004 in an exhibition entitled “…i en ny tids anda:  Kvinnliga modernister från 1900-1930.” The following year another exhibition was held, called “…att aldrig underkasta sig. Tre kvinnliga modernister Ester Almqvist, Tora Vega Holmström, Ellen Trotzig”. Finally, in 2010, the exhibition “Härtill är vi tvungna. Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinor 1910-2010” was held. Ester Almqvist was also one of the many female artists whose work was displayed at “De berömda och de glömda. Kvinnliga svenska modernister 1900-1930” at Mjellby art museum and Norrköping’s art museum in 2006.\n\nEster Almqvist’s painting *Sammankomsten* from 1929 was chosen by the postal department of the United Nations for use as a postage stamp to illustrate the 20th article in the United Nations’ declaration of human rights. This article establishes that everyone has the right to freely meet in peaceful assemblies and gatherings.\n\nEster Almqvist died in 1934. Her grave is located at Norra kyrkogården (the Northern Cemetery) in Lund.",
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      "subtitle": "Författare, kvinnosakskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, proponent of women's issues",
      "text": "Gertrud Almqvist var författare och skribent. Hon skrev bland annat om kvinnors rättigheter och kvinnors sexualitet.\n\nGertrud Almqvist föddes 1875 som dotter till lantbruksingenjören Edvard Almqvist och Thora Almqvist. Hon debuterade 1899 med romanen *Genom brottsjöarna i hamn* och publicerade samma år även *När faller täckelset?*. Hon fick först undervisning i hemmet och studerade därefter språk och litteratur i Frankrike och Schweiz och erhöll Certificat d'études françaises från Sorbonne där hon var student 1905–1906.\n\nGertrud Almqvist var *Stockholms Dagblads* utrikesstipendiat 1909 och hon gjorde resor i bland annat England, Tyskland, Italien och Tunisien. I tidningar och tidskrifter skrev hon litteraturkritik under flera olika signaturer, bland annat Madame Sans Gêne och Madame Mère. Från 1910 och ett par år framöver var Gertrud Almqvist litteraturanmälare i *Idun* och hon skrev också om kvinnors rättigheter i *Rösträtt för kvinnor*. Hon skrev flera romaner före första världskriget: *Ur en själs lif: efter funna anteckningar*, 1902, *Den svenska kvinnan*, 1910, *Boken om Erland Höök*, 1911, samt *Gwendolins brott och andra sägner från fattighäradet*, 1916. År 1917 ingick Gertrud Almqvist äktenskap med översättaren och journalisten Erik Brogren och hette därefter Gertrud Almqvist-Brogren.\n\nRomanen *Det törstande folket* utkom 1919 och novellsamlingen *Den sällsamma resan: noveller* 1924. Hennes sista bok har titeln *I tolfte timmen: en gammal, dåraktig kvinnas bekännelser*, 1928, och utgavs under pseudonymen Molly Molander, förmodligen på grund av det kontroversiella innehållet där kvinnan Ronnys stora kärlek varit en annan kvinna och hon upplever sig vara en främling i sitt eget liv.\n\nI sitt senare författarskap tematiserade Gertrud Almqvist kvinnors erfarenheter i tiden efter första världskriget och hon skrev bland annat om kvinnors sexualitet. Hon skildrade även samkönad kärlek på ett tillåtande sätt och hon lyfte fram fördomar mot ogifta kvinnor.\n\nGertrud Almqvist avled 1954 och är begravd på Annerstads kyrkogård, Ljungby pastorat, Växjö stift.",
      "text_eng": "Gertrud Almqvist was a writer of books and articles. Women’s rights and female sexuality were just two of her many subjects.\n\nGertrud Almqvist was born in 1875. She was the daughter of Edvard Almqvist, an agricultural engineer, and Thora Almqvist. Her first book, entitled *Genom brottsjöarna i hamn*, was published in 1899 and it was followed up that same year by her second work, *När faller täckelset?*. Gertrud Almqvist had initially been home-schooled and had then gone abroad to study languages and literature in France and Switzerland. She obtained a Certificat d’études françaises at the Sorbonne in Paris, where she studied during the 1905–1906 period.\n\nIn 1909 Gertrud Almqvist received the *Stockholms Dagblad* newspaper’s foreign stipend, enabling her to travel to Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and Tunisia. She produced literary criticism for both newspapers and journals under a variety of bylines, including Madame Sans Gêne and Madame Mêre. For a two year period from 1910 onwards Gertrud Almqvist produced literary reviews for the *Idun* journal whilst also writing on the subject of women’s rights for *Rösträtt för kvinnor*. Gertrud Almqvist had already written several books before the outbreak of the First World War, namely *Ur en själs lif: efter funna anteckningar* from 1902; *Den svenska kvinnan*, published in 1910; *Boken om Erland Höök*, dating from 1911; and *Gwendolins brott och andra sägner från fattighäradet*, released in 1916. In 1917 Gertrud Almqvist married Erik Brogren, a translator and journalist, and from that time onwards she was known as Gertrud Almqvist-Brogren.\n\nHer next novel, *Det törstande folket*, was published in 1919, followed five years later, in 1924, by her collection of short stories, entitled *Den sällsamma resan: noveller*. Her last book, which was published in 1928, is entitled *I tolfte timmen: en gammal, dåraktig kvinnas bekännelser* and it was released under the pseudonym of Molly Molander, presumably due to its controversial content. Not only was the great love of the female character Ronny’s life another woman, but the character also feels as though she is a stranger in her own life.\n\nGertrud Almqvist’s later writings were based on the themes of women’s life experiences in the period following the First World War and sometimes her writings included the subject of sexuality. She presented the issue of same-sex love in a permissive manner and she often brought attention to the prejudice suffered by unmarried women.\n\nGertrud Almqvist died in 1954. She is buried at Annerstad cemetery, in Ljungby parish within Växjö diocese.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "GertrudAlmqvist",
      "viaf_id": "4904317"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lennart K",
          "lastname": "Persson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1946-1964"
          },
          "description": "Under dessa år erhöll Ingrid Almqvist 15 SM-guld i spjutkastning",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "description": "Nordisk mästare i handboll",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Filip",
          "lastname": "Almqvist",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Eivor",
          "lastname": "Olsson Lagman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Sport"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Sport"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T14:31:24",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1927-10-10",
            "date": "1927-10-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Vasa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2017-11-08",
            "date": "2017-11-08"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Ingrid/ Margareta",
        "lastname": "Almqvist",
        "sortname": "Almqvist"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Kontorist",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Idrottslärare",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Idrottare",
          "detail": "Handbollsspelare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Idrottare",
          "detail": "Spjutkastare",
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "name": "Redbergslids Idrottsklubb (RIK)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "name": "Göteborgs Kvinnliga Idrottsklubb (GKIK)",
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Pyret",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2017",
            "date": "2017"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Almqvist. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons",
          "description_eng": "Ingrid Almqvist. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-02-08_130500.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-07-08",
            "date": "1889-07-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1960-12-17",
            "date": "1960-12-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888-11-19",
            "date": "1888-11-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-02-10",
            "date": "1971-02-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Filip Leonard",
          "lastname": "Almqvist",
          "occupation": "Stationskarl",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-03-24",
            "date": "1909-03-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1978-07-04",
            "date": "1978-07-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Willie",
          "lastname": "Almqvist",
          "occupation": "Mejeriarbetare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-08-12",
            "date": "1920-08-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-06-15",
            "date": "2005-06-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Almqvist, gift Lundblad",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1925-11-02",
            "date": "1925-11-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2010-02-01",
            "date": "2010-02-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Greta Charlotte",
          "lastname": "Almqvist, gift Carlsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Almqvist (friidrottare). *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Almqvist_(friidrottare)"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gustafson, Stig, *Friidrottens först och störst*, Forum, Stockholm, 1975",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Göteborgs kvinnliga idrottsklubb 1927-1977.*, Klubben, Göteborg, 1977",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berglund, Cege, Andersson, Kjell-Ove, Hedin, Rebecca & Sundberg, Sebastian, *Mesta mästarna – Redbergslids IK 1916–2016*, Grafito förlag, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Persson, Lennart K. & Pettersson, Thomas, *Svensk friidrott 100 år*, Sellin & partner, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wiger, Erik, *Svenska mästerskapen i friidrott 1896-2005: medaljörerna, historierna, bilderna : 110 år, 702 SM-arrangemang och 14 500 medaljer*, TextoGraf, Trångsund, 2006",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens samtal med Ingrid Almqvist",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Spjutkastare, handbollsspelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Javelin thrower, handball player",
      "text": "Ingrid Almqvist var Sveriges genom tiderna mest framgångsrika kvinnliga spjutkastare.\n\nIngrid ”Pyret” Almqvist vet inte säkert hur hennes idrottskarriär började, berättar hon i Redbergslids IK:s, RIK, 100-årshistorik. I skolan hade hon prövat på flera idrotter, bland annat så skilda grenar som slungboll och stående längd. Kanske var det en manlig skolkamrat, säger hon, som fick henne att ta kontakt med RIK. Där började hon 1944 med handboll i B-laget och avancerade efter ett år upp i A-laget. Tränare var RIK-profilen Lennart Necander. Det var han som uppfann smeknamnet ”Pyret” så att man utan problem skulle kunna skilja henne från den betydligt längre lagkamraten Ingrid Samuelsson. Trots att Ingrid Almqvists far Filip ”Slänta” Almqvist hade varit spjutkastare i flera föreningar hade han inte vid något tillfälle försökt inspirera sin dotter att pröva på denna gren. Det var Lennart Necander som kom att testa Ingrid Almqvists fallenhet för spjutkastning. Experimentet utföll till belåtenhet och snart var hon en del av RIK:s kvinnliga friidrott.\n\nIngrid Almqvist började nu öva spjutkastning med betydande energi. Snart presterade hon fina resultat. Efter ett års träning debuterade hon på SM 1946 där hon blev tvåa. Fram till 1964 vann hon därefter medalj vid samtliga SM-tävlingar med undantag för 1959 då hon hade brutit foten. Av hennes totalt 18 spjutmedaljer har 15 valören guld. I distriktsmästerskapen segrade hon vid ett dussin tillfällen, till synes varje gång hon tävlade. Under sin karriär förbättrade hon det svenska rekordet vid totalt 16 tillfällen. År 1947, den första gången, kastade hon 39,24 meter och den sista gången, som inträffade 1964, nådde hon 52,32, en storartad resultatutveckling. Den sistnämnda noteringen stod sig som svenskt rekord i tio år. Vid de nordiska mästerskapstävlingarna, som för friidrottens vidkommande ägde rum 1961, 1963 och 1965, vann Ingrid Almqvist förstnämnda år med resultatet 50,85 meter. De båda övriga åren ställde hon inte upp.\n\nUnder sina cirka 20 år i eliten blev Ingrid Almqvist uttagen att representera Sverige i sammanlagt 33 landskamper. Hon debuterade i blågult 1947 och fram till 1964 deltog hon i alla landskamper utom tre, då skador utgjorde hinder. Den vanligaste motståndaren var Finland och därnäst Danmark. Vid totalt 15 tillfällen segrade hon i landskampens spjuttävling. Landskampsutbytet innebar resor till åtskilliga städer utanför Norden såsom Prag, Budapest, Zagreb, Zürich och Leipzig. Ingrid Almqvists sista svenska rekord satte hon vid sin sista landskamp i Helsingfors i september 1964.\n\nÅr 1960 lämnade Ingrid Almqvist RIK och anslöt sig till Göteborgs Kvinnliga Idrottsklubb, GKIK. Som motiv för övergången anförde hon att hon känt sig ganska ensam som friidrottare i RIK. I GKIK fanns flera kamrater från landslaget, bland annat kulstötaren [](Eivor Olsson Lagman) som tidigare hade tillhört RIK. Ingrid Almqvist och Eivor Olsson Lagman hade varit bästa träningskompisar och debuterat i landslaget vid samma tillfälle. Under några år tränade de i stort sett varje dag under sommarhalvåret. Det mesta av träningen fick de sköta på egen hand, men när landskampsutbyte blev vanligt fick de viss hjälp av landslagstränaren Martin Jansson. I GKIK kom Ingrid Almqvist att vara aktiv under fem år. Att hon slutade efter säsongen 1964, då hon var 37 år, berodde på ”att den rätta inspirationen inte längre fanns”, att hon kände att hon ”hade gjort tillräckligt”, säger hon i en tillbakablickande intervju.\n\nIngrid Almqvist deltog i flera internationella mästerskap, närmare bestämt tre OS och tre EM. Debuten skedde vid OS i London 1948. Efter de längder hon hade presterat på hemmaplan förväntade man sig ”en hygglig placering”, heter det i *Olympiaboken*. ”Men när hon kom in på stora Wembley hittade hon aldrig melodin” fortsätter texten och konstaterar krasst att hon inte nådde fram till finalen med ett bästa kast runt 40 meter. I EM i Bryssel två år senare deltog både Ingrid Almqvist och Eivor Olsson Lagman i spjuttävlingen. Framgången blev måttlig. Med resultaten 38,21 och 34,85 meter hamnade de på åttonde respektive trettonde plats.\n\nI Helsingfors-OS 1952 representerades Sverige inte av någon kvinnlig spjutkastare. I fallet Ingrid Almqvist var förklaringen helt enkelt att hon var skadad. När det var dags för EM i Bern 1954 var hon åter kurant. Hennes prestationer under säsongen gav anledning till viss optimism. Denna visade sig dock omotiverad. Med kastlängden 41,95 belade hon tionde plats. Ingrid Almqvist tillhörde 1956 den svenska trupp som fick företa den långa resan till OS i Melbourne i månadsskiftet november-december. Hennes form föreföll god och hon hade i flera tävlingar noterat kastlängder runt 50 meter och vid ett tillfälle satt nytt svenskt rekord med 51,60. I Melbourne svarade hon för en ”strong prestation” löd omdömet i bokfilmen *Olympia*. Hennes längsta kast mätte 49,74 och med detta låg hon en kort stund på andra plats. Den slutliga placeringen blev femma, en halv meter från bronsmedaljen.\n\nÅr 1958 var ett mästerskapsår för Sverige. Under första delen av sommaren var landet värd för VM i fotboll och under sensommaren för EM i friidrott. Utfallet av fotbollen blev lyckosamt och befrämjade förhoppningar om framgång även inom friidrotten. De blev delvis tillgodosedda – på herrsidan. De tio tävlande svenska damerna blev däremot utan medalj. Ingrid Almqvists insats föranledde inte många lovord. Boken *Världsmästare 1958* noterade med beklagande att hon ”bara” hade kastat 46,90 meter vilket gav en niondeplats. Om hon hade haft normal 50-metersform skulle ”Pyret” ha erövrat en medalj. ”Men det går lyckligtvis flera tåg”, avslutar boken. Det sista för Ingrid Almqvists del blev OS i Rom 1960. Här hade kvalgränsen satts till 48 meter, en längd som hon hade överträffat många gånger. Denna gång lyckades detta inte. Med resultatet 47,67 försatt hon chansen att komma till final. Hennes framträdande vid storinternationella evenemang var därmed till ända. I belysning av hennes allmänt goda prestanda i svenska och nordiska sammanhang måste resultaten vid internationella mästerskap karaktäriseras som mindre lyckosamma. Hon var inte bäst när det gällde som mest.\n\nIngrid Almqvist kom alltsedan den tidiga starten i RIK:s handboll att fortsätta med denna under många år. Hennes kapacitet var även i detta fall av sådan kvalitet att hon placerades i landslaget – vid totalt elva tillfällen. Debuten skedde sommaren 1951 mot Finland och resulterade i seger. Den avslutande matchen spelades i januari 1959 då Sverige förlorade mot Östtyskland. Ingrid Almqvists största framgång med landslaget inträffade 1955 då Sverige blev nordisk mästare efter tre raka segrar med Ingrid Almqvist som flerfaldig målskytt. Under sin tid som handbollsspelare för RIK fick hon uppleva två finaler i ute-SM. År 1953 blev det stryk av IFK Lidingö med 4–3 och 1956 av Guif med 4–1. I DM blev det däremot flera uppsättningar guld för handbollsspelaren Ingrid Almqvist. Hon ingick i det RIK-lag som vann inomhustävlingen åren 1945 och 1946 samt 1955 och 1958.\n\nAtt Ingrid Almqvist var en mångsidig idrottare markeras med eftertryck av det faktum att hon vid ett tillfälle nådde finalrundan i SM i fäktning. Hennes prissamling innehåller även ett par utmärkelser från tävlingar i orientering.\n\nIngrid Almqvist avled i november 2017, en månad efter det att hon hade fyllt 90 år.",
      "text_eng": "Ingrid Almqvist was Sweden’s most successful female javelin thrower ever.\n\nIngrid ‘Pyret’ Almqvist stated that she was not entirely sure how her sporting career began in Redbergslid IK’s (RIK) (Redbergslid sports club) centenary history. She had tried various sports at school, including as diverse sports as slingball and the standing long jump. She said it may have been a male schoolfriend who suggested that she get in touch with RIK. In 1944 she began to play handball at RIK in their B-team and after a year she was promoted into the A-team. Her trainer was the well-known RIK personality Lennart Necander. He came up with her nickname ‘Pyret’ so that she would easily be distinguished from her markedly taller team-mate Ingrid Samuelsson. Although Ingrid Almqvist’s father, Filip ‘Slänta’ Almqvist, had been a javelin thrower for several clubs he had never intentionally pushed his daughter to try out in the same sport. It was Lennart Necander who really tested Ingrid’s ability for the javelin. The experiment revealed her talent for the sport and she quickly became a member of RIK’s female athletics team.\n\nIngrid Almqvist took to javelin throwing with great enthusiasm and quickly found success. After a year’s training she made her debut at the Swedish championships in 1946, where she placed second. Up until 1964 she won a medal at every Swedish championship competition, apart from 1959 when she had broken her foot. 15 of her 18 javelin medals were gold medals. She won the regional championships about a dozen times, seemingly each time she competed. During her career Ingrid Almqvist improved on the Swedish record a total of 16 times. She threw a distance of 39.24 metres for the first time in 1947, and her last attempt – in 1964 – displayed the massive improvement she’d made when she threw a distance of 52.32 metres. This remained the Swedish record for ten years. Ingrid Almqvist won gold for athletics in the 1961 Nordic championships with a distance of 50.85 metres. She did not compete in the Nordics in either 1963 or 1965.\n\nDuring her twenty year spell as an elite athlete Ingrid Almqvist was selected to represent Sweden for a total of 33 national competitions. She made her debut in national colours in 1947 and represented the country in every competition until 1964 apart from three occasions when she injury prevented her from doing so. Her rivals usually came from Finland or Denmark. She won international javelin competitions 15 times in total. These international fixtures involved travelling to various cities outside the North, including Prague, Budapest, Zagreb, Zürich, and Leipzig. Ingrid Almqvist threw her last Swedish record at her last international competition, held in Helsinki in September 1964.\n\nIngrid Almqvist left RIK in 1960. She then joined the Gothenburg Kvinnliga Idrottsklubb (women’s sports club), GKIK. The reason she gave for switching clubs was that she felt isolated as an athletics sportswoman at RIK. Several of her friends from the national team were members of GKIK, including the shot-putter [](Eivor Olsson Lagman) who had previously been a member of RIK. Ingrid Almqvist and Eivor Olsson Lagman had become best friends when they trained together and made their debut for the national team at the same time. For many years they largely trained together every day each summer. They were mainly responsible for their own training but when international fixtures became regular they got a certain amount of assistance from the national trainer Martin Jansson. Ingrid Almqvist was active as a member of GKIK for five years. She decided to quit after the 1964 season, at the age of 37, because ‘she no longer had the right inspiration’, and she felt that she ‘had done enough’ as quoted from a retrospective interview.\n\nIngrid Almqvist competed in several international championships, namely three Olympic games and three European championships. Her first experience at this level was the London Olympics in 1948. Following the distances she had managed to throw at home it was expected that she would be ‘favourably placed’, according to Olympiaboken. ‘However, when she entered Wembley stadium she never found her rhythm’, according to the book, and she never made the final after only throwing a distance of about 40 metres. Two years later, at the European championships in Brussels, both Ingrid Almqvist and Eivor Olsson Lagman competed in the javelin throw with moderate results – they threw distance of 38.21 and 34.85 metres and were placed eighth and thirteenth respectively.\n\nThere was no female javelin thrower representing Sweden at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic games. Ingrid Almqvist was injured and could not compete. When it was time for the European championships in Bern in 1954 she was back on form. Her performance during that season was cause for a certain optimism, but it eventually proved itself misplaced. She earned tenth place with a throw of 41.95 metres. In 1956 Ingrid Almqvist was a part of the Swedish group which made the long-distance journey to Melbourne during the months of November to December. Once again she was in good form and had managed throws of about 50 metres distance in events leading up to the games, including setting a new Swedish record of 51.60 metres. The picture-book Olympia reported that Ingrid Almqvist put on a strong performance in Melbourne, with her longest throw at 49.74 metres temporarily putting her in second place. Her final position was in fifth place, just half a metre short of the bronze medal.\n\n1958 was master championship year for Sweden. During the first half of the summer the nation hosted the football World Cup, whilst the second half of the summer concerned the European championships in athletics. The football result was positive and led to increased expectations of success within athletics. These hopes were partially met by the male competitors. The ten competing female athletes were left medal-less. Ingrid Almqvist’s contribution did not generate much acclaim. The book *Världsmästare 1958* regretfully noted that she had ‘only’ thrown 46.90 metres resulting in a ninth place ranking. If she had been up to her usual 50-metre throwing form ‘Pyret’ would have won a medal. As the book concludes, however, ‘luckily there is more than one shot’. Ingrid Almqvist’s next and final shot was the Rome Olympic games in 1960. The qualifying distance was set at 48 metres, which was a target she had surpassed several times. However, this time she did not manage it. Her throw of 47.67 meters was not enough to qualify her for the final. This brought her appearances at major international competitions to an end. When compared to her generally successful performances in Swedish and Nordic contexts her international championship outings can only be described as less than successful. She was unable to perform at her best when it really counted.\n\nIngrid Almqvist had continued playing handball ever since she had started in the RIK handball team. Her skills in handball resulted in her being selected for the national team on eleven occasions. She made her handball debut in the summer of 1951 in a game against Finland and the result was a win. The final match was played in January 1959 when Sweden lost to East Germany. Ingrid Almqvist’s greatest success with the national team was in 1955 when Sweden became the Nordic champions following three wins in a row in which Ingrid Almqvist had supplied several shots on goal. During her time as a handball player for RIK she played in two finals in the outdoor Swedish championships. In 1953 the team was defeated 4-3 by IFK Lidingö, and in 1956 they lost 4-1 to Guif. Ingrid Almqvist did manage to win several golds within the regional championships. She was part of the RIK team that won the indoor competitions in 1945 and 1946, as well as in 1955 and 1958.\n\nIngrid Almqvist’s multitalented sportsmanship was made evident by her achievement in fencing: she reached the final round in the Swedish championships. Amongst the prizes she won over the years there were also a couple from orienteering competitions.\n\n\nIngrid Almqvist died in November 2017, just one month after having turned 90 years old.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "IngridMargaretaAlmqvist",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eva Helen",
          "lastname": "Ulvros"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "lastname": "Alströmer, farfar",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Claes",
          "lastname": "Alströmer, morbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Marianne",
          "lastname": "Ehrenström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Fredenheim",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kristofer Kristian",
          "lastname": "Karsten",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Hemundervisning av guvernant och fadern",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1760-talet"
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          "place": {
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              "lon": 12.536211299
            },
            "place": "Alingsås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1770-talet"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "1800-talet",
        "Sångare",
        "Skådespelare",
        "Konstnärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "19th century",
        "Singers",
        "Actors",
        "Artists"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-06T09:39:41",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 52,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1763-12-12",
            "date": "1763-12-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Alingsås stadsförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.9300205,
              "lon": 12.536211299
            },
            "place": "Alingsås"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1816-02-19",
            "date": "1816-02-19"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Margareta/ Hedvig",
        "lastname": "Alströmer",
        "sortname": "Alströmer"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "detail": "Skådespelare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1770-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sångare",
          "detail": "Sångare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1770-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1800-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Musiker",
          "detail": "Musiker, klaver",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1770-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1800-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1770-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1800-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1795",
            "date": "1795"
          },
          "name": "Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1816",
            "date": "1816"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1795",
            "date": "1795"
          },
          "name": "Kungliga akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1816",
            "date": "1816"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Cronstedt af Fullerö",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1763",
            "date": "1763"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.9300205,
              "lon": 12.536211299
            },
            "place": "Alingsås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1776",
            "date": "1776"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1776",
            "date": "1776"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1739-09-11",
            "date": "1739-09-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1764-12-19",
            "date": "1764-12-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Maria",
          "lastname": "Ollonberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1733-02-26",
            "date": "1733-02-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1804-10-23",
            "date": "1804-10-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Patrick",
          "lastname": "Alströmer",
          "occupation": "Friherre, överdirektör, Alingsås manufakturverk, ledare, Sahlgrenska handelshuset, kommerseråd, direktör, Ostindiska kompaniet",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1762",
            "date": "1762"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1840",
            "date": "1840"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Maria",
          "lastname": "Alströmer, gift Lewenhaupt",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1764",
            "date": "1764"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1792",
            "date": "1792"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Helena",
          "lastname": "Alströmer, gift Lewenhaupt",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1769-06-19",
            "date": "1769-06-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1845-04-22",
            "date": "1845-04-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "lastname": "Alströmer",
          "occupation": "Kopist",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1753",
            "date": "1753"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1835",
            "date": "1835"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils August",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1781",
            "date": "1781"
          },
          "lastname": "Cronstedt af Fullerö",
          "occupation": "Greve, generalmajor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1816",
            "date": "1816"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1783",
            "date": "1783"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1784",
            "date": "1784"
          },
          "firstname": "Patrik",
          "lastname": "Cronstedt af Fullerö",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1785",
            "date": "1785"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1860",
            "date": "1860"
          },
          "firstname": "Claes August",
          "lastname": "Cronstedt af Fullerö",
          "occupation": "Greve, konteramiral",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Bertil, *Ekonomi och musik i 1700-talets Göteborg: en tidsspegel utifrån en samtida dagbok*, Göteborgs stadsmuseum, Göteborg, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bexell, Sven Peter, *Hallands historia och beskrivning*, Ny uppl., utökad, Halmstad, 1923-1931",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Levertin, Oscar, *Teater och drama under Gustaf III: literaturhistorisk studie*, Geber, Stockholm, 1889",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Morales, Olallo & Norlind, Tobias, *Kungl. Musikaliska akademien 1771-1921: minnesskrift*, Lagerström, Stockholm, 1921",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Adelsvapen-Wiki",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Alstr%C3%B6mer_nr_302"
        },
        {
          "description": "Margareta Hedvig Alströmer. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2021-05-06)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "http://emp-web-84.zetcom.ch/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=14751&viewType=detailView"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Grevinna, sångare, skådespelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Countess, singer, actor",
      "text": "Margareta Hedvig Alströmer var grevinna, sångerska, skådespelare och konstnär samt ledamot i Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna och i Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien.\n\nMargareta Alströmer föddes 1763 i Alingsås. Hon var dotter till friherre Patrick Alströmer och Christina Maria Ollonberg, och sondotter till Jonas Alströmer. I hemmet odlades ett starkt kulturintresse. Patrick Alströmer var affärsman, chef för Alingsås manufakturverk, kommerseråd och ledde det berömda Sahlgrenska handelshuset. Han var även direktör i Ostindiska kompaniet. Därtill utvecklade han och hans bror Claes Alströmer musik- och teaterlivet i Göteborg. De grundade Göteborgs första teater Comediehuset, och i deras hem arrangerades teaterföreställningar och konserter. Patrick Alströmers betydelse för den svenska operan har framhävts, både som ekonomiskt stödjande och som Musikaliska Akademiens preses.\n\nMargareta Alströmer växte upp med systrarna Christina Maria och Anna Helena samt halvbrodern Jonas. Modern dog redan 1764 när Margareta endast var ett år, och fadern gifte om sig 1786 med Christina Maria Silfverschiöld. Margareta Alströmer uppfostrades av en fransk guvernant, mademoiselle ”Liaison” (Liegeon) som även fostrat andra adliga fröknar. Hon fick tidigt lära sig att sjunga och agera. Åren 1775—1776 höll familjerna Alströmer, tillsammans med den rike affärsmannen John Hall och hans hustru Christina, halvt offentliga amatörteaterföreställningar i sina hem, som recenserades offentligt. Publiken bestod av kulturpersonligheter, adel och högre borgerskap. Alla syskonen deltog i pjäserna och konserterna, och Margareta Alströmer utmärkte sig särskilt. Hon uppträdde bland annat i *Celinde*, en pjäs som gavs 1775 hos John Hall, och i *Gustaf* hos farbrodern Claes Alströmer. Där spelade hon 1776 huvudrollen som Adelaide. Hon berömdes av tidningarna och fick en hyllningsdikt i *Götheborgs Allehanda*. I pressen stod att läsa om systrarna Alströmer: ”Man kan aldrig nog förundra sig öwfer dessa Fröknars framsteg, äfwen på Theatren.” Om Margareta skrevs i *Hvad nytt? Hvad nytt?*: ”Ehuru blott tolf år gammal spelade hon ’på ett makalöst sätt’, med känsla och finess.” Även flickornas guvernant deltog i pjäserna.\n\nÅr 1776 flyttade familjen från Alingsås till Göteborg, men befann sig ofta på resande fot. Sommartid for modern och barnen på brunnskur till Medevi. Syskonen Alströmer följde också med fadern på hans resor till Stockholm, och fick där också uppträda på bjudningar. Patrick Alströmer uppmuntrade sina barn till att musicera, och Margareta Alströmer kom senare att främst uppträda som konsertsångerska. Hon gifte sig på julafton 1781 i Alingsås med generalmajoren greve Nils August Cronstedt af Fullerö. Margareta nedkom två år senare 1783 med sonen Patrik som emellertid dog året därpå, men 1785 föddes Claes August som fick ett långt liv. Maken dömdes 1788 för lydnadsbrott mot konungen till döden, men benådades till tjugo års fängelse på Varbergs fästning. Han frigavs dock 1792 på order av hertig Karl.\n\nMargareta Alströmer fortsatte att sjunga och musicera även som gift, vilket inte var vanligt vid denna tid. Hon valdes in i Musikaliska Akademien 1795. År 1799 medverkade hon vid en offentlig konsert i Stockholm, där hon spelade klaver. År 1795 hade hon också valts in i Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna eftersom hon även var verksam som amatörkonstnär. Hon beskrevs som en ”skicklig dilettant i målarkonsten” och finns representerad på Nationalmuseum med teckningarna *Läsande äldre kvinna*, rödkrita på papper, och *Bygata*, blyerts på papper. \n\nMargareta Hedvig Alströmer avled 1816, 53 år gammal.",
      "text_eng": "Margareta Alströmer was a countess, singer, actress and artist. She was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and the Royal Swedish Academy of Music.  \n\nMargareta Alströmer was born in 1763 at Alingsås east of Gothenburg. She was the daughter of Baron Patrick Alströmer and Christina Maria Ollonberg, and the granddaughter of Jonas Alströmer. Strong cultural interests characterised her home. Patrick Alströmer was a businessman, director of the Alingsås manufacturing concern, councillor of commerce and head of the prominent Sahlgrenska trading company. He was also a director of the Swedish East India Company. Apart from all that, he and his brother Claes Alströmer did much to develop the music and theatre life of Gothenburg. They founded the first theatre in Gothenburg, Comediehuset, and arranged theatre performances and concerts in their own homes. Patrick Alströmer’s significance for Swedish opera has been highlighted, both for his economic support and as the president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. \n\nMargareta Alströmer grew up with her sisters Christina Maria and Anna Helena and their half-brother Jonas. Their mother died young in 1764 when Margareta was only one, and their father remarried in 1786. His new wife was Christina Maria Silfverschiöld. Margareta Alströmer was brought up by a French governess, mademoiselle “Liaison” (Liegeon) who had also brought up other daughters of the nobility. She learned to sing and act when very young. In 1775—1776, the Alströmer families and the wealthy businessman John Hall with his wife Christina, held semi-public amateur theatre performances in their home. These were reviewed in public newspapers. The audience consisted of cultural personalities, the nobility and members of the upper class. All the siblings participated in the plays and concerts, and Margareta Alströmer was especially noteworthy. She performed – among other plays – in *Celinde*, a play produced in 1775 at John Hall’s home, and in *Gustaf* at the home of her uncle Claes Alströmer in 1776, in which she played the main role of Adelaide. She was praised in the newspapers and a poem of homage to her appeared in *Götheborgs Allehanda*. As one journalist wrote about the Alströmer sisters: “It is quite impossible to cease to marvel at these young Ladies’ progress, also in the Theatre.” Margareta Alströmer was described as follows in *Hvad nytt? Hvad nytt?*: “Although only twelve years of age, she played ‘in an unsurpassed fashion’, with feeling and delicacy.” The girls’ governess also participated in the performances.  \n\nIn 1776, the family moved from Alingsås to Gothenburg, although they were often away on journeys. In the summer, the children and their mother visited Medevi Spa to take the waters. The Alströmer siblings also accompanied their father on his journeys to Stockholm, where they performed at parties. Patrick Alströmer encouraged his children to make music, and Margareta Alströmer later performed mainly as a concert singer. She married Major General Count Nils August Cronstedt af Fullerö on Christmas Eve 1781 in Alingsås. Two years later, in 1783, she gave birth to her son Patrik, who died the year after. In 1785, Claes August was born, and he had a long life. Her husband was sentenced to death in 1788 for the crime of disobedience to the King, but was granted the pardon of twenty years’ imprisonment in Varberg Fortress instead. He was released in 1792 however, by order of Duke Karl.  \n\nMargareta Alströmer continued to sing and make music even after her marriage, which was most unusual at that time. She was elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in 1795. The same year, she was also elected as a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts since she was active as an amateur artist. In 1799 she performed on the piano at a public concert in Stockholm. She was described as “a clever dilettante at the art of painting” and she is represented at the National Museum in Stockholm by her drawings *Läsande äldre kvinna*, in red chalk on paper, and *Bygata*, lead pencil on paper.  \n\nMargareta Alströmer died in 1816, at 53 years of age.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MargaretaAlstromer",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Alingsås|57.9300205|12.536211299",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Trolle Önnerfors"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "description": "Hedersledamot, Svensk-grekiska Sällskapet",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1986",
            "date": "1986"
          },
          "description": "Hedersordförande, Svenska Orientsällskapet",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "description": "Hedersledamot, Jenny Lind-sällskapet",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommendör av Kungliga grekiska orden Ipia",
          "type": "Orden",
          "type_eng": "Order"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot av Vasaorden (LVO)",
          "type": "Orden",
          "type_eng": "Order"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommendör av Sankt Lazarusorden",
          "type": "Orden",
          "type_eng": "Order"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
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          "description": "Fil.kand.examen",
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            "comment": "?"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "type": "Högskola"
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          "description": "Jur.kand.examen",
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              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
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          "type": "Universitet"
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      "id": [
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        "Jurister"
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        "Lawyers"
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            "date": "1906-09-02"
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              "lat": "59.195363",
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            },
            "place": "Södertälje"
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            "comment": "1988-10-20",
            "date": "1988-10-20"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "detail_eng": "Legal practitioner, G. Wennerholms advokatbyrå och Kommerskollegium",
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        {
          "description": "Jurist",
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            "date": "1941"
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "date": "1942"
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        {
          "description": "Jurist",
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          "detail_eng": "Lawyer, her own legal agency",
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            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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        }
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        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
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            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
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          "name": "Sveriges advokatsamfund",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, förste vicepresident och sekreterare 1956-1964",
          "name": "International Federation of Women Lawyers",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Revisor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ordförande",
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            "date": "1962"
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            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare, sekreterare 1941-1975",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "name": "Svensk-Grekiska Sällskapet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ordförande",
          "name": "Sweden Pakistan Friendship Society",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, styrelseledamot, ordförande 1978-1981",
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "name": "Svensk-tunisiska vänskapsföreningen",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "name": "Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
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          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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          "description": "Grundare, medlem",
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            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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          "firstname": "Herman Julius",
          "lastname": "Bylin",
          "occupation": "Disponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1936-04-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Lennart",
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            "date": "1932"
          },
          "lastname": "Althin",
          "occupation": "Filosofie kandidat",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
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          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Margit Althins samling. Kungliga biblioteket (Hämtad 2020-01-15)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/SE-S-HS-ACC1994-129"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige*. [1988], Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0029.html"
        },
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          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
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      "subtitle": "Jurist, advokat",
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      "text": "Margit Althin var en av de första kvinnliga juristerna i Sverige. Hon initierade och var aktiv på ledande poster i en rad föreningar med internationell och kulturell prägel.\n\nMargit Althin föddes i Östertälje församling år 1906. Efter studentexamen i Stockholm i maj 1927 tog hon en filosofie kandidatexamen i Stockholm i september 1931. Därefter följde juridikstudier i Uppsala och 1932 gifte hon sig med Lennart Althin. Äktenskapet varade emellertid bara i fyra år då maken avled redan år 1936. Efter hans död fullföljde Margit Althin sina juridikstudier och avlade en juris kandidatexamen i maj 1938.\n\nEfter studierna följde ett yrkesliv som praktiskt verksam jurist. Först i form av tingstjänstgöring i Södertörns domsaga 1938–1939, därefter som biträdande jurist hos Stockholms läns rättshjälpsanstalt, som jurist hos advokaten G. Wennerholm år 1939 och på kommerskollegiet 1940–1941. Under krigsåren 1941–1942 arbetade Margit Althin inom säkerhetstjänsten. Från år 1943 och framåt bedrev Margit Althin egen advokatverksamhet och år 1945 blev hon ledamot av Sveriges advokatsamfund.\n\nMargit Althin var under hela sitt liv aktiv i flera olika föreningar, flera med en internationell och kulturell prägel. Bland annat var hon förste vice president och sekreterare i International Federation of Women Lawyers, hedersledamot i Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi och ordförande i Svenska Orientsällskapet. Hon var med och grundade Svensk-Grekiska Sällskapet 1941, och var sällskapets sekreterare till 1975. Vidare var hon ordförande i Sweden Pakistan Friendship Society och styrelseledamot i Svensk-Tunisiska vänskapsföreningen i slutet av 1970-talet. Därtill var Margit Althin ledamot av Svenska forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul, ordförande för Internationella Klubben i Stockholm och tillika ordförande för Svenska Kvinnors Nationalförbund från 1972 till 1981, då förbundet upplöstes. Margit Althin var också en av grundarna av Jenny Lind-sällskapet 1943, styrelseledamot av Lyceumklubben i Stockholm samt ordförande för Fritt forum.\n\nMargit Althin författade även två skrifter: licentiatavhandlingen *The Sites of Ch’i Chia Ping and Lo Han Tang in Kansu*, 1946, och *Barnet i lagen, Rättsväsendet i Kina (art 84)*, samt skrifter från FN om miljövårdsproblem.\n\nMargit Althin dog i Stockholm 1988. År 1999 registrerades Stiftelsen Margit Althins Stipendiefond som ger stipendier och anslag till svenska geografer för resor till länder utanför Sverige.",
      "text_eng": "Margit Althin was one of the first female lawyers in Sweden. She set up and held leading positions in a range of associations which were internationally and culturally significant.\n\nMargit Althin was born in Östertälje parish in 1906. After graduating from high school in Stockholm in May 1927 she gained her Bachelor of Arts in September 1931. She then started legal studies in Uppsala. She married Lennart Althin in 1932 but their marriage only lasted four years as Lennart died in 1936. After being widowed Margit Althin completed her studies and she received her Bachelor of Laws degree in May 1938.\n\nFollowing these studies she started her career as a practising lawyer. She began by serving on Södertörn judicial district court from 1938 to 1939. In 1939 she worked as a junior solicitor for the Legal Aid Authority in Stockholm area and as a solicitor for the lawyer G. Wennerholm. From 1940 to 1941 she worked for the National Board of Trade and during the war years 1941-1942 Margit Althin worked for the Swedish security agency. From 1943 onwards Margit Althin ran her own legal office and in 1945 she became a member of Sveriges advokatsamfund (the Swedish Bar Association).\n\nMargit Althin was an active member of many different associations throughout her life. Several of these associations were internationally and culturally significant. She was the first vice president and secretary of the International Federation of Women Lawyers; she was an honorary member of Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi; she was chair of Svenska Sällskapet för Antropologi och Geografi. She was a founding member of the Svensk-Grekiska Sällskapet in 1941, and served as its secretary until 1975. Further, she was chair of the Sweden Pakistan Friendship Society, and a board member of the Svensk-Tunisiska vänskapsföreningen at the end of the 1970s. In addition, Margit Althin was a member of the Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, chair of the International Club in Stockholm, and also chair of Svenska Kvinnors Nationalförbund (the National Council of Swedish Women) from 1972 to 1981, when the association dissolved. Margit Althin was, moreover, a co-founder of the Jenny Lind society in 1943, a board member of the Lyceum club in Stockholm, and chair of Fritt Forum.\n\nMargit Althin also authored two publications: her licentiate dissertation *The Sites of Ch‘i Chia Ping and Lo Han Tang in Kansu*, 1946, and *Barnet i lagen, Rättsväsendet i Kina (art 84)*, publications by the United Nations on environmental issues.\n\nMargit Althin died in Stockholm in 1988. In 1999 the Stiftelse Margit Althins Stipendiefond was registered, which provides Swedish geographers with scholarships and budgetary allowances to allow them to travel to countries beyond Sweden.",
      "translator": {
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          "description": "Malmberg, Lena, Ney, Birgitta, ’ Jag är ingen, men jag finns till’,  *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria Bd 4 På jorden : 1960-1990*, S. 289-290, 1997 (Hämtad 2020-05-11)",
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          "description": "’Ann-Charlotte Alverfors’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-05-11)",
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        {
          "description": "Alverfors, Ann-Charlotte, *Vem ska trösta Gösta?*, Normal, Stockholm, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "Olsson, Lotta, ’”Livsarbetet är oändligt viktigt” : jag skriver, läser och tänker, sammanfattar Ann-Charlotte Alverfors, 65 år den 23 januari, sitt arbete som författare’, *Dagens Nyheter* 2012-01-22",
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      "text": "Ann-Charlotte Alverfors var författare. Hon blev med sin debutroman *Sparvöga* och de två följande romanerna snabbt ett känt namn i det litterära Sverige.\n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors föddes i Eksjö i Småland och växte upp i bruksorten Reftele, en plats som hon i böcker beskriver som ”en på 50-talet infödingsbygd där djungeltrummorna ljöd och allt var synd”. När hon själv, 15 år gammal, blev gravid och gick omkring i det lilla samhället med magen i vädret så lär djungeltrummorna ha dånat extra starkt.\n\nHon var dotter till förrådsmannen Tor Alverfors, kallad Tore, och Margareta, född Andersson. Fadern, som hon beskriver som en lungsiktig och godhjärtad cykelreparatör med författardrömmar, var född 1913 och den som förde in kända poeters verk i dotterns liv. Modern, som på grund av makens tuberkulos måste försörja familjen, läste på egen hand in en kontorsutbildning och fick arbete som sekreterare på bruket. Att det i familjen Alverfors var mannen som gick arbetslös hemma och kvinnan som drog in pengarna var på 1950-talet uppseendeväckande och bidrog till familjens utanförskap, ett utanförskap som, enligt dottern, dock var ett bra startkapital för den som vill bli författare.\n\nÅtta år gammal fick Ann-Charlotte Alverfors en saga publicerad i *ICA-Kuriren*. Den handlade om en prinsessa som inte ville gå i skolan. Hon hade, uppmuntrad av sin pappa, en stark övertygelse om att en dag bli författare, men hon saknade utbildning. Efter en tid på fabrik och i restaurangkök, och efter att vid 16 års ålder ha blivit mamma, följde flera år av isolering och skrivande innan hon sökte först till Värnamo folkhögskola, där hon gick 1968—1969, och sedan till Jära folkhögskola från 1972 till 1974.\n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors debuterade som poet 1972 med diktsamlingen *Paternosterhissar*, följd av diktsamlingen *Jönköping 6* tre år senare. Hon och hennes man, fotografen Krister Persson, som hon hade träffat på folkhögskolan, hade flyttat till Jönköping. Jönköping 6 var namnet på det postkontor i stadsdelen Österängen där de och deras lilla dotter Rebecca bodde. Det var på det postkontoret Ann-Charlotte Alverfors lämnade sina dikter i ett tjockt brunt kuvert för att sända det till Bo Cavefors förlag. Dikterna blev antagna. Hon valdes in i Smålands Författarsällskap 1973.\n\nÅr 1975 kom hennes debutroman *Sparvöga*, första delen i en delvis självbiografisk svit om tre böcker, vilka handlar om den sjuåriga flickan Gertrud som av sin morfar får smeknamnet Sparvöga. Han tyckte att hon skulle ”glo stort och stadigt i stället för att blinka med stora och förskräckta (sparv)ögon”. Gertrud bor i en arbetarfamilj i ett småländskt brukssamhälle. Där finns också mamma och pappa, morföräldrar och farföräldrar. Romanen blev uppmärksammad för sitt burleska språk, sina lika burleska familjemedlemmar och alla sina adjektiv. 1989 blev den en populär TV-serie med bland andra Sten-Åke Cederhök, Per Oscarsson, [](Irma Christenson) och Halvar Björk i rollerna. Seriens signaturmelodi ”Sparvöga” sjöngs av [](Marie Fredriksson) och blev en stor hit.\n\nTrilogins följande delar *Hjärteblodet* och *Snabelros* kom 1976 och 1977. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors var nu ett känt namn och hennes språk och stil var något nytt — frodigt, mustigt, myllrande, bitskt och med massor av humor och ironi. Rent innehållsmässigt hade hon rika källor att ösa ur från en ovanligt färgstark släkt där varje medlem fått dråpliga namn. Liknande beteckningar förekommer i fler av hennes böcker, till exempel figurerna Lusasken och Dövöra i romanen *Aldrig*, 1993. Även det klassamhälle som hon så ofta skildrade är hela tiden med som en hörnsten i berättelsen.\n\nPå Bokens dag 1993 i Jönköping läste hon ur den nyutkomna *Aldrig* som är en myllrande samtidssaga om tre kvinnor och deras kärlekar. Boken gav henne både LO:s kulturpris och Martin Koch-priset.\n\nEfter *Sparvöga* följde flera kritikerprisade böcker inom lyrik, prosa och dramatik, bland andra *Stjärneklok*, 1986, som är en dramatisk berättelse om grymhet, makt, högmod och oskuld. *Barn av samma ögonblick*, från 2000, handlar om pengar och passion. År 2007 kom den självbiografiska bildromanen *Vem ska trösta Gösta?* och 2009 kom romanen *Igelkottsklubben* som handlar om nostalgiflanerande pensionären Dolores Johnsson som bär på massor av sådana minnen som man aldrig berättar om för någon annan. *Svenska Dagbladets* Elise Karlsson sorterade in den som en av de intressantaste svenska klasskildringarna, i stil med [](Moa Martinson). Flera andra har också lyft fram Ann-Charlotte Alverfors betydande bidrag till den svenska arbetarlitteraturen under 1900-talet.\n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors valdes vid starten 1993 in i Smålands Akademi, men lämnade den redan tre år senare. Hon ansåg sig inte passa in det sällskapet, något som hon dråpligt skildrar i boken *Vem ska trösta Gösta?*. Sällskapet, som skulle sprida glans och ljus över den småländska vitterheten, bestod av ”smågubbarna som var så sprickfärdiga av lärdomshögfärd och fåfänga att de hela tiden gick omkring med en pysande odör av nattstånden vitterhet omkring sig”.\n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors var från 1974 till 1983 gift med fotografen Krister Persson och från 1992 med genetikern Arnulf Merker, fram till hans död 2010. Han hade drabbats av cancer och bara ett par år senare diagnostiserades Ann-Charlotte Alverfors med samma sjukdom. Om en nu ständig ström av läkarundersökningar, behandlingar och sjukhusvistelser berättar hon i sin sista bok — *Vitnäbb* från 2015, en dokumentär förklädd till roman. Det är en skildring i dagboksform om sjukdomens obönhörliga förfall och om dödsfågeln Vitnäbbs olycksbådande kraxande.\n\n”Lev nu!” Det är de allra sista orden i boken. Men tre år senare, 2018, var Ann-Charlotte Alverfors död. Dödsfågeln hade till sist sjungit för Sparvöga, den dödsfågel Vitnäbb som hennes pappa hade berättat om när hon var liten — Vitnäbb som visar sig och sjunger för den som snart ska dö. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors ligger begravd på Västra kyrkogården i Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Ann-Charlotte Alverfors was a writer. Her debut novel, *Sparvöga*, and the two following novels quickly made her well-known within Swedish literary circles. \n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors was born in Eksjö, Småland. She grew up in the industrial town of Reftele, a place that she describes in her books as like “a redneck/hillbilly town from the ‘50s where the jungle-drums would beat and everything was a sin”. It is likely that these ‘jungle-drums’ beat extra-loudly when she fell pregnant herself, at age 15, and went about the town with her growing belly on display. \n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors was the daughter of Tor Alverfors – known as Tore – a store manager, and his wife Margareta, née Andersson. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors describes her father, who was born in 1913, as a consumptive and kind-hearted bicycle-repairman who dreamt of being an author. He introduced his daughter to the famous poetical works. Her mother was forced to provide for the family due to her husband’s illness and so she trained herself to be an office clerk and got a secretarial position at the local factory. At this time – the 1950s – it was exceedingly unusual for the man of the house to be unemployed at home whilst his wife was responsible for providing for the family financially. Although this only added to the family’s social exclusion it also served as a great starting point for someone who wanted to become an author, as Ann-Charlotte Alverfors herself said. \n\nWhen she was just eight years old Ann-Charlotte Alverfors got one of her stories published in the weekly magazine, *ICA-Kuriren*. The story told of a princess who did not want to go to school. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors, encouraged by her father, was strongly convinced that she would one day be an author but she lacked the requisite education. Following a period spent working at the factory and in a restaurant kitchen, and having become a mother at the tender age of 16, Ann-Charlotte Alverfors went through several years of isolation and writing for herself before she applied initially to Värnamo folkhögskola (public college), which she attended from 1968–1969, and then to Jära folkhögskola, where she studied from 1972–1974. \n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors made her debut as a poet in 1972 on the publication of a collection entitled *Paternosterhissar*, which was then followed up three years later by another collection called *Jönköping 6*. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors and her husband, Krister Persson, a photographer whom she had met at one of the colleges, had moved to Jönköping and Jönköping 6 was the name of the post-office in Österängen where they and their young daughter, Rebecca, lived. That post-office was where Ann-Charlotte Alverfors went to post her poems in a fat, brown envelope addressed to Bo Cavefors publishers who accepted her poems. In 1973 she became an elected member of Smålands Författarsällskap (writers’ society). \n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors released her first novel, *Sparvöga*, in 1975. It was the first part in what was a partly autobiographical series of three books and it tells the story of seven-year-old Gertrud – nicknamed ‘Sparvöga’ (sparrow-eye) by her maternal grandfather. He felt that she should “have an open and steady gaze instead of large and fearful blinking (sparrow) eyes”. Gertrud comes from a working-class family and lives in a Småland industrial town with her parents and both sets of grandparents. The novel, with its coarsely comical language and similarly coarsely comical characters, became much talked about for its heavy use of adjectives. The story was adapted for television in 1989 as a popular series with the actors Sten-Åke Cederhök, Per Oscarsson, [](Irma Christenson), and Halvar Björk. [](Marie Fredriksson) sang the series theme tune, *Sparvöga* which became a big hit. \n\nThe next two novels in the trilogy, *Hjärteblodet* and *Snabelros*, were published in 1976 and 1977 respectively. By that time Ann-Charlotte Alverfors had become a well-known name and her language and style were seen as innovative – opulent, daring, lively, and feisty with lots of humour and irony. With regards to the content of her books, the unusually colourful family history she created – in which each member was given a hilarious name – presented her with rich material. Several of her books used similar contraptions, such as in *Aldrig*, published in 1993, whose characters include Lusasken (fleabag) and Dövöra (literally: deaf ear). Similarly, social class distinctions tended to form the cornerstone of her stories. \n\nOn ‘Bokens dag’ (the day of the book) in 1993 in Jönköping Ann-Charlotte Alverfors read extracts from what was then her newly published book, *Aldrig*. This is a lively contemporary account of the lives of three women and their romantic relationships. She was awarded both the LO cultural prize and the Martin Koch prize for this novel. \n\nFollowing the publication of *Sparvöga* Ann-Charlotte Alverfors released several critically-acclaimed works of poetry, prose and drama, including *Stjärneklok*, from 1986, which is a dramatic story of evil, power, pride, and innocence. *Barn av samma ögonblick*, published in 2000, tells of money and passion. In 2007 Ann-Charlotte Alverfors released an autobiographical educational novel, *Vem ska trösta Gösta?*, and two years later she published *Igelkottsklubben*, which tells of Dolores Johnsson, a nostalgic pensioner who is weighed down by the types of memories which one never tells another soul about. Elise Karlsson, a writer for the *Svenska Dagbladet* newspaper, included the latter amongst her list of the most interesting Swedish portrayals of social classes, akin to work by [](Moa Martinson). Ann-Charlotte Alverfors’ work has also been highlighted by several others as a significant contribution to Swedish working-class literature of the twentieth century. \n\nIn early 1993 Ann-Charlotte Alverfors was elected into the Smålands Akademi but resigned from it just three years later. She didn’t believe that she belonged in that circle which she portrayed rather hilariously in *Vem ska trösta Gösta?*. To her the society, intended to cast splendour and light on Småland’s belles-lettres, instead comprised “small older men who were so close to exploding from their conceited sense of learning and amour-propre that they always gave off an odour of stale erudition”. \n\nAnn-Charlotte Alverfors was twice married: firstly, from 1974 to 1983 to the photographer Krister Persson, and secondly, to Arnulf Merker, a geneticist, who died in 2010 from the effects of cancer. Just a couple of years later Ann-Charlotte Alverfors was diagnosed as suffering from the same illness. Her final book, *Vitnäbb*, published in 2015, tells of a constant stream of medical investigations, treatments, and stays in hospital. It is a diary-like account of the inexorable decline through disease and of the ominous cackling of ‘Vitnäbb’, the bird of death. \n\n“Live now!” These are the last words in her final book. Nevertheless, three years later, in 2018, Ann-Charlotte Alverfors died. The bird of death had finally sung for Sparvöga, the very Vitnäbb which her father had told her about when she was a child – Vitnäbb who reveals himself and sings to those who are about to perish. Ann-Charlotte Alverfors is buried at Västra kyrkogården (the Western Cemetery) in Gothenburg.",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "lastname": "Norrman",
          "occupation": "Byrådirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "firstname": "Hjalmar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "lastname": "Alving",
          "occupation": "Lektor i Nordiska språk",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Norrman",
          "occupation": "Riksdagsstenograf",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "firstname": "Beate Sofi, kallad Beat-Sofi,",
          "lastname": "Alving",
          "occupation": "Adjunkt",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987",
            "date": "1987"
          },
          "firstname": "Barbro",
          "lastname": "Alving",
          "occupation": "Journalist (signaturen Bang)",
          "type": "Dotter",
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        }
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Arnborg, Beata, *Krig, kvinnor och gud: en biografi om Barbro Alving*, Atlantis, Stockholm, 2010",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Fanny Alvings samling. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2018-01-18)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=1783&searchType=EXTENDED&query=fanny+alvings+samling&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22fanny+alvings+samling%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A114958&c=1#alvin-record%3A114958"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, kåsör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, columnist",
      "text": "Fanny Alving var en i sin samtid mycket uppskattad kåsör och författare. \n\nFanny Alving var dotter till skutskepparen August Lönn, en tystlåten och kunskapstörstande man som älskade språk och hade fransk grammatik som hobby. Hennes mor var den mer talföra Erika, född Persdotter Jonsson, uppvuxen på Selaön. Paret fick även en son, Rudolf, som dock dog i späd ålder. Familjen flyttade till Traneberg i Stockholm år 1877. \n\nEfter folkskolan blev Fanny Alving elev vid Palmgrenska skolan, vilken var den första skola i Skandinavien som bedrev samundervisning för flickor och pojkar. Utbildningen sågs varken av Fanny Alving själv eller av hennes föräldrar som en entré till en yrkeskarriär utan enbart som en möjlighet att få tillgång till kunskap. Det var, skrev senare hennes berömda dotter [Barbro Alving](0000000050756966) ”den finaste formen av nöjeslystnad”.\n \nFanny Alving tog studenten som privatist 1893, vilket då var mycket ovanligt för en flicka. Efter utbildning på handelsinstitut blev hon anställd vid grekiska konsulatet i Malmö, men återvände snart till Stockholm där hon fick anställning på Linders teaterbyrå. Där arbetade även [](Ida Gawell-Blumenthal), senare känd som Delsbostintan. De blev goda vänner. Båda var roade av att skriva. Gemensamt hade de också att de samlat historier från sina respektive hembygder. Fanny lärde sig av mamma Erika att originalen och genierna ofta stod att finna just på landsbygden och inte i städernas bättre salonger.\n\nDå Albert Engström startade skämttidningen *Strix* 1897 inledde Fanny Alving sin karriär som kåsör under signaturen ”Maja X”, och hon blev både läst och omtalad. Det dröjde dock innan Albert Engström ville inse att en kvinna gömde sig bakom signaturen: ”Så roliga är inte fruntimmer!” lär han ha sagt.\n\nFanny Alving gifte sig 1898 med byrådirektör Sven Norrman. Tre år senare föddes hennes son Anders och samma år debuterade hon som författare med diktsamlingen *Galläpplen och paradisäpplen*. Samlingen var illustrerad av Albert Engström, Anders Forsberg och Hilding Nyman. År 1904 utkom Fanny Alvings första roman *Brita i Österby*. Kritikern och författaren Oscar Levertin var mycket kritisk till den i sin recension i *Svenska Dagbladet*, inte minst de stycken som handlade om fri kärlek. Fanny Alving tog det mycket hårt. Hon fortsatte att skriva, men i flera år dold bakom pseudonymen Ulrik Uhland.\n\nÅr 1906 skilde sig Fanny Alving från Sven Norrman. Samma år gifte hon om sig med lektorn och forskaren i nordiska språk Hjalmar Alving. Året därpå föddes dottern Beat-Sofi och år 1909 fick paret Alving sin yngsta dotter Barbro, som skulle bli en känd journalist under signaturen Bang.\n\nFanny Alving var en produktiv författare och utgav ett tiotal romaner, novellsamlingar, dikter samt satiriska och humoristiska Stockholmsskildringar, huvudsakligen under pseudonym. Hon hämtade motiv och inspiration till de flesta av sina berättelser från sin födelsebygd, Selaön utanför Stallarholmen i Södermanland. År 1918 gav hon ut *Josefssons på Drottninggatan*, med undertiteln ”en skämtsam detektivroman”, vilket gör att man skulle kunna kalla henne för pionjär inom den genren. Även hennes kåserier gavs ut i bokform och vid slutet av 1920-talet blev hon medarbetare i tidningen *Idun*. Med undantag för Levertins recension i Svenska Dagbladet fick hon övervägande god kritik. Signaturen ”PGP” i Aftonbladet skrev sammanfattande i samband med hennes 60-årsdag 1934: ”Man läser dem [Fanny Alvings böcker] gärna och utan ansträngning har man blivit en liten smula visare när man lägger dem ifrån sig.”\n\nFanny Alving var skarpögd och humoristisk. Hon hade en stark kristen tro som hon förmedlade till sina döttrar, men led också av depressioner och svartsyn. 1936 drabbades hon av en psykos och blev tidvis inlagd på mentalsjukhus. Selaön, där hon livet ut behöll sitt föräldrahem, förblev hennes trygghet. \n\nFanny Alving avled i juni 1955 och ligger begravd vid Ytterselö kyrka.",
      "text_eng": "Fanny Alving was a much loved writer of causerie-style columns and an author.\n\nFanny was the daughter of the bargeman August Lönn, a quiet man with a voracious appetite for knowledge, who loved languages and studied French grammar as a hobby. Her mother was the more loquacious Erika, born Persdotter Jonsson, who grew up on the island of Sela. The couple also had a son, Rudolf, who sadly died an infant. In 1877 the family moved to Traneberg in Stockholm.\n\nAfter primary school Fanny Alving studied at the Palmgren school, the first co-educational school in Scandinavia. Neither Fanny nor her parents viewed education as a path to a career, but rather as an opportunity to gain access to knowledge. It was “the finest form of leisure” as Fanny’s famous daughter [](Barbro Alving) later wrote.\n\nFanny Alving graduated as a private student in 1893, which at the time was highly unusual for a woman. After training at a business school, she was hired by the Greek consulate in Malmö, but she soon returned to Stockholm, where she was hired by Linder’s theatre office. [](Ida Gawell-Blumenthal), later known as Delsbostintan, also worked there and the two of them became good friends. Both of them enjoyed writing. They also shared a common interest in collecting local stories from their hometowns. Fanny had learnt from her mother Erika that the true eccentrics and geniuses can often be found in the countryside rather than in the salons of the big cities.\n\nWhen Albert Engström started the satirical journal *Strix* in 1897, Fanny Alving began her career as a causerie-style columnist under the pseudonym “Maja X” and her columns were both much read and much discussed. It took a while before Albert Engström could accept that it was a woman behind the pseudonym: “Women are just not that funny!”, he is alleged to have exclaimed.\n\nFanny Alving married office director Sven Norrman in 1898. Three years later her son Anders was born and the same year she published her first collection of poems called *Galläpplen och paradisäpplen*. The collection was illustrated by Albert Engström, Anders Forsberg and Hilding Nyman. In 1904 Fanny Alving published her first novel, *Brita i Osterby*. The critic and author Oscar Levertin was very harsh in his review in *Svenska Dagbladet*, particularly in regard to the portions dealing with free love. Fanny Alving took it very personally. She continued to write, but used the secret pseudonym Ulrik Uhland for several years.\n\nIn 1906 Fanny Alving and Sven Norrman divorced. The same year she married the lecturer and expert in Nordic languages Hjalmar Alving. The following year her daughter Beat-Sofi was born and in 1909 her second daughter Barbro was born, who would become a renowned journalist under the pseudonym Bang.\n\nFanny Alving was a productive author and published more than ten novels, short story collections, poems and satirical and comic tales of Stockholm, mainly using pseudonyms. The themes and inspiration for most of her stories came from her hometown, the island of Sela near Stallarholmen in Södermanland. In 1918, she published *Josefssons på Drottninggatan*, subtitled “a comic detective story”, which made her a pioneer in this genre. Further, her causerie-style columns were published in book form and at the end of the 1920s she began working with the journal *Idun*. Apart from Levertin’s review in *Svenska Dagbladet*, she largely received positive criticism. The anonymous signature “PGP” in *Aftonbladet* summarized her impact on her sixtieth birthday in 1934: “One reads them [Fanny Alving’s books] with pleasure and upon finishing them one has become an iota wiser with very little effort.”\n\nFanny Alving had a sharp mind and a great sense of humour. She had a deeply held Christian faith, which she transferred to her daughters, but she also suffered from depression and pessimism. In 1936 she suffered a psychotic episode and was subsequently intermittently admitted for psychiatric treatment. Her lasting comfort was the island of Sela, where she kept her parents’ house.\n\nFanny Alving died in June 1955 and is buried by Ytterselö church in Södermanland.",
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            "date": "1882"
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            "date": "1949"
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          "lastname": "Wägner",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
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            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
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      "education": [
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          "description": "Studentexamen",
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            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Whitlockska samskolan, privatskola",
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            "date": "1928"
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          "type": "Läroverk"
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        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Kåsör, journalist, Veckojournalen",
          "detail_eng": "Columnist, journalist, Veckojournalen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
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          "place": {
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            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
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          "type": "Ideell organisation",
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        {
          "description": "Fredsorganisation",
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            "date": "1959"
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          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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            "comment": "1960-talet"
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          "type_eng": "Signature"
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          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
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            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "firstname": "Fanny Maria",
          "lastname": "Alving",
          "occupation": "Författare, kåsör",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
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            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
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          "firstname": "Karl Hjalmar",
          "lastname": "Alving, född Svensson",
          "occupation": "Lektor i Nordiska språk",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
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          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Norrman",
          "occupation": "Riksdagsstenograf",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
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          "occupation": "Adjunkt",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "2015"
          },
          "firstname": "Maud Fanny, kallad Ruffa,",
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          "occupation": "Journalist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
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            "comment": "1989",
            "date": "1989"
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          "firstname": "Anna Laura, kallad Loyse,",
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          "lastname": "Sjöcrona",
          "occupation": "Registrator vid Svenska Mejeriernas Riksförening",
          "type": "Partner",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Barbro Alvings samling. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2018-01-18)",
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          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=1783&searchType=EXTENDED&query=barbro+alving&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22barbro+alving%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A114967&c=3#alvin-record%3A114967"
        },
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          "description": "Arnborg, Beata, *Krig, kvinnor och gud: en biografi om Barbro Alving*, Atlantis, Stockholm, 2010",
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      "subtitle": "Journalist, författare, kåsör",
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      "text": "Barbro Alving, mest känd som signaturen Bang, var en av de första svenska kvinnliga krigsreportrarna, tillika en aktiv fredsivrare och kvinnosakskämpe.\n\nBarbro Alving föddes i Uppsala 1909 som yngsta dotter till författaren och kåsören [Fanny Alving](0000000077356540) och lektorn och forskaren i nordiska språk Hjalmar Alving. Familjen flyttade till Stockholm då hon var 11 år och hon och hennes syster Beat-Sofi, född 1907, sattes i Whitlockska samskolan där Hjalmar Alving var studierektor. Redan då drömde den unga Barbro om att bli en flygande reporter som reste runt jorden för att bevaka oroshärdar och möta världens storheter. \n\nDirekt efter studentexamen 1928 inledde hon sin yrkesbana som volontär på *Stockholms Dagblad*. Det var här hon tilldelades signaturen Bang, som hon sedan behöll hela livet. Bara någon månad senare värvades hon som redaktionssekreterare till veckotidningen *Idun* där hon verkade i tre år. Där var hon en flitig skribent även under flera signaturer. Mest uppskattad blev hon som filmrecensenten ”Miss Bio” som levererade korta, välformulerade och humoristiska omdömen om tidens filmer. \n\nÅr 1931 reste Barbro Alving till Paris för att studera franska i några månader. Den livliga och livstörstiga Bang bekantade sig inte enbart med franska språket utan också med Paris nattliv. \nVåren 1932 började hon studera vid Stockholms högskola, men studierna i franska och statsvetenskap ledde aldrig till någon examen. År 1934 fick hon ett vikariat på *Dagens Nyheter*, och erbjöds därefter fast anställning på dagstidningen. Hennes första utlandsuppdrag för tidningen blev att skriva kringreportage under Olympiaden i Berlin 1936. Reportagen blev omtalade långt utanför *Dagens Nyheters* läsekrets; Bang lyckades med humor, skarpsynthet och sinne för detaljer fånga såväl de folkliga begivenheterna som naziregimens politiska spel kring evenemanget. De gav henne en given plats som en av  tidningens mest uppskattade medarbetare.\n\nRedan året innan hade Barbro Alving inlett sitt aktiva arbete för freden. Hon  kom då att arbeta tillsammans med författaren [](Elin Wägner) som genomförde fredsaktionen ”Ned med vapnen”, en aktion där kvinnor uppmanades vägra att uppsöka skyddsrum eller ta emot gasmasker. Detta gjordes i hopp om att förhindra de styrande männen från att fortsätta upprustningen i världen. Genom detta uppdrag fick Bang kontakt med Ellen Hörup, en dansk fredskämpe och antinazist som arbetade vid Nationernas Förbund i Genève. Hon erbjöds att bli hennes sekreterare. Hon tog tjänstledigt och for till Schweiz hösten 1936 men stannade enbart några veckor. Hon vantrivdes med byråkratin och längtade efter att åter få verka som journalist. \n\nBang fortsatte därför till Paris och reste därifrån på eget initiativ till inbördeskrigets Spanien. Hon lyckades ta sig till Madrid, i vars utkanter strider rasade. I flera reportage beskrev hon krigets fasor och konsekvenser, skildringar som inte bara väckte känslor utan även skapade en opinionen mot Franco i Sverige. Hennes skildring från ett bårhus i Madrid har kallats ”den kanske vackraste fredsappell som skrivits på svenska språket”. Med reportagen befäste hon sin  ställning som krigskorrespondent. \n\nBarbro Alving skulle snart muta in även ett helt annat specialområde; att bevaka rojalistiska evenemang, såsom bröllop och kröningar, i Europa. Vilket ämne hon än sattes att bevaka genomförde hon det alltid med stor ambition. Hon förberedde sig minutiöst, var tidigt på plats, noterade såväl viktiga som till synes oviktiga detaljer. När hon väl satte sig att skriva nöjde hon sig sällan förrän hon skrivit om artikeln flera gånger, ibland upp till tjugo gånger. Hon återgav varje händelse som en berättelse och uppfann inte sällan nya ord för att få läsarna att leva sig in i det hon skildrade.\n\nHennes karriär fick en paus då dottern Ruffa, döpt till Maud Fanny, föddes den 25 februari 1938. Fadern var Dagens Nyheters tecknare Birger Lundquist. Han hade dock redan en  familj och Barbro Alving beslutade sig för att ensam uppfostra dottern. För detta blev hon omskriven; ”Bang-barn” blev ett vedertaget begrepp för barn vilkas mödrar själva tog sig an föräldraskapet i slutet av 1930-talet.\n\nFöräldraledigheten blev dock kort. Hösten 1938 sändes hon till kontinenten för att bland annat skildra hur tyska trupper införlivade Tjeckoslovakien med det tyska riket. Därefter ombads hon att resa till Finland för att följa landets förhandlingar med Sovjetunionen, de som slutade med finska vinterkriget. Det blev Bangs andra krig. Hon, som var övertygad pacifist sattes nu på prov. Hon tog stark ställning för Finland i sina reportage – så till den grad att hon vid ett tillfälle återkallades till Stockholm av redaktionsledningen som krävde en neutral bevakning. Reportagen, som alltid livfulla och berörande, blev dock mycket uppskattade och användes som reklam för att värva nya prenumeranter till Dagens Nyheter. \n\nUnder andra världskriget sändes Barbro Alving även till Norge för att skildra Tysklands invasion av landet  våren 1940. Hon försökte därefter, på eget bevåg, ta sig till London via New York, men misslyckades och tvingades stanna i USA i flera månader.\n\nRedan under krigsåren hade Bang lärt känna Loyse Sjöcrona, en skånsk adelsdam som arbetade som registrator vid Svenska Mejeriernas Riksförening. De båda beslutade sig för att dela framtid och ansvar för Ruffa. De inredde ett gemensamt hem i Yrkeskvinnornas hus på Furusundsgatan 9.\n\nÅr 1947 sände *Dagens Nyheter* Bang på en reportageresa runt jorden. Den kom att sammanfalla med Indiens självständighet och ett väpnat uppror i Indonesien. Hon besökte även Singapore, Hongkong och Kina. I Japan skrev hon ett omtalat reportage om offren för atombomben över Hiroshima. Resan avslutades i USA.\n\nFörödelsen som atombomberna hade förorsakat, framför allt i mänskligt lidande och död, gjorde ett starkt intryck på Barbro Alving. Hon blev en än mer övertygad radikalpacifist och när hon 1951 inkallades till en civilförsvarsövning vägrade hon inställa sig. Det ledde till att hon dömdes till en månads fängelse, ett straff hon avtjänade i januari år 1956. Domen och fängelsevistelsen skapade rubriker och signaturen Bang skildrade även i egna reportage sin bild av tiden som fånge.\n\nNär det något år senare föreslogs att Sverige skulle skaffa en egen atombomb tog hon följaktligen stark ställning mot detta. Hon blev en ledande medlem av Aktionsgruppen mot svensk atombomb (AMSA). Att Dagens Nyheter genom sin chefredaktör Herbert Tingsten förespråkade en svensk atombomb fick henne att 1958 säga upp sin tjänst på tidningen. Hon lät sig i stället värvas till *Vecko-Journalen*. Veckotidningens läsekrets kände redan hennes penna som *Käringen mot strömmen* – under den signaturen hade hon sedan 1942 skrivit kåserier som var mycket uppskattade och årligen gavs ut i bokform. \n\nBang arbetade vid sidan av journalistiken även under många år med en biografi över sin vän, mentor och extramamma [](Elin Wägner). Wägner hade vid sin död 1949 efterlämnat en önskan om att just Barbro Alving skulle författa hennes biografi. Det var ett projekt som skulle tynga Bang. Hon samlade mängder av material, men kunde aldrig samla sig till att skriva biografin. Först 1967 gav hon upp och överlämnade uppdraget till författarparet [](Ulla Isaksson) och Erik Hjalmar Linder. \n\nArbetet med biografin splittrade till viss del hennes journalistiska gärning, men hon lät det aldrig hindra henne från att rycka ut vid stora och så vitt skilda händelser i världen som kröningen av Elisabeth II i England 1953, Ungernrevolten 1956 och VM-matchen i boxning mellan Ingemar Johansson och Floyd Patterson 1959. Den senare blev en historisk text; en skribent som tog avstånd från boxning hade inte tidigare fått referera en match.\n\nBang var en engagerad person, både som journalist och samhällsmedborgare. Hon fördömde våld och förespråkade alltid kvinnors rätt. Hon omfattade Elin Wägners kvinnosyn – att ett framtida samhälle måste formas med hänsyn till alla människor, såväl barn som kvinnor och män. Hon var också en andlig sökare. Trots stor framgång både i yrket och som opinionsbildare led hon av en inre oro och ångest som krävde ett svar, en tro att vila i. Genom sin stora vänskap med författaren och översättaren [](Gunnel Vallquist) fann hon ett hem i den katolska kyrkan. Hon konverterade 1959. Den nya tron satte också avtryck i journalistiken. Hon reste bland annat till Rom och refererade det andra Vatikankonciliet, som pågick under början av 1960-talet.\n\nVid sidan av sitt skrivande var Bang en flitig radiomedarbetare. Sveriges Radio hade tidigt upptäckt hennes distinkta, mörka och uttrycksfulla röst. År 1960 fick hon ett eget radioprogram, ”Bang med skrivmaskin och grammofon”, där hon både berättade och reflekterade, roligt och allvarligt, varvat med musik. \n\nUnder det sena 1960-talet fångades hon av tidens vänstervindar. Hon blev medlem i Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna och blev en stark kritiker av Vietnamkriget,  vilket också blev det sista krig hon bevakade 1967. Då var hon delvis märkt av krämpor, och fick lyftas ur och i den helikopter som flög henne till krigshärdar. 1982 drabbades hon av stroke, med afasi som följd. Hon avled i januari 1987 och ligger begravd vid Ytterselö kyrka i Södermanland.\n\nBarbro Alving uppfyllde sin barndomsdröm och blev både genom sitt sätt att skriva och sitt mod att ta ställning en förebild för en ny generation kvinnliga reportrar.",
      "text_eng": "Barbro Alving, best known under the pseudonym Bang, was one of the first Swedish female war correspondents, as well as an active pacifist and supporter of women’s causes.\n\nBarbro Alving was born in Uppsala in 1909 as the youngest daughter of the author and columnist [](Fanny Alving) and lecturer and expert in Nordic languages Hjalmar Alving. When Barbro was eleven, the family moved to Stockholm and both she and her sister, Beat-Sofi (born 1907), were enrolled at the Whitlock co-educational school, where their father was director of studies. Already at a young age, Barbro began dreaming of a career as a roving reporter, travelling around the world, covering trouble spots and meeting the world’s biggest names.\n\nImmediately after graduating in 1928 Barbro got started on her career path by working unpaid at *Stockholms Dagblad*. She was given the pseudonym Bang, which she kept for the rest of her life. Just a few months later, she was recruited as subeditor for the weekly *Idun*, where she worked for three years. She contributed frequently to the journal under various pseudonyms. She was most appreciated for the short, well-constructed and humorous film reviews of current releases, which she wrote as “Miss Bio”.\n\nIn 1931 Barbro Alving travelled to Paris to spend a few months learning French. Bang, who had a great zest for life, not only familiarised herself with the French language but also with Paris’ nightlife. In the spring of 1932 she began to study French and political science at Stockholm College (later University) but never graduated. In 1934 she took on a temporary position at *Dagens Nyheter* and was subsequently offered a permanent post. Her first foreign assignment for the paper was to provide additional reporting during the Berlin Olympics in 1936. Her reports became widely discussed far beyond the *Dagens Nyheter* readership. With humour, sharp-sightedness and a keen eye for detail, Bang successfully captured both the popular and the Nazi regime political developments related to the Games. Her work on the Games made her one of the newspaper’s most highly regarded contributors.\n\nThe previous year Barbro Alving had made her first forays into active peace work. She began working with the author [](Elin Wägner), who organised the peace action “Ned med vapnen” (“lay down your arms”), which encouraged women to refuse to take shelter or accept gas masks. This was done in the hopes of persuading the governing male elite to stop the worldwide arms race. Through this action, Bang came into contact with Ellen Hörup, a Danish peace activist and anti-Nazi campaigner, who worked with the League of Nations in Geneva. Bang was offered a post as Hörup’s secretary, took leave from her job and travelled to Switzerland in the autumn of 1936, but only lasted there for a few weeks. She struggled with the bureaucratic side of her position and longed to return to journalism.\n\nBang then made her way to Paris and, on her own initiative, set off for the civil war in Spain. She managed to get to Madrid and observed the fighting raging in the outskirts. In several reports, she described the various phases of the war and their outcomes, and her descriptions not only aroused emotions but also stirred anti-Franco sentiments in Sweden. Her report from a mortuary in Madrid has been called “perhaps the most beautiful cry for peace that has been written in Swedish”. She thereby consolidated her position as war correspondent.\n\nBarbro Alving would soon claim yet another journalistic niche, that of royal correspondent for the likes of European royal weddings and coronations. No matter what area she was given to cover, she always performed with great ambition. She prepared meticulously, always arrived early, and took note of important as well as seemingly unimportant details. When she finally sat down to write her report, she was rarely satisfied until she had re-written it several times, sometimes as many as 20 times. She reported every event like a story and not infrequently came up with new words to draw her readers into the scenes she was describing.\n\nBarbro Alving’s career was paused in early 1938 as she gave birth to her daughter Ruffa, baptised as Maud Fanny, on 25 February. The father was *Dagens Nyheter* illustrator Birger Lundquist. He already had a family and Barbro decided to raise her daughter by herself. She became much talked about for this and the expression “Bang-baby” became a recognized term in the late 1930s for children who were brought up solely by their mothers.\n\nHowever, Barbro’s maternity leave was short-lived. In the autumn of 1938 she was sent to the continent to report, among other things, on how German troops were incorporating Czechoslovakia into the German state. Subsequently, she was asked to travel to Finland to cover the country’s negotiations with the Soviet Union, which culminated in the Finnish Winter War. This was her second war as a war correspondent and proved a real test given her avowed pacifism. She sympathized strongly with Finland in her reports – to such an extent that at one point the editorial board called her back to Stockholm because she was not fulfilling her obligation to remain neutral. Nevertheless, her reports, lively and touching as ever, were very favourably received and were used as advertisements in the search for new subscribers to *Dagens Nyheter*.\n\nDuring the Second World War Barbro Alving was also sent to Norway to cover Germany’s invasion in the spring of 1940. She subsequently tried, of her own accord, to go to London via New York, but she was unsuccessful and had to stay in America for several months.\n\nDuring the war years Bang got to know Loyse Sjöcrona, a Scanian noblewoman who worked as a registrar for the Swedish Dairy Association. They decided to live together and take on joint responsibility for Ruffa, and moved into Yrkeskvinnornas hus (the Career Women’s house) at Furusundsgatan 9.\n\nIn 1947 *Dagens Nyheter* sent Bang on a global reporting assignment. It happened to coincide with India’s declaration of independence and an armed revolt in Indonesia. She also visited Singapore, Hong Kong and China. While in Japan she wrote a much-discussed report on the victims of the Hiroshima atom bomb. She ended her travels in the United States of America.\n\nThe devastation caused by the atom bomb, particularly the human suffering and death, left a strong impression on Barbro. She became an even more fervently radical pacifist and when, in 1951, she was called up for a civil defence exercise, she refused to participate. This resulted in her being sentenced to a month in prison, which she served in January 1956. The judgement and period in prison led to headlines and Bang also reported on her time in prison.\n\nWhen it was suggested, a few years later, that Sweden should procure its own atomic bomb, Barbro took a strong position against this. She became a leading member of the Aktionsgruppen mot svensk atombomb (the Action Group Against Swedish Atomic Bombs). Because *Dagens Nyheter*’s chief-editor, Herbert Tingsten, was a proponent of the Swedish atom bomb, Barbro gave up her job at the paper in 1958. She was hired by *Vecko-Journalen* instead. The weekly’s readership had already met her writings under the name “Käringen mot strömmen” ("the unorthodox lady") – a pseudonym she had used since 1942 to write causerie-style articles, which were very well-liked and published annually in book form.\n\nBarbro Alving also spent many years working on a biography of her friend, mentor and second mother, Elin Wägner. Wägner had specifically requested at the time of her death in 1949 that Barbro Alving should pen her biography. It was a project that came to weigh on Bang. She amassed a lot of material but could never bring herself to write the biography. It was not until 1967 that she formally gave up the project and handed it over to the married authors [](Ulla Isaksson) and Erik Hjalmar Linder.\n\nThe biography project disrupted her journalistic work to some extent, but Barbro never allowed it to prevent her from rushing out to such major and varied global events as the coronation of Elizabeth II in England in 1953, the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 and the boxing world championship between Ingemar Johansson and Floyd Patterson in 1959. The latter became a historically significant text: never before had a writer who disassociated themselves from boxing been allowed to cover a fight.\n\nBarbro was a committed person, both as a journalist and as a member of society. She condemned violence and always promoted the rights of women. She embodied Wägner’s view that the society of the future must take all people into consideration, children as well as women and men. Barbro was also a spiritual seeker. Despite her great successes in both her career and as a maker of public opinion, she suffered from inner disquiet and anxiety and longed for an answer, a faith to find solace in. Through her great friendship with the author and translator [](Gunnel Vallquist) she found a home in the Catholic Church. Barbro converted in 1959. Her new faith also left its mark on her journalism, not least in her travel to Rome to report on the Second Vatican Council in the early 1960s.\n\nFurther to her writing, Barbro Alving was a diligent contributor to Sveriges Radio, which valued her distinct, dark and expressive voice. In 1960 she got her own radio programme, “Bang with a typewriter and a record-player”, in which she both regaled and reflected, humorously and seriously, as well as played music.\n\nDuring the late 1960s she got caught up in the leftist trends of the times. She became a member of Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna (the Swedish left-wing communist party) and became a strong critic of the Vietnam War, which was also the last war she covered in 1967. At the time she was suffering from cramps and had to be lifted in and out of the helicopter which flew her to the warzones. In 1982 she suffered a stroke which was followed by aphasia. She died in January 1987 and is buried by Ytterselö church in Södermanland.",
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              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.195363",
              "lon": "17.625689"
            },
            "place": "Södertälje"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elin Améen. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons",
          "description_eng": "Elin Améen. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2017-10-18_105152.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1827-08-14",
            "date": "1827-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-03-02",
            "date": "1903-03-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Vilhelmina Julia Hildegard",
          "lastname": "Juhlin-Dannfelt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1811-09-11",
            "date": "1811-09-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1898-04-24",
            "date": "1898-04-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Georg Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Améen",
          "occupation": "Ämbetsman, boktryckare, tidningsutgivare, generalpostdirektör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1849",
            "date": "1849"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "firstname": "Malte",
          "lastname": "Améen",
          "occupation": "Diplomat, generalkonsul",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856",
            "date": "1856"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Oskar Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Améen",
          "occupation": "Kapten",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Georg F Ameen', urn:sbl:5738, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av K. Warburg.) (Hämtad 2017-10-18)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=5738"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hildebrand, Albin & Leijonhufvud, Sigrid (red.), *Svenskt porträttgalleri. 15, Författare*, Tullberg, Stockholm, 1900",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Heggestad, Eva, *Fången och fri: 1880-talets svenska kvinnliga författare om hemmet, yrkeslivet och konstnärskapet = [Captive and free] : [Swedish women writers of the 1880's on the home, working life, and artistry]*, Avd. för litteratursociologi vid Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen, Univ., Diss. Uppsala : Univ., Uppsala, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Elin Améen hörde till 1880-talets kvinnliga författargeneration med ett tiotal publicerade\nverk, främst i novellform.\n\nElin Améen föddes 1852 i Karlskrona där hennes far, den kände ämbetsmannen, publicisten\noch sedermera generalpostdirektören Georg Améen, var hemmahörande och verkade. Han\ngav i Karlskrona ut den liberala tidningen *Najaden* 1838–1852. Då fadern fick nya\narbetsuppgifter inom det offentliga livet, sjöförsvaret och generalpoststyrelsen, flyttade\nfamiljen redan 1853 till Stockholm. Från och med 1860-talet var Georg Améen verksam som\npostdirektör i Göteborg. Efter hans avsked 1876 flyttade familjen 1878 till Södertälje. Fadern\navled 1898 i Stockholm och därefter levde Elin Améen i huvudstaden tillsammans med sin\nmor Vilhelmina fram till dennas bortgång 1903. De sista tio åren var Elin Améen\nensamstående och kämpade med en svag hälsa, som hon lidit av hela livet.\n\nElin Améen debuterade 1885 på Albert Bonniers Förlag med *Träldom och andra berättelser och skisser*. Utgåvan fick ingen större publikframgång och blev en förlustaffär för Bonniers,\nenligt brev från Albert Bonnier till författaren. Titelnovellen handlar om en fattig och\nföräldralös ung kvinna, som i brist på pengar och utbildning tvingas tjänstgöra som\nsällskapsdam åt en äldre dam. Hon drömmer om att resa till Paris, men lånar ut sitt sparkapital\ntill en bror som hamnat i knipa, och lyckas inte bryta sig loss ur sin träldom. I samma samling\nfinns den tidstypiska novellen, ”Konstnärinna och qvinna”, som speglar drömmen om att\nförena kärlek och konstnärskap.\n\nDen skönlitterära debuten måste trots den försäljningsmässiga motgången ändå ha gjort\nintryck, eftersom den drygt trettioåriga Elin Améen blev så pass accepterad i Stockholms\nkulturliv att hon 1886 invaldes i den nyinrättade kvinnoföreningen Sällskapet Nya Idun. De\nförsta medlemmarna i detta sällskap var bland andra de i sin samtid bekanta [](Alfhild Agrell), [](Amanda Kerfstedt), [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469), [Mathilda Roos](000000010676400X) och [](Anna Whitlock). Elin Améen inlemmades här bland huvudstadens mer bemärkta kvinnor. Det skulle dock dröja till 1891 innan hon lämnade något större arbete till tryckpressarna igen. Denna gång blev det hos förläggaren Per Huldberg som hon publicerade *Lifsmål*, också detta berättelser och skisser.\n\nÅr 1891 publicerade Elin Améen novellen ”Befriad” i tidningen *Ur dagens krönika*, och den\nkom även att ingå i samlingen *Lifsmål* samma år. Novellen recenserades i den engelska\ntidskriften *Review of Reviews*. Den uppburna amerikanska skådespelerskan Elizabeth Robins\nläste recensionen och blev så intresserad att hon lät översätta och dramatisera novellen under\ntiteln *Alan’s Wife*. När pjäsen sattes upp 1893 på The Independent Theatre i London\nspelade Elizabeth Robins själv huvudrollen. Elin Améen översatte därefter pjäsen till svenska\noch kallade den en ”dramatisk studie efter en skiss”. Dramat publicerades 1895 i Bonniers teaterbibliotek under titeln *En moder*, men först 1903 fick pjäsen svensk premiär på\nKungliga Dramatiska Teatern i Stockholm. Pjäsen är en dyster historia om en arbetarfamiljs\nöde. En arbetarkvinna mister sin make i en arbetsplatsolycka, och när hon därefter har fött\nderas barn visar det sig att sonen är svårt handikappad. I sin förtvivlan kväver hon det lilla\nbarnet, erkänner sitt brott och hamnar i fängelse.\n\nI Iduns romanbibliotek 1893 utkom Elin Améens berättelse *Frihet*. *"Bergtagen" och\nandra berättelser och skisser* utkom 1898 hos Beijers förlag. Förlagsbytena tyder på att Elin Améen inte fick något starkare fäste på bokmarknaden. *Margareta*, 1912, utgavs som 25-öresbok av Nordiska förlaget. Samma förlag utgav även *En sommardröm* i sin 10-öresserie och *En sommarsaga* samma år. Berättelserna *Grevinnan Dora* och *Skilsmässa* utgavs 1914 som 25-öresböcker, även de på Nordiska förlaget, och ingick i förlagets dambibliotek. Författarskapet övergick således successivt till mindre prestigeladdade förlag och ingick så småningom närmast i det populära kretsloppet.\n\nElin Améen skrev under signaturerna E.A., Elisa, Lina och M-n då hon publicerade sig flitigt i\nolika tidningar och tidskrifter, exempelvis strövis i *Dagny*, *Förr och nu*, *Idun*,\n*Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*, *Stockholms Dagblad*, *Vårt Land* och\n*Svenska familj-journalen*. Hur omfattande denna verksamhet var är svårt att få ett samlat\ngrepp om. Men troligen bidrog hennes författarskap i skilda publikationsfora i viss mån till\ndet lilla hushållets ekonomi.\n\nI ett urval noveller av det moderna genombrottets kvinnor betitlad *Synd* och utgiven 1993\nav Birgitta Ney, ingick Elin Améen med debutnovellen "Träldom" i sällskap med Alfhild Agrell,\nAnne Charlotte Leffler, Amanda Kerfstedt, [Mathilda Malling](0000 0000 5194 8599), [](Victoria Benedictsson) och [](Hilma Angered-Strandberg). I detta sammanhang hörde hon hemma, trots att hon inte fick något större publikt genomslag eller uppnådde högre status som författare i sin samtid.\n\nElin Améen dog i Stockholm 1913.",
      "text_eng": "Elin Améen belongs to the generation of female authors writing in the 1880s. She released about ten publications, with a focus on novellas. \n\nElin Améen was born in Karlskrona in 1852. Her father, Georg Améen, hailed from the town and was a well-known functionary. He was the publisher of *Najaden*, a liberal newspaper, from 1838 to 1852. When Georg Améen was appointed new roles within the naval defence service and the general postal service in 1853 the family moved to Stockholm. From 1860 onwards Georg Améen served as the director of the post office in Gothenburg, and following his retirement in 1876 the family moved to Södertälje in 1878. Georg Améen died in Stockholm in 1898, and his daughter Elin Améen and his widow Vilhelmina remained there until the latter died in 1903. Elin Améen spent the last ten years of her life alone, struggling with the poor health she had suffered throughout her life.\n\nElin Améen’s first book, entitled *Träldom och andra berättelser och skisser*, was released by Albert Bonnier publishers in 1885. It comprised a number of sketches and stories. She had no major public success with it and the publication was actually a financial loss for Bonnier, according to a letter from Albert Bonnier to the author. The novella “Träldom” tells the story of a poor and orphaned young woman who, due to being penniless and uneducated, is forced to work as a companion for an elderly lady. She dreams of travelling to Paris but lends her savings to her brother to get him out of trouble, and is then unable to break free from servitude. The collection also includes “Konstnärinna och qvinna”, a novella typical of its era, reflecting the dream of unifying love and artistic expression.\n\nDespite its poor sales, this debute must have made some kind of impact because Elin Améen, then just 30 years old, was accepted into Stockholm’s cultural elite. In 1886 she was elected into the Nya Idun society, a newly established women’s association. The earliest members of the society included [](Alfhild Agrell), [](Amanda Kerfstedt), [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469), [Mathilda Roos](000000010676400X) and [](Anna Whitlock). Elin Améen thus became incorporated among the better-known women of Stockholm. However, it was not until 1891 that she had another piece of work published. This time she chose Per Huldberg as the publisher for *Lifsmål*, which also was a compilation of stories and sketches.\n\nIn 1891 Elin Améen published the novella “Befriad” in the newspaper *Ur dagens krönika*. It was also included in *Lifsmål*. A review of the novella was published in the British magazine *Review of Reviews*. The esteemed American actress Elizabeth Robins read the review and became so enthused with it that she had it translated and dramatized. Elizabeth Robins played the title role in the resulting play *Alan’s Wife*, which was performed at The Independent Theatre in London in 1893. Elin Améen then translated the play into Swedish and called it a “dramatic study of a sketch”. The play, entitled *En Moder*, was published in 1895 by Bonnier as part of their theatre library, but it was not until 1903 that the play premiered at Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern in Stockholm. The play tells the gloomy tale of a working-class family, where the woman loses her husband in a work accident, and subsequently gives birth to a son who is severely handicapped. In desperation she smothers the new-born, and is then imprisoned after admitting her deed.\n\nElin Améen’s story *Frihet* was included in *Iduns romanbibliotek* of 1893, and her book *“Bergtagen” och andra berättelser* was released by Beijer publishers in 1898. The fact that she changed publisher implies that Elin Améen was unable to take hold on the book market. *Margareta*, 1912, was published as a 25 öre book by Nordiska förlaget, who also released *En sommardröm* in its 10 öre series, as well as *En sommarsaga* in the same year. *Grevinnan Dora* and *Skilsmässa* were published in 1914 as 25 öre books, also by Nordiska förlaget, as part of their ladies’ library. Elin Améen’s writings thus gradually moved to less prestigious publishing houses and came to be included in the popular circuit.\n\nWhen writing for various newspapers and journals, such as *Dagny*, *Förr och nu*, *Idun*, *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*, *Stockholms Dagblad*, *Vårt Land*, and *Svenska familj-journalen* Elin Améen published under the names E.A., Elisa, Lina and M-n. It is difficult to get a complete picture of just how comprehensive this output was, but Elin Améen’s writings probably served to contribute somewhat to the family earnings.\n\nElin Améen’s first novella “Träldom” was included in Birgitta Ney’s compilation of modern breakthrough female writers entitled *Synd*, 1993. *Synd* also included works by Alfhild Agrell, Anne Charlotte Leffler, Amanda Kerfstedt, [Mathilda Malling](0000 0000 5194 8599), [](Victoria Benedictsson) and [](Hilma Angered-Strandberg). Although Elin Améen never had a major public breakthrough or attained an exalted status as author during her lifetime, it is still appropriate to identify her as belonging to this group.\n\nElin Améen died in Stockholm in 1913.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ElinAmeen",
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        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Södertälje|59.195363|17.625689",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Karlskrona|56.161224|15.5869"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "68509314"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Åshede"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Olle",
          "lastname": "Hjortzberg",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ingrid",
          "lastname": "af Ström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Sundström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Göta",
          "lastname": "Trägårdh",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "institution": "Edward Berggrens och Gottfrid Larssons Konstskola, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
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          "institution": "Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konststudier i Frankrike, Italien och Nordafrika",
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Almgren-Johansson, Anna, ’Sigrid Aminoff’ [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1994-10-17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Svensk-finländsk debut som dekorationsmålare’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1951-11-09",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1 Abbe-Dahlander, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Artists"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2022-08-08T11:43:11",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 89,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1904-09-06",
            "date": "1904-09-06"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hedvig Eleonora församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1994-06-18",
            "date": "1994-06-18"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscars församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Sigrid/ Eva Gabriella",
        "lastname": "Aminoff",
        "sortname": "Aminoff"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa)",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
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          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 61.924109,
              "lon": 25.748151
            },
            "place": "Finland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1994",
            "date": "1994"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-27",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-09-21",
            "date": "1868-09-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-12-15",
            "date": "1964-12-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Siri Eleonora Karolina",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa), född Wallenberg",
          "occupation": "Grevinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-02-10",
            "date": "1859-02-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-03-10",
            "date": "1913-03-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Carl Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa)",
          "occupation": "Greve, överste, militärattaché",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-08-28",
            "date": "1883-08-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-05-23",
            "date": "1918-05-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gustaf Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa)",
          "occupation": "Löjtnant",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896-10-22",
            "date": "1896-10-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-10-04",
            "date": "1991-10-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta Gabriella",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa), gift Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-08-28",
            "date": "1899-08-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-07-18",
            "date": "1995-07-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna (af Korsholm och Wasa )",
          "occupation": "Greve, kommendör, försvarsattaché",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-09-14",
            "date": "1904-09-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1968-03-12",
            "date": "1968-03-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Oscar Adolf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "lastname": "Aminoff",
          "occupation": "Godsägare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1934-06-09",
            "date": "1934-06-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Antonia Sofia Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Aminoff, gift Hackman",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Aminoff, Sigrid, Kairo från Svenska Ambassaden. Moderna museet (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "https://sis.modernamuseet.se/objects/10033/kairo-fran-svenska-ambassaden?ctx=6bee89a1d0bec5797f5dd0f3383ae7bb8e5d461e&idx=0"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordenankar, Agneta, ’60 år med Sigrid Aminoff. Doft och färg från avlägsna landskap’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1992-12-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=19492"
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      "text": "Sigrid Aminoff var konstnär. Hon målade stilleben, porträtt av nära anhöriga och landskap i olja eller akryl.\n\nSigrid Eva Gabriella Aminoff föddes 1904 i Stockholm. Fadern var greve Erik Oxenstierna af Korsholm och Wasa. Modern Siri, född Wallenberg, fick tillsammans med maken villan Sirishov på Djurgården i lysningspresent av sin pappa. Namnet hade villan fått av en förutvarande ägare, överkammarherren Sten Abraham Piper, som uppkallade sommarvillan efter sin favoritmops Siri.\n\nSigrid Aminoff växte upp tillsammans med sina syskon Johan Gabriel och Margaretha på Sirishov med kokerska, husa, betjänt, kusk och hästar. De sistnämnda blev återkommande motiv i Sigrid Aminoffs fulla ritblock. Syskonen paddlade ibland över Djurgårdsviken till en simstadion som byggts till Stockholmsolympiaden 1912. Fadern var ansvarig för ryttartävlingarna under olympiaden och Sigrid Aminoff och Johan Gabriel var ofta på Stadion och såg tävlingarna.\n\nMatlagningskurser och pianospel visade sig inte vara något för Sigrid Aminoff. På något sätt togs det för givet att hon skulle bli konstnär och 1921 började hon på Edward Berggrens och Gottfrid Larssons Konstskola i Stockholm. Därefter studerade hon på Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (nuvarande Konstakademien) mellan 1925 och 1930. Som lärare hade hon först Oscar Björk, men hon övergick till att studera dekorativt måleri som monumentalmålning och teaterscenografi för Olle Hjortzberg. Han blev inspiratör i hennes fortsatta målande. Evert Lundqvist, Olle Nyman, Sven Erik Skawonius och [](Göta Trägårdh) var några av kurskamraterna.\n\n1930 reste Sigrid Aminoff till Paris för att studera och där träffade hon sin blivande man, Hans Aminoff. De gifte sig 1933 och flyttade till Finland där maken hade ett gods i Pekkala. Tillsammans fick de dottern Antonia 1934, men äktenskapet varade bara sex år. Sigrid Aminoff stannade kvar i Finland och under finska vinterkriget gjorde hon tillsammans med andra kvinnor stora hjälpinsatser för det nödlidande folket.\n\nEfter kriget var hon tillbaka i Stockholm och ägnade sig helt åt sitt konstnärskap. Då hade hon haft sin första utställning i Florens 1938 och en i Helsingfors året efter. På hemmaplan i Sverige hade hon sin första utställning våren 1940 på Galerie Moderne. Där visade hon oljemålningar av ståtliga italienska trädgårdar och figurmålningar. En barnbild var målad ”med värme” medan det mesta ”präglades av en säker och vederhäftig realism som är lite sval och reserverad”.\n\nSigrid Aminoff hade fler strängar på sin lyra. Under tiden i Finland var hon fårägare och stod för scenografin vid en teateruppsättning i Åbo, tillbaka i Sverige gjorde hon gardinarrangemang för mattaffären Nessims, och längre fram engagerade hon sig i hjälparbete för Ungerns folk. Inspirerad av Hjortzberg utförde hon en triptyk till Hägerstads nya kyrka 1930. Mittbilden föreställer Jesus i Betania, på vänsterdörrens insida finns en ängel med tio Guds bud och på den högra en ängel bärande ett kors. Till Horns kyrka målade hon en altartavla som sattes upp 1951.\n\nI slutet av 1940-talet köpte Sigrid Aminoff tillsammans med vännerna Göta Trägårdh och Elisabeth Sundström en gammal gård i Ranarpsstrand. Med hjälp av lokala hantverkare rustade de upp Hovaldsgården för att ha som sommarboende för de tre familjerna.\n\n1958 medverkade Sigrid Aminoff i utställningen God konst i alla hem på Galleri Brinken i Stockholm. Där fick hennes alster lovorden ”några enkla med stor innerlighet målade arbeten”. I januari året efter hade hon en separatutställning på samma galleri och visade då gouacher från Sydafrika, teckningar och landskap. En målning visar Djurgården med grönska och vatten och här ”har liksom ljuset själv fått modellera formen”. Recensenten Torsten Bergmark i *Dagens Nyheter* ger den betyget ”en väl sammanhållen bild med rent klingande färg”.\n\nSigrid Aminoff reste mycket och köpte gärna med sig gamla krukor, flaskor och pottor hem. De blev till motiv i hennes stilleben tillsammans med frukter, en kaffekvarn och andra vardagsföremål. Hon avbildade kakelugnar, en trädgårdsstol, interiörer och figurbilder. Själv såg hon sig inte som en porträttmålare. Hon ville bara avbilda nära anhöriga som hon kände väl.\n\nRedan på 1920-talet besökte hon Egypten med sin mor och sina syskon. Hon blev betagen av landet och 1964 gjorde hon under en ny resa en rad skisser som sedan målades till egyptiska tavlor. Dessa visades i Kalmar.\n\nI slutet av samma år avled hennes mor, som ärvt Sirishov och haft villan som permanentboende sedan makens död många år tidigare. Nu stod Sigrid Aminoff som arvtagare till villan. När hon röjde bland moderns kläder upptäckte hon att eleganta damtoaletter, från sen empire fram till 1930-talets början, fanns sparade på vind och i källare. Dem lät Sigrid Aminoff visa upp i en stor artikel i *Dagens Nyheter*. Hon flyttade in i sitt nedslitna barndomshem och lät rusta upp det för arvspengarna. I ett annex kallat Stallet hade hon sin ateljé under vinterhalvåret men på sommaren målade hon ute eller i matsalen, där vita skärmar satts in för att få bättre ljus. Förmiddagarna ägnade hon åt målning och sedan blev det arbete i trädgården så länge hon orkade med detta.\n\nPå 1970-talet flyttade nära släktingar in på Sirishov men Sigrid Aminoff fortsatte disponera nedervåningen. Hon målade och ställde ut. De Unga och Galerie S:t Nikolaus visade hennes oljemålningar, teckningar och akvareller och 1992 var det dags för Galerie Connaisseur i Stockholm. Där kunde publiken bland annat bese fång med solrosor, klassiskt vackra krukor på stilleben och ett landskap med utsikt över Djurgårdsbrunnsviken i rosa morgondis. Här fanns också avlägsna landskap från resorna till Toscana, Spanien och Egypten, de flesta målade under sent 1980-tal och 1990-talet.\n\nÅr 1989 såldes Sirishov slutligen till Sigrid Aminoffs dotterdotter, men själv disponerade hon delar av huset fram till sin död. Hon är representerad med tavlan *Mor Och Barn* i akvatint på Kalmar museum.\n\nSigrid Aminoff avled 1994 i en ålder av 90 år.",
      "text_eng": "Sigrid Aminoff was an artist. She painted still lifes, portraits of close relatives and landscapes in oils and acrylic. \n\nSigrid Eva Gabriella Aminoff was born in 1904 in Stockholm. Her father was Count Erik Oxenstierna af Korsholm och Wasa. Her mother Siri, née Wallenberg, and her husband were given their villa Sirishov on Djurgården as a wedding present from her father. The villa had been named by its previous owner, the aristocrat Sten Abraham Piper, after his favourite pug, Siri.\n \nSigrid Aminoff grew up with her siblings Johan Gabriel and Margaretha at Sirishov. They had a cook, maidservant, manservant, coachman and horses. The latter became a recurrent motif in Sigrid Aminoff’s full drawing pad. The siblings used to paddle over Djurgårdsviken sometimes to a swimming stadium that had been constructed for the Stockholm Olympic Games in 1912. Their father was responsible for the riding competitions during the Olympics and Sigrid and Johan Gabriel Aminoff were often at the Stadium to watch the competitions. \n\nCookery courses and piano lessons turned out not to be Sigrid Aminoff’s cup of tea. In some way, it was taken for granted that she was to be an artist and in 1921 she started at the art school Edward Berggrens och Gottfrid Larssons Konstskola in Stockholm. After that she studied at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in 1925–1930. Her first teacher was Oscar Björk, but she continued on to study decorative painting, monumental painting and theatre scenography with Olle Hjortzberg. He inspired her to continue painting. Evert Lundqvist, Olle Nyman, Sven Erik Skawonius and [](Göta Trägårdh) were some of her course comrades. \n\nIn 1930, Sigrid Aminoff travelled to Paris to study and there she met her husband-to-be, Hans Aminoff. They were married in 1933 and moved to Finland where her husband had a manor estate in Pekkala. Their daughter Antonia was born in 1934, but the marriage only lasted six years. Sigrid Aminoff remained in Finland and during the Finnish winter war she and other women made great efforts to help the suffering population. \n\nAfter the war, she returned to Stockholm and dedicated herself to her work as an artist. She had had her first exhibition in Florence in 1938 and one in Helsinki the year after. Back home in Sweden, she had her first exhibition in the spring of 1940 at Galerie Moderne. There she showed oil paintings of stately Italian gardens and figure painting. One picture of a child was painted “with warmth” while most pieces “were characterised by a sure and credible realism that is slightly cool and reserved”.\n \nSigrid Aminoff had several strings to her bow. During her time in Finland, she was a sheep owner and stood for the scenography of a theatre production in Åbo, and well back in Sweden, she made the curtain arrangements for the carpet shop Nessims. Later on, she was involved in aid work for the Hungarian people. Inspired by Hjortzberg, she created a triptych for Hägerstad’s new church in 1930. The central picture shows Jesus in Bethany, on the left is an angel with the ten commandments and on the right an angel bearing a cross. For Horn Church she painted an altarpiece that was put up in 1951.\n \nIn the late 1940s, Sigrid Aminoff and her friends Göta Trägårdh and Elisabeth Sundström purchased an old farm in Ranarpsstrand. With the assistance of local artisans, they equipped Hovaldsgården to have as a summer residence for their three families. \n\nIn 1958, Sigrid Aminoff participated in the exhibition God konst i alla hem at Galleri Brinken in Stockholm. There, her works received the praise “some simple painted pieces but with great sincerity”. \n\nIn January the following year, she had a separate exhibition at the same gallery and showed gouaches from South Africa, drawings and landscapes. One painting shows Djurgården with greenery and water and here “the light has itself sort of been allowed to mould the forms”. The critic Torsten Bergmark from the major daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter* gives it the testimonial “a well-composed picture with pure ringing colours”.\n \nSigrid Aminoff travelled a good deal and loved bringing old pots, bottles and chamber pots home with her. They became motifs in her still lifes along with fruits, a coffee grinder and other everyday objects. She painted tiled stoves, a garden chair, interiors and human models. She saw herself as a portrait painter. She only wanted to portray close relatives whom she knew well. \n\nShe visited Egypt as early as the 1920s, with her mother and siblings. She was enamoured of the country and in 1964 during a new trip she made a number of sketches that were later painted to become Egyptian pictures. These were shown in Kalmar.\n \nHer mother died at the end of that same year. She had inherited Sirishov and had it as her permanent home since her husband’s death many years earlier. Now Sigrid Aminoff was the heir to the villa. When she was sorting her mother’s clothes, she discovered elegant ladies’ outfits from late empire until the beginning of the 1930s, saved in the attic and cellar. Sigrid Aminoff allowed them to be displayed in a big article in *Dagens Nyheter*. She moved to her shabby childhood home and had it renovated for her inheritance money. In an annex called Stallet she had her atelier during the winter months but in the summers she painted out of doors or in the dining room, where white screens were installed to provide better light. The mornings were spent in painting and later she worked in the garden as long as she had the strength for that. \n\nIn the 1970s, close relatives moved into Sirishov but Sigrid Aminoff continued to have the use of the ground floor. She painted and had exhibitions. De Unga and Galerie St Nikolaus showed her oil paintings, drawings and water colours, and in 1992 it was time for Galerie Connaisseur in Stockholm. There the public could see among other things armfuls of sunflowers, classically beautiful pots in still lifes and a landscape with a view over Djurgårdsbrunnsviken in a pink morning mist. There were distant landscapes from her travels to Tuscany, Spain and Egypt, of which most were painted in the late 1980s and the 1990s.\n \nIn 1989, Sirishov was finally sold to Sigrid Aminoff’s maternal granddaughter, but she herself retained parts of the house at her disposal until her death. She is represented by the picture *Mor Och Barn* in aquatint in the Kalmar museum. \n\nSigrid Aminoff died in 1994 at 90 years of age.",
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          "description": "Kerstin Anckers i arbete på Bonniers, 1960. Foto: Herbert Lindgren (1919-1987). Stockholms stadsmuseum, Fg 8834",
          "description_eng": "Kerstin Anckers at work at Bonniers, 1960. Photo: Herbert Lindgren (1919-1987). Stockholm City Museum, Fg 8834",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anckers_Kerstin.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-24",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1897-03-21",
            "date": "1897-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974-04-25",
            "date": "1974-04-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Anckers, född Boije af Gennäs",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894-10-10",
            "date": "1894-10-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938-09-05",
            "date": "1938-09-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Johan Herman",
          "lastname": "Anckers",
          "occupation": "Ingenjör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-04-23",
            "date": "1924-04-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-06-25",
            "date": "1990-06-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Sten Axel, kallad Nicke,",
          "lastname": "Anckers",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Per",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "lastname": "Lundahl",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1965-07-09",
            "date": "1965-07-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sara Kristina",
          "lastname": "Lundahl",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Kerstin Anckers', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstin_Anckers"
        },
        {
          "description": "Inscriptorum (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.inscriptorum.com/kontakta-oss/img_6302/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kerstin Anckers finns inte längre bland oss. Stockholms typografiska gille (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://stockholmstypografiskagille.se/kalligrafi/kerstin-anckers-finns-inte-langre-bland-oss/"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Dagens Nyheter*, 1965-12-11, 1975-01-12, 1981-12-10, 1986-11-29, 1988-01-30, 1990-02-17, 1990-10-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gram, Magdalena, 'Kerstin Anckers och skrivkonsten', *Biblis*, 64, 2013/2014, s. 8-23 (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://biblis.se/digitalt-arkiv/biblis-64/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karlsson, Mats, 'Skrivstilen som havererade', *Språktidningen*, 2009:2 (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://spraktidningen.se/artiklar/2009/04/skrivstilen-som-havererade"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindgren, Petter, 'Moderna skrivstilens skapare är död', *Aftonbladet*, 2012-12-12 (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.aftonbladet.se/a/7lRPp4?refpartner=link_copy_app_share"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kerstin Anckers har gått bort. Kalligrafi.com (Hämtad 2021-03-24)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.kalligrafi.com/2012/11/kerstin-anckers-har-gatt-bort/"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 1992-07-20",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Kalligraf, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Calligrapher, school founder",
      "text": "Kerstin Anckers var kalligraf och en av grundarna till Skrivskolan. Hon står bakom många texter på Nobeldiplomen och anlitades av Skolöverstyrelsen för att ta fram en ny skrivstil.\n\nKerstin Anckers föddes 1931 i Stockholm. Hennes föräldrar var Nils och Märta Anckers och hon hade en äldre bror. I övre tonåren tecknade hon kroki för Otte Sköld och gick kurser i akvarellmåleri. År 1949, vid 18 års ålder, började hon på Konstfackskolan (nuvarande Konstfack). Tanken var att utbilda sig till teckningslärare men en av hennes lärare, kalligrafen Karl-Erik Forsberg, ledde henne in på andra banor. Redan under tiden på Konstfackskolan fick hon extraarbete som skrivare på Utrikesdepartementets ceremonibyrå där hon bland annat skrev diplomatpass. Från hovet fick hon 1950 uppdraget att på pergament texta meddelanden om Gustaf V:s död. Dessa skickades sedan till flera europeiska monarker.\n\nDå hon fyllde 21 år och blev myndig flyttade hon till Wien, Österrike, för att bli kalligraf och bokstavskonstnär. Hon gick ett år på Höhere Graphische Bundes-Lehr- und Versuchanstalt och kom sedan in på den prestigefyllda Allgemeine Gewerbeschule i Basel. Där bedrev hon sina studier efter ett för henne speciellt uppgjort schema av Armin Hofmann, som var grafisk formgivare. Andra lärare var typografen och designern Emil Ruder och Théo Ballmer, professor och fotograf. Väl tillbaka i Sverige 1954 fick hon många uppdrag som formgivare av texter till bokomslag. Mellan åren 1957 till 1973 var Kerstin Anckers gift med Per Lundahl och kallade sig då Anckers-Lundahl. Tillsammans fick de dottern Sara Kristina 1965. En tid arbetade Kerstin Anckers på Bonniers förlags konstnärliga avdelning och blev då den första kvinnliga bokformgivaren anställd av ett förlag. Under sina verksamma år var Kerstin Anckers produktiv och gjorde texter till exlibris, visit- och inbjudningskort, märken och julkort. Hon kalligraferade monogram, handstämplar och diplom, arbetade för Nordiska rådet, riksdagen, Statsrådsberedningen, Svenska Akademien, Vetenskapsakademiens Nobelkommitté, museer och andra kulturinstitutioner.\n\nKerstin Anckers är kanske mest känd för de många Nobeldiplom hon kalligraferade 1962 till 1988. Hon skrev då med bredpenna på mattslipat kalvpergament från England och valde själv vilket typsnitt hon skulle använda. Ofta arbetade hon tillsammans med konstnären Gunnar Brusewitz som målade bilderna till diplomen.\n\nKerstin Anckers engagerades 1971 av Skolöverstyrelsen, SÖ, för att ta fram en ny handskriftsförlaga till den svenska grundskolan. Arbetet var slutfört och infördes 1975. Resultatet, som kallades SÖ-stilen, blev ”en vacker tidlös cancellaresca corsiva” som var anpassad till tidens krav på att vara lättläst och lätt att skriva. Införandet var dock kontroversiellt då många lärare inte tyckte sig ha fått tillräcklig information av SÖ inför reformen. Kerstin Anckers själv hade fem förslag om hur situationen skulle räddas, bland annat att först av allt motivera lärarna och att separera läs- och skrivundervisningen. Skolöverstyrelsen plockade bort skrivstilsobligatoriet 1985.\n\nKerstin Anckers gick i början av 1970-talet med i Stockholms Typografiska Gille. Det hade då bara varit möjligt under ett par år för kvinnor att bli medlemmar och hon var en av de första. Mellan 1974 och 1979 var hon som första kvinna ordförande i Gillet och senare hade hon andra uppdrag, till exempel som kalasfurste och som sammankallande i en utställningsgrupp. 1974 medverkade hon också vid utställningen En bokstav ett skrivet ljud på Karby Gård i Täby tillsammans med sin gamle lärare Karl-Erik Forsberg, Lars Laurentii och Annika Rückers, alla kalligrafer.\n\nEn rad andra utställningar följde. På Galleri Ordfront ställde Kerstin Anckers ut kalligrafi 1986 och två år senare visade de fem formgivarna Tom Hultgren, Johan Ström, Bo Berndal, Örjan Nordling och som enda kvinna Kerstin Anckers sina ”hemliga typsnitt”. Efter att ha undervisat på Konstfack, Beckmans Designhögskola och Ordfront startade Kerstin Anckers 1988 en egen kursverksamhet, Skrivskolan. Hon drev den tillsammans med kollegor och man höll kurser i kalligrafi, handstilsvård, bokstavsteckning och förgyllning. 1995 omvandlades skolan till Kalligrafiska kretsen, en ideell intresseförening som än idag (2020) är verksam via FaceBook. Kerstin Anckers delade också med sig av sina kunskaper i *En liten tablå över alfabetets historia*, 1986. Hon skrev och kalligraferade även läroboken *Från A till Ö*, 1992, som tar upp textning, handstil och kalligrafi och är helt och hållet handskriven. Denna bok illustrerades av Mona Gordon. *8 skrifter* utkom 2001 och behandlade det latinska alfabetets historia.\n\nUnder 1990-talet medverkade Kerstin Anckers i fler utställningar. På Röhsska museet i Göteborg stod hon för bokstaven E i Kråkfötter och Krusiduller, på det typografiska Galleri Hålet i Stockholm visade hon bokstaven D i sju olika versioner och på kalligrafigalleriet Flora & Lettera hade hon en utställning tillsammans med typografen och formgivaren Bo Berndal.\nÅr 2000 tilldelades Kerstin Anckers som första kvinna Berlingpriset. Detta instiftades 1989 av Karl-Erik Forsberg som själv formgivit typsnittet Berling antikva (1951), det internationellt mest spridda och uppmärksammade svenska typsnittet. Priset delas årligen ut till en ”framstående svensk formgivare för föredömlig formgivning, teknisk skicklighet och utmärkt bokstavsbehandling”.\n\nKerstin Anckers avled 2012 i en ålder av 81 år. Hennes gravsten är utförd i engelsk grön skiffer med hennes egen symbol och kalligraferade namn, allt enligt hennes eget önskemål.",
      "text_eng": "Kerstin Anckers was a calligrapher and one of the founders of the school of calligraphy in Stockholm called Skrivskolan. She is the person behind many texts on Nobel diplomas and was entrusted by the Skolöverstyrelsen with the task of developing a new style of cursive script. \n\nKerstin Anckers was born in 1931 in Stockholm. Her parents were Märta and Nils Anckers and she had one older brother. In her upper teens she drew croquis for Otte Sköld and attended courses in watercolour painting. In 1949, at the age of 18, she started attending the art academy Konstfackskolan (now Konstfack). The idea was to train as a drawing teacher but one of her teachers, the calligrapher Karl-Erik Forsberg, led her onto another path. As early as her time at Konstfackskolan, she accepted extra work as a scribe at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs where she wrote passports for diplomats among other things. From the court in 1950, she received the assignment of printing messages on parchment on the death of Gustaf V. These were then sent to several European monarchs.\n \nWhen she turned 21 years of age, she attained her majority and moved to Vienna to be a calligrapher and letter artist. She attended the Höhere Graphische Bundes-Lehr- und Versuchanstalt for one year and then was accepted by the prestigious Allgemeine Gewerbeschule in Basel. There she carried out her studies following a timetable that was especially planned for her by Armin Hofmann, who was a graphic designer. Other teachers were the typographer and designer Emil Ruder and Théo Ballmer, professor and photographer. Once back in Sweden in 1954, she was given many assignments as a designer of texts for book covers. \n\nBetween 1957 and 1973, Kerstin Anckers was married to Per Lundahl and called herself Anckers-Lundahl. They had one daughter in 1965: Sara Kristina. For a time, Kerstin Anckers worked in Bonniers publishers’ artistic section and became the first woman designer in Sweden to be employed by a publishing company. During her active years, Kerstin Anckers was productive and created texts for bookplates, visiting and invitation cards, stickers and Christmas cards. She calligraphed monogrammes, hand stamps and diplomas, worked for Nordiska rådet, parliament, Statsrådsberedningen, the Swedish Academy, the Nobel Committee, museums and other cultural institutions.\n \nKerstin Anckers is probably best known for the many Nobel diplomas she calligraphed from 1962 until 1988. She wrote with a broad pen on matt calf parchment from England and herself chose the font she wished to use. She often worked with the artist Gunnar Brusewitz who painted the images for the diplomas.\n \nKerstin Anckers was engaged in 1971 by Skolöverstyrelsen, SÖ, to develop a new cursive script for the Swedish elementary school. The work was completed and implemented in 1975. The result, called SÖ style, was “a beautiful and timeless cancellaresca corsiva” that was adapted to the requirements of the time to be easily read and easy to write. Its introduction was however so controversial that many teachers did not think they had been given sufficient information by SÖ before the reform. Kerstin Anckers herself had five suggestions on how the situation could be saved, among others to motivate the teachers first of all and to separate reading and writing tuition. Skolöverstyrelsen cancelled the cursive script mandate in 1985. \n\nKerstin Anckers became a member of Stockholms Typografiska Gille in the 1970s. It had then been possible for women to become members only for a couple of years and she was one of the first. Between 1974 and 1979, she was the first woman chairperson of the Guild and later she held other posts, for example as ‘kalasfurste’ (lit. party prince, i.e. official in charge of festivities) and convener of an exhibition group. In 1974, she collaborated in the exhibition En bokstav ett skrivet ljud at Karby Gård in Täby along with Lars Laurentii, Annika Rückers and her old teacher Karl-Erik Forsberg, all calligraphers. \nA number of other exhibitions followed. At Galleri Ordfront, Kerstin Anckers exhibited calligraphy in 1986 and two years later, with the four designers Tom Hultgren, Johan Ström, Bo Berndal, and Örjan Nordling she was the only woman, exhibiting her “secret font/s”. After having taught at Konstfack, Beckmans Designhögskola and Ordfront, Kerstin Anckers started her own course enterprise in 1988: Skrivskolan. She ran it along with colleagues and they held courses in calligraphy, handwriting care, letter-drawing and gilding. In 1995, the school was converted into Kalligrafiska kretsen, a nonprofit association of interests that even today (2020) is active via FaceBook. \n\nKerstin Anckers shared her knowledge and skills in *En liten tablå över alfabetets historia*, in 1986. She also wrote and calligraphed the textbook *Från A till Ö* in 1992, that covers lettering, cursive script and calligraphy and is completely handwritten. This book was illustrated by Mona Gordon.  *8 skrifter* came out in 2001 and dealt with the history of the Latin alphabet. \n\nDuring the 1990s, Kerstin Anckers collaborated in several exhibitions. At the Röhsska Museum in Gothenburg, she stood for the letter E in Kråkfötter och Krusiduller, at the typographical Galleri Hålet in Stockholm, she showed the letter D in seven different versions and at the Flora & Lettera gallery of calligraphy she had an exhibition with the typographer and designer Bo Berndal. \n\nIn 2000, Kerstin Anckers was the first woman to be awarded the Berling Prize. It was instituted in 1989 by Karl-Erik Forsberg who himself had designed the font Berling antikva (1951), the internationally most distributed and acclaimed Swedish font. The prize is awarded annually to an “eminent Swedish designer for exemplary design, technical skills and excellent treatment of letters”. \n\nKerstin Anckers died in 2012 at 81 years of age. Her gravestone is in English green slate with her own symbol and calligraphed name, all according to her own wishes.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
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          "description": "Västerbottens hushållningssällskaps lilla guldmedalj",
          "type": "Medalj",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
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          "description": "Illis quorum, 5:e storleken",
          "type": "Medalj",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
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          "description": "Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas Riksförbunds plakett i silver",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
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          "firstname": "Anna",
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          "description": "Av Emma Andelius",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Arkivfragment i Värmlandsarkiv (Hämtad 2020-05-13)",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/amnesomrade?postid=ArkisRef+SE%2FARKIS%2F73848&infosida=amnesomrade-allmant-och-blandat&flik=0&type=2&s=Balder"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brev från Emma Andelius. Elias Wesséns personarkiv. Linköpings stadsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-05-13)",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/person?Namn=Andelius%2C+Emma&AvanceradSok=True&PageSize=20&page=1&postid=Brev_516032&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ågren, Katarina, 'Emma Andelius och den västerbottniska rotslöjden', *Västerbotten*, 1983:4, s. 250-254",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Ågren, Katarina, 'På spaning efter källorna', *Hemslöjden*, 2009:5, s. 12-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      ],
      "id": [
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        "19th century",
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      "lifespan": {
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1862-01-18",
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          "to": {
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      "portrait": [
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          "description_eng": "Emma Andelius. Photographer and year unknown (Västerbottens museum)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andelius_Emma_Vasterbotten.jpg"
        }
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      "publication_date": "2020-05-13",
      "relation": [
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            "date": "1819-01-11"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1901-12-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita Catharina, kallad Cajsa,",
          "lastname": "Bergström, född Nilsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1821-04-11"
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          "death": {
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          "firstname": "Olof",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Brukspatron",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1842-07-12"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1888-11-30"
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          "firstname": "Olof August",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
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          "firstname": "Carl Johan",
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        {
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            "date": "1928-05-07"
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          "firstname": "Albert",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Disponent, brukspatron, riksdagsman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1922-11-22"
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          "firstname": "Lars Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
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        {
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          "firstname": "Alfred",
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        {
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            "date": "1926-11-30"
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          "firstname": "Axel Fredrik",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Hemslöjdens arkiv, Umeå (Hämtad 2020-05-13)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://hemslojden.org/"
        }
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      "subtitle": "Handarbetslärare, hemslöjdsivrare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, handicrafts enthusiast",
      "text": "Emma Andelius var handarbetslärare och en förgrundsgestalt inom den svenska hemslöjden. Hon initierade Umeå hemslöjdsförening 1909.\n\nEmma Andelius var bördig från Persberg, Färnebo härad i Värmland där hennes far Olof Bergström kom att förvärva Finnshyttans bruk 1867, som efter faderns död några av sönerna tog över ansvaret för. Modern Brita Catharina födde tolv barn, tre döttrar och nio söner varav en var Emmas tvillingbror och de båda var näst yngst i syskonskaran. Föräldrarna uppmuntrade sina barn att studera. Efter skolgång vid flickskolor i Örebro och Uppsala flyttade Emma Andelius till Stockholm där hon utbildade sig hos den framstående sömmerskan och pedagogen Hulda Lundin. Hon vidarutbildade sig därefter hos Handarbetets Vänner varefter hon 1885 fick arbete som handarbetslärarinna vid Lyceum för flickor, som var en privatskola grundad 1875. Några år senare blev Södermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor, grundad 1881, hennes arbetsplats.  Där arbetade hon fram till 1902 då hon gifte sig.  I samband med Stockholmsutställningen 1897 fick Emma Bergström diplom för såväl silver- som bronsmedalj för snidade möbler i allmogestil och en möbelgrupp. Möbelgruppen skänktes 1966 till Nordiska museet av släktingar.\n\nFrån 1904, när Anna Whitlock fick idén till en kvinnlig konsumentkooperation, Svenska Hem, deltog Emma Andelius i dess planerande. När affären startade 1905 blev hon föreståndare för viktualierna. Det engagemanget tog dock slut när paret Andelius flyttade till Umeå 1906, men hon kom att delta i Svenska Hems jubileum 1930 på Konserthuset i Stockholm och fick en minnesplakett 1955 när Svenska Hem firade 50 år. \n\nNär paret Andelius kom till Umeå var det en stad under uppbyggnad efter branden1888. I början av 1900-talet var fattigdomen och den rena nöden i Västerbotten utbredd och kvinnor och män på landsbygden försökte sälja eller byta sina slöjdalster i Umeå mot mat. Emma Andelius insåg att den verksamheten skulle kunna organiseras på ett bättre sätt och hade tankar på att ta itu med frågan, då hon fick i uppdrag att köpa in slöjd för 2000 kronor - motsvarande cirka 120 000 kronor idag - för ett lotteri till förmån för Föreningen för Norrländsk hembygdsforskning, som bildats i Härnösand år 1909. \n\nEmma Andelius möte med slöjden, och de möjligheter till försörjning som den gav, inspirerade henne att i november 1909 grunda Hemslöjdförening i Umeå, en av de första föreningarna av detta slag efter Hemslöjdsföreningen i Leksand, bildad 1904. Syftet med Hemslöjdsföreningen var initialt arbetsmarknadsmässigt, att skapa arbetstillfällen på landsbygden. Därtill fanns ett intresse för slöjden som sådan. Emma Andelius kom att betyda mycket för inventeringen av den västerbottniska slöjden, både den textila men också rotslöjden som hon ägnade ett särskilt intresse och dessutom skrev en bok om 1932. Emma Andelius var medveten om att den västerbottniska hemslöjden var okänd utanför regionen och hon inte bara inventerade utan köpte in och skänkte även en del slöjd till Nordiska Museet för att Västerbotten skulle vara representerat där. Hennes uppteckningar kom också att ligga till grund för tillverkning av textilier i Hemslöjdsföreningens regi.\n\nEmma Andelius etablerade även ett försäljningsställe i Umeå. Efter några år kunde verksamheten 1917 få lokaler i det nybyggda Sparbankshuset, som ritats av arkitekt Torben Grut, där man stannade till 1940. Emma Andelius kunde vara nöjd. Hennes initiativ hade varit lyckosamt, många försörjde sig genom främst vävningen och Umeås borgerlighet hade fått en affär där kvalitet var garanterad. Hon satt i styrelsen för Hemslöjden under hela sin tid i Umeå, som varade fram till 1921 då hon flyttade med sin make till Helsingborg. Med till Helsingborg flyttade den fosterdotter, Aina Broström (1891-1964), som kommit till paret Andelius 1916. Orsaken torde ha varit att Aina Broströms mor, Emma Andelius syster, hade avlidit 1913. \n\nEmma Andelius tilldelades flera utmärkelser, som Västerbottens hushållningssällskaps lilla guldmedalj 1920, Illis Quorum av femte storleken 1933, Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas Riksförbunds förtjänstplakett i silver 1934 samt Nordiska museets Hazeliusmedalj i silver 1936. Efter tiden i Umeå var hon inte längre föreningsaktiv men fortsatt intresserad av slöjd, och då särskilt för korsstygnsbroderi. Emma Andelius samlade mönster från olika svenska landskap, från Skandinavien och även från resor i Europa och därtill skapade hon egna mönster. Hennes skriftställarskap började redan 1901 i *STF:s årsbok* där hon skrev om Värmland. 1920 berättar hon i Umeå hembygdsförenings första årsbok om mötet med samiska slöjdare. Från och med 1928 ger hon ut ett stort antal böcker, de flesta om korsstygnsbroderier, under namnet Emma Bergström Andelius. Den sista boken *För linneskåpet* kom ut 1946 och två år före hennes död kom *Hagaprinsessornas korsstygnsbok* från 1945 i ny upplaga. En orsak till att hon slutade skriva torde vara hennes allt mer försämrade syn.\n\nMaken dog i Helsingborg redan 1926 varvid Emma Andelius flyttade till Stockholm. Emma Andelius bodde kvar i Stockholm till sin död 1956. Hon ligger begravd på Filipstads östra begravningsplats tillsammans med maken och tvillingbrodern Edvard Bergström med familj.",
      "text_eng": "Emma Andelius was a handicrafts instructor and a leading figure within the world of Swedish traditional crafts. She set up Umeå hemslöjdsföreningen (traditional crafts association) in 1909. \n\nEmma Andelius hailed from Persberg, Färnebo district, Värmland. Her father, Olof Bergstrom had moved there in 1867 to manage the Finshyttan works. After his death some of her brothers took over responsibility for the works. Emma Andelius’ mother, Brita Catharina, had had a total of twelve children, of which three were girls and nine were boys. Emma Andelius and her twin brother were the second youngest of the children, all of whom were encouraged by their parents to become educated. Emma Andelius moved to Stockholm in order to train under the prominent seamstress and instructor [](Hulda Lundin). Emma Andelius then undertook further training with Handarbetets Vänner and subsequently, in 1885, she became employed as a handicrafts instructor at the private Lyceum för flickor (girls’ school). A few years later she began working at Södermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor (advanced school for girls), where she remained until she got married in 1902. \n\nIn 1904 Emma Andelius was involved in planning the women’s consumer cooperative, Svenska Hem, which was an initiative by [](Anna Whitlock). When the business commenced trading in 1905 Emma Andelius was appointed manager of victuals. Although this arrangement ended when Emma Andelius and her husband moved to Umeå in 1906, she nevertheless attended Svenska Hem’s jubilee in 1930 which was held at Stockholm’s concert hall. \n\nUmeå was still a town under reconstruction when Emma Andelius and her husband moved there, as it had been subjected to a destructive fire in 1888. Västerbotten of the early twentieth century suffered from widespread poverty and destitution leading the local population to sell or swap their handicrafts in Umeå in exchange for food. Emma Andelius realised that this kind of enterprise could be more efficiently organised and was considering taking on the matter when she was asked to purchase handicrafts to a value of 2,000 kronor – the equivalent of about 110,000 kronor in today’s money – for a lottery to be held on behalf of Föreningen för Norrländsk hembygdsforskning (Norrland local historical association). \n\nEmma Andelius’ introduction to handicrafts and the opportunities it presented for making a living inspired her to set up Umeå hemslöjdsförening in November 1909. This was one of the first such associations to be formed, following the establishment of the Leksand Hemslöjdsförening in 1904. Initially these associations sought to provide employment and to generate employment opportunities in rural areas. Further, she was genuinely interested in handicrafts as such. Emma Andelius became very important to the process of creating an inventory of Västerbotten handicrafts, not just textiles but also the traditional root-based crafts which she was particularly interested in and even wrote a book about in 1932. Emma Andelius was well-aware that Västerbotten handicrafts were unheard of outside of the area itself and she not only made an inventory but purchased and then donated an amount of handicrafts to Nordiska Museet so that Västerbotten would be included in the collections there. Her discoveries, as such, came to serve as the basis for the Hemslöjdsförening textile production. \n\nEmma Andelius wanted to set up a retail centre in Umeå and a few years later, in 1917, she housed her enterprise in the newly-built Sparbanken building. It had been designed by the architect Torben Grut and the business remained in situ until 1940. Emma Andelius derived pleasure from the success of her initiative which allowed many to live off primarily woven output whilst the Umeå bourgeoisie had gained a shop in which the quality of the goods was guaranteed. \n\nEmma Andelius sat on the board of Hemslöjdsföreningen throughout her time in Umeå, until 1921 when she and her husband moved to Helsingborg. She received several awards, such as the Västerbottens hushållningssällskap small gold medal in 1920, the Illis quorum medal of the fifth degree in 1933, the Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas riksförbund (national association of Swedish handicrafts associations) merit plaque in silver in 1934, as well as the Nordiska Museet Hazelius silver medal in 1936. Although Emma Andelius was no longer active within the association after she left Umeå her interest in handicrafts and particularly for cross-stitch embroidery work remained ongoing. She had a collection of samples from across the globe and she published several books on the subject. Her writing efforts had begun in 1920 when she was living in Umeå and carried on for many years afterwards. Her final book, *För linneskåpet*, was published in 1946 and two years before her death a new edition of her *Hagaprinsessornas korsstygnsbok* from 1945 was released. One of the reasons given for her cessation of writing was that she was suffering from increasingly failing eyesight. \n\nEmma Andelius’ husband had already died in 1926 prompting her to leave Helsingborg in favour of Stockholm, where she lived until her death in 1956. She is buried at Filipstad eastern cemetery, beside her husband and twin brother, Edvard Bergström, and his family.",
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          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "name": "Uppsala kvinnliga studentförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "name": "Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
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            "date": "1918"
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          "name": "Sveriges advokatsamfund",
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            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
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          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Ledamot, ordförande 1950-1962",
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            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
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          "name": "Samfundet De Nio",
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            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        }
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      "picture": [
        {
          "description": "Personalen vid Eva Andéns advokatbyrå på väg att rösta 1921 (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-116652"
        }
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            "date": "1886"
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "place": "Falun"
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            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
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            "date": "1914"
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          "to": {
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        {
          "description": "Eva Andén, år okänt. Foto: Atelier Hedström, Uppsala (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "description_eng": "Eva Andén, year unknown. Photo: Atelier Hedström, Uppsala (KvinnSam, Gothenburg University Library)",
          "original_url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/_internal/cimg!0/fgl5c3gvaedcse952dvfdg78iy3eq0m.png",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anden_Eva.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-09-22",
            "date": "1853-09-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1930-03-18",
            "date": "1930-03-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Elin",
          "lastname": "Andén, född Forssman",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1849-01-26",
            "date": "1849-01-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1925-03-25",
            "date": "1925-03-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Heribert",
          "lastname": "Andén",
          "occupation": "Specerihandlare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-02-17",
            "date": "1880-02-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-10-28",
            "date": "1964-10-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders Hjalmar",
          "lastname": "Andén",
          "occupation": "Militär",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-07-16",
            "date": "1895-07-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-01-18",
            "date": "1980-01-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Elisabeth, kallad Lisa,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Ekedahl",
          "occupation": "Biträdande jurist, Eva Andéns advokatbyrå",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Eva Andéns samling. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2018-01-18)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=1903&searchType=EXTENDED&query=eva+anden&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22eva+anden%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A114842&c=2#alvin-record%3A114842"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundgren, Valborg, 'Våra första kvinnliga advokater', *Från advokatens verkstad*., S. 65-78, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ullman, Magnus, *Kvinnliga pionjärer verksamma i Sverige*, Ullman, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Österberg, Carin, Lewenhaupt, Inga & Wahlberg, Anna Greta, *Svenska kvinnor: föregångare nyskapare*, Signum, Lund, 1990",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andersen, Jens, *Denna dagen, ett liv: en biografi över Astrid Lindgren*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Harnesk, Paul (red.), *Vem är vem? 1, Stor-Stockholm*, 2. uppl., Vem är vem, Stockholm, 1962",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, advokat, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Legal practitioner, lawyer, women's suffrage activist",
      "text": "Eva Andén var jurist och advokat och den första kvinnliga ledamoten i Sveriges advokatsamfund. Under sitt liv verkade hon för att förbättra de rättsliga villkoren för kvinnor, barn och fattiga i samhället.\n\nEva Andén föddes och växte upp i Uppsala. Pappan var specerihandlare och mamman hemmafru. Eva Andén var studiebegåvad och fick möjligheten att utbilda sig. Hon tog studentexamen i Uppsala 1906, och fortsatte därefter vid universitetet i Uppsala med studier i historia, litteraturhistoria och nationalekonomi. Höstterminen 1907 började hon studera juridik. Eva Andén var ensam kvinna i sin studentgrupp. En av hennes lärare var dock en kvinnlig pionjär inom juridiken, docenten i civilrätt [](Elsa Eschelsson). Under juridikstudierna var Eva Andén aktiv i Kvinnliga Studentföreningen i Uppsala, och kämpade bland annat för Elsa Eschelssons rätt att få bli professor i civilrätt, något som hon emellertid aldrig blev. År 1912 tog Eva Andén sin juris kandidatexamen.\n\nRedan under åren som student var Eva Andén djupt engagerad i kvinnosaksfrågor. Som nyutexaminerad jurist reste hon under åren 1912–1913 runt som ledare för kurser i lagkunskap, som anordnades för kvinnor på landsbygden av Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR). Även i andra sammanhang höll Eva Andén under många år populärvetenskapliga föreläsningar över hela landet om äktenskaps-, barnavårds- och fattigvårdslagarna. Eva Andén var en återkommande skribent i kvinnotidskrifter såsom *Tidevarvet*, *Rösträtt för kvinnor*, *Hertha* och *Morgonbris*, i vilka hon skrev om rättsliga frågor kring bland annat abort, prostitution, äktenskap och arv. Artiklarna syftade många gånger till att upplysa kvinnor om vilka rättigheter som de hade inom äktenskapet samt om viktiga reformer och nyheter på äktenskaps- och arvsrättens område. Eva Andén brukade själv säga att hennes valspråk var ”Fri käft”, vilket innebar att hon var fri att säga och tycka vad hon ville i alla sammanhang. Efter studierna i Uppsala började Eva Andén arbeta som jurist. Detta var inte det enklaste under det tidiga 1900-talet då kvinnor till exempel inte hade rätt att sitta ting eller att arbeta som domare. Häradshövdingen i Falun, Ernst Laurentius Alinder, lät emellertid Eva Andén tjänstgöra som notarie på domarkansliet i Falun under åren 1913–1914, något som väckte stort uppseende bland såväl juristkollegorna som hos allmänheten.\n\nEfter tiden i Falun ville Eva Andén fortsätta att arbeta med praktisk juridik och flyttade till Stockholm. Eftersom dåvarande regeringsform (från 1809) utestängde kvinnor från en rad yrken i statlig tjänst, exempelvis domare och universitetslärare, så siktade Eva Andén i stället in sig på en karriär som advokat. Till skillnad från många andra juridiska yrken under det tidiga 1900-talet så hade Sveriges advokatsamfund i sina stadgar inga bestämmelser som hindrade kvinnor från att söka inträde, och advokatyrket blev många gånger räddningen för de kvinnliga jurister som ville arbeta praktiskt med juridik. Eva Andén kontaktade dåvarande sekreteraren i Advokatsamfundet, Johan Tjerneld, med önskemålet att hitta en advokatbyrå där hon kunde få praktisera. Hon fick möjlighet att göra detta under ett års tid på den byrå som Tjerneld själv drev i Stockholm tillsammans\nmed advokaten Ivar Morssing. Här fick Eva Andén tillfälle att arbeta som rättegångsombud, bland annat vid Stockholms rådhusrätt.\n\nHösten 1915 startade Eva Andén sin egen advokatverksamhet då hon tog över Kvinnliga Juridiska Byrån på Wallingatan i Stockholm. Byrån hade startats 1904 av Anna Pettersson, som visserligen inte själv hade någon formell juridisk utbildning, men ändå hade flera års erfarenhet av att praktisera juridik. Den 14 mars 1918 blev Eva Andén som första kvinna ledamot av Sveriges advokatsamfund. Efter att hon antagits som ledamot ändrades namnet på hennes byrå till Eva Andéns Advokatbyrå. År 1919 blev hon kompanjon på byrån med [Mathilda Staël von Holstein](Mathilda Holstein), som 1921 blev Sveriges andra kvinnliga advokat År 1923 fortsatte Eva Andén med egen advokatverksamhet i lokaler på Norrlandsgatan i Stockholm.\n\nSom advokat var Eva Andén framför allt verksam inom familjerättens område, som vid denna tid genomgick flera viktiga förändringar och reformer. Eva Andén fick ett stort inflytande på familjerättens utveckling under 1900-talet då hon satt som ledamot i den kommitté som fungerade som Advokatsamfundets remissinstans inom familjerättslig lagstiftning. I mars 1917 var Eva Andén inbjuden till andra kammaren för att ge sina synpunkter på förslaget till ny lag om utomäktenskapligt födda barns familjerättsliga villkor. Vid samma tid kom flera andra lagar som på olika sätt förbättrade barnens rätt, bland annat 1917 års adoptionslag. Under 1910- och 1920-talen infördes också flera nya arvs- och testamentsrättsliga lagar, i vilka de utomäktenskapliga barnens arvsrättsliga villkor förbättrades. Eva Andén engagerade sig vidare i arbetet med att få fram en modern äktenskapslagstiftning med bättre villkor för gifta kvinnor. En sådan lag kom också 1921 då den nya Giftermålsbalken trädde i kraft.\n\nEva Andén anlitades ofta som juridiskt ombud i mål som gällde familjerättsliga frågor, exempelvis skilsmässor, arv och vårdnadstvister. Bland hennes klienter fanns många kvinnor, flera kända sådana såsom [Barbro Alving](0000000050756966), [](Selma Lagerlöf) (Eva Andén hade hand om Mårbackastiftelsen) och [](Astrid Lindgren). Eva Andén hjälpte Astrid Lindgren (då Ericsson) i samband med en uppmärksammad rättegång i Vimmerby under andra hälften av 1920-talet. Målet rörde en skilsmässa mellan Reinhold Blomberg och hans hustru Olivia. Reinhold Blomberg och Astrid Lindgren hade haft en kärleksaffär under en tid då Reinhold visserligen var separerad från sin hustru, men fortfarande formellt gift. Vid tiden för rättegången visade det sig att Astrid Lindgren var gravid och om det blev känt att Reinhold Blomberg hade varit otrogen under äktenskapet, så skulle han få betydligt sämre villkor i den kommande skilsmässan. År 1926 hjälpte Eva Andén den unga och ogifta Astrid Lindgren med att resa till Rigshospitalet i Köpenhamn för att där föda sitt barn i hemlighet. Rigshospitalet var det enda sjukhuset i Norden där kvinnor inte behövde uppge vare sig sitt eget eller faderns namn vid förlossningen. Just den här typen av mål där kvinnor hade hamnat i besvärligheter av olika slag var vanligt förekommande på Eva Andéns advokatbyrå. Hennes mål som advokat var att så långt\nsom möjligt få de tvistande parterna att förlikas för att på så sätt undvika en rättegång, och det hände också ofta att hon lät bli att ta betalt av klienter som hade ont om pengar. Eva Andén pensionerade sig aldrig utan fortsatte att arbeta fram till sin död. Hennes advokatbyrå fanns kvar till 1995.\n\nPrivat hade Eva Andén en stor vänkrets där bland andra [](Aleksandra Kollontaj), [](Karolina Widerström) och [](Ellen Fries) ingick. Hon gifte sig aldrig, men delade under längre perioder hushåll med sin medarbetare [](Lisa Ekedahl). Eva Andén var under sitt liv aktiv i flera kvinnoorganisationer. Hon valdes även in i Samfundet De Nio 1940 och var dess ordförande 1950–1962.\n\nEva Andén dog 1970 och är begravd på Uppsala gamla kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Eva Andén was a lawyer, solicitor and the first female member of Sveriges advokatsamfund (the Swedish Bar Association). Throughout her life she worked to improve the legal provisions for women, children and the poor.\n\nEva Andén was born and brought up in Uppsala. Her father was a grocer and her mother was a housewife. Eva Andén was scholastically gifted and was given the opportunity to gain an education. She graduated from high school in Uppsala in 1906 and continued her studies at Uppsala University, where she read history, the history of literature and political economics. In the autumn term of 1907 she began to study law. Eva Andén was the sole woman among her fellow students. One of her teachers, however, was the female legal pioneer and reader in civil law [](Elsa Eschelsson). During her time studying law Eva Andén was active in Kvinnliga Studentföreningen (the female student association) at Uppsala. There she fought for, amongst other things, Elsa Eschelsson’s right to become a professor of civil law, something which never came to pass. In 1912 Eva Andén sat her Bachelor of Law exam.\n\nEva Andén had already become deeply engaged in women’s issues as a student. As a newly qualified lawyer she spent 1912—1913 travelling around Sweden running courses in legal knowledge which were organized for rural women by Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR: the national association for women’s suffrage). Eva Andén also gave popular science lectures in different contexts across the nation on the subject of marriage-, childcare-, and poor relief laws. Eva Andén was a frequent contributor to women’s journals such as *Tidervaret*, *Rösträtt för kvinnor*, *Hertha*, and *Morgonbris* in which she would write about legal issues such as abortion, prostitution, marriage and inheritance. The articles were frequently aimed at informing women of their rights within marriage and of important reforms and developments in marriage- and inheritance-laws. Eva Andén used to herself say that her motto was “Fri käft” (“Free mouth”) meaning that she was free to say and think what she wanted to in all situations. Upon completing her studies at Uppsala Eva Andén began to work as a lawyer. This was no simple matter at the time as women did not, for example, have the right to sit in court or to be employed as a judge. However, the regional governor of Falun, Ernst Laurentius Alinder, allowed Eva Andén to serve as notary at the sentencing-office in Falun during the years 1913-14, causing a lot of consternation not only in the legal world but also among the general public.\n\nFollowing her time in Falun Eva Andén wanted to continue practising law and moved to Stockholm. As the 1809 constitution excluded women from a range of professions within state service, such as judges and university teachers, Eva Andén instead focused on establishing a career as a solicitor. In contrast to many other legal lines in the early 1900s there were no regulatory charters in the Swedish Bar Association which prevented women from seeking admission to it, and the role of solicitor became a safe position for many female lawyers who wanted to put their legal knowledge into practise. Eva Andén approached the secretary of the Association, Johan Tjerneld, seeking to find a lawyer’s agency which would allow her to practise. She got a one-year post at Tjerneld’s own agency in Stockholm which he ran together with the solicitor Ivar Morssing. The work that Eva Andén was able to carry out through the agency included serving as a counsel for the Stockholm magistrates’ court.\n\nIn the autumn of 1915 Eva Andén set up her own business as a solicitor through taking over the agency Kvinnliga Juridiska Byrån on Wallingatan in Stockholm. The agency had been established in 1904 by Anna Pettersson, who despite having received no formal legal training still had several years’ experience of practising law. On 14 March 1918 Eva Andén became the first female member of the Swedish Bar Association. After being admitted as a member the name of her agency was changed to Eva Andén’s Advokatbyrå. In 1919 [Mathilda Staël von Holstein](0000000392318827) became her business partner. She subsequently became Sweden’s second female solicitor. In 1923 Eva Andén set up another solicitor’s agency in an office on Norrlandsgatan in Stockholm.\n\nAs a solicitor Eva Andén was most active within the sphere of family law, which at that time was undergoing several important changes and reforms. Eva Andén played a major role in the development of family law in the 1900s as a member of the committee which served as the Bar Association’s consultation body for family law legislation. In March 1917 Eva Andén was invited into the second chamber of parliament to present her views on a proposed law on the legal provisions for illegitimate children. At the same time several other laws were introduced which improved children’s rights in various ways, including the 1917 adoption law. During the 1910s and 1920s several new inheritance- and testamentary-laws were also introduced in which the provision of inheritance rights for illegitimate children were improved. Eva Andén also undertook work to modernize marriage law with better provisions for married women. A law of this type was introduced in 1921 when the new marriage code came into effect.\n \nEva Andén was often employed as a legal representative in cases involving issues of family law, such as divorces, inheritance and guardianship disputes. Many of her clients were women, including the famous such as [](Barbro Alving), [](Selma Lagerlöf) (Eva Andén handled the Mårbacka foundation) and [](Astrid Lindgren). Eva Andén helped Astrid Lindgren (then Ericsson) in connection with a much-discussed trial in Vimmerby in the second half of the 1920s. The case concerned the divorce of Reinhold Blomberg and his wife Olivia. Blomberg and Astrid Lindgren had an affair at a time when Blomberg, although separated from his wife, was still officially married. By the time of the trial Astrid was pregnant. Had it become known that Blomberg had been unfaithful during his marriage, he would suffer less favourable terms in the imminent divorce. Therefore, in 1926 Eva Andén helped the young and unmarried Astrid Lindgren to travel to Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen to give birth in secret. This was the only hospital in Scandinavia where women were not required to provide either their own or the father’s name at the birth. It was precisely this type of case, with women falling into difficulties of various kinds, which frequently cropped up at Eva Andén’s solicitor’s agency. Whenever possible, her aim as a solicitor was to have warring parties come to an agreement in order to avoid a trial. It was not uncommon for her to refuse payment when her clients were short of money. Eva Andén never retired but continued to work right up until her death. Her solicitor’s agency continued to be in operation until 1995.\n\nEva Andén had a large circle of private friends which included [](Aleksandra Kollontaj), [](Karolina Widerström) and [](Ellen Fries). She never married but for long periods of time shared her home with her colleague [](Lisa Ekedahl). Eva Andén was active in several women’s organizations throughout her life. She was also admitted to Samfundet de Nio (the Nine Society) in 1940 and was the society’s chairperson from 1950-62.\n\nEva Andén died in 1970 and is buried at the Old Cemetery in Uppsala.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "comment": "1965, 1971, 1977"
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          "description": "Statlig inkomstgaranti, s k konstnärslön",
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          "lastname": "Brandt",
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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          "type": "Läroverk"
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          "description": "Keramikerutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
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          "institution": "Slöjdföreningens skola (nuvarande Högskolan för design och konsthantverk, HDK)",
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          "description": "Verk av Astrid Anderberg",
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        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
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          "detail_eng": "Ceramist, illustrator from 1957 onwards at Astrid Anderberg Keramik",
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        {
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        {
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            "date": "1965-11-06"
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          "firstname": "Maria Josefina",
          "lastname": "Nordlind, född Persson",
          "occupation": "Småskollärare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1880-07-22"
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            "date": "1950-05-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Johan Nikolaus",
          "lastname": "Nordlind",
          "occupation": "Trafikombud vid SJ",
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          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1906-05-08"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1963-08-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Gösta Erik Harald",
          "lastname": "Nordlind",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1913-05-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-04-03",
            "date": "1991-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Maj Gunhild Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Nordlind, gift Willaume",
          "type": "Syster",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1920-04-17"
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            "date": "2008-09-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
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            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "lastname": "Anderberg",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2008",
            "date": "2008"
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          "type": "Make",
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1950"
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          "firstname": "Niklas",
          "lastname": "Anderberg",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
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      ],
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Tiemroth, Peter, *Astrid Anderberg: keramik gennem 50 år*, Bornholms konstmuseum, Gudhjem, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, keramiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, ceramist",
      "text": "Astrid Anderberg arbetade i gränslandet mellan konsthantverk och fri bildkonst. Hon tillhörde dem som under 1950-talet utvecklade ett berättande genom sin keramik. Hennes bildberättelser hämtade teman från naturen, litteraturen och historien.\n\nAstrid Anderberg föddes i Tranås. Hon var dotter till trafikombudet Carl Johan Nordlind och småskolläraren Maria Persson. Eftersom fadern var anställd vid Statens järnvägar flyttade familjen ganska ofta. Astrid Anderberg gifte sig 1947 med författaren Bengt Anderberg och de fick sonen Niklas år 1950. Samma år utkom paret Anderbergs gemensamma bok *Niklas och figuren* med illustrationer av Astrid Anderberg. \n\nEfter studentexamen tänkte Astrid Anderberg bli socialarbetare. Genom sin blivande man kom hon in i konstnärskretsar och utbildade sig i stället till keramiker vid Slöjdföreningens skola i Göteborg 1947–1950. Eftersom keramiklinjen var under uppbyggnad lämnades eleverna ofta utan handledning. Under sitt extraår vid skolan vikarierade Astrid Anderberg ibland för skulpturläraren. \n\nTillsammans med Rolf Denman och Åke Thörnblad startade Astrid Anderberg 1949 Studio Keramik i Göteborg. Hon gjorde brukskeramik men började också tillverka figurativt lergods. Både professionella och amatörer kom till verkstaden för att få sin keramik glaserad och bränd. I början höll keramikerna också kurser för att få ekonomin att gå ihop. \n\nÅr 1957 öppnade Astrid Anderberg en egen verkstad, Astrid Anderberg Keramik. Paret Anderberg tillbringade somrarna på Bornholm och köpte 1963 en förfallen gård, som de renoverade successivt. Där arbetade Astrid Anderberg i en provisorisk verkstad innan de 1972 slog sig ner permanent på den danska ön. \n\nAstrid Anderberg hade sin första separatutställning på Konsthantverkarna i Stockholm 1963. Hon visade stram brukskeramik i stengods, som hade synliga drejränder och dämpad glasyr, och humoristiska fågelskulpturer. Fågeln blev ett kärt motiv framöver. Året därpå hade hon tillsammans med textilkonstnären Inga Brandt en utställning på Röhsska museet, som blev hennes genombrott. Recensenten i facktidskriften *Form* skrev att Astrid Anderberg med sin varierade och personliga kollektion säkrat en plats bland Sveriges ledande keramiker. \n\nAstrid Anderbergs första offentliga uppdrag var keramiska väggkompositioner till kvinnoklinikens entré på Östra sjukhuset i Göteborg. Den första som sattes upp 1967 var *Fågelmuren*, en genombruten tegelstensmur i vars öppningar hennes karakteristiska stengodsfåglar häckade med ägg eller ungar. Mest uppmärksammad blev några år senare *Paradisskåpet* med en framställning av moderskap och sexualitet. Idag finns endast vägkompositionen *Kulramar* kvar på kvinnokliniken. Astrid Anderberg utförde flera offentliga uppdrag som exempelvis till Frölunda kulturhus, Kungsbacka stadshus och Önneredsskolan.\n\nDjur och odjur var namnet på Astrid Anderbergs separatutställning på Röhsska museet 1977. Ett av verken var *Babels torn* i vilket djur och andra väsen trängdes. I ett annat skapade hon tjugofyra apokalyptiska scener från *Uppenbarelseboken*, med änglar som blåste basun och döda som steg upp ur sina gravar. Hennes små figurer var, trots temat, både lekande och leende. \n\nUnder 1980-talet fortsatte Astrid Anderberg att göra keramiska reliefer. Därefter började hon arbeta med stora fristående djurskulpturer i stiliserade former. Hennes karakteristiska hundar, kaniner, katter, råkor och höns var ibland gåtfulla eller roliga. \n\nÅr 1998 ställde Astrid Anderberg ut stora skulpturala arbeten tillsammans med målningar av sonen Niklas Anderberg på Bornholms Kunstmuseum. Djuren, verkliga eller påhittade, fanns med som friskulpturer eller i dekorativa element på skålar med mera. Fyra år senare visade Astrid Anderberg utställningen Keramik gennem 50 år på samma museum. Keramikerns egen kommentar till sina femtio år var, att hon arbetat med samma sak hela tiden fast i oändliga variationer. \n\nAstrid Anderberg hade många separatutställningar, framför allt i Sverige, men var även representerad i grupputställningar som exempelvis Fri keramik på Lunds konsthall år 1977. I Danmark deltog hon främst i grupputställningar som exempelvis på Den Permanente i Köpenhamn. Astrid Anderberg var även deltagare i IV International Exhibition of Ceramics of Art i Sopot i Polen år 1979. \n\nUnder åren 1965, 1971 och 1977 erhöll Astrid Anderberg svenska statens konstnärslön. \n\nAstrid Anderberg avled 2010 i Rønne på Bornholm.",
      "text_eng": "Astrid Anderberg's work was a crossover between the applied arts and free visual arts. She was one of the artists who in the 1950s developed narratives through their ceramics. The themes of her visual stories were inspired by nature, literature and history.\n\nAstrid Anderberg was born in Tranås. She was the daughter of Carl Johan Nordlind, a transportation commissioner, and Maria Persson, a teacher at a junior school. Her father’s work with the state railway resulted in the family being moved around quite frequently. In 1947 Astrid Anderberg got married to Bengt Anderberg, an author, and the couple had a son called Niklas three years later. That same year, 1950, the Anderbergs released a book together called *Niklas och figuren* with illustrations by Astrid Anderberg.\n\nAfter graduating from high school Astrid Anderberg had intended to become a social worker. By virtue of meeting Bengt Anderberg she became introduced to artists’ circles and she decided instead to train as a ceramist through Slöjdföreningens school in Gothenburg. As the ceramics department was just being set up the students were often left to their own devices. Astrid Anderberg spent an extra year at the school during which she sometimes substituted for the sculpting teacher.\n\nIn 1949 Astrid Anderberg, along with Rolf Denman and Åke Thörnblad, established Studio Keramik in Gothenburg. She mainly created functional ceramics but also started figurative pottery. The workshop was used by both professionals and amateurs as a place to glaze and fire their ceramics. In the early phase the ceramists also gave classes in order to earn their livelihoods.\n\nAstrid Anderberg opened her own studio in 1957, called Astrid Anderberg Keramik. She and her husband spent their summers on Bornholm and in 1963 they bought a dilapidated farm there which they gradually restored. Astrid Anderberg had a temporary workshop there for a while until the couple settled permanently on the Danish island in 1972.\n\nAstrid Anderberg held her first solo exhibition at Konsthantverkarna in Stockholm in 1963. She displayed her austere functional ceramic stoneware, which had visible markings from being turned and bore dull glazing, but she also displayed humours bird sculptures. Birds became a favourite theme in her future work. The following year she and the textile artist Inga Brandt held an exhibition at the Röhss museum and this proved to be her public breakthrough. The reviewers of the trade journal *Form* wrote that Astrid Anderberg’s varied and personal collection of work guaranteed her a place among the leading Swedish ceramic artists.\n\nAstrid Anderberg’s first official commission was to produce ceramic murals for the entrance of the women’s clinic at Östra hospital in Gothenburg. The first of these to be mounted was *Fågelmuren* in 1967. It consisted of a broken brickwork wall in which her trademark stoneware birds were nesting, complete with eggs or younglings. A few years later her work *Paradisskåpet*, portraying motherhood and sexuality, became one of her most talked about pieces. Today the only surviving mural work at the women’s clinic is *Kulramar*. Astrid Anderberg completed several official commissions, including work for Frölunda cultural centre, Kungsbacka town hall, and Önnered school.\n\nAstrid Anderberg’s solo exhibition at the Röhss museum in 1977 was entitled *Djur och odjur*. It included a piece called *Babels* torn which depicted animals and other creatures squashed into a tower. In another work she recreated 24 apocalyptical scenes from the *Book of Revelation*, where angels played trombones and the dead rose out of their graves. Her small figures were both playful and smiling, in contrast to the overarching theme.\n\nDuring the 1980s Astrid Anderberg continued to create ceramic reliefs. She then began to work with large free-standing animal sculptures in stylised shapes. The dogs, rabbits, cats, rooks and chickens she became known for were sometimes enigmatic or humorous in their portrayals.\n\nIn 1998 Astrid Anderberg displayed large sculptural pieces alongside paintings by her son Niklas Anderberg at Bornholm’s art museum. She included animals, both imaginary and real, as separate sculptures or as decorative elements on her bowls and other items. Four years later Astrid Anderberg held an exhibition at the same museum entitled “Keramik gennem 50 år”. Her own comment on her 50 years of production was that she had spent all that time working on the same thing, albeit in infinite variations.\n\nAstrid Anderberg held many solo exhibits, largely in Sweden, but she also participated in group displays such as “Fri keramik” at Lund konsthall in 1977. Her Danish exhibitions mainly took the form of group displays such as at Den Permanente in Copenhagen. Astrid Anderberg was also a participant in the IV International Exhibition of Ceramics of Art in Sopot, Poland in 1979.\n\nAstrid Anderberg received an annual artist’s salary from the Swedish state during the years of 1965, 1971, and 1977.\n\nAstrid Anderberg died in 2010.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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          "description_eng": "Astri Andersen in Svenskt Porträttgalleri XXI, 1897. Photographer unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 – cropped)",
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          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921-05-21",
            "date": "1921-05-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Efraim Natanael",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "lastname": "Strömberg",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Norlind, Tobias, *Allmänt musiklexikon*, 2., omarb. uppl., Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, 1927-1928",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Uppström, Tore, *Pianister i Sverige*, Nord. musikförl., Stockholm, 1973",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlén, Carl-Gunnar, Aulin, Tor & Stenhammar, Wilhelm (red.), *Livsresa med violinen: en kartläggning av Henri Marteaus insatser för musiken i Sverige : med konsertförteckning och valda Aulin- och Stenhammarbrev ur Marteausamlingen i München*, C.-G. Åhlén, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Andersen, Astri', *Svenskt porträttgalleri. 21: Tonkonstnärer och sceniska artister*, Stockholm, Tullberg, 1897, S. 4 (Hämtad 2020-02-10)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/spg/21/0012.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Musiker, pianist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Musician, pianist",
      "text": "Astri Andersen var pianist, verksam omkring sekelskiftet 1900. Hon kan ses som representant för många betydande kvinnliga musiker, som dog i ung ålder utan att ha efterlämnat minsta klingande spår av sitt konstnärskap och som idag bara existerar som ett namn.\n\nAstri Andrea Kristina Andersen föddes i Stockholm 1876. Hennes far var den framstående norske cellisten Anton Jürgen Andersen, som samma år som hon föddes hade utsetts till lärare vid Kungliga Musikaliska Akademiens konservatorium (nuvarande Kungliga Musikhögskolan), efter fem år i Kungliga Hovkapellet. Hon växte därmed upp i en musikaliskt privilegierad miljö. Sina pianostudier påbörjade hon som åttaåring för Richard Andersson, som samtidigt gav henne grunderna i harmonilära. Fyra år senare antogs hon som elev av konservatoriet, där Aron Bergenson och Conrad Nordqvist svarade för hennes undervisning i harmonilära.\n\nSom pianolärare hade hon tonsättaren Emil Sjögren, som var assistent till Richard Andersson. Efter avslutat konservatorium 1894 erbjöds hon att tillsammans med den firade unge franske violinisten Henri Marteau göra en konsertresa i januari 1895 till Sundsvall, Gävle och Uppsala med avslutning i Stockholm, varefter hon den 11 maj 1895 debuterade som solist med Chopins e-mollkonsert.\nDärefter uppträdde hon i Sverige, Norge, Danmark, Finland och Tyskland. Den 5 mars 1896 gav hon en pianoafton i Stockholm, varvid hennes mogna musicerande väckte allmän beundran.\n\nOm kriteriet på samhällets uppskattning vid tiden för förra sekelskiftet var att bli porträtterad i *Svenskt porträttgalleri* ansåg redaktörerna bakom volym elva, för tonkonstnärer och sceniska artister, vid redaktionsslutet den 10 juni 1897 att konsertpianisten Astri Andersen var tillräckligt meriterad, trots att hon då bara var 21 år.\n\nSäsongen 1898—1899 gjorde Astri Andersen ett uppehåll för att vidareutbilda sig hos pianisterna Moritz Moszkowski och Ernst Jedlicka i Berlin, där hon i februari 1889 även konserterade. Efter återkomsten tycks det ha gått trögare med karriären. Tillsamman med sin far och violinisten Lars Zetterquist bildade hon en pianotrio, som den 20 februari 1901 framförde Chopins pianotrio i g-moll op 8. Därefter följde några pianoaftnar i Härnösand och Uppsala. Den 19 februari 1903 återkom trion med Chopin op 8 varefter hon började ägna sig åt undervisning i Stockholm, Malmö och särskilt Lund, där hon den 12 juni 1907 gifte sig med läraren Efraim Strömberg.\n\nAstri Andersen avled av okänd anledning i april 1911, under ett besök i Nybro. Hon ligger begravd på Norra kyrkogården i Lund.",
      "text_eng": "Astri Andersen was a pianist, active around the turn of the twentieth century. She can be seen as representative of many important female musicians who died young without leaving the slightest trace of their artistry and whose existence is only retained in their names.\n\nAstri Andrea Kristina Andersen was born in Stockholm in 1876. Her father was the prominent Norwegian cellist, Anton Jürgen Andersen. In the same year that she was born her father was appointed as a teacher at the conservatoire of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music (now the Royal College of Music), following a five-year post with the Royal Swedish Orchestra. Astri Andersen was thus brought up in a privileged musical environment. When she was only eight years old, she began taking piano lessons with Richard Andersson, who also taught her the basics of harmonising. Four years later she became a pupil at the conservatoire, where Aron Bergenson and Conrad Nordqvist became responsible for teaching her harmonisation.\n\nHer piano teacher at the conservatoire was Emil Sjögren, who was an assistant of Richard Andersson. Astri Andersen graduated from the conservatoire in 1894 and — along with the celebrated young French violinist Henry Marteau — was invited to undertake a concert tour in January 1895, to places including Sundsvall, Gävle, and Uppsala, ending up in Stockholm. She then made her debut as a soloist on 11 May 1895, performing Chopin’s concerto in e-minor. She gave further performances in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and Germany. On 5 March 1896 she gave a piano recital in Stockholm for which she won general admiration for her mature musical ability.\n\nHaving one’s biography included in *Svenskt porträttgalleri*, a biographical encyclopaedia, served as criterion for social estimation at that time. The editors of volume eleven decided, on 10 June 1897, to include Astri Andersen among composers and stage performers, despite her tender age of 21.\n\nDuring the 1898—1899 season Astri Andersen took a break from performing, in order to deepen her piano playing skills with the pianists Moritz Moszkowski and Ernst Jedlicka in Berlin, where she also gave a concert in February 1989. However, her return to a full performing career seems to have been slightly less successful. She formed a piano trio with her father and the violinist Larz Zetterquist. On 20 February they performed Chopin’s piano trio in g-minor op.8, after which they played a few piano recitals in Härnösand and in Uppsala. On 19 February 1903 the trio performed Chopin’s op.8 again, but after that Astri Andersen began to focus on teaching in Stockholm, Malmö and Lund. She married fellow teacher Efraim Strömberg in Malmö on 12 June 1907.\n\nAstri Andersen died of unknown causes in April 1911 whilst on a visit to Nybro. She is buried at the Northern Cemetery in Lund.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AstriAndreaKristinaAndersen",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Lund|55.70466|13.191007",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Nybro|56.7452|15.9062",
        "Malmö|55.604981|13.003822",
        "Berlin, Tyskland|52.520007|13.404954"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hege",
          "lastname": "Vårdal"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Mattias",
          "lastname": "Forshage"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Christopher",
          "lastname": "Aurivillius",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Ramberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "institution": "Brunnby folkskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.200639,
              "lon": 12.555329
            },
            "place": "Höganäs"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Foto av Cecilia Anderson [Andersson]. Helsingsborgs muesum (Hämtad 2020-09-17)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://museum.helsingborg.se/web/object/340600"
        },
        {
          "description": "Insektssamlingar i Helsingborgs museum, Biologiska museet i Lund, Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Etnografiska museet, Stockholm, Kulturen, Lund, Malmö museum, Kristianstad museum, Museum of Natural History, San Diego",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forshage, Mattias & Vårdal, Hege, 'Vem var Sveriges första kvinnliga entomolog?', *Entomologisk tidskrift*, 2014(135):4, s. 187-197",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nrm:diva-1285"
        },
        {
          "description": "Muchardt, Harald, '"Buena Vista": ett märkligt privatmuseum', *Idun*, 1913:43, s. 701-702",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50900"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Entomologer",
        "Etnografi"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-06T14:52:37",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 64,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1855-05-19",
            "date": "1855-05-19"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Jonstorps församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.200639,
              "lon": 12.555329
            },
            "place": "Höganäs"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1919-11-20",
            "date": "1919-11-20"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 32.7174209,
              "lon": -117.1627714
            },
            "place": "San Diego, USA"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Cecilia/",
        "lastname": "Anderson",
        "sortname": "Anderson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Husligt arbete",
          "detail": "Piga, Skåne, fr o m 1873 USA",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Entomolog",
          "detail": "Entomologisk samlare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Andersdotter",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1855",
            "date": "1855"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.200639,
              "lon": 12.555329
            },
            "place": "Höganäs"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 37.09024,
              "lon": -95.712891
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1897"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 21.521757,
              "lon": -77.781167
            },
            "place": "Kuba"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.427389,
              "lon": 12.847722
            },
            "place": "Båstad"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 32.7174209,
              "lon": -117.1627714
            },
            "place": "San Diego, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Cecilia Anderson. Fotograf och år okänt (Helsingborgs museers samling, 19-225)",
          "description_eng": "Cecilia Anderson. Photographer and year unknown (Helsingborgs museers samling, 19-225)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anderson_Cecilia.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-17",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1816-03-28",
            "date": "1816-03-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1885-10-20",
            "date": "1885-10-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Sissa",
          "lastname": "Olsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1816-07-11",
            "date": "1816-07-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1896-11-03",
            "date": "1896-11-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "occupation": "Undantagsman",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-07-03",
            "date": "1858-07-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-10-07",
            "date": "1947-10-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Olina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sömmerska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1848-12-30",
            "date": "1848-12-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-01-23",
            "date": "1927-01-23"
          },
          "firstname": "John Frans Sone, kallad Francis,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Ingenjör, brobyggare, samlare, generalkonsul",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Brev. Kungl. Vetenskapsakademiens arkiv (Hämtad 2020-09-17)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://web2.foreningsarkiven.a.se/Institution/Details/74"
        },
        {
          "description": "McGrew, Clarence Alan, *City of San Diego and San Diego County, birthplace of California: with selected biography of actors and witnesses in the period of the city and county's greatest growth and achievement. Vol 2*, Chicago, Illinois, American Historical Society",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'John Fredrik Andersson', *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon*, (art av H.E. Westerberg med bidrag av K. G. Lindblom), (Hämtad 2020-09-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/5786"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Entomolog, pionjär, globetrotter",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering entomologist, globetrotter",
      "text": "Cecilia Anderson var pionjär som kvinnlig entomolog och resenär. Hon kan räknas som den första kvinnan i Sverige som var aktiv insektssamlare på global nivå med en egenhändigt insamlad och vetenskapligt etiketterad samling.\n\nCecilia Anderson föddes som Cecilia Andersdotter i Brunnby i Skåne 1855. Modern var Sissa Olsdotter och fadern var Anders Larsson, och hon hade en syster vid namn Olina. Familjen bodde på gården Fjällatorp där Anders var undantagsman, det vill säga tidigare ägare med rätt att stanna på gården livet ut. Hon gick i Brunnby folkskola från 1864.\n\nSom 17-åring emigrerade Cecilia Anderson till Amerika och lämnade Sverige 25 april 1873. Hon reste ensam och står angiven som piga och ogift. Det är inte klarlagt när och hur hon först träffade sin blivande make, John Frans Anderson från Jämshög i Blekinge, som befann sig i USA för att bygga broar. Han var också av mycket enkel börd och hade tagit sig upp som framstående ingenjör i vad som var känt som möjligheternas land. Deras bröllop stod i New York på hennes tjugofemte födelsedag 1880.\n\nUnder 1880-talet reste paret runt i USA varhelst stora broar skulle byggas, och gjorde även längre resor till bland annat Australien. Från 1891 var de verksamma på Kuba, där stora mängder anläggningsarbeten skulle utföras med anledning av att storskalig gruvdrift startade. Under alla dessa resor samlade paret naturalier och etnografika, och Cecilia Anderson var särskilt inriktad på insektssamlande. Paret tycks ha rest runt hela världen och bland de efterlämnade samlingarna återfinns föremål även från Japan, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, Kina, Kongo, Egypten och Marocko (i några fall gäller det dock resor som John Frans gjort före äktenskapet). År 1897 eller 1898 flyttade de som välbärgade tillbaka hem till Sverige och bosatte sig i Djursholm i Stockholm.\n\nVid slutet av 1800-talet finns det många exempel på kvinnor som ägnade sig åt självständiga verksamheter medan de reste omkring som medföljare till män med diplomatiska eller kommersiella uppdrag. Bland dessa hör Cecilia Anderson till den minoritet som var av påfallande enkel härkomst. En piga som blev global insektssamlare kan sägas vara en unik levnadsbana.\n\nVillan paret lät bygga i Djursholm har en särpräglad borgliknande arkitektur och kallas alltjämt Kuba-Andersons villa. Under tiden i Stockholm var Cecilia Anderson en återkommande gäst på Naturhistoriska riksmuseets entomologiska avdelning, där hon lärde känna professorn Christopher Aurivillius och sedermera även preparatorn [](Signe Ramberg), landets första kvinnliga professionella entomolog. År 1906 blev Cecilia Anderson invald i Entomologiska föreningen i Stockholm.\n\nSamma år, 1906, flyttade paret till Båstad, där de lät bygga en ännu mer spektakulär bostad som fick namnet Buena vista, en femtiotvårumsvilla inspirerad av kubanska haciendor. Från Båstad skickade Cecilia Anderson vid flera tillfällen insekter till Naturhistoriska riksmuseet.\n\nÅr 1915 blev John Frans, nu John Francis Anderson, utnämnd till USAs generalkonsul i Köpenhamn, och paret flyttade till Danmark. I samband med flytten från Sverige gjorde man sig av med merparten av sina stora samlingar av naturalier och etnografika. De skänktes delvis och såldes delvis på auktion och hamnade på många olika håll, till exempel i Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (särskilt etnografika som idag alltså återfinns i Etnografiska museet i Stockholm), Kulturen i Lund, Malmö museum (nuvarande Malmö Museer) och Kristianstads museum (nuvarande Regionmuseet Kristianstad). Det tycks ha varit i samband med detta som Cecilia Andersons insektssamling hamnade i Helsingborgs museum. Men hon behöll också en insektssamling och fortsatte utöka den, och det kan vara denna som idag återfinns i Biologiska museet i Lund. Hon skall också ha haft en stor mollusksamling, som det är oklart vart den tagit vägen.\n\nEfter ett par år i Danmark drog sig paret tillbaka och flyttade till San Diego i Kalifornien 1916. Cecilia Anderson omtalades som mycket charmig och som typisk amerikanskt social och var känd för sitt samlande och sin stora umgängeskrets där de bosatte sig. Även San Diegos naturhistoriska museum ska ha fått del av parets samlingar.\n\nCecilia Anderson avled i sitt hem i San Diego 1919 och ligger begravd i Greenwood Memorial Park.",
      "text_eng": "Cecilia Anderson was a pioneer woman entomologist and traveller. She probably counts as the first woman in Sweden to be an active insect collector on a global level with her own collection of scientifically labelled insects. \n\nCecilia Anderson was born Cecilia Andersdotter in Brunnby in Skåne in 1855. Her mother was Sissa Olsdotter and her father was Anders Larsson. She had one sister, Olina. The family lived on Fjällatorp estate where Anders, as the previous owner, owned the right to live for the rest of his life. Cecilia Olsdotter attended Brunnby elementary school from 1864. \n\nWhen she was 17 years old, Cecilia Anderson emigrated to America, leaving Sweden on 25 April 1873. She travelled alone and is registered as an unmarried maidservant. It is not established how she first met her husband-to-be John Frans Anderson from Jämshög in Blekinge. He was in the USA to build bridges. He was also of very humble birth and had worked his way up as a successful engineer in what was known as the country of opportunity. Their wedding took place in New York on her twenty-fifth birthday in 1880. \n\nDuring the 1880s, the couple travelled around in the USA to wherever bridges were to be built, and also made longer journeys, to Australia among other places. From 1891, they were active in Cuba, where a great amount of construction work was to be carried out on account of the large-scale mining enterprise that was started. During all these travels, the couple collected natural and ethnographic objects, and Cecilia Anderson focused especially on collecting insects. The couple seems to have travelled round the whole world, and among the collections they left are objects from Japan, Sri Lanka, Venezuela, China, Congo, Egypt and Morocco. However, in some cases they were collections from trips made by John Frans Anderson before his marriage. In 1897 or 1898, they moved back to Sweden, now a wealthy couple, and settled at Djursholm in Stockholm.\n \nAt the end of the 1800s, there are many examples of women who undertook independent enterprises while they travelled around accompanying men with diplomatic or commercial assignments. Among these, Cecilia Anderson is one of a minority from obviously humble origins. From being a maidservant to becoming a global insect collector may be considered a unique path in life. \n\nThe house that the couple had built in Djursholm also has a special fortress-like architecture and is still called Cuba-Anderson’s villa. During her time in Stockholm, Cecilia Anderson was repeatedly a guest at the National Natural History Museum’s entomological section, where she got to know Professor Christopher Aurivillius and later also [](Signe Ramberg), the country’s first professional woman entomologist and a preparator. In 1906, Cecilia Anderson was elected a member of the Entomological Society in Stockholm.\n \nThe same year, 1906, the couple moved to Båstad, where they had yet another, even more spectacular house built, called Buena Vista, a fifty-two-room villa inspired by Cuban haciendas. From Båstad, Cecilia Anderson sent insects on several occasions to the National Natural History Museum. In 1915, John Frans, now John Francis Anderson, was appointed as the USA’s general consul in Copenhagen, and the couple moved to Denmark. In connection with their move from Sweden, they got rid of most of their great collections of natural and ethnographic objects. These were partly donated and partly sold at auctions and  ended up in many different places, for example in the Swedish Museum of Natural History (the etnographical collections are currently in the Ethnographic Museum in Stockholm), Kulturen in Lund, Malmö museum (currently Malmö museer) and Kristiandstad museum (currently Regionmuseet Kristianstad). It seems to have been in this context that Cecilia Anderson’s insect collection ended up in Helsingborg Museum. However, she also kept one insect collection and continued to expand it, and it may be this that can now be viewed in the Biological Museum in Lund. She is also said to have had a large collection of molluscs, but it is uncertain where that has gone. \n\nAfter a few years in Denmark, the couple retired and moved to San Diego in California in 1916. Cecilia Anderson was described as being very charming and social in a typically American way. She was known for her collecting and her wide social circle where they were living. The San Diego natural history museum is also said to have received some of the couple’s collections. \n\nCecilia Anderson died at her home in San Diego in 1919 and lies buried in Greenwood Memorial Park.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "CeciliaAnderson",
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          "description": "Lärare",
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            "comment": "?"
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          },
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Vågmästare",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Arcadius, C. O., ’Hedvig (Hedda) E Anderson (f. Freudenthal)’, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/5784"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Hedda Anderson’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedda_Anderson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Leijonhufvud, Sigrid & Brithelli, Sigrid, *Kvinnan inom svenska litteraturen intill år 1893 : en bibliografi*, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1893",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/kvlitt1893/0025.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "‘Leopold Budde’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-01-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Budde"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Hedda Anderson’, *Sällskapet Nya Idun* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://nyaidun.se/?s=hedda+anderson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedda Anderson f. Frudenhal. Föreningen Värmlandslitteratur (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.varmlandslitteratur.se/Anderson_Hedda.htm"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jenny Nyströms bilder. Jenny Nyström och Curt Stoopendaal-stiftelsens databas med motiv av Jenny Nyström, Kalmar läns museum (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://jennynystromsbilder.kalmarlansmuseum.se/klm-jenny-nystroem-web/jenny-nystroem-illustrationer/illustrationer-till-inbundna-boecker/andersson-hedda/"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Nya Iduns historia’, *Sällskapet Nya Idun* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://nyaidun.se/nya-iduns-historia/"
        },
        {
          "description": "H. E., ’Farmors förlofning : en tidsbild’, *Dagny*, 1887:7/8, s. 183-186",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/53182"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlén, Bengt & Fries, Carl-Thore (red.), *Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur. [1] 1900-1940*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/sfl/1/0032.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, skolgrundare, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school founder, author",
      "text": "Hedda Anderson var författare och pedagog, verksam på 1800-talet.\n\nHedda Anderson föddes 1832 i Botilsäter, Värmland. Föräldrar var Knut Freudenthal och Anna Elisabet Erikson. Fadern, som var bruksförvaltare, försattes i konkurs år 1834 och i samband med denna händelse flyttade familjen till Rolfserud i utkanten av Säffle.\n\nHedda Anderson skiljdes senare från sina föräldrar och blev uppfostrad av sin farbror Freudenthal i Tösse utanför Åmål, Dalsland. Farbrodern var prost och hemmet beskrevs av C.O. Arcadius som bildat, fromt och gästvänligt. Hedda Anderson skildrades i sin tur av densamme som en intelligent och empatisk ung person med ett rikt inre liv. Som 19-åring började hon att arbeta som lärare i flera olika familjer och fortsatte med det i många år. I brist på lärarutbildningar för kvinnor tillägnade hon sig nödvändiga kunskaper genom självstudier och privatlektioner.\n\nÅr 1867 flyttade Hedda Anderson till Kristinehamn för att undervisa dottern till en vågmästare. Sex år senare, 1873, gifte hon sig med denne vågmästare Johan Elis Anderson. I Kristinehamn var Hedda Anderson en av dem som instiftade Kristinehamns läroverk för flickor, där hon sedan ingick i styrelsen.\n\nÅr 1888 dog Johan Elis Anderson. Två år senare flyttade den då 58-åriga Hedda Anderson till Stockholm. I samband med denna flytt inledde hon sitt författarskap. Hon arbetade även på [](Anna Sandström)s skola, som var en privatskola för flickor.\n\nHedda Anderson skrev flera barn- och ungdomsböcker utgivna på P.A. Norstedts & Söner med motiv från vardagen, varav flera kom att illustreras av [](Jenny Nyström). Några exempel är *Rolfs sommarferier*, 1891, *Rolfs nya kusiner*, 1892, och *Ur moster Lottas brefsamling*, 1895. De kommande åren skrev hon *Sagokvällar hos Moster Lotta - sagor ordnade för samläsning*, 1897, *Stadsflickor på landet*, 1899, och *Lilla Lisa och hennes fosterbröder*, 1901, i samma genre. Hon var även redaktör för en antologi i fem band, för barn i åldrarna sju till tolv år, *Från bokhyllan - läsning för hemmet och skolan*, 1900.\n\nHedda Andersons mest lästa böcker var samlingarna med återberättade folksagor, exempelvis *Nordiska sagor*, 1893, *Norska konungasagor*, 1894, *Grekiska sagor*, 1895, och *Sagor om Trojanska kriget och dess hjältar*, 1905. Sagosamlingarna gavs ut i många utgåvor och upplagor och blev mycket använda i skolorna runtom i landet.\n\nHedda Anderson skrev också läromedel som användes flitigt i de lägre klassernas undervisning. Bland annat sammanställde hon berättelser ur Gamla och Nya Testamentet i två band i verket *Berättelser ur den heliga skrift för barn*, 1891–1892, men det var framför allt boken *Den kristna tros- och sedeläran*, 1906, som fick stor spridning. Hon skrev också läroboken *Svenska språköfningar*, 1895, som bearbetades år 1906 för att kunna användas i svenskundervisningen i Finlands skolor.\n\nHedda Anderson publicerades i tidningarna *Arbetarens vän* och *Linnea* under 1880-talet. År 1887 bidrog hon med berättelsen ”Farmors förlofning” under signaturen H.E. i sommarnumret av Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets tidskrift *Dagny*. I *Folkskolans Barntidning* (senare *Kamratposten*) skrev hon redan under tidningens första levnadsår 1892.\n\nHedda Anderson översatte även andras verk, till exempelvis julberättelsen *Dödens gudson* av Leopold Budde, 1891, och romanen *Stora vida världen* av Elisabeth Wetherall, 1898.\n\nÅr 1896 blev hon invald i Sällskapet Nya Idun, som [](Ellen Key), [](Ellen Fries), [](Calla Curman), Hanna Winge och Amelie Wikström hade bildat elva år tidigare. Nya Idun var ett svar på Sällskapet Idun, som uteslutande riktades till män inom kultursfären, där Calla Curmans man, Carl Curman, var en av medlemmarna.\n\nI Stockholm var Hedda Anderson en av de som år 1899 grundade Privata högre lärarinneseminariet. Det var en skola för lärare som ville arbeta med undervisning i hemmet samt i högre flickskolor. Privata högre lärarinneseminariet låg ursprungligen på Nybrogatan 13, men flyttades senare till Riddargatan 23. År 1911 blev Hedda Andersons styvdotter, Sofi Anderson, föreståndare för seminariet.\n\nHedda Anderson avled 1912 i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Hedda Anderson was an author and an educator who was active during the nineteenth century.\n\nHedda Anderson was born in Botilsäter, Värmland in 1832. Her parents were Knut Freudenthal and Anna Elisabet Erikson. Her father, who had been a manager at an ironworks, suffered bankruptcy in 1834. As a result of this development the family moved to Rolfserud on the outskirts of Säffle.\n\nHedda Anderson was then separated from her parents and sent to live with her paternal uncle Freudenthal in Tösse, near Åmål, Dalsland. Her uncle was a parson and his home has been described by C.O. Arcadius as an educated, pious, and hospitable place. The same individual has, in turn, described Hedda Anderson as an intelligent and empathetic young person who possessed a richly developed mind. When she was 19 years old she began working as a teacher for several different families and she carried on doing this for several years. As the option of gaining formal teaching qualifications was not available to her she then set about obtaining the necessary skills by studying and taking private lessons.\n\nIn 1867 Hedda Anderson moved to Kristinehamn in order to take up a tutoring post for the local weighmaster’s daughter. Six years later, in 1873, Hedda Anderson married the said weighmaster, one Johan Elis Anderson. Hedda Anderson subsequently became one the founders of the girls’ school Kristinehamns läroverk för flickor and served as a member of the school board.\n\nJohan Elis Anderson died in 1888. Two years later Hedda Anderson, now 58 years old, moved to Stockholm. It was at this point in her life that she began to write. She was also employed as at teacher at the [](Anna Sandström) school, a private girls’ school.\n\nHedda Anderson wrote several children’s and youth books which were published by P.A. Norstedt & Söner. These books were themed on everyday life and several of them were illusrated by [](Jenny Nyström). Some of these titles included *Rolfs sommarferier*, from 1891; *Rolfs nya kusiner*, published in 1892; and *Ur moster Lottas brefsamling*, dating from 1895. In the ensuing years Hedda Anderson also produced, in the same genre, the following: *Sagokvällar hos Moster Lotta – sagor ordnade för samläsning*, published in 1897; *Stadsflickor på landet*, from 1899; and *Lilla Lisa och hennes fosterbröder*, released in 1901. She also served as the editor of a five-volume anthology for children aged between seven and twelve, which was entitled *Från bokhyllan – läsning för hemmet och skolan*, which was published in 1900.\n\nHedda Anderson’s most well-read works were her collections of revised folk tales, including: the 1893 *Nordiska sagor*; *Norska konungasagor*, from 1894; *Grekiska sagor*, released in 1895; and *Sagor om Trojanska kriget och dess hjältar*, published in 1905. These fairytale collections were printed in many editions and were heavily used in schools across Sweden.\n\nHedda Anderson also produced textbooks which were often used for primary school teaching. This included a two-volume compilation of stories from the Old and New Testaments, published during 1891–1892 as *Berättelser ur den heliga skrift för barn*, but more notably the book *Den kristna tros- och sedeläran*, published in 1906, which became widely distributed. Hedda Anderson also wrote *Svenska språköfningar*, from 1895, which was revised in 1906 for use in teaching the Swedish language in Finnish schools.\n\nDuring the 1880s Hedda Anderson also had her work published in newspapers such as *Arbetarens vän* and *Linnea*. In 1887 she submitted a story called ʻFarmors förlofning’ for inclusion in the summer issue of Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet’s organ *Dagny*, which she signed off using the initials H. E. She also contributed to *Folkskolans Barntidning* (later known as *Kamratposten*) from its inception in 1892.\n\nHedda Anderson also produced translations of other works, such as Leopold Budde’s Christmas story *Dødens gudsøn*, from 1891, and Elisabeth Wetherall’s novel *The Wide World* in 1898.\n\nIn 1896 Hedda Anderson was elected as a member of Sällskapet Nya Idun. This society had been set up by [](Ellen Key), [](Ellen Fries), [](Calla Curman), Hanna Winge, and Amelie Wikström eleven years earlier. Sällskapet Nya Idun was formed in response to Sällskapet Idun which exclusively catered to men of culture and of which Calla Curman’s husband, Carl Curman, was a member.\n\nHedda Anderson was one of the founders of Privata högre lärarinneseminariet (private advanced female teacher-training programme) which was established in Stockholm in 1899. This was a school for teachers intending to offer both home-based instruction or to work in advanced girls’ schools. Initially the training programme was based at Nybrogatan 13 but the enterprise then moved to Riddargatan 23. In 1911 Hedda Anderson’s step-daughter, Sofi Anderson, became the programme director.\n\nHedda Anderson died in Stockholm in 1912.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "HedvigHeddaElisabetAnderson",
      "viaf_id": "67488337"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Kärnekull"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anneka",
          "lastname": "Lewis"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Rydberg"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Per",
          "lastname": "Anderson"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Paul",
          "lastname": "Anderson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2001",
            "date": "2001"
          },
          "description": "Hedersdoktor, Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet",
          "type": "Hedersdoktorat",
          "type_eng": "Honorary doctorate"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2010",
            "date": "2010"
          },
          "description": "Föreningen SydOstEntomologernas markägardiplom/naturvårdspris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Tyra",
          "lastname": "Linder",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ingegerd",
          "lastname": "Troedsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Helmut",
          "lastname": "Wrangel",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jan",
          "lastname": "Tengö",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carin",
          "lastname": "Bruce",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anne",
          "lastname": "Wilks",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Dyrsch",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Djursholms samskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lantbruksutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "institution": "Ultuna Lantbruksskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lantbruksutbildning",
          "institution": "Hagbyberga gård",
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Agronomexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "institution": "Ultuna lantbrukshögskola (nuvarande Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "type": "Högskola"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Agronomer",
        "Miljöfrågor",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Politiker"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Environmental issues",
        "Pioneers",
        "Politicians",
        "Agronomists"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-05T09:39:30",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1921-06-01",
            "date": "1921-06-01"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Skeppsholms församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2012-01-13",
            "date": "2012-01-13"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Mellösa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.0568,
              "lon": 16.58929999999998
            },
            "place": "Flen"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Kerstin /Anneka/",
        "lastname": "Anderson",
        "sortname": "Anderson"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lantbrukare",
          "detail": "Lantbrukare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.0568,
              "lon": 16.58929999999998
            },
            "place": "Flen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954, 1969 – 1982"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Agronom",
          "detail": "Agronom, Hushållningssällskapet Nyköping",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.752844,
              "lon": 17.009159
            },
            "place": "Nyköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lantbrukare",
          "detail": "Lantbrukare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.3774523,
              "lon": 17.0321193
            },
            "place": "Strängnäs"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Strängnäs kommunfullmäktige, ledamot, Skolstyrelsen",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.3774523,
              "lon": 17.0321193
            },
            "place": "Strängnäs"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Riksdagsledamot",
          "detail": "Ersättare, riksdagen, för Moderaterna",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, sekreterare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1958"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Ponnyföreningen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ersättare i riksdagen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "name": "Högerpartiet (nuvarande Moderaterna)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Nedingens fiskevårdsområdesförening",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Rudberg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Prima",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.0568,
              "lon": 16.58929999999998
            },
            "place": "Flen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
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            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.0568,
              "lon": 16.58929999999998
            },
            "place": "Flen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.3774523,
              "lon": 17.0321193
            },
            "place": "Strängnäs"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.0568,
              "lon": 16.58929999999998
            },
            "place": "Flen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2012",
            "date": "2012"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-11-13",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891-07-15",
            "date": "1891-07-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-08-23",
            "date": "1979-08-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta Selma Charlotta, kallad Greta,",
          "lastname": "Rudberg, född Fock",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1887-08-17",
            "date": "1887-08-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1959-10-29",
            "date": "1959-10-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten",
          "lastname": "Rudberg",
          "occupation": "Kapten, bruksdisponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1913-06-13",
            "date": "1913-06-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-07-18",
            "date": "1979-07-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans",
          "lastname": "Rudberg",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör, fil.dr., bruksdisponent",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-04-08",
            "date": "1917-04-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-09-19",
            "date": "1984-09-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Tyra Margareta",
          "lastname": "Rudberg, gift af Geijerstam",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919-05-06",
            "date": "1919-05-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1969-02-09",
            "date": "1969-02-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Göran",
          "lastname": "Rudberg",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1926-12-16",
            "date": "1926-12-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "firstname": "Astrid Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Rudberg, gift Burgess",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-03-03",
            "date": "1915-03-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-03-30",
            "date": "1984-03-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl-Vilhelm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Agronom",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942-12-42"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Kerstin Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Anderson, gift Kärnekull",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1944-05-28",
            "date": "1944-05-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Greta Anneka",
          "lastname": "Anderson, gift Lewis",
          "occupation": "Bibliotekarie",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1949-04-09",
            "date": "1949-04-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Anderson, gift Rydberg",
          "occupation": "Agronom",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1951-05-02",
            "date": "1951-05-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Per Ivar Karl",
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Son",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1955-08-30",
            "date": "1955-08-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Vilhelm Paul",
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Adjunkt, rektor",
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        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Anneka, Föreläsning vid installationen som hedersdoktor vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Ultuna",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anderson, Anneka & Torstensdotter, Lillemor, 'Anneka PRIMA Anderson', *Ultunesaren*, 2008:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohm, Eva, 'Anneka Anderson, agronom', *Idun*, 1958:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sandblom, Sara, Anneka Anderson. Släkthistoria, 2006",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 1965-08-30, 1979-08-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Agronom, pionjär, miljöaktivist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering agronomist, environmental activist",
      "text": "Anneka Anderson var den första högskoleutbildade kvinnliga agronomen i Sverige.\n\nAnneka Anderson föddes i Stockholm, i Skeppsholms församling och växte upp i Djursholm och Hälleforsnäs. Hennes föräldrar var Sten Rudberg, kapten och bruksdisponent och Margareta (Greta), född Fock. Hon hade fyra syskon, två bröder och två systrar.\n\nAnneka Anderson tog studentexamen vid Djursholms samskola 1939. Under sin uppväxt tillbringade hon somrarna tillsammans med familjen på Öland. Det var också där som hennes stora intresse för lantbruk väcktes. Efter studentexamen blev hon lantbrukselev vid Hagbyberga i Sörmland och utbildade sig sedan på Ultuna Lantbruksskola.\n\nÅr 1941 blev Anneka Anderson den första kvinnliga studerande vid dåvarande Ultuna lantbrukshögskola (nuvarande Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU). Många av de manliga studenterna var negativa till att en kvinna hade antagits, något som bidrog till hennes kommande livslånga politiska engagemang för kvinnors rättigheter.\n\nÅr 1945 flyttade Anneka Anderson tillsammans med sin make Carl-Vilhelm Anderson, också agronom, till den egna gården Barrö utanför Flen. Hon tog examen som högskoleutbildad agronom 1947, och kom tillsammans med maken att vara pionjär på många områden inom jordbruket. De svarta aberdeen angus-korna, importerade samma år, är ett exempel liksom försöksodling av majs, lupin, raps och andra grödor som var nya och ovanliga på 1940-talet. Hon körde traktor och arbetade i skogen, fiskade och var aktiv i lokala föreningar.\n\nAnneka Anderson fick fem barn och tillsammans med dem engagerade hon sig i ponnyavel och ponnysport. Två unga russ-ston blev starten 1951, sedan inköptes en russhingst och en welshponnyhingst. Anneka Anderson importerade också welshponnyer från ursprungslandet England. Hon medverkade vid den första ponnyutställningen i Sverige i Malmköping 1955 och var uppfödare av flera framgångsrika tävlingsponnyer, bland annat den dubble SM-vinnaren i ponnyhoppning, Isidor. Hon var aktiv i styrelsen i Svenska Ponnyföreningen under många år, till sist som vice ordförande (föreningen bildades 1954).\n\nÅr 1954 flyttade Anneka Anderson med sin familj till Säby på Aspö utanför Strängnäs. Här engagerade hon sig i kommun- och rikspolitiken som ledamot i kommunfullmäktige och i kommunstyrelsen, som ordförande i skolstyrelsen och ersättare i riksdagen. Hon var kritisk till att många beslut togs i miljöer där kvinnor inte var välkomna. Anneka Anderson var positiv till EU och aktiv i de moderata kvinnornas EU-förening.\n\nAnneka Anderson hade en stark självtillit och såg ingenting som omöjligt. Det kunde handla om den egna gården, fiske, skogs- och vattenvård, om att spinna, färga och väva egen ull, om att förhindra (eller ibland medverka till) skolnedläggningar eller om att tillsammans med de fem barnen resa Sverige runt för att delta i ponnytävlingar och utställningar. Hon var en tidig datoranvändare och lånade redan sommaren 1980 en persondator (ABC 80) för att hon och barnbarnen skulle få chansen att lära sig mer.\n\nUnder sitt långa och rika liv levde Anneka Anderson som lantbrukare, ponnyuppfödare, naturvårdare, jägare, fågelskådare, amatörarkeolog och politiker, delvis i Sörmland och delvis på Öland. På 2000-talet fick Anneka Anderson erkännande för sina insatser. Att som hedersdoktor hålla en jubelföreläsning på Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Ultuna om erfarenheter från ett omväxlande bondeliv var en höjdpunkt. Då berättade hon också om hur det var att vara ensam kvinnlig student och den lilla antinazistiska grupp som var hennes stöd i en mörk tid. Hon propagerade också för att fler kvinnor behövdes inom lantbruket. Ett annat erkännande blev det markägardiplom som Anneka Andersson erhöll 2010 för vården av ”heden”, en öländsk sandstäpp i Glömminge. Anneka Anderson hade aktivt gått emot skogsstyrelsens krav på att främja barrskogen på området och till sist fick hon rätt i sin förståelse för den unika miljön som sandstäppen utgjorde.\n\nUnder slutet av sitt liv bodde Anneka Anderson på Barrö. Hon dog 2012 efter en kort sjukhusvistelse. Hennes gravplats finns på Aspö Kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Anneka Anderson was the first university-educated woman agronomist in Sweden. \n\nAnneka Anderson was born in Stockholm, and grew up in Djursholm and Hälleforsnäs. Her parents were Margareta (Greta), née Fock and Sten Rudberg, a captain and works manager. She had two sisters and two brothers. \n\nAnneka Anderson matriculated at Djursholms samskola in 1939. During her childhood, she spent summers with the family on the Baltic island of Öland. It was there that her great interest in agriculture was awakened. After her matriculation, she became an agricultural student at Hagbyberga in Sörmland and later at Ultuna Lantbruksskola. \n\nIn 1941, Anneka Anderson became the first woman student at the then Ultuna lantbrukshögskola (now Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, SLU). Many of the male students were negative to the acceptance of a woman, which contributed to her future lifelong political engagement in women’s rights. \n\nIn 1945, Anneka Anderson and her husband Carl-Vilhelm Anderson, also an agronomist, moved to a farm of their own, Barrö outside Flen. She qualified as a university-educated agronomist in 1947, and with her husband came to be a pioneer in many aspects of farming. The Aberdeen Angus cows, imported the same year, are one example as are the experimental cultivation of maize, lupins, rape and other crops that were unusual in the 1940s. She drove a tractor and worked in the forest, fished and was active in local associations. \n\nAnneka Anderson had five children and with them she became involved in pony sports and the breeding of ponies. Two young Gotland pony mares were the start in 1951, then she bought a Gotland pony stallion and a Welsh pony stallion. Anneka Anderson also imported Welsh ponies from England, their country of origin. She collaborated in the first pony exhibition in Sweden at Malmköping in 1955, and was the breeder of several successful competition ponies, among them the twice-winner of the Swedish championship in pony jumping, Isidor. She was active on the board of the association Svenska Ponnyföreningen for many years, finally as vice chairperson (the association was founded in 1954).\n \nIn 1954, Anneka Anderson and her family moved to Säby outside Strängnäs. There she was involved in municipal and national politics as a member of the city council and the municipal board, as chairperson of the school board and as proxy in parliament. She was critical to many decisions being taken in settings in which women were not welcome. Anneka Anderson was positive to the European Union and active in the right-wing women’s EU association.\n \nAnneka Anderson had strong self-confidence and saw nothing as impossible. That applied to their own farm, fishing, forestry and water management, spinning, dyeing and weaving her own wool, preventing school closures (or sometime collaborating in them) or with the five children travelling around Sweden to participate in pony competitions and exhibitions. She was an early computer user and borrowed a PC (ABC 80) as early as the summer of 1980 so that she and her grandchildren would have the opportunity to learn more. \n\nDuring her long and fulfilling life, Anneka Anderson was active as a farmer, pony breeder, conservationist, hunter, ornithologist, amateur archaeologist and politician, partly in Sörmland and partly on Öland. In the 2000s, Anneka Anderson was recognised for her contributions. As an honorary doctor she held a celebratory lecture at Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU), Ultuna on experiences from her varied farming life. It was a pinnacle in her life. She also recounted then what it had been like to be a lone woman student and about the small anti-Nazi group that was her support at a dark time. She propagated for more women in agriculture. Another mark of recognition was the diploma for landowners/conservation in 2010 from Föreningen SydOstEntomologerna for her management of “heathlands”, some sandy steppes in Glömminge, typical for Öland. Anneka Anderson had actively opposed the forestry authority’s demands to promote coniferous forest in the region and at last she was acknowledged to be right in her understanding of the unique environment constituted by the sandy steppes.\n \nDuring the last period of her life, Anneka Anderson lived at Barrö. She died in 2012 after a brief stay in hospital. Her grave is in Aspö Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "KerstinAnnekaAnderson",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Hjort"
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      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "description": "Hedersdoktor i juridik, Smith College, USA",
          "type": "Hedersdoktorat",
          "type_eng": "Honorary doctorate"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "description": "Award of Merit, U.S. Department of Labor",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1991",
            "date": "1991"
          },
          "description": "Labor Hall of Honor, U.S. Department of Labor (postumt)",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
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          "firstname": "Jane",
          "lastname": "Addams",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Margaret",
          "lastname": "Dreier Robins",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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          "lastname": "van Kleeck",
          "type": "Vän",
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          "lastname": "Roosevelt",
          "type": "Vän",
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          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Margaret",
          "lastname": "Bondfield",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "James J.",
          "lastname": "Davis",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Frances",
          "lastname": "Perkins",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": "Saleby sockenskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.503505,
              "lon": 13.157077
            },
            "place": "Lidköping"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Mary Anderson",
          "description_eng": "About Mary Anderson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=amne%3a(%22Anderson%2c+Mary%22)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "McGuire, John Thomas, 'Gender and the personal shaping of public administration in the United States: Mary Anderson and the Women's Bureau, 1920–1930', *Public administration review*, 2012(72):2, s. 265-271",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pehrson, Lennart, 'Hon jobbade för fem presidenter', *Populär historia*, 2013:11, s. 28-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      ],
      "id": [
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          "id": "0000000361881377",
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
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        "Ledare",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Svenskamerikanskor"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Trade unionist",
        "Managers",
        "Women's movement"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-06T15:27:53",
      "libris_uri": [
        "q20m57qgnh5hwc84"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 91,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1872-08-27",
            "date": "1872-08-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Sävare församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.503505,
              "lon": 13.157077
            },
            "place": "Lidköping"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
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            "date": "1964-01-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 38.907192,
              "lon": -77.036871
            },
            "place": "Washington D.C., USA"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Maria (/Mary/) Sofia",
        "lastname": "Anderson",
        "sortname": "Anderson"
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Husligt arbete",
          "detail": "Kortare anställningar som piga och fabriksarbetare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
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            "comment": "1894",
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Fabriksarbetare",
          "detail": "Nåtlare eller sömmerska, 1894–1901 Schwab’s, 1901–1903(?) Selz and Company, 1903(?)–1905 icke namngiven fabrik, 1905–1910 Smith Shoe Company",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.878114,
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            },
            "place": "Chicago, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Facklig verksamhet",
          "detail": "Organisatör, Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), 1917 representant i Washington D.C.",
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            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.878114,
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            "place": "Chicago, USA"
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            "date": "1917"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Chef",
          "detail": "Biträdande chef, sedermera chef, Women in Industry Service (WIS, nuvarande Women’s Bureau), U.S. Department of Labor (amerikanska arbetsmarknadsdepartementet)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 38.907192,
              "lon": -77.036871
            },
            "place": "Washington D.C., USA"
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            "date": "1920"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Chef",
          "detail": "Chef, Women’s Bureau, U.S. Department of Labor (amerikanska arbetsmarknadsdepartementet)",
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            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 38.907192,
              "lon": -77.036871
            },
            "place": "Washington D.C., USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Politisk verksamhet",
          "detail": "Lobbyist, rådgivare i kvinnofrågor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 38.907192,
              "lon": -77.036871
            },
            "place": "Washington D.C., USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ordförande, lokalklubben Stitchers Local 94, styrelseledamot, organisatör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "name": "International Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "name": "Chicago Federation of Labor (CFL)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Organisatör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "name": "Women’s Trade Union League",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "name": "Internation Congress of Working Women",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Magnusdotter",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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            "date": "1872"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 13.157077
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            "place": "Lidköping"
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          "to": {
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 43.9555406,
              "lon": -86.4477416
            },
            "place": "Ludington, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.878114,
              "lon": -87.629798
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            "place": "Chicago, USA"
          },
          "to": {
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 38.907192,
              "lon": -77.036871
            },
            "place": "Washington D.C., USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Mary Anderson, 1920. Fotograf okänd. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-npcc-02141]",
          "description_eng": "Mary Anderson, 1920. Photgrapher unknown. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, [LC-DIG-npcc-02141]",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anderson_Mary.png"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-03",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1829-01-15",
            "date": "1829-01-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897-04-24",
            "date": "1897-04-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Mathilda Karolina",
          "lastname": "Jansdotter",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1823-03-06",
            "date": "1823-03-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-09-15",
            "date": "1902-09-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnus",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1852-07-20",
            "date": "1852-07-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1934-11-05",
            "date": "1934-11-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Greta",
          "lastname": "Magnusdotter, gift Lind",
          "occupation": "Piga, utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854-06-12",
            "date": "1854-06-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-08-30",
            "date": "1933-08-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Niklas",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-07-23",
            "date": "1856-07-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-07-06",
            "date": "1932-07-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861-05-24",
            "date": "1861-05-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1922-04-06",
            "date": "1922-04-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedda Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Johansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-09-30",
            "date": "1863-09-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilda Carolina",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Larson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-01-30",
            "date": "1867-01-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-02-12",
            "date": "1913-02-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Oskar",
          "lastname": "Magnusson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Anderson, Mary (1872–1964)'. *Encyclopedia.com* (Hämtad 2020-12-01)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anderson-mary-1872-1964"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anderson, Mary, *Woman at work: the autobiography of Mary Anderson as told to Mary N.Winslow*, University of Minnesota P; Oxford U.P, Minneapolis, 1951",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Mary Anderson mer berömd än Greta Garbo i USA. www.kvarnabo.eu (Hämtad 2020-12-01)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://kvarnabo.eu/mer-ber-md-n-greta-garbo.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Facklig ledare, kvinnosakskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Trade union leader, proponent of women's issues",
      "text": "Mary Anderson blev 1920 chef för det amerikanska Women’s Bureau. Då hon gick i pension 1944 hade hon haft ansvaret för miljoner kvinnors arbetsförhållanden, både i freds- och krigstid.\n\nMary Anderson föddes 1872 i Saleby, strax söder om Lidköping. Hon var yngst av sju syskon och hennes föräldrar, Magnus Andersson och Matilda Jansdotter, var lantbrukare på en gård stor nog att ha anställda. Några sämre år i slutet av 1880-talet ledde dock till att fadern inte kunde betala arrendet, och tillsammans med andra i samma situation for han till Stockholm för att förhandla med kronan. Företaget misslyckades och fadern förlorade gården. För Mary Anderson, som ogillade hushållssysslor, innebar det att hon behövde finna en anställning. Vid tiden var den vanliga lösningen för en kvinna i hennes situation att ta tjänst som piga.\n\nMary Andersons syster Anna Magnusdotter, gift Lind, hade två år tidigare utvandrat till USA. Hon föreslog nu att Mary Anderson tillsammans med systern Hilda, gift Larsson, skulle komma efter. Fadern var mer skeptisk än modern, som menade att även kvinnor skulle göra vad de ville. På våren 1888 avreste de båda systrarna till USA. Den 16-åriga Mary Anderson hoppades att det skulle innebära en väg att slippa hushållsarbete. Så blev inte fallet. Hennes första anställning var som diskare vid en bosättning för skogsarbetare. Fram till 1894 hade hon tio olika arbetsgivare. De täta bytena gav utdelning. Som minst hade hon tjänat $1,50 per vecka inklusive mat och husrum som piga. Bytet till fabriksarbete med anställning som nåtlare och sömmerska i en skofabrik hade drivit upp lönen till omkring $14 per vecka.\n\nNy hemort blev så småningom West Pullman, en förort till Chicago, och Mary Anderson stannade där till 1917. Hon trivdes med umgänget i fabriken och när några av de andra kvinnorna föreslog att de skulle gå med i facket ville hon veta mer om vad det var. De gick gemensamt på ett möte och informerades om att ett fackförbund kunde ge dem bättre lön och kortare arbetstid, så de gick med. Inom ett år var Mary Anderson ordförande för de 150 kvinnliga medlemmarna i sin lokalklubb, Stitchers Local 94, i Boot and Shoe Workers Union. Som sådan representerade hon dem i olika råd, och hon engagerade sig även, som enda kvinna och enda icke-avlönade, i fackets verkställande utskott.\n\nChicago var tillsammans med Boston vid tiden för förra sekelskiftet huvudorter i den amerikanska fackrörelsen, och Mary Anderson trivdes i hetluften. Efter tio timmars arbetsdag på fabriken tog hon tag i fackarbetet varje dag, inklusive helger. Hon har själv kallat de första åren för läroår, och det hon lärde sig färgade henne för resten av livet. Hennes första insikt var att fackligt arbete kunde göra de täta bytena av arbetsgivare hon själv gått igenom onödiga. Istället för att byta jobb kunde man kollektivt förhandla för att förbättra arbetsförhållandena för alla på en gång. Det andra hon insåg var att kvinnor hade liten plats i de amerikanska fackförbunden, som var till för män. Anledningen var att gemene man i USA, mer än i Europa, hade uppfattningen att kvinnor arbetade tills de gifte sig och blev hemmafruar. Kvinnor ansågs därför kunna acceptera sämre arbetsförhållanden och lägre lön, eftersom de inte var familjeförsörjare. Facken var sålunda till för män som arbetade livslångt i kvalificerade yrken, inte för kvinnor som arbetade tillfälligt i enklare yrken.\n\nMary Anderson vigde bokstavligen sitt liv åt att organisera kvinnliga arbetare och sen hjälpa fackförbunden att förhandla. Så mycket så att hon, enligt henne själv, aldrig hann gifta sig. Utöver Boot and Shoe Workers Union engagerade hon sig i Women’s Trade Union League, (WTUL). Det var såväl en yrkes- som klassöverskridande organisation som syftade till att förbättra förhållandena för arbetande kvinnor. Medlemskapet var öppet för alla, även män. Genom sitt hårda arbete kom hon i kontakt med, och imponerade på, storheter i den amerikanska kvinnorörelsen som Jane Addams och Margaret Dreier-Robins. Den senare föreslog 1911, efter den stora klädarbetarstrejken i Chicago med drygt 40 000 deltagande, att Mary Anderson skulle anställas av WTUL som kontrollant för att arbetsgivarna följde de olika uppgörelserna. Hon accepterade, och lämnade så fabriksarbetet för att bli fackanställd.\n\nMed läroåren bakom sig arbetade nu Mary Anderson i en ledande position utifrån de övertygelser erfarenheten skänkt henne. Strejken var för henne alltid den absolut sista utvägen, ett medel att ta till endast i nödfall. Detta då den, särskilt om den blev utdragen, drabbade arbetarna mer än arbetsgivarna. Betydligt viktigare var det kollektiva förhandlandet och skiljeråd med representanter från både arbetare och arbetsgivare. De verkliga framgångarna, menade hon, byggdes upp med uthålligt arbete under lång tid. En viktig del i Mary Andersons arbete var därför att lära medlemmarna disciplin och tålamod för att nå långsiktiga mål.\n\nGenom Margaret Dreier-Robins försorg skickades Mary Anderson 1917 till Washington D.C. för att representera WTUL i en kommitté skapad av American Federation of Labor (AFL). AFL var USA:s vid tiden största sammanslutning av fackförbund och ordföranden, Samuel Gompers, ville att den nya kommittén skulle ge råd om kvinnors intressen på arbetsmarknaden. Även om Mary Anderson var besviken på resultaten var det ett viktigt steg. WTUL beslutade att placera henne i Washington D.C. på heltid för att parallellt med arbetet i kommittén organisera fackförbund i staden. Samtidigt knöt hon viktiga kontakter. Viktigast av alla var Mary van Kleeck, chef för Women in Industry Service (WIS, nuvarande Women’s Bureau), U.S. Department of Labor, och som Mary Andersom kom att efterträda. WIS var en tillfällig krigsavdelning på Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet under första världskriget. Uppgiften var att genom råd både effektivisera arbetet och förbättra arbetsförhållandena för de kvinnor som arbetade i industrin som ersättare för de krigsplacerade männen. Deras rekommendationer presenterades först efter vapenstilleståndet, möjligen fördröjt av krigsintressena, men fick stor betydelse för kvinnors arbetssituation på lång sikt. Med Mary Anderson som chef permanenterades WIS sommaren 1920 som Women’s Bureau. Hon skulle stanna till 1944 och arbeta under fem olika presidenter. Under Mary Andersons ledning arbetade Women’s Bureau både med egna initiativ och på andras uppdrag. När hon slutade hade man utrett kvinnors arbetssituation i 32 delstater och flera olika yrkesgrupper. Avsikten var främst att skapa kunskap för att kunna ge råd och rekommendationer gällande lön, arbetstider och arbetssäkerhet.\n\nAndra relationer var mer frostiga. Mary Anderson anklagades för att både vara anti-amerikansk och kommunist, dock utan att det fick någon påverkan på hennes arbetsliv. Under tre decennier förde hon en bitter kamp mot lagförslaget Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), formulerat av National Woman’s Party (NWP) med Alice Paul i spetsen. ERA var lika samlande som det var splittrande för den amerikanska kvinnorörelsen. Kravet som ställdes var att män och kvinnor genom ett tillägg till konstitutionen skulle ha lika rättigheter på alla platser där amerikansk lag gällde. Den splittrande faktorn var att flera av de landvinningar kvinnor gjort byggde på särlagstiftning, det vill säga lagstiftning som identifierade dem som just kvinnor och därför gav dem särskilda rättigheter eller särskilt skydd. Om ERA blev verklighet skulle det innebära att all sådan lagstiftning upphörde att gälla. För Mary Anderson som hela sin fackliga och senare statliga karriär arbetat för särskilda undantag för kvinnliga arbetare, vore det naturligtvis katastrofalt. Hennes kamp mot ERA fortsatte även efter att hon 1944 gått i pension från Women’s Bureau.\n\nÅr 1919 for Mary Anderson som representant för WTUL till fredsförhandlingarna i Paris. Där förhandlade hon med Woodrow Wilson kring vad som skulle bli International Labour Organization (ILO), som i början var en underorganisation till Nationernas förbund. Andra internationella kontakter på samma resa ledde till grundandet av International Congress of Working Women (ICWW), en samarbetsorganisation för olika grupper med intresse för arbetande kvinnors villkor. Genom denna kom Mary Anderson i kontakt med bland andra [](Kerstin Hesselgren), en person hon uppskattade mycket. I samband med resor till Europa besökte hon även Sverige, sin hembygd och sina syskon.\n\nÅr 1915 blev Mary Anderson amerikansk medborgare, sporrad av att rösträtt diskuterades för kvinnor i dåvarande hemmadelstaten Illinois. Hon förblev ogift livet ut. Under en stor del av sitt vuxna liv levde hon istället tillsammans med sin 20 år äldre syster Anna Lind, som var änka och sjuklig. Efter att systern gått bort 1934 bodde Mary Anderson, liksom i ungdomen, antingen tillsammans med vänner eller på pensionat. Det avspeglade hennes uppfattning om att en arbetare borde hyra sin bostad, inte äga den. Hon menade att den som hyrde hade större frihet gentemot arbetsgivaren än den som antingen hade stort lån eller behövde sälja sitt hus för att kunna flytta. Mary Anderson hade själv i ungdomen flyttat flera gånger för att få bättre jobb och förbättra sin levnadsstandard. Trots att hon arbetade för kvinnors villkor på arbetsmarknaden var hon positiv till att den som ville skulle kunna vara hemmafru.\n\nHennes ledande position under en tid då antalet kvinnor på den amerikanska arbetsmarknaden fördubblades gjorde henne inflytelserik. År 1935 omnämndes hon som en av USA:s tio mäktigaste kvinnor och 1941 mottog hon hedersdoktorstitel vid Smith College. År 1962, två år före sin död, fick hon också arbetsmarknadsdepartementets förtjänstmedalj. Samma myndighet valde också 1991 in henne i sin Hall of Fame.\n\nMary Anderson avled i januari 1964 och är begravd tillsammans med sin syster Anna Lind på Oak Hill Cemetery i Washington D.C.",
      "text_eng": "Mary Anderson served as head of the American Women’s Bureau in 1920. By the time of her retirement, in 1944, she had been responsible for ensuring employment conditions for millions of women, both during times of peace and war.\n\nMary Anderson was born in Saleby, just outside of Lidköping, in 1872. She was the youngest of seven children born to her parents, Magnus Andersson and Matilda Jansdotter. Her parents were tenant farmers at a farm that was large enough to have employees. However, following a few years of poor results towards the end of the 1880s Mary Anderson’s father was no longer able to cover his tenancy fees. He, along with many others who found themselves in the same situation, headed for Stockholm to negotiate with the Crown, his landlord. His supplication to the Crown failed and he lost his farm. This meant that Mary Anderson, who was not keen on domestic work, needed to find a paid position. At this time it was the norm for a woman in her position to take a job as a maid.\n\nMary Anderson’s sister, Anna Magnusdotter now married as Lind, had already emigrated from Sweden two years earlier and was now settled in the USA. She suggested that Mary Anderson, along with another sister named Hilda now married as Larsson, should follow suit. Their father took a more sceptical view of his daughters’ plans than their mother who believed that a woman should be able to follow her own volition. Mary Anderson and her sister Hilda both left for America in the spring of 1888. At this time Mary Anderson was 16 years old and hoped this move would afford a means for her to avoid working as a domestic. This did not come to pass. Her first job in her adopted country was dish-washing at a residential unit for forest workers. In the period leading up to 1894 Mary Anderson went through ten different employers. These frequent changes proved profitable to her. The lowest pay she had received was $1.50 a week, including room and board, as a maid. When she changed to paid industrial work by taking a job as a closer and a seamstress at a shoe-factory her pay rose to around $14 a week.\n\nEventually Mary Anderson settled in West Pullman, a suburb of Chicago, where she remained until 1917. She was content with the social aspect of factory work and when some of her fellow female workers suggested that she join the union she decided to become informed on the subject. The factory women attended a meeting where they learned that trade union membership could gain them higher salaries and shorten their working hours and naturally they all decided to sign up. Within a year Mary Anderson was chair of the 150 female members of the local branch, known as Stitchers Local 94, of the Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union. She represented these women on various councils and she was also the only woman and the only unpaid representative on the trade union’s executive committee.\n\nAt that time Chicago and Boston were centres of the American trade union movement and Mary Anderson enjoyed being in the heat of the fray. Every day, having spent ten hours at work, Mary Anderson dealt with her trade union duties, even at the weekends. She herself described the first year as a learning curve, and the things she learned had a life-long impact on her. Her first insight was that through trade unionism the need to frequently change employers – which she herself had experienced – became unnecessary. Instead of changing jobs workers could, as a group, negotiate to improve their working conditions and have these improvements apply across the board. The second insight she gained was that women were hardly represented within the American trade union movement, which had been set up on behalf of male workers. The reason for this was that, to a greater degree than was the norm in Europe,  most men believed that women only formed part of the workforce until they got married, after which they became housewives. Further it was believed that women could tolerate less acceptable working conditions and lower salaries as they were not providing for a whole family. Thus, trade unions were formed for the benefit of men who held lifelong jobs in qualified professions, not for women who only worked short-term in simpler professions.\n\nMary Anderson literally dedicated her life to organising female workers and then to assisting the trade union with negotiations. Indeed, she herself said that she never found the time to get married. In addition to the Boot and Shoe Workers’ Union Mary Anderson was also active within the Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL). The latter was an organisation which crossed both professional and class boundaries and aimed to improve conditions for the working woman. Membership was open to all, including men. Mary Anderson, through her determined work, came into contact with and left an impression on major figures within the American women’s movement, including Jane Addams and Margaret Dreier-Robins. In 1911, after the great garment workers’ strike in Chicago which was supported by over 40,000 workers, Margaret Dreier-Robins suggested that Mary Anderson should become employed by WTUL as an inspector to ensure that employers stuck to their agreements with trade unions. Mary Anderson accepted this role and then gave up her job in the factory in order to become a trade union employee.\n\nFollowing her ‘learning curve’ year Mary Anderson now found herself in a leading position given her past experiences. She believed that strikes should always remain the absolute last route of action, only to be adopted in cases of absolute necessity. This was particularly true given that long-lasting strikes had greater impacts on the workers than the employers. To her it was far more important to engage in mutual negotiations and arbitration with representatives from both the workers and the employers. She believed that real progress resulted from persistent efforts over a longer period of time. An important element of Mary Anderson’s work, therefore, comprised teaching union members to be disciplined and to have patience in order to achieve long-term goals.\n\nMargaret Dreier-Robin’s efforts led to Mary Anderson being sent to Washington D.C. in 1917 in order to represent WTUL on a committee set up by the American Federation of Labor (AFL). At that time AFL was the largest federation of trade unions and its chair, Samuel Gompers, wanted the committee to advise on women’s interests within the labour market. Although Mary Anderson was left disappointed with the outcome it had nevertheless served as an important step. WTUL decided to keep her in Washington D.C. fulltime so that she could also organise trade unions in the city whilst carrying out her committee duties. Mary Anderson also made important personal connections, the most significant of which was with Mary van Kleeck, head of Women in Industry Service (WIS, now Women’s Bureau), U.S. Department of Labor, whom Mary Anderson would eventually succeed. WIS was a temporary war-time department of the Ministry of Labor set up during the First World War. Its role was to provide advice on making employment more effective and to improve working conditions for those women in industry who had been hired to replace male employees now seconded to military service. Although the department’s recommendations were only presented following the truce, perhaps because they were of secondary importance to military needs, they nevertheless were of significance to women’s employment situations in the long term. Whilst Mary Anderson was at its helm WIS became a permanent fixture in the summer of 1920 under the name of the Women’s Bureau. Mary Anderson remained in post until 1944, serving a total of five different American presidents. During Mary Anderson’s time in charge the Women’s Bureau not only worked on its own initiative but also worked at the behest of others. On her retirement the employment situation for women had been investigated across a range of professions in 32 states. The main purpose was to accumulate enough knowledge in the area to be able to supply advice and recommendations with regard to salaries, working hours, and job security.\n\nMary Anderson also faced frosty relations from certain quarters. She was accused of being both un-American and a communist, although neither accusation had any real impact on her working life. For 30 years she was engaged in a bitter struggle against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) legislation which had been formulated by the National Women’s Party (NWP) when Alice Paul was its head. The ERA was an equally unifying and divisive force within the American women’s movement. It demanded an amendment to the American Constitution which would give men and women equal rights everywhere that American law held sway. The divisive factor was that several of the gains women had made were dependent on special legislation, namely laws that identified them as women and thereby gave them specific rights or specific protection. Should the proposed ERA become law this would entail that all such special legislation would cease to apply. To Mary Anderson, who had spent her entire union, and later government, career working to provide special exemptions for female workers, this naturally seemed to be a catastrophe. Her struggle against the ERA continued even after her retirement from the Women’s Bureau in 1944.\n\nIn 1919 Mary Anderson, in her capacity as representative of WTUL, attended the peace negotiations in Paris. There she negotiated with Woodrow Wilson on the subject of what eventually became the International Labour Organization (ILO), which initially served as a sub-organisation within the United Nations. Mary Anderson formed additional international connections on that trip which led to the founding of the International Congress of Working Women (ICWW), a collaborative venture for various groups concerned with women’s employment conditions. One of the connections Mary Anderson made through the ICWW was with [](Kerstin Hesselgren), a person she came to esteem highly. On these trips to Europe Mary Anderson also visited Sweden, her hometown and her siblings.\n\nMary Anderson gained her American citizenship in 1915. This decision had been spurred by talk of women gaining the right to vote in her then home state of Illinois. Mary Anderson never married. She spent most of her adult life living with her sister, Anna Lind, who was 20 years her senior, a widow, and in poor health. Following Anna’s death in 1934 Mary Anderson then lived, as she had done in her youth, alternately in the homes of friends or at boarding houses. This reflected her view that a worker should rent accommodation not own it. She believed that those who rented had greater freedom than their employers who either had major debts or needed to sell their house in order to move. Mary Anderson had herself undertaken several moves in order to gain better jobs and in order to raise her own standards of living. Despite all her efforts on behalf of improving women’s employment conditions she retained a positive attitude towards the right of those women to choose to be housewives if they so desired.\n\nMary Anderson’s leading position at a time when the number of women within the American labour market doubled meant that she was an influential individual. In 1935 she was named as one of the ten most powerful women and in 1941 she was awarded an honorary doctorate from Smith College. In 1962, two years before her death, the U.S. Department of Labor awarded her their service medal and, in 1991, that same department also elected her into its Hall of Fame.\n\nMary Anderson died in January 1964. She is buried beside her sister, Anna Lind, at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington D.C.",
      "translator": {
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          "description": "Simpson, Clare S., 'Capitalising on curiosity: women's professional cycle racing the late-nineteenth century', *Cycling and Society*, S. 47-66, 2007",
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          "date": {
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          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.427389,
              "lon": 12.847722
            },
            "place": "Båstad"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.878114,
              "lon": -87.629798
            },
            "place": "Chicago, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.8172,
              "lon": 46.8172
            },
            "place": "Detroit Lakes, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Tillie Anderson. Fotograf och år okänt (Wikimedia Commons, Alice Olson Roepke)",
          "description_eng": "Tillie Anderson. Photgrapher and year unknown (Wikimedia Commons, Alice Olson Roepke)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anderson_Tillie.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-04",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-11-10",
            "date": "1833-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Christiansdotter",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1816-09-26",
            "date": "1816-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1883-04-03",
            "date": "1883-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Bengtsson",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854-08-05",
            "date": "1854-08-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1896-01-27",
            "date": "1896-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857-03-13",
            "date": "1857-03-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Andersdotter",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-04-27",
            "date": "1860-04-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Petter",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-01-05",
            "date": "1863-01-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1864-06-22",
            "date": "1864-06-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna",
          "lastname": "Andersdotter",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-11-29",
            "date": "1866-11-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna",
          "lastname": "Andersdotter",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-01-11",
            "date": "1870-01-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ida",
          "lastname": "Andersdotter",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-09-08",
            "date": "1872-09-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "August",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "firstname": "Filip, kallad Phil,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "lastname": "Sjöberg, amerikaniserat Shoberg",
          "occupation": "Tränare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Gilles, Roger, *Women on the move : the forgotten era of women's bicycle racing*, Lincoln, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johansson, Malena, 'Tillie the Terrible Swede – hur Sveriges första kvinnliga idrottsstjärna glömdes bort', *Dagens Nyheter*,  2018-12-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Idrottare, cyklist, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Sportswoman, cyclist, pioneer",
      "text": "Tillie Anderson var cyklist på 1890-talet och en av de första svenskfödda proffsidrottarna.\n\nTillie Anderson föddes 1875 i skånska Grevie som Matilda Andersdotter. Efter sin fars frånfälle följde hon 1891 i storasysters fotspår och utvandrade till USA tillsammans med sin lillebror. Två år senare följde modern och de två i Sverige kvarvarande systrarna efter, och familjen var återsamlad i Chicagos svenskområde Swedetown. Tillie Anderson bidrog till familjens försörjning genom arbete på ett tvätteri, ett arbete som gav några få dollar i veckan.\n\nI början av 1890-talet hade även en annan nyhet dykt upp i USA, den moderna säkerhetscykeln med två lika stora hjul. De tidigare höghjulingarna hade haft en period av popularitet, men de var alltför opraktiska för att få ett större genomslag som transportmedel. Plötsligt exploderade cykelförsäljningen i USA med fyra miljoner sålda cyklar. En tredjedel av cyklisterna var kvinnor, Tillie Anderson ville bli en av dem. Genom extraarbete med symaskinen i hemmet började hon spara till att skaffa sig en egen cykel.\n\nSommaren 1894 räckte kassan till billigaste möjliga modell, och Tillie Anderson började omedelbart att träna. Träningen gick bra och hon gick även med i cykelklubben Monitor, Chicagos enda cykelklubb för svenskar. Ett år efter att hon skaffat sig cykeln ställde hon upp i sin första tävling, ett race över 100 miles (omkring 161 km) med start och mål i hemstaden. Resultatet blev seger. Med siktet inställt på fler tävlingsmöjligheter fann Tillie Anderson en tävling som skulle hållas på en velodrom, en specialbyggd oval med lutande bana för högsta möjliga hastighet. Nu stod även prispengar på spel.\n\nTillsammans med Phil Shoberg, en annan svenskamerikansk cykelfantast, begav sig Tillie Anderson iväg för att prova banan. För att dryga ut sitt fält av mestadels före detta höghjulingscyklister lät tävlingsmanagern Henri Messier lokala förmågor pröva lyckan. Den här gången gick det sämre för Tillie Anderson. Hon hade svårt att kontrollera cykeln på den lutande banan och föll flera gånger. Lika illa var det att Lizzie Glaw, hennes stora konkurrent från sommarens tävling, klarade cyklingen galant. När träningen led mot sitt slut fick Phil Shoberg övertyga Henri Messier att ge Tillie Anderson en ny chans kommande dag. Hon kom igen och lärde sig snabbt att hantera banan. När tävlingen gick av stapeln mindre än en vecka senare tillhörde hon favoriterna. Efter sex dagar av nötande tävling i två dagliga pass stod Tillie Anderson som vinnare av de tio kvinnorna. Tiden var dessutom rekordsnabb, och Henri Messier såg till att hon följde med till nästa tävling i Detroit.\n\nTävlingsformen påminde mest om våra dagars velodromcykling, men på betydligt kortare banor. Henri Messier hade precis börjat utveckla konceptet och det blev snabbt framgångsrikt. Med ett stall av duktiga kvinnliga cyklister besökte han stad efter stad och såg till att en bana snickrades ihop efter hans ritningar. Före tävlingen stod banan öppen för folk att testa, och fann han en god utmanare fick de plats i tävlingen. Den kördes över sex dagar i två grupper som vardera körde två pass om dagen. Resultaten räknades samman dag för dag med stor final, och oftast sekundstrid, på lördag kväll. Allt för att dra maximalt med press och publik, och inte störa söndagsfriden.\n\nFör de manliga tävlingscyklisterna såg tävlingarna helt annorlunda ut. Deras banor var längre med mindre dosering, och till skillnad mot kvinnornas pågick deras tävlingar hela tiden under de sex dagarna. Deras prövning gällde extrem uthållighet. Tämligen omgående tycks både press och biljettköpande allmänhet ha börjat dras till kvinnornas snabbare och mer publikfriande lopp i en takt som skrämde League of American Wheelmen (LAW), landets största cykelorganisation. I deras stadgar fanns tydligt inskrivet att inga tävlingar som tillät kvinnor skulle sanktioneras av dem. När de såg framgångarna Henri Messier hade med sitt uppstickarmästerskap valde de motståndets väg. Arrangörer som tillät kvinnotävlingar bannlystes, och män som cyklade på ”kvinnobanorna” hotades med avstängning.\n\nTillie Anderson utvecklades fort i den här miljön, och blev snart sportens stora stjärna. Phil Schoberg hade följt med henne ut på touren och deras samarbete påminner mycket om moderna tiders tränare. Någonstans på vägen blev de ett par. Hennes dagar var tydligt planerade med olika träningsformer och specialiserad kost. Under tävlingarna klockade han sorgfälligt vart och ett av hennes 8–10 sekunder långa varv och slipade på en vinnande strategi. Tillie Andersons styrka var att höja tempot rejält mot slutet av varje tävlingspass, när de andra var som tröttast. Hennes första tävlingsår, 1896, vann hon åtta sexdagarslopp och flera mindre tävlingar. Troligtvis tjänade hon mellan 5 000 och 6 000 dollar, flera årslöner för en arbetare, och hon sponsrades av cykelmärket Thistle.\n\nDominansen fortsatte de kommande åren, och Tillie Anderson försökte locka manliga cyklister att möta henne. LAW motarbetade effektivt alla sådana försök. De var inte ensamma om att ogilla den nya sporten. Att kvinnor tävlade var nog för att uppröra många, och att det skedde om pengar och dessutom i tighta kläder utmanade flera av tidens konventioner. I pressen syntes allt från hyllningar av kvinnornas bedrifter till artiklar om hur tävlandet förstört deras kroppar och ledde till alla former av förfall.\n\nVid tiden omkring sekelskiftet försvann plötsligt mycket av intresset för sporten. Andra idrotter hade tagit över och damernas cykeltour skulle försvinna efter 1902. Samma år förlorade Tillie Anderson sin make i TBC och drog sig tillbaka, inte ens 30 år gammal. Sju år senare började hon arbeta som massör i hemstaden Chicago och hennes kändisskap hjälpte henne att få fina kunder. Tillie Anderson gifte aldrig om sig och med tiden bytte hon karriär till att arbeta inom vård.\n\nFrån 1941 till 1963 besökte hon som enda kvinna de årliga återträffarna för gamla tiders cykelproffs. Männen där respekterade henne mycket, trots att deras förbund aldrig erkänt sporten.\n\nNär Tillie Anderson avled 1965 valde hon en gravsten med inskriptionen World Champion Cyclist. Under karriären hade hon i stället stolt burit smeknamnet The Terrible Swede.",
      "text_eng": "Tillie Anderson was a cyclist in the 1890s and one of the first Swedish-born professional sports profiles.\n \nTillie Anderson was born Matilda Andersdotter in 1875 at Grevie in the southern Swedish province of Skåne. After the death of her father, she followed in her big sister’s footsteps in 1891 and emigrated to the USA with her younger brother. Two years later, their mother followed in their footsteps and the two remaining sisters after her. The family gathered once again in Chicago’s Swedetown. Tillie Anderson contributed to the family’s economy by working in a laundry, which provided a very few dollars a week.\n\nAt the beginning of the 1890s, another item of news had reached the USA as well; the modern, safe velocipede with two equally-sized wheels. The earlier penny-farthings had been popular for a while, but they were far too impractical to gain any real popularity as a method of transport. Suddenly the sales of velocipedes exploded in the USA, with four million bicycles sold. A third of all cyclists were women, and Tillie Anderson wanted to be one of them. By working extra on her sewing-machine at home, she started to save up for her own bicycle. \n\nIn 1894, in the summer, she had saved enough to buy the cheapest possible model, and Tillie Anderson started immediately to train. Her training went well and she became a member of the Monitor velocipede club, the only cycle club for Swedes in Chicago. One year after she had purchased her first bicycle, she participated in her first competition, a race of over 100 miles (about 161 km) with start and finish in her hometown. The result was a victory. With her eye on new competition opportunities, Tillie Anderson found a competition to be held in a velodrome: an oval track built specially to allow the greatest possible speed. There was also prize money at stake. \n\nAlong with Phil Shoberg, another Swedish-American cycle devotee, Tillie Anderson decided to test the track. To fill his start field of mostly penny-farthing cyclists, the competition manager Henri Messier decided to allow local talent to try their luck. This time, the result was less good for Tillie Anderson. She had difficulty in controlling her bicycle on the banked track and fell several times. It was almost as bad that Lizzie Glaw, her greatest challenger in the summer competitions, had managed the track gallantly. When her training was almost over, Phil Shoberg had to convince Henri Messier to give Tillie Anderson a new opportunity the day after. She revived and learned quickly to master the track. When the competition took place less than a week later, she was one of the favourites. After six days of punishing competition in two sessions daily, Tillie Anderson was the absolute winner among the ten women. She did it in record time as well, and Henri Messier saw to it that she accompanied them to the next competition in Detroit. \n\nThat form of competition reminds us of our modern velodrome cycling, though on much shorter courses. Henri Messier had only just started developing the concept and it quickly became a success. With a depot of skilful women cyclists, he visited town after town and supervised the construction of a track according to his design. Before the competition, the track was open for the public to try, and if he found a good challenger, that person was given a place in the competition. It was run for six days in two groups that each did two sessions per day. The results were counted day by day, with a grand finale, and often a battle over seconds, on Saturday evening. Anything to attract the maximum attention of press and public, and not disturb the Sunday peace. \n\nFor the male cyclists, the competitions looked different. Their tracks were longer with less banking. In contrast to the women, their competitions took place nonstop during the six days. Their challenge was extreme endurance. Almost immediately, the press and the ticket-buying public seem to have been attracted to the women’s faster and more audience-friendly races at a pace that scared the League of American Wheelmen (LAW), the biggest bicycle organisation in the country. Their rules stipulate explicitly that no races that allowed women’s participation would be sanctioned by them. When they saw the successes that Henri Messier had with his upstart competitions, they chose the course of opposition. Organisers who permitted women’s competitions were banned and men who cycled on “women’s tracks” were threatened with expulsion.\n \nTillie Anderson developed rapidly in this setting, and soon became the great star of the sport. Phil Schoberg had accompanied her out on tour and their collaboration is very reminiscent of the trainers of our day. At some point they became a couple. Her days were closely planned with various forms of training and a specialised diet. During the competitions, he carefully timed every one of her 8–10 seconds long circuits and polished up a winning strategy. Tillie Anderson’s strength was to accelerate massively towards the end of each training session, when the others were most tired. Her first competition year, 1896, she won eight six-day races and several smaller competitions. She probably won between 5,000 and 6,000 dollars, several annual wages for a worker, and she was sponsored by the Thistle bicycle company.\n \nHer dominance continued the following years, and Tillie Anderson attempted to attract male cyclists to compete with her. LAW effectively opposed all such attempts. They were not alone in disliking the new sport. For women to compete was enough to upset many, and that it was a matter of money and also in tight clothes challenged several of the conventions of the time. In the press, there appeared everything from tributes to the women’s achievements to articles on how competing had injured their bodies and led to all kinds of decadence. \n\nAround the turn of the century 1900, much of the interest in the sport suddenly disappeared. Other sports had taken over and competitive women’s cycling disappeared completely after 1902. The same year, Tillie Anderson lost her husband to tuberculosis and she retired before she was even 30 years old. Seven years later, she began to work as a masseuse in her hometown Chicago and her fame helped her to find wealthy clients. Tillie Anderson never remarried and in due course she changed her career to work in healthcare. \n\nFrom 1941 until 1963, as the only woman, she attended the annual meetings for the professional cyclists of the old days. The men there respected her greatly, despite the fact that their association never recognised the sport. \n\nWhen Tillie Anderson died in 1965, she chose a gravestone with the inscription World Champion Cyclist. During her career, she had proudly borne the nickname The Terrible Swede.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "TillieAnderson",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Mats",
          "lastname": "Larsson"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "John",
          "lastname": "Ongman",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Claës Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Pira",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Nelly",
          "lastname": "Hall",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Klara",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "institution": "Askers baptistförsamlings vardagsskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.275263,
              "lon": 15.213411
            },
            "place": "Örebro"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibel- och evangelistkurs",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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          "institution": "Örebro Missionsförening",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            },
            "place": "Örebro"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
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        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Väckelserörelser",
        "Predikanter",
        "Pionjärer"
      ],
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        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Preachers",
        "Pioneers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-07T15:38:45",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 70,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1867-04-12",
            "date": "1867-04-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Askers församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.275263,
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            },
            "place": "Örebro"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1937-08-18",
            "date": "1937-08-18"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Askers församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.275263,
              "lon": 15.213411
            },
            "place": "Örebro"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Alma/",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Predikant",
          "detail": "Predikant för Örebro Missionsförening",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, t o m 1903 ordförande och sekreterare, jungfruföreningen, initiativtagare och 1896–1910 sekreterare, ungdomsföreningen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "name": "Askers baptistförsamling",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Predikant",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "name": "Örebro Missionsförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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          },
          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Örebro"
          },
          "to": {
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            "date": "1937"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Alma Andersson (t.v.) och Klara Eriksson, årtal okänt. Foto: Maria Viktoria (Tora) Pettersson (1864-1924). Bild i privat ägo",
          "description_eng": "Alma Andersson (left) and Klara Eriksson, year unknown. Photo: Maria Viktoria (Tora) Pettersson (1864-1924). Privately owned image",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andersson_Alma_01.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-08-26",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1825-11-02",
            "date": "1825-11-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-09-25",
            "date": "1903-09-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Stina Cajsa",
          "lastname": "Larsson, född Andersdotter",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1836-10-03",
            "date": "1836-10-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-05-14",
            "date": "1919-05-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Larsson",
          "occupation": "Hemmansägare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1855-11-06",
            "date": "1855-11-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942-07-18",
            "date": "1942-07-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Per-Erik",
          "lastname": "Eriksson, även Ersson",
          "occupation": "Hemmansägare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-09-06",
            "date": "1871-09-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1901-08-19",
            "date": "1901-08-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Hanna Kristina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Mats, ’Alma Andersson, evangelist i Jämtland och profil i Asker’, *I kallelsens grepp : om sex baptistkvinnors liv och tjänst*, Karlstad, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Mats, *"Vi kristna unga qvinnor" Askers Jungfruförening 1865–1903 – identitet och intersektionalitet*, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Diss. Uppsala, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-260411"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Baptist, predikant, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering Baptist preacher",
      "text": "Alma Andersson var en av de sju första kvinnliga evangelisterna inom svensk baptism som sändes ut att predika.\n\nAlma Andersson föddes 1867 i Askers socken i sydöstra Närke. Hennes föräldrar, lantbrukarparet Anders Larsson och Stina Cajsa Larsson, född Andersdotter, var en del av den framväxande baptistiska rörelsen. I familjen fanns även halvbrodern Per-Erik Eriksson, från moderns första äktenskap, och systern Hanna Kristina Andersson, samtliga så småningom medlemmar i Askers baptistförsamling. Relationen till baptistförsamlingen kom att prägla hela Alma Anderssons liv. Hon socialiserades in i den tidigt, genom att hon fick sin skolgång i dess friskola, den så kallade vardagsskolan, gick i dess söndagsskola och senare även blev en av dess ledare. Hon döptes som femtonåring år 1882, och upptogs då själv som en medlem i församlingen. I tonåren blev hon också en del av dess sångförening samt jungfruföreningen, en fri demokratisk sammanslutning för de ogifta kvinnorna. Där fungerade hon som sekreterare åren 1890 och 1891. En händelse som torde påverkat hennes livsväg var den rikskända predikanten [](Nelly Hall)s besök i församlingen 1885.\n\nPastorn i Betelförsamlingen i Örebro, John Ongman, startade 1891 en bibelskola öppen för både kvinnor och män. Året därpå, 1892, sökte Alma Andersson och blev antagen till kursen. Hon uttryckte det som att hon ”länge känt sig manad att offentligt vittna om Herren”. Detta i en tid då offentligheten sågs som männens sfär och det kvinnliga predikandet inte heller var något accepterat vare sig i kyrkliga eller frikyrkliga sammanhang.\n\nEfter fullbordad kurs blev hon avskild och utsänd som en av de tolv första evangelisterna, ett i sammanhanget symboliskt antal, av Örebro Missionsförening (ÖM). Fördelningen var sju kvinnor och fem män. Av motståndarna fick kvinnorna tillmälet ”Ongmans flickor”. Tillsammans med Klara Eriksson skickades hon till Jämtland, utan löfte om lön eller underhåll, men fick ibland ett visst ekonomiskt understöd. De reste där mellan olika orter och samhällen och predikade och sjöng i kapell, missionshus, ordenssalar, skollokaler och hem.\n\nSom kvinnliga förkunnare mötte Alma Andersson och Klara Eriksson både hån och nyfikenhet. Deras verksamhet gav dock resultat, människor kom till tro och församlingar bildades. Alma Andersson uttryckte det som att hon ”fick vara vittne till stora väckelser.” I augusti 1894 fick hennes evangelistkarriär ett abrupt slut då Klara Eriksson gifte sig. Alma Andersson önskade fortsätta på egen hand, men nekades av ÖM:s styrelse. Hon återvände till Asker och väntade på ny evangelistpartner och en förnyad möjlighet att återuppta verksamheten. Församlingarna i Jämtland önskade hennes återkomst, men tillfället kom av olika orsaker aldrig, trots att hon gjorde vissa förnyade ansatser.\n\nI Asker engagerade hon sig åter i jungfruföreningen som ordförande, var drivande när en könsneutral ungdomsförening bildades, deltog i möten på regional nivå, samt var en engagerad och frimodig förespråkare för kvinnans rätt att predika i den lokala församlingen i Asker.\n\nAlma Andersson bodde kvar i hembyn Valsta till sin död 1937 och är begravd på Askers kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Alma Andersson was one of the seven early female Swedish Baptist preachers who were sent out to evangelise.\n\nAlma Andersson was born in Asker parish, southwestern Närke in 1867. Her parents were Anders Larsson and Stina Cajsa Larsson, née Andersdotter, both of whom were farmers who belonged to the growing Baptist movement in Sweden. The family also included Alma Andersson’s half-brother, Per-Erik Eriksson, born during their mother’s first marriage, and her full sister Hanna Kristina Andersson, both of whom also became members of the Asker Baptist congregation. Being part of the Baptist congregation had a life-long influence on Alma Andersson’s life. Her socialisation within the congregation began at an early stage when she attended the congregation school, known as an ‘everyday school’. She also attended the congregation Sunday School, which she later served as a leader. She was baptised at the age of fifteen, in 1882, at which point she became a full member of the congregation. She also joined the congregation singing association as a teenager as well as the ladies’ association, which was an independent democratic organisation for unmarried women. She served as the ladies’ association secretary during 1890 and 1891. An event which probably influenced the future direction her life was [](Nelly Hall)’s  visit to the congregation in 1885. Nelly Hall was a preacher known throughout Sweden.\n\nThe pastor of the Betel congregation in Örebro, John Ongman, set up a Bible School in 1891 which was open to both men and women. The following year, in 1892, Alma Andersson applied to the school and was accepted for study there. She described it like this: she had “long felt called to give public witness to the Lord”. This was at a time when the public sphere was seen as exclusively male and when female preachers were neither accepted within sacred nor secular contexts.\n\nUpon completing the course at the Bible School Alma Andersson was selected and sent out as one of Örebro Missionsförening’s (ÖM) 12 first evangelists – a symbolic number given the context – comprising seven women and five men. The women were dismissively referred to as “Ongman’s girls” by critics. Alma Andersson, along with Klara Eriksson, was sent to Jämtland, with no word of either a salary or maintenance fees, although she did intermittently receive some financial support. The two women spent their time travelling around the county, preaching and singing at chapels, missionary houses, public halls, school halls and in private homes.\n\nAlma Andersson and Klara Eriksson faced both mockery and curiosity as they performed their duties as female role models. Their efforts were fruitful, however, and people joined the movement and congregations were set up. Alma Andersson described her experience by saying she “became a witness to a major revival”. In August 1894, however, her role as an evangelist came to an abrupt end as Klara Eriksson got married. Alma Andersson tried to continue on her own but the board of ÖM would not allow this. She then returned to Asker and waited for a replacement evangelist partner to be appointed which would allow her to return to her evangelising activities. The Jämtland congregations wanted her back but for various reasons this never came to pass, despite Alma Andersson making several attempts to return.\n\nAlma Andersson once again joined the ladies’ association in Asker where she served as chair and was a guiding force in setting up a mixed-sex youth association. She also attended regional meetings and was an active and outspoken champion of the right of women to preach within the local Asker congregation.\nAlma Andersson remained in her hometown of Valsta until her death in 1937. She is buried at Asker cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AlmaAndersson",
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            "date": "1909"
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            "date": "1913"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1887",
            "date": "1887"
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        },
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          "description": "Studieresor till England, Frankrike, Ryssland med flera europeiska länder",
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            "date": "1929"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Lundgren, Kristina (red.), *Tidningskvinnor 1690-1960*, Studentlitteratur, Lund, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Anna Lisa Andersson",
          "description_eng": "By Anna Lisa Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(anna+lisa+andersson)+1873&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1873-06-03",
            "date": "1873-06-03"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Klara församling",
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        "lastname": "Andersson",
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      "occupation": [
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          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, Aftonbladet",
          "detail_eng": "Journalist, Aftonbladet",
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          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, Aftontidningen",
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          "name": "Ala",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "date": "1958"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1843-07-08",
            "date": "1843-07-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-04-01",
            "date": "1933-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Katarina Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Sandin",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-10-08",
            "date": "1845-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1911-07-15",
            "date": "1911-07-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Johan",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Spannmålshandlare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-05-31",
            "date": "1871-05-31"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Elin Maria",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
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        },
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            "date": "1875-09-17"
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            "date": "1953-11-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Josefina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-01-24",
            "date": "1880-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Richard",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sjöman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-01-02",
            "date": "1882-01-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Wilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-02-15",
            "date": "1884-02-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1973-10-29",
            "date": "1973-10-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester Viktoria",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Lundström, Nils Styrbjörn, *Svenska kvinnor i offentlig verksamhet: porträtt och biografier*, Uppsala, 1924",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Leander, Hans, *Publicistklubbens porträttmatrikel vid femtioårsjubileet 1924: med biografiska uppgifter om Publicistklubbens medlemmar*, Publicistklubben, Stockholm, 1924",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sydow, Waldemar von, *Publicistklubbens porträttmatrikel 1936 med biografiska uppgifter om publicistklubbens medlemmar*, Stockholm, 1935. (Hämtad 2016-11-18)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/pk/1936/0027.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wijkmark, Gunnar (red.), *Publicistklubbens porträttmatrikel 1952: biografiska uppgifter om Publicistklubbens medlemmar*, Åhlén & Åkerlund, Stockholm, 1951",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berger, Margareta, *Pennskaft: kvinnliga journalister i svensk dagspress 1690-1975*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1977",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Huglek död' [Nekrolog, osignerad]', *Aftonbladet*, 1958-03-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Anna Lisa Andersson [Dödsannons]', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1958-03-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Anna Lisa Andersson [Nekrolog, osignerad]', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1958-03-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arkiv digital, Sveriges befolkning 1950 (Inloggning krävs) (Hämtad 2016-12-06)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.arkivdigital.se/online/register/sveriges-befolkning-1950"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Klara församling, Födelse- och dopböcker",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Maria Magdalena församling, Födelse- och dopböcker",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Journalist, författare, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Journalist, author, translator",
      "text": "Anna Lisa Andersson var journalist, redaktör, författare och översättare. Mest känd är hon som signaturen Huglek i *Aftonbladet*.\n\nAnna Lisa Andersson växte upp i Stockholm som ett av fem barn till spannmålshandlaren Carl Johan Andersson och hans maka Elise Katarina. Sin utbildning fick hon vid Klara folkskola, Lychouska skolan och Wallinska skolan i Stockholm.\n\nAnna Lisa Andersson började arbeta på *Aftonbladet* år 1907. Hon lämnade dock tidningen redan efter ett år för att ägna sig åt sitt författarskap. Hennes första bok utkom 1908 och utgör en samling kåserier – *Rösträtt och ricinolja, af Huglek*. Redan 1907 hade hon dock vunnit pris i veckotidningen *Hvar 8 Dag* för novellen "Brittsommar", som efter att ha publicerats i tidningen även utgavs i bokform år 1912. Hon vann även första pris i en romanpristävling i tidningen *Vi och Vårt* med *Kapten Bengts pojkar*, 1909. När den andra upplagan kom år 1923 hade den försetts med en ny titel: *Kapten Bengts pojkar: en bok om sju flickor*. Anna Lisa Andersson publicerade ett par romaner – *Med unga hjärtans makt*, 1915, och *Oberoende*, 1917 – några novellsamlingar och en sagosamling, *Solslottets prinsessa och andra sagor och berättelser*, 1925. Dessutom översatte hon två romaner från engelska – *Lejonhuden*, 1912 och *Evas uppvaknande*, 1913. Hennes författarskap har dock inte mött samma uppskattning som hennes journalistik.\n\nAnna Lisa Andersson återupptog journalistiken 1911 men då på *Aftontidningen*. Redan året därpå återvände hon dock till *Aftonbladet* där hon stannade till sin pensionering 1933. Anna Lisa Andersson var i journalistiska sammanhang verksam som reporter, kritiker och kåsör. Hon brukar nämnas som en av pionjärerna när det gällde att intervjua så kallade vanliga människor. Hennes arbete genomsyrades av stor medkänsla med sina medmänniskor. Hon var exempelvis en av de första journalister som organiserade insamlingar för nödlidande och andra som råkat i svårigheter.\n\nÅr 1913 tilldelades Anna Lisa Andersson ett resestipendium som de kvinnliga journalisterna i Sverige hade samlat in pengar till 1911. Insamlingen skedde genom filminspelning och soaré, och hade till syfte att uppmärksamma hur få kvinnor som tilldelades Publicistklubbens stipendier. Under åren 1914–1929 genomförde hon studieresor till England, Frankrike, Ryssland med flera europeiska länder.\n\nAnna Lisa Anderssons liv liknar på flera sätt flera av hennes samtida kvinnliga kollegors inom journalistyrket. Många tycks ha arbetat ständigt. Anna Lisa Andersson var till exempel samtidigt anställd som journalist på en tidning då hon även skrev egna böcker, översatte andras och inte sällan medverkade med bidrag i andra tidningar.\n\nAnna Lisa Andersson avled 1958 och hennes signatur, Huglek, var då så känd och etablerad att *Aftonbladet* använde den som rubrik på den artikel som uppmärksammade hennes död.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Lisa Andersson was a journalist, editor, author and translator. She is best remembered as the author who used the byline ‘Huglek’ in *Aftonbladet*. \n\nAnna Lisa Andersson grew up in Stockholm, one of five children born to grain-merchant Carl Johan Andersson and his wife Elise Katarina. She gained her education from Klara primary school, the Lychouska school and the Wallinska school, all in Stockholm. \n\nAnna Lisa Andersson began working at *Aftonbladet* in 1907. However, she left the newspaper only a year later in order to focus on her own writing. Her first book was published in 1908 and comprises a collection of causerie-style articles – *Rösträtt och ricinolja, af Huglek*. She had already won a prize in 1907 from the weekly *Hvar 8 Dag*, for her novella *Brittsommar*, which was subsequently published in book format in 1912 after its initial release in the journal. She also won first prize in a prize-competition for novels in the journal *Vi och Vårt* with *Kapten Bengts pojkar*, published in 1909. When the second edition was published in 1923 it had been retitled as *Kapten Bengts pojkar, en bok om sju flickor*. Anna Lisa Andersson published two novels – *Med unga hjärtans makt*, in 1915, and *Oberoende*, in 1917 – a few collections of novellas and collection of fairy tales called *Solslottets prinsessa och andra sagor och berättelser*, in 1925. In addition to this she translated two novels from English – *Lejonhuden*, in 1912 and *Evas uppvaknande*, in 1913. Her writings have, however, not received the same favourable reception that her journalism did. \n\nAnna Lisa Andersson took up journalism again in 1911, this time at *Aftontidningen*. The very next year, however, she returned to *Aftonbladet*, where she remained until she retired in 1933. Anna Lisa Andersson’s journalistic work included reporting, reviewing and writing causerie-style articles. She is often referred to as one of the pioneers of interviewing so-called ‘ordinary’ people. Her work is imbued with a strong sense of empathy for her fellow beings. She was, for example, one of the first to organize collections for those in need and those who had fallen onto hard times. \n\nIn 1913 Anna Lisa Andersson was awarded a travel-fund raised by the female journalists of Sweden in 1911. The fund-raising had occurred through making films and holding soirées, and was intended to bring attention to how few women were awarded the grants made available by the National Press Club. In the years between 1914 and 1929 she undertook study-tours to Great Britain, France, Russia and other European countries. \n\nAnna Lisa Andersson’s life was in many ways broadly similar to those of her contemporary female journalist colleagues. Many of them appear to have worked incessantly. Anna Lisa Andersson was, for example, fully employed as a journalist at a newspaper when she also wrote her own books, translated others and, not infrequently, collaborated on contributions to other newspapers. \n\nAnna Lisa Andersson died in 1958. At that time her pseudonym, Huglek, was so well-known and established that *Aftonbladet* used it as a byline on the very article which printed the news of her death.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnaLisaAndersson",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Maaret",
          "lastname": "Koskinen"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Filmsamfundets hedersdiplom",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "description": "Delat skådespelarpris i Cannes för sin rollprestation i Ingmar Bergmanfilmen Nära livet",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "description": "Folket i Bilds filmpris, bästa kvinnliga huvudroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1960, 1966"
          },
          "description": "Chaplinpriset",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Dagbladets Thaliapris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1963, 1966"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Filmsamfundets Plakett",
          "type": "Plakett",
          "type_eng": "Plaquette"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "description": "Silverbjörnen för bästa skådespelerska, Berlin International Film Festival",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Anders De Wahl-stipendiet, Teaterförbundet",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Filmsamfundets Diplom",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "description": "Prix Academie du Cinéma",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "description": "Guldbagge för bästa skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1967",
            "date": "1967"
          },
          "description": "National Society of Film Critics Award för bästa skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "description": "Guldmasken för bästa kvinnliga huvudroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
          },
          "description": "National Society of Film Critics Award för bästa kvinnliga biroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1988",
            "date": "1988"
          },
          "description": "O'Neill-stipendiet",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1989",
            "date": "1989"
          },
          "description": "Litteris et Artibus",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          },
          "description": "American Film Institute Diploma",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2001, 2004, 2008"
          },
          "description": "Guldbagge för bästa kvinnliga biroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ingmar",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Kärleksrelation",
          "type_eng": "Love relationship"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Liv",
          "lastname": "Ullman",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Zachrisson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Poppe",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Edvard",
          "lastname": "Persson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Vilgot",
          "lastname": "Sjöman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Harriet",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnel",
          "lastname": "Lindblom",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "institution": "Gösta Terserus teaterskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skådespelarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "institution": "Dramatens elevskola (nuvarande Stockholms dramatiska högskola)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Kristoffersson, Birgitta & Faragó, Katinka, *Katinka och regissörerna: 125 filmer och 55 år bakom kameran*, Arena, Malmö, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Bibi Andersson",
          "description_eng": "By Bibi Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(andersson%2c+bibi++1935-2019)&d=libris&m=50&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Bibi Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Bibi Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(bibi+andersson)&d=libris&m=50&p=1&s=r"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000121329583",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Skådespelare",
        "Regissörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Actors",
        "Directors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-15T10:36:58",
      "libris_uri": [
        "42gjkjfn5mmzfqq"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 83,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1935-11-11",
            "date": "1935-11-11"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Matteus församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2019-04-14",
            "date": "2019-04-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscars församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Berit Elisabet (/Bibi/)",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "detail": "Skådespelare, film, TV",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2009",
            "date": "2009"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "detail": "Skådespelare, Malmö stadsteater 1956–1959, Dramaten 1959–1996",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Regissör",
          "detail": "Regissör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1991",
            "date": "1991"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Initiativtagare, medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "name": "Artister för fred",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "name": "Open Road Stockholm-Sarajevo",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1997",
            "date": "1997"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2019",
            "date": "2019"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Bibi Andersson. Foto: Harry Pot, 1961. Bildkälla: Nationaal Archief Fotocollectie Anefo (CC-BY-SA 3.0 nl)",
          "description_eng": "Bibi Andersson. Photo: Harry Pot, 1961. Image source: Nationaal Archief Fotocollectie Anefo (CC-BY-SA 3.0 nl)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andersson_Bibi.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Karin",
          "lastname": "Mansion (Månsson)",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Josef",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Gerd",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Balettdansare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1936-08-12",
            "date": "1936-08-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2017-12-15",
            "date": "2017-12-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Kjell Birger",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "lastname": "Grede",
          "occupation": "Regissör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1939-01-15",
            "date": "1939-01-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2018-06-08",
            "date": "2018-06-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Per",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
          },
          "lastname": "Ahlmark",
          "occupation": "Politiker, författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1938-06-22",
            "date": "1938-06-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Gabriel",
          "from": {
            "comment": "2004",
            "date": "2004"
          },
          "lastname": "Mora Baeza",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2019",
            "date": "2019"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1971-03-03",
            "date": "1971-03-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Jenny Matilda",
          "lastname": "Grede",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Bibi Andersson'. *Svensk filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2019-10-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=64356"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlander, Lars & Qvist, Per Olov (red.), *Svenska skådespelare i film och TV 1897-2000. Bd 1, A-K*, Svenska filminstitutet, Stockholm, 2002",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Bibi, *Ett ögonblick*, Stockholm, Norstedt, 1996",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Loman, Rikard, *Avstånd - närhet: Ingmar Bergmans Vintersagan på Dramaten*, Carlsson, Diss. Lund : Lunds universitet, 2005, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjögren, Henrik, *Ingmar Bergman på teatern*, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1968",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skådespelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Actor",
      "text": "Bibi Andersson var en av Sveriges främsta skådespelare och en av de internationellt mest kända. Hon medverkade i bortåt hundra film- och teveproduktioner och ett stort antal uppsättningar vid teatern.\n\nUppväxten i Stockholm gav Bibi Andersson tillträde till en bred bildningsgång inom både filmen och teatern. Jämte barnteater, skolföreställningar och folkparksteater fick hon tidigt statistengagemang i filmproduktioner på Filmstaden. Hon studerade även vid Gösta Terserus teaterskola, en av de mest välrenommerade teaterskolorna på 1940- och 1950-talen, och gick sedan i Dramatens elevskola 1954—1956. Före avslutad examen flyttade hon till Malmö stadsteater 1956 med dåvarande partnern Ingmar Bergman, som hade utnämnts till teaterns konstnärlige ledare. År 1959 återvände hon till Dramaten som hon förblev trogen fram till pensioneringen 1996.\n\nI början av 1950-talet gjorde Bibi Andersson mindre roller i svenska spelfilmer, bland annat i *Ubåt 39*, 1952, i regi av Hampe Faustman, och *Dum-Bom*, 1953, Nils Poppes sista långfilm i serien om den populära figuren Fabian Bom. Hon medverkade även i en av Ingmar Bergmans reklamfilmer för tvålen ”Bris” (1953) och spelade även mot Edvard Persson i *En natt på Glimmingehus*, 1954. Men det var under andra hälften av 1950-talet som hon fick sitt stora genombrott i ett par filmer av Ingmar Bergman, vilka på sikt även skulle bidra till att göra henne internationellt känd. En var dubbelrollen i *Smultronstället*, 1957, där hon spelade Sara, en ung kvinna i berättelsens nu men också i det förflutna, i den åldrige huvudpersonens minnen. Den andra var rollen som Mia, den Marialiknande unga modern i det kringresande gycklarsällskapet i *Det sjunde inseglet*, 1957.\n\nFilmproducenten Bengt Forslund har påpekat att det vanligast förekommande uttrycket om Bibi Anderssons rollgestaltningar vid denna tid var ”förtjusande”. Hennes tidiga roller utmärktes mycket riktigt av ett slags *type-casting*. I sin självbiografi *Ett ögonblick*, 1996, uttryckte hon angående sin roll i *Smultronstället* att hon kände sig ”som en kliché av en ung flicka, så djävla ung hade jag aldrig varit!” Ingeny-rollerna återkom även på teatern, där hon spelade Liten Karin ([Karin Månsdotter](0000 0000 5340 0324)) i Strindbergs *Erik XIV*, 1956, pigan Stina i *Värmlänningarna*, 1958, och Sagan i Hjalmar Bergmans pjäs med samma namn, 1958. Dåtida kritiker uppfattade henne här som ömsom eteriskt poetisk, ömsom jordnära och ungflicksaktigt kavat. För att citera teaterkritikern Henrik Sjögren framstod hennes gestaltning av Liten Karin som ”en folkvisans romantiska hjältinna, svårmodig och ljuvt skälvande, en enkel flicka och rättframt älskande varelse”, och om Sagan hette det att hon var ”en romantiskt skogsrågrön ungmö med naiva sagotonfall, där också den näbbiga ironin kunde blänka fram”.\n\nHär kan det återigen vara på sin plats att citera Bibi Andersson själv, som i självbiografin skrev: ”Jag älskade att lyssna på allt prat om rollbesättningar, ofta med ganska oförblommerade kommentarer […] och jag bävade för den dag jag skulle råka i onåd. Det skapade en oro i mig och jag lärde att se mig utifrån, som en i den där räckan av skådespelare som producenter och regissörer diskuterade som om de var bokmärken.”\n\n1960-talet innebar emellertid större uppgifter. På Dramaten spelade hon år 1964 den kvinnliga huvudrollen Maggie i Arthur Millers *Efter syndafallet* och året därpå den unga hustrun Grynet i Edward Albees *Vem är rädd för Virginia Woolf?* och Agnès i Molières *Hustruskolan*, 1966. Även inom filmen gjorde hon nu flera prisade roller. En var i Vilgot Sjömans debutfilm *Älskarinnan*, 1962, som gav henne skådespelarpriset vid Berlins filmfestival 1963. Om denna roll skrev Jörn Donner i *Dagens Nyheter* att hon här ”växer ut från den flickroll hon burit till den verkliga höjden av sin talang. Hon gör ett av de rakaste kvinnoporträtten i svensk film […] Hon är levande, nära, i varje detalj riktig.”\n\nInom filmen vid denna tid var Bibi Anderssons kanske mest minnesvärda prestation i rollen som sjuksköterskan Alma i Ingmar Bergmans *Persona*, 1966. Här för hon alldeles bokstavligt ordet filmen igenom då hennes kontrahent, spelad av Liv Ullmann, är stum. Inte förvånande renderade den henne flera utmärkelser, både den svenska Guldbaggen och därutöver ett antal utländska pris. Andra notabla filmroller under 1960-talet gjorde hon i Vilgot Sjömans *Syskonbädd 1782*, 1966, [](Mai Zetterling)s internationellt uppmärksammade *Flickorna*, 1968, och Ingmar Bergmans *En passion*, 1969.\n\nDessa insatser bidrog utan tvivel till Bibi Anderssons internationella filmkarriär under 1970-talet. Hon fick spela mot såväl Orson Welles som Paul Newman och Steve McQueen, men likafullt måste denna karriär karakteriseras som både ojämn och brokig. Den kom att omfatta allt från filmer av amerikanska auteurer som John Houston (*Brevet till Kreml*, 1970) och Robert Altman (*Quintet*, 1979) till populärgenrer som västerns (*Duel at Diablo*, 1966) och katastroffilm (*The Concorde - Airport 79*, 1979). Hennes kvalitativt sett främsta utländska film kom först påföljande decennium, med en biroll i dansken Gabriel Axels Oscarsbelönade *Babettes gästabud*, 1987.\n\n1970-talet tillbringade Bibi Andersson även i Sverige, då hon anställdes vid TV-teatern på SVT. År 1976 medverkade hon i miniserien *En dåres försvarstal* efter Strindbergs självbiografiska roman, i rollen som Siri von Essen i regi av dåvarande maken Kjell Grede. Samma roll gjorde hon i en föreställning av Per Olov Enquists *Tribadernas natt* på Broadway, med Max von Sydow som Strindberg. Även på 1980-talet gjorde hon ett antal uppmärksammade roller på TV-teatern, däribland som Blanche DuBois i *Linje Lusta*, 1981, i regi av Bo Widerberg, och i *Fordringsägare*, 1988, regisserad av Stefan Böhm.\n\nUnder 1980-talet var det åter ett antal stora roller vid Dramaten som Bibi Andersson lovordades för. En var Mary, modern i Eugene O’Neills *Lång dags färd mot natt* i Ingmar Bergmans uppmärksammade uppsättning år 1988. En annan var huvudrollen i Wilhelm Carlssons iscensättning av Friedrich Schillers *Maria Stuart*, 1989. Några år senare spelade hon en av de främsta kvinnliga rollerna i Bergmans påkostade och magnifika uppsättning av Shakespeares *Vintersagan* på Dramaten 1994.\n\n1990-talet innebar också andra åtaganden. Nu satte Bibi Andersson i egen regi upp *En riktig western* av Sam Shepard år 1990 och *Efter orgien* av Suzanne Brøgger 1991, och det var även nu hon skrev självbiografin *Ett ögonblick* som gavs ut på Norstedts förlag 1996. Dessutom medverkade hon, tillsammans med sina kollegor Harriet Andersson och Gunnel Lindblom, i Christina Olofsons dokumentär om Mai Zetterling, *I rollerna tre*, 1996.\n\nÅr 1982 tog Bibi Andersson initiativ till föreningen Artister för fred och de följande decennierna innebar en del politiskt arbete vid sidan av arbetet som skådespelare, inte minst genom den på 1990-talet grundade stiftelsen Open Road Stockholm-Sarajevo för att återuppbygga kulturen i den krigshärjade staden.\n\nUnder 2000-talet återvände Bibi Andersson till svensk film med inte mindre än tre Guldbaggeprisade biroller. Den första var i Måns Herngren och Hannes Holms *Det blir aldrig som man tänkt sig*, 2000, den andra i Klaus Härös *Elina — som om jag inte fanns*, 2003, och den tredje fick hon för sin roll som abbedissa i den första delen av filmatiseringen av Jan Guillous böcker om den fiktive korsriddaren Arn Magnusson, *Arn — tempelriddaren*, 2007. Denna roll gestaltade hon också i uppföljaren *Arn — riket vid vägens slut*, 2008.\n\nMed dessa tre priser samt Guldbaggen för *Persona* är Bibi Andersson den person som fått flest Guldbaggar i skådespelarkategorin.\n\nÅr 2009 drabbades Bibi Andersson av en kraftig stroke, och hon gick bort den 14 april 2019.",
      "text_eng": "Bibi Andersson was one of Sweden’s foremost actresses and one of the internationally best known. She appeared in about one hundred film and TV productions and also in numerous theatre productions.  \n\nGrowing up in Stockholm gave Bibi Andersson access to a broad range of cultural education in both film and theatre. As well as roles in children’s theatre, school productions and folk park theatre, she was engaged early on as an extra in film productions at the Filmstaden studios. She also studied at Gösta Terserus’ theatre school, one of the best-reputed theatre schools in the 1940s and 1950s, and she attended the Dramaten theatre school in 1954—1956. In 1936, before matriculating, she moved to the Malmö city theatre with her partner at that time, Ingmar Bergman, who had been appointed as the theatre’s artistic leader. In 1959, she returned to Dramaten where she remained until her retirement in 1996.  \n\nAt the beginning of the 1950s, Bibi Andersson played several smaller roles in Swedish films like among others *Ubåt 39* in 1952, directed by Hampe Faustman, and *Dum-Bom* in 1953, Nils Poppe’s last full-length film in the series about the popular figure Fabian Bom.  She also played in one of Ingmar Bergman’s film advertisements for Bris soap (1953), and also appeared along with Edvard Persson in *A Night at Glimmingehus* in 1954. However, it was during the second half of the 1950s that she had her great break-through in a couple of films by Ingmar Bergman that were eventually to make her internationally famous. One was the dual role in *Wild Strawberries* in 1957, in which she played Sara, a young woman in the story’s present but also in its past, in the elderly main character’s memory. The other role was as Mia, the Mary-like young mother in the travelling company of clowns in *The Seventh Seal* in 1957.  \n\nThe film producer Bengt Forslund has pointed out that the most common description of Bibi Andersson’s role characterisations at that time was that they were “enchanting”. Her earlier roles were quite rightly distinguished by a kind of type-casting. In her autobiography *A Moment* (*Ett ögonblick*) from 1996, she says about her role in *Wild Strawberries* that she felt like “a cliché of a young girl, I’d never been that bloody young!” Ingénue roles also dogged her at the theatre, where she played Little Karin ([](Karin Månsdotter)) in Strindberg’s *Erik XIV* in 1956, the housemaid Stina in *Värmlänningarna* in 1958, and Sagan in Hjalmar Bergman’s play with the same name in 1958. Critics of the time perceived her as by turns ethereally poetic or down to earth and plucky in an innocently girlish way. To quote the theatre critic Henrik Sjögren, in her characterisation of Little Karin she appeared as “the romantic heroine of a folk song, melancholy and trembling delightfully, a simple girl and a straightforwardly loving creature”, and about Sagan he wrote that she was “a romantically forest-fairy-green maiden with a naïve fairy-tale tone in which a cheeky irony could also beam forth”.  \n\nThis is where it seems a good idea once again to quote Bibi Andersson herself, as she wrote in her autobiography: “I loved to listen to all the talk about casting, often with quite blunt comments […] and I shuddered to think of the day when I would fall from grace. That created an anxiety in me and I learned to see myself from without, as one of that row of actors that producers and directors discussed as though they were bookmarks.”  \n\nThe 1960s involved more important assignments. At Dramaten in 1964 she played the main female role of Maggie in Arthur Miller’s *After the Fall*. The year after she played the young wife Honey in Edward Albee’s *Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?*, and in 1966 Agnès in Molière’s *L’École des femmes*. On film she also played several famous roles. One was in Vilgot Sjöman’s debut film *The Mistress* in 1962, that brought her the actor prize at the Berlin film festival in 1963. Jörn Donner wrote about this role in the major Swedish daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter* that she had “grown out of the young girl role she had carried to the real heights of her talent. She creates one of the most direct women’s portraits in Swedish film […] She is living, intimate, genuine in every detail.”  \n\nPerhaps Bibi Andersson’s most memorable achievement in the film of those days was the role of the nurse Alma in Ingmar Bergman’s *Persona* in 1966. Here she stands for all verbal expression throughout the film since her opposite number, played by Liv Ullmann, is dumb. Not surprisingly, this brought her several awards including the Swedish Guldbagge Award and a number of international prizes. Other notable film roles during the 1960s were in Vilgot Sjöman’s *My Sister, My Love* in 1966, [](Mai Zetterling)’s internationally acclaimed *The Girls* in 1968, and Ingmar Bergman’s *The Passion of Anna* in 1969.  \n\nThese roles contributed without any doubt to Bibi Andersson’s international film career during the 1970s. She had the opportunity of being cast together with Orson Welles and Paul Newman a well as Steve McQueen, but even so this career must be described as uneven and chequered. It came to include everything from films by American authors such as John Houston (*The Kremlin Letter*, in 1970) and Robert Altman (*Quintet*, in 1979) to popular genres such as westerns (*Duel at Diablo*, in 1966) and the catastrophe film (*The Concorde - Airport 79*, in 1979). From a qualitative point of view, her most eminent non-Swedish film did not turn up until the following decade, with a supporting role in Danish Gabriel Axel’s Oscar-winning *Babette’s Feast*, in 1987.  \n\nBibi Andersson spent the 1970s in Sweden as well, where she was appointed to TV Theatre on Swedish Television. In 1976, she took part in the miniseries *En dåres försvarstal* based on Strindberg’s autobiographical novel (*The Defence of a Fool*). Under the direction of her then-husband Kjell Grede, she played the role of Siri von Essen. She played the same role in a production of Per Olov Enquist’s *The Night of the Tribades* on Broadway, with Max von Sydow as Strindberg. She also played a number of acclaimed roles for TV Theatre in the 1980s, among them Blanche DuBois in *A Streetcar Named Desire* in 1981, directed by Bo Widerberg; and in *Creditors* in 1988, directed by Stefan Böhm. \n\nDuring the 1980s, Bibi Andersson was again praised for a large number of roles at Dramaten. One was as Mary, the mother in Eugene O’Neill’s *Long Day’s Journey into Night* in Ingmar Bergman’s much acclaimed production in 1988. Another was the main role in Wilhelm Carlsson’s production of Friedrich Schiller’s *Maria Stuart* in 1989. A few years later, in 1994, she played one of the foremost female parts in Bergman’s lavish and magnificent production of Shakespeare’s *A Winter’s Tale* at Dramaten. \n\nThe 1990s also brought with them other undertakings. It was then that Bibi Andersson herself produced *True West* by Sam Shepard in 1990 and *Efter orgiet* by Suzanne Brøgger in 1991. Around that time she was also writing her autobiography, *A Moment*, that was published by Norstedts förlag in 1996. Additionally, she cooperated with her colleagues Harriet Andersson and Gunnel Lindblom in Christina Olofson’s documentary about Mai Zetterling, *I rollerna tre* in 1996. In 1982, Bibi Andersson took the initiative to the peace association Artister för fred and the following decades involved a certain amount of political work apart from her acting, not least via the foundation Open Road Stockholm-Sarajevo started in the 1990s to rebuild cultural life in the war-torn city.  \n\nDuring the 2000s, Bibi Andersson returned to Swedish film, and no fewer than three of her supporting roles receiving Guldbagge awards. The first was in Måns Herngren’s and Hannes Holm’s *Det blir aldrig som man tänkt sig* in 2000, and the second in Klaus Härö’s *Elina: As if I wasn't there* in 2003. The third was for her role as abbess in the first of the films based on Jan Guillou’s books on the fictional crusader Arn Magnusson, *Arn: The Knight Templar*, in 2007. She played the same role in the sequel *Arn: Birth of the Kingdom*, in 2008.  \n\nWith these three awards as well as the Guldbagge Award for *Persona*, Bibi Andersson is the person who has received most Guldbagge Awards in the Actor category.  \n\nIn 2009, Bibi Andersson suffered a serious stroke. She died on 14 April 2019.",
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          "firstname": "Anders Vilhelm Johan",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "firstname": "John Sigfrid",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Adrian",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-07-07",
            "date": "1900-07-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1957-09-03",
            "date": "1957-09-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester Charlotta Viktoria",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-09-26",
            "date": "1904-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-11-15",
            "date": "1944-11-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Albert",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Haglund, Ann-Cathrine, Petersson, Ann-Marie & Ström-Billing, Inger (red.), *Moderata pionjärer: kvinnor i politiskt arbete 1900-2000*, Sällskapet för moderata kvinnors historia, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://moderatakvinnorshistoria.se/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/mod_pio_kap9.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Politiker, riksdagsledamot",
      "subtitle_eng": "Politician, member of parliament",
      "text": "Ebon Andersson var arbetarflickan från Masthugget som blev riksdagsledamot för högern i 30 år.\n\nEbon Andersson föddes i november 1896, på Sjömansgatan i Masthugget, Göteborg, som nummer fem av åtta syskon. Hemmet bestod av ett rum och kök. Hennes mamma arbetade som fiskförsäljerska, pappan som sjöman och sedermera styrman. På sommaren skickades Ebon Andersson till en mjölkbonde på landet för att lära sig hushållssysslor. Under dessa vistelser blev hon medveten om landsbygdskvinnornas situation, som hon upprördes över. Först fick de slita med hushållet, sedan hjälpa till på åkern, för att slutligen, när männen tog en middagslur, klara av alla hushållssysslor igen. Detta var orättvist, menade Ebon Andersson.\n\nEbon Andersson slutade skolan vid 12 års ålder och började arbeta på Wettergrens kappfabrik. Efter konfirmationen bytte hon arbete till ett bokbinderi. Hon närde en önskan om att få studera vidare och efter arbetets slut gick hon på aftonskola och läste matematik. Hon var engagerad fackligt och 19 år gammal blev hon ordförande för kvinnosektionen i Sveriges Bokbinderi-Idkares Arbetsgivareförbund. Men när fackföreningen skulle kollektivanslutas till socialdemokratiska partiet reserverade hon sig och begärde utträde: “Det är en vanlig missuppfattning att en person inte kan vara en god fackföreningsmedlem och samtidigt bekänna sig till högerns politiska idéer. För min del [...] är det en självklar sak att solidaritet inom fackföreningen [...] kamratskapet och det gemensamma arbetet på bättre villkor [...] inte behöver ha med politik att göra.”\n\nVid 20 års ålder började Ebon Andersson studera på heltid. Efter många års studier på folkhögskola och högskola tog hon socionomexamen i Stockholm 1924. Hon fortsatte studera samhällsvetenskap och nationalekonomi. När hon var 35 år lade hon fram sitt licentiatarbete i nationalekonomi, *Fackföreningarnas taktiska metoder med särskild hänsyn till deras inverkan på arbetskraftens fördelning*. Hon utbildade sig därefter till bibliotekarie och anställdes vid Socialvetenskapliga biblioteket. Hon började hålla populärvetenskapliga föreläsningar, vilket bidrog till att hon blev känd i kvinnokretsar. Hon blev tillfrågad som expert i olika socialpolitiska frågor, till exempel under krisåren 1932–1933, då arbetslösheten var hög och diskussionerna kring kvinnors arbete utanför hemmet aktualiserades. Man föreslog exempelvis förbud mot nattarbete och arbete under jord för kvinnor för att värna om männens arbete. Ebon Andersson menade att kvinnor inte fick trängas ut: “Den stora frågan är ju en gift kvinnas rätt till arbete”, menade hon.\n\nInför Stockholms stadsfullmäktigeval 1935 ringde en ledande högerkvinna till Ebon Andersson och frågade vilket parti hon tillhörde: “Inget alls men de senaste åren har jag röstat med högern”, blev svaret. Ebon Andersson kom på detta sätt in i politiken. Till riksdagsvalet 1936 stod hon på tredje plats på Stockholmshögerns lista. I januari intog hon plats nr 17 på Stockholmsbänken i riksdagens andra kammare.\n\nEbon Andersson var starkt engagerad i socialpolitiska frågor och menade att alla kvinnor skulle arbeta för att kunna försörja sig själva. Hon arbetade för att utveckla moderskapspenningen och för att alla lärare, oavsett kön, skulle ha lika lön för lika arbete Detta beslutades också 1938. Samma år motionerade hon, tillsammans med flera andra, om att kvinnor skulle kunna inneha landshövdingeämbetet. Det var dock först 1974 som en kvinna utsågs till landshövding i Sverige. Under sin tid i andra kammaren behöll Ebon Andersson arbetet vid Socialvetenskapliga biblioteket.\n\nÅr 1938 blev Ebon Andersson ordförande för Högerns Centrala Kvinnoråd och dess 30 000 medlemmar samt medlem av partistyrelsen. Hon ledde förbundet i 20 år. När hon överlämnade klubban hade medlemsantalet stigit till 65 000. År 1946 valdes hon till första kammaren som första högerkvinna någonsin. Under sitt politiska liv drev hon frågor inom vård, socialt arbete, brott och fångvård och var starkt engagerad i bostadspolitiken. På 1950-talet förespråkade hon också att kvinnor skulle få tillträde till prästämbetet.\n\nSitt sista riksdagsår inledde Ebon Andersson i januari 1966. I egenskap av ålderspresident fick hon öppna 1966 års riksdag och förrätta talmansvalet. Det var första gången i riksdagens historia som en kvinna fick öppna riksdagens session. I november samma år fyllde hon 70 år och bestämde sig för att lämna kammaren och riksdagen.\n\nÅr 1969, strax innan hon skulle fylla 73 år, avled Ebon Andersson till följd av hjärtbesvär. Hon gravsattes på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Ebon Andersson was a working-class girl from Masthugget who became a member of parliament of 30 years standing for Högern (today the Moderate Party).\n\nEbon Andersson was born on Sjömansgatan in Masthugget, Gothenburg, in November 1896. She was the fifth in a family of eight children. The family home consisted of one room and a kitchen. Her mother was a fishmonger, her father was a sailor and later a helmsman. During the summer months Ebon Andersson was sent to live with a dairy farmer in the countryside in order to learn about housekeeping. It was these visits that made Ebon Andersson aware of rural women’s living conditions, which greatly affected her. First they had to toil with household chores, then they had to help out in the fields, and finally, while the men were enjoying a midday nap, they had to return to their household chores again. Ebon Andersson considered this to be unfair.\n\nEbon Andersson left school at the age of twelve and began to work at the Wettergren hat factory. She changed her line of work to bookbinding after her confirmation. She harboured a desire to continue studying and attended evening classes after work to study mathematics. She was an active trade unionist and she became the chair of the women’s section of Sveriges Bokbinderi-Idkares Arbetsgivareförbund (a bookbinder’s trade union) at the age of 19. However, she disagreed with the trade union’s decision to merge with the Social Democratic Party and withdrew from the union: “It is a common misconception that a person cannot be a proper trade union member whilst also sympathising with right-wing political ideas. As far as I am concerned […] it is obvious that solidarity within the trade union […] comradeship and joint work to improve working conditions […] do not necessarily involve politics.”\n\nEbon Andersson entered fulltime education when she was 20 years old. Following many years of study at institutions for adult education and at college, she was awarded a Bachelor of Science in social work in Stockholm in 1924. She continued to study the social sciences and economics. When she was 35 years old she defended a dissertation entitled *Fackföreningarnas taktiska metoder med särskild hänsyn till deras inverkan på arbetskraftens fördelning* and became “ekonomie licentiat”, the academic level below a Doctor’s degree. She then trained as a librarian and became employed at the Socialvetenskapliga biblioteket in Stockholm. She began to give popular science lectures, through which she became known in women’s groups. She became sought-after as an expert on various socio-political matters, for example during the crisis years of 1932–1933 when unemployment was high and discussions around women’s work outside the home received renewed relevance. One proposal suggested banning women from night-time and underground work in order to safeguard men’s jobs in those spheres. Ebon Andersson believed that women should not be excluded, and argued that “[t]he big question is whether married women have a right to work”.\n\nPrior to the 1935 town council election in Stockholm, a prominent female right-wing politician called up Ebon Andersson and asked her which political party she was a member of. Ebon Andersson answered: “None at all, but the last few years I have voted with my right [hand]”. This was how Ebon Andersson got into politics. She stood as the third option on the Stockholm right-wing candidates’ list for the 1936 parliamentary election. In January she took seat number 17 in the Stockholm benches of the second chamber in parliament.\n\nEbon Andersson was very much involved in socio-political issues and believed that all women should work in order to be able to provide for themselves. She worked hard to improve maternity benefits and to ensure that all teachers, irrespective of gender, should receive equal pay for equal work. This was enacted in 1938. That same year she put forward a motion that women should be able to stand for county governorships, along with several others. However, it was not until 1974 that the first woman was appointed county governor in Sweden. Throughout her time in the second chamber of parliament Ebon Andersson retained her job at Socialvetenskapliga biblioteket.\n\nIn 1938 Ebon Andersson became chair of Högerns Centrala Kvinnoråd (the central women’s council of the right-wing party) and its 30,000 members. She also became a member of the party executive. She led the association for 20 years. By the time she handed over the reins of the association, it had grown to 65,000 members. In 1946 Ebba Andersson was elected into the first chamber of parliament; she was the first female representative of the right-wing party to gain that position. During her political career Ebba Andersson pursued issues relating to welfare, social work, crime and the penal system, whilst also being heavily active within housing policy. During the 1950s she also proposed that women should be able to become members of the clergy.\n\nEbon Andersson began her final year in parliament in January 1966. As chairperson by seniority she opened the parliament session of 1966 and presided over the election of the speaker. This was the first time in the history of the parliament that a woman had opened a parliamentary session. Ebon Andersson turned 70 years old in November that same year and decided to resign from the chamber and parliament.\n\nEbon Andersson died in 1969, shortly before she would have turned 73, as a consequence of cardiac problems. She was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "EbonAndersson",
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        "Sigtuna|59.619146|17.723419",
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        {
          "firstname": "Liselotte",
          "lastname": "Fritz"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Enoch",
          "lastname": "Thulin",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Otto",
          "lastname": "Heinecke",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Albin",
          "lastname": "Lundberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Flygcertifikat",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "institution": "Enoch Thulins flygskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 13.233600000000024
            },
            "place": "Ljungbyhed"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Utbildning i fallskärmshopp hos fallskärmskonstruktören Otto Heinecke",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "52.520007",
              "lon": "13.404954"
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Elsa Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Elsa Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(elsa+andersson+1897)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Piloter",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Första kvinnan"
      ],
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        "20th century",
        "Pilots",
        "Pioneers",
        "First woman"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-07T15:58:43",
      "libris_uri": [
        "khwz0q9345bfcz4"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 24,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1897-04-27",
            "date": "1897-04-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Strövelstorps församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.1661,
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            "place": "Strövelstorp"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1922-01-22",
            "date": "1922-01-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Strövelstorps församling",
            "pin": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Elsa/ Theresia",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Pilot",
          "detail": "Uppvisningsflygare, fallskärmshoppare, Örebro Flygkompani",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.275263",
              "lon": "15.213411"
            },
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            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          },
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            "place": "Strövelstorp"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922-01-22",
            "date": "1922-01-22"
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        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elsa Andersson",
          "description_eng": "Elsa Andersson",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2017-11-09_120402.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-12-13",
            "date": "1873-12-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-12-18",
            "date": "1903-12-18"
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          "firstname": "Alma Gustafva",
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          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1863-08-06",
            "date": "1863-08-06"
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            "date": "1943-01-21"
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          "firstname": "Nils Edvard",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Far",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898-08-14",
            "date": "1898-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Albin Sture",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-02-05",
            "date": "1900-02-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-09-24",
            "date": "1952-09-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Harald",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Elmontör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-02-05",
            "date": "1900-02-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-02-08",
            "date": "1900-02-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-04-28",
            "date": "1901-04-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-03-27",
            "date": "1903-03-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Thyra Linnea",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-11-04",
            "date": "1903-11-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995-02-23",
            "date": "1995-02-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Stina Gunborg",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Elsa Andersson. Strövelstorps Byalag (Hämtad 2017-11-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.strovelstorp.nu/?page_id=184https://www.hd.se/2001-03-23/tidens-vingslag-efter-elsa-andersson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elsa Andersson – Sveriges första aviatris. Åsbo släkt- och folklivsforskare (Hämtad 2021-05-07)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.aasbo-gen.com/blogg/?p=1131212"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Flygare, fallskärmshoppare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pilot, parachuter",
      "text": "Elsa Andersson var Sveriges första kvinnliga flygare och fallskärmshoppare.\n\nElsa Andersson föddes 1897 och växte upp på Petersgård i Strövelstorp i nordvästra Skåne, en\nstor gård som föräldrarna Edvard och Alma Andersson arrenderade av Vegeholms gods. Elsa\nAndersson var äldsta barnet och blev moderlös redan vid sex års ålder. Hon intresserade sig\ntidigt för maskiner och redskap och kom att stå sin far nära. Sedan hon 1913 besökt en\nutställning i Åstorp och sett en flyguppvisning av flygpionjären Enoch Thulin var hennes\nhögsta önskan att flyga. År 1919 blev hon antagen som elev vid Thulins flygskola, landets\nförsta i sitt slag för både privat- och militärflygare. Förmodligen var det Elsa Anderssons far,\nsom även var nämndeman och auktionsförrättare, som betalade den dyra utbildningen. Den\nkostade 2 000 kronor och eleverna var tvungna att deponera ett lika stort belopp för eventuella\nskador.\n\nDen 30 juni 1920 fick Elsa Andersson sin flyglicens och blev därmed Sveriges första\nkvinnliga flygare, tio år efter det att fransyskan Raymonde de Laroche blivit första kvinnan i\nvärlden med pilotlicens 1910. I en artikel i tidningen *Flygning* skrev Elsa Andersson i\naugusti 1920: ”Och det är att hoppas att det allmänna misstroendet mot flygmaskinen skall ge\nvika, samt att den, i en icke allt för avlägsen framtid, skall få en ännu större och allmännare\nutbredning och användning än vad hittills varit fallet.”\n\nElsa Andersson tog körkort 1919 och ville efter att ha lärt sig att flyga även lära sig att hoppa\nfallskärm. I september 1921 utfärdades hennes intyg på godkänd fallskärmsutbildning hos\nfallskärmskonstruktören Otto Heinecke i Berlin. Dock gjorde hon troligen inget uthopp från\nflygplan i Tyskland. Bara några dagar efter hemkomsten till Skåne gjorde hon sitt första\nriktiga fallskärmshopp på 700 meters höjd vid det militära övningsfältet Näsby utanför\nKristianstad, inför flera tusen åskådare. En vecka senare gjorde hon ett nytt bejublat hopp på\nBerga övningsfält i Helsingborg.\n\nSnart knöts Elsa Andersson som uppvisningsflygare och fallskärmshoppare till Örebro\nflygkompani. Den 22 januari 1922 anordnade flygkompaniet en flygdag utanför Askersund då\nhuvudnumret var den skånska aviatrisen som skulle hoppa fallskärm från 700 meters höjd.\nElsa Andersson använde samma fallskärm som vid tidigare hopp men den här gången\nlyckades hon inte få fallskärmen att veckla ut sig förrän 50 meter från marken. Elsa\nAndersson störtade mot sin död.\n\nKommissionen som utredde dödsolyckan på Edö konstaterade att fallskärmens utdragslina\nhade snärjt in sig i Elsa Anderssons armveck, att fallskärmssäcken inte gått fri från ryggen\noch därmed inte haft utrymme för att utvecklas. Den fatala utgången kunde ha att göra med att\nElsa Andersson den här gången hoppat stående från vingen i stället för att kasta sig ut från\nsittbrunnen.\n\nNyheten om Elsa Anderssons död slogs upp stort i tidningarna. Hennes far fick kondoleanser\nfrån drottning [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798) och Kungliga Svenska Aeroklubben. Hela bygden deltog i\nbegravningen i Strövelstorps kyrka, på vars kyrkogård Elsa Andersson har sin grav.\n\nÅr 1996 gav Jacques Werup ut en bok om Elsa Andersson, *Den ofullbordade himlen*, som\nsenare dramatiserades av Jan Troell och blev den guldbaggenominerade filmen *Så vit som en\nsnö*, 2001. År 2010 döptes ett av Skånetrafikens pågatåg till Elsa Andersson.",
      "text_eng": "Elsa Andersson was the first Swedish female pilot and parachutist.\n\nElsa Andersson was born in 1897. She grew up on Petersgård in Strövelstorp, in northwest Scania. It was a large farm, which her parents, Edvard and Alma Andersson, managed on behalf of Vegeholm estate. Elsa Andersson was the eldest child and lost her mother when she was only six years old. She developed an interest in machines and tools at an early age and became very close to her father. After attending an exhibition in Åstorp in 1913 where she watched an aerial display by the piloting pioneer Enoch Thulin, her deepest wish was to learn how to fly. In 1919 she was accepted as a student at Thulin’s flight training school, which was the first school in Sweden for both private and military flight training. It was presumably Elsa Andersson’s father, who also worked as a lay assessor and auctioneer, who paid for the expensive training, which cost 2,000 kroner. Students were also required to make a deposit of the same amount to cover possible injuries.\n\nElsa Andersson gained her pilot licence on 30 June 1920, thereby becoming the first female pilot in Sweden. This was ten years after the Frenchwoman Raymonde de Laroche had become the first woman in the world to obtain a pilot licence in 1910. In August 1920 Elsa Andersson wrote an article for the newspaper *Flygning*: “And it is to be hoped that the general mistrust of the flying machine will be overturned, and that in the not-too-distant future it will become increasingly and more widely developed and used than it has been until now.”\n\nElsa Andersson had already obtained her driver’s licence in 1919 and, after having learned to fly, she wanted to learn to parachute. In September 1921 she was certified as an authorised parachutist by the parachute maker Otto Heinecke in Berlin. It seems, however, that she never actually made any jumps from planes in Germany. Just a few days after returning to Sweden, in front of several thousand spectators, she undertook her first genuine parachute jump from 700 meters height at the military training base at Näsby near Kristianstad. One week later she performed another acclaimed parachute jump at Berga training field in Helsingborg.\n\nThe Örebro flight company quickly snapped Elsa Andersson up as a display pilot and parachutist. The company organised an aerial display show near Askersund on 22 January 1922 at which the Scanian aviatrix was the main event. She was to parachute from a height of 700 meters. Elsa Andersson used the same parachute which she had used on previous jumps but this time she was unable to get it to open until she was 50 meters from the ground. She died on impact.\n\nThe inquiry into this fatal accident concluded that the parachute’s ripcord had become entangled around Elsa Andersson’s arm, fixing the parachute bag to her back and thus preventing the parachute from opening. It is possible that the fatal outcome was related to the fact that Elsa Andersson had jumped from an upright standing position on the wing instead of jumping out of the cockpit.\n\nElsa Andersson’s death became a major news item in the newspapers. Her father received royal condolences from Queen [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798) and Kungliga Svenska Aeroklubben (the Royal Swedish Aeroclub). The entire village attended Elsa Andersson’s funeral at Ströveltorp church, and she is buried in the parish cemetery.\n\nIn 1996 Jacques Werup published a book on Elsa Andersson entitled *Den ofullbordade himlen*. It was later dramatized by Jan Troell in 2001 as a film entitled *Så vit some en snö*, which was nominated for the Guldbagge Awards. In 2010 one of the Skånetrafik trains was named after Elsa Andersson.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ElsaAndersson",
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        "Berlin, Tyskland|52.520007|13.404954",
        "Örebro|59.275263|15.213411",
        "Ljungbyhed|56.0744|13.233600000000024",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ann-Sofie",
          "lastname": "Ohlander"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elna",
          "lastname": "Hansson, mormor",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
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          "firstname": "Karolina",
          "lastname": "Widerström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna Sofia",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
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      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Privatundervisning av skolans lärare, studentexamen som privatist, efter ansökan till Ecklesiastikdepartementet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Högre allmänna läroverket för gossar",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Med.lic.examen",
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            "comment": "1880",
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          "institution": "Lunds universitet",
          "place": {
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              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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          "type": "Universitet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medicinska studier",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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          "institution": "Kliniker i Köpenhamn",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.676097",
              "lon": "12.568337"
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier i gynekologi och obstetrik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "institution": "Max Sänger Klinik",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "51.339696",
              "lon": "12.373075"
            },
            "place": "Leipzig, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Hedda Andersson",
          "description_eng": "By Hedda Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/3173100"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Hedda Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Hedda Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(hedda+andersson)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "A. G. A. 'Hedda Andersson: Sveriges andra kvinnliga läkare', *Idun*, 1896(9):4, s. 25-26, 1896",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/49640"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Första kvinnan",
        "Läkare",
        "Pionjärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "First woman",
        "Doctors",
        "Pioneers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-07T16:02:13",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 89,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1861-04-24",
            "date": "1861-04-24"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Caroli församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1950-09-07",
            "date": "1950-09-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lunds domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Hedda/ Albertina",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Läkare",
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            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Läkare",
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            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Läkare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.022203",
              "lon": "14.891754"
            },
            "place": "Rottne"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Läkaresällskapet",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Sveriges Kvinnliga Läkares Förening",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "name": "Skolråden i Engelbrekts och Hedvig Eleonora församlingar",
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sekreterare",
          "name": "Föreningen för sjukvård i fattiga hem",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "name": "Pensionsnämnden",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ledamot av förbundets sjukvårdskommitté",
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          }
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.879004,
              "lon": 14.805852
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            "place": "Växjö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Hedda Andersson",
          "original_url": "https://blogg.sydsvenskan.se/forsvunnamalmo/files/2015/07/Hedda2-640x861.jpg",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/auto_upload/2017-01-26_110347_1.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1835-07-20",
            "date": "1835-07-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1907-02-05",
            "date": "1907-02-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna Maria",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Hansson",
          "occupation": ""Lundakvinnan", läkekvinna, fältskär",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1838-05-20",
            "date": "1838-05-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866-08-04",
            "date": "1866-08-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöns",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Hamnkontorist",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-03-15",
            "date": "1860-03-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1860-05-17",
            "date": "1860-05-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Catharina Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-02-18",
            "date": "1863-02-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-16",
            "date": "1867-12-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Catharina Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-12-26",
            "date": "1864-12-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-23",
            "date": "1867-12-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Christina Carolina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-12-21",
            "date": "1866-12-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-21",
            "date": "1867-12-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöns Edvin Johan",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andreen, Andrea och Nilsson, Hjördis, 'De kvinnliga läkarna', *Svensk yrkeskvinna: en översikt av kvinnornas insats i svenskt näringsliv, kultur och politik*, 1950",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andreen, Andrea, *Karolina Widerström: en levnadsteckning*, Sveriges kvinnliga läkares fören., Stockholm, 1988[1905]",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*I Karolina Widerströms fotspår: 100 år med kvinnliga läkare i Sverige : föredrag*, Sveriges kvinnliga läkares fören., Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundström, Nils Styrbjörn, *Svenska kvinnor i offentlig verksamhet: porträtt och biografier*, Uppsala, 1924",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hildebrand, Albin (red.), *Svenskt porträttgalleri. 13, Läkarekåren*, Ny, tillökad uppl., Tullberg, Stockholm, 1911",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wedin, Ingegerd, *En benbrottsläkarsläkt: Lundakvinnan Elna Hansson - femte generationen*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedda Andersson. Medicinska fakulteten vid Lunds universitet   (Hämtad 2016-12-04)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.medicin.lu.se/medicinska-fakulteten-vid-lunds-universitet/fakultetens-historia/hedda-andersson"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Malmö Caroli församling, Födelse- och dopbok 1861",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Malmö Caroli församling, Död- och begravningsbok 1866",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Läkare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Medical doctor",
      "text": "Hedda Andersson blev år 1880 den första kvinnliga studenten vid Lunds universitet och 1892 den andra kvinnliga läkaren i Sverige.\n\nHedda Andersson föddes i Malmö som andra barnet till Jöns och [](Johanna Maria Andersson). Parets första barn avled som spädbarn och tre yngre syskon dog i tidig ålder, i mässling och scharlakansfeber. Hedda Andersson var därmed den enda överlevande bland barnen. Fadern, som arbetade som hamnkontorist dog endast 28 år gammal. Några problem med försörjningen blev det dock inte. I moderns familj fanns en lång läkedoms- och sjukvårdstradition som gav inkomster.\n\nHedda Andersson härstammade i rakt nedstigande led från sex generationer ”kloka gummor”, ända från 1600-talets slut. Dessa lekmannaläkare specialiserade sig på benbrott och på sårläkning. Sjukvårdskunskaperna fördes vidare från mor till dotter. Hedda Anderssons mormorsmor hette [](Marna Nilsdotter) och arbetade både med människor och med djur. Hon kallades ”kokvinnan” och tillverkade i det sammanhanget en allmänt använd salva, som fanns att köpa på apotek ända in på 1960-talet. Hedda Anderssons mormor, [](Elna Hansson), och hennes mor Johanna Andersson var båda ansedda lekmannaläkare i Lund och Malmö. Båda fick tilltalsnamnet ”Lundakvinnan”. Men verksamheten hade sina risker. Elna Hansson blev åtalad för kvacksalveri, men kunde trots det fortsätta med sin verksamhet. Johanna Maria Andersson utbildade sig för säkerhets skull till fältskär, en gammal sjukvårdsutbildning som 1861 öppnades för kvinnor och fanns kvar fram till 1896. På det sättet kunde hon lättare klara sig undan anklagelser för kvacksalveri. Både Elna Hansson och Johanna Andersson hade stort förtroende hos allmänheten. Deras praktik omfattade både hög och låg – en av patienterna var [](Victoria Benedictsson). Flera läkare hade respekt för deras kunskap men det fanns också de som visade allt större avoghet mot vad de ansåg som ett intrång på sina områden. Så snart Hedda Anderssons mor och mormor fick veta att läkarutbildningen hade öppnats för kvinnor beslöt de därför att lilla Hedda, som då var nio år, skulle bli läkare.\n\nHedda Anderssons mormors och mors verksamhet hade gjort familjen välbeställd och gav\nmöjligheter att bekosta en lång och dyr utbildning. Efter studentexamen skrevs hon in som första kvinnliga student någonsin vid Lunds universitet. Det väckte uppseende och visst motstånd, men hon vann snart respekt och aktning hos sina kamrater och lärare. Under utbildningen praktiserade Hedda Andersson både på Lunds lasarett och vid Karolinska institutet i Stockholm. Där lärde hon känna Sveriges första kvinnliga läkare, [](Karolina Widerström). Efter sin läkarexamen fortsatte Hedda Andersson sina studier utomlands, först på sjukhus i Köpenhamn, därefter i Leipzig hos specialisten på gynekologi och obstetrik, professor Max Sänger. På somrarna tjänstgjorde hon först som praktikant och sedan som underläkare vid Ronneby Brunn. År 1892 öppnade hon egen läkarmottagning i Malmö, men flyttade redan 1895 till Stockholm. En anledning till flytten var att moderns och mormoderns goda rykte ledde till en sådan tillströmning av patienter att Hedda Andersson hade svårt att ta emot alla. En annan anledning torde ha varit att Stockholm gav närhet till kollegan Karolina Widerström och möjligheten att lägga in patienter på den sjukavdelning denna drev i anslutning till sin läkarpraktik. Hedda Andersson uppskattade Karolina Widerströms arbete mycket och de båda var nära vänner genom hela livet.\n\nI Stockholm hyrde Hedda Andersson först en lägenhet på Malmskillnadsgatan. Med sig från Malmö hade hon sin hushållsföreståndarinna Anna Sofia Eriksson. En del av lägenheten inreddes till praktik – det var brukligt att läkare, tandläkare och sjukgymnaster hade sin mottagning i den egna bostaden. Hedda Anderssons mor fortsatte under tiden sin verksamhet i Lund. År 1903 gav modern dock upp sin verksamhet och flyttade till dottern i Stockholm. Tillsammans hyrde de då en åttarumslägenhet på Sturegatan.\n\nLiksom Karolina Widerström hade Hedda Andersson specialiserat sig inom gynekologi. Också Sveriges tredje kvinnliga läkare, bonddottern [](Maria Folkeson) från Helgesta i Närke, examinerad 1896, arbetade som gynekolog. De kvinnliga läkarna upptäckte snabbt att kvinnor visste mycket litet om sin anatomi, om sexualitet, barnafödande och också om könssjukdomar. Att upplysa kvinnor i de avseendena såg de som sin alldeles särskilda uppgift.\n\nHedda Andersson engagerade sig också utanför sin praktik och var ledamot av först Engelbrekts och senare Hedvig Eleonoras skolråd i Stockholm. Hon var sekreterare i Föreningen för sjukvård i fattiga hem, ledamot av pensionsnämnden och läkarrevisor vid Stockholms sjukhem. Hon var även medlem i Kvinnliga läkares förening och i Fredrika-Bremer-förbundet. I det sistnämnda var hon också ledamot av dess sjukvårdskommitté.\n\nÅr 1917 flyttade Hedda Andersson till Växjö och öppnade praktik i det närbelägna samhället Rottne. År 1925 avslutade hon sin läkarverksamhet, flyttade tillbaka till Skåne och bosatte sig i en lägenhet i sin barndoms Lund. Då hade hon arbetat som läkare i 32 år. I Lund gjorde hon sig känd för den vänfasthet, gästfrihet och generositet som hade gjort henne populär redan bland kamraterna på medicinutbildningen i Lund. Enligt en av hennes levnadstecknare hade hon ”även på äldre dagar det vi idag kallar karisma”.\n\nHedda Andersson avled år 1950, åttionio år gammal och är begravd på S:t Pauli norra kyrkogård i Malmö.",
      "text_eng": "Hedda Andersson was the first female student to attend Lund University, starting her studies in 1880. She became the second female medical doctor in Sweden in 1892.\n\nHedda Andersson was born in Malmö, the second child of Jöns and [](Johanna Maria Andersson). The couple’s first child died an infant, and three younger siblings died at young ages from measles and scarlet fever. Hedda Andersson was thus the only child to survive into adulthood. Her father, who worked at the port authority, died aged only 28. This unfortunate development did not lead to economic hardship for the family, however. Hedda’s mother came from a long line of healers and healthcare providers, through which the family could gain an additional income.\n\nHedda Andersson descended directly from six generations of “wise women” dating as far back as the late seventeenth-century. These lay-healers specialised in broken bones and healing wounds. The healing techniques were passed from mother to daughter. Hedda Andersson’s maternal great-grandmother, [](Marna Nilsdotter), treated both people and animals. She was known as “kokvinnan” (“the cow-woman”) and made a general-use salve which could still be acquired at the pharmacy as late as the 1960s. Hedda Andersson’s maternal grandmother [](Elna Hansson) and her mother Johanna Maria Andersson were both respected lay-healers in Lund and Malmö. They both came to be known as “Lundakvinnan” (the Lund woman). Their activities were not without risk. Elna Hansson was charged with quackery but still managed to continue her medical services. Johanna Maria Andersson took the precaution of training to become a field-surgeon, an ancient form of medical training which had become accessible to women in 1861, and remained so until 1896. This meant that she was less likely to be tainted as a charlatan. Both Elna Hansson and Johanna Maria Andersson were deeply trusted by the general public. They treated people with both low and high social standing — one of their patients was [](Victoria Benedictsson). Several other doctors respected these women’s knowledge but there were also those who expressed aversion to what they saw as a threat to their own profession. Therefore, as soon as Hedda Andersson’s mother and grandmother learned that official medical training had become accessible to women they decided that young Hedda, who was then only nine years old, would become a doctor.\n\nHedda Andersson’s grandmother’s and mother’s activities had left the family well-off and allowed them to pay for her lengthy and expensive education. Upon completing school Hedda was enrolled as the first-ever female student at Lund University. This caused a sensation and some opposition, but she quickly gained respect and esteem from both her fellow students and teachers. During her training Hedda Andersson practised as a trainee both at Lunds lasarett (general hospital) and at Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. At the latter she became acquainted with Sweden’s first female medical doctor, [](Karolina Widerström). After gaining her medical degree Hedda Andersson continued her studies abroad, first at a hospital in Copenhagen, then in Leipzig with the gynaecology and obstetrics specialist Professor Max Sänger. During summers Hedda served initially as a trainee and then as a junior doctor at Ronneby Brunn (a health resort). In 1892 she opened her own medical clinic in Malmö, but only stayed there unti 1895, when she moved to Stockholm. One reason for the move was that there was such a constant stream of patients, due to her mother’s and grandmother’s good reputation, that Hedda Andersson found it difficult to attend to them all. Another probable reason for the move was that being in Stockholm gave her better access to her colleague Karolina Widerström, and increased the likelihood of placing patients at the medical department run by her in conjunction with her medical practice. Hedda Andersson valued Karolina Widerström’s work greatly and they remained close friends throughout their lives.\n\nHedda Andersson at first lived in an apartment on Malmskillnadsgatan in Stockholm. She had brought her chief housekeeper Anna Sofia Eriksson with her from Malmö. Part of the apartment was furnished as a medical practice — it was the norm that doctors, dentists, and physiotherapists held their clinics in their own homes. Hedda Andersson’s mother continued her own practice in Lund for a time, but ceased trading in 1903 and moved to Stockholm to be with her daughter. Together they rented an eight-room apartment on Sturegatan.\n\nJust like Karolina Widerström, Hedda Andersson specialised in gynaecology. The same was true of Sweden’s third female doctor [](Maria Folkeson), a farmer’s daughter from Helgesta in Närke who graduated in 1896 and worked as a gynaecologist. These female doctors soon discovered that women generally knew very little about their own anatomy, sexuality, childbirth or sexually transmitted diseases. These doctors saw it as their particular duty to enlighten and inform women in these matters.\n\nHedda Andersson was also active beyond her medical practice. She was a member of both Engelbrekt and later Hedvig Eleonora school councils in Stockholm. She was the secretary of Föreningen för sjukvård i fattiga hem (a society providing free healthcare to poor households) as well as a medical auditor and member of the pensions board at Stockholms sjukhem (a not-for-profit private hospital and nursing home). She was also a member of Kvinnliga läkares förening (the female doctors’ association) and of Fredrika Bremer-förbundet (Fredrika Bremer Association). In the latter she served as a member of the association’s healthcare committee.\n\nIn 1917 Hedda Andersson moved to Växjö and set up a clinic in the nearby community of Rottne. She closed the clinic in 1925 and moved back to Skåne where she settled in an apartment in Lund, where she had spent her childhood. She had then worked as a doctor for 32 years. In Lund she became known for the loyalty, hospitality and generosity which had made her so popular amongst her fellow students during her early medical training. According to one of her biographers she still had “charisma even toward the end of her life”.\n\nHedda Andersson died in 1950 aged 89 and is buried in St. Pauli norra kyrkogård in Malmö.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "type": "Kollega",
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            "place": "Katrineholm"
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          "institution": "Sahlgrenska sjukhuset",
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        {
          "description": "Av Hilda Andersson",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(hilda+andersson+1888-1948)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "’Svenska dödad av krypskytt i Jerusalem’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1948-04-27",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "’Svenska dödad i Palestina’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1948-04-27",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Om Hilda Andersson",
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          "date": {
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      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Hilda Andersson. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons (lin208)",
          "description_eng": "Hilda Andersson. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons (lin208)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andersson_Hilda.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-21",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-11-21",
            "date": "1850-11-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-09-13",
            "date": "1902-09-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Elna",
          "lastname": "Persson, född Svensdotter",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1847-03-14"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1929-01-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Persson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, hemmansägare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1887-09-15",
            "date": "1887-09-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-12-22",
            "date": "1950-12-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Sigfrid",
          "lastname": "Persson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Hilda, *Kampen om det Heliga landet: en Palestina-svenskas upplevelser bland judar och araber*, 2. uppl., Filadelfia, Stockholm, 1948",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Hilda, *Sett från Oljeberget*, 3. uppl., revid. och utök, Evangeliipress, Örebro, 1947",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Norberg, Vidar, ’Stille ved Hilda Anderssons grav på Oljeberget’,  *Karmel Israel-nytt* (Hämtad 2020-09-18)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.karmel.net/?s=hilda+andersson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hurnard, Hannah, *Watchmen on the Walls : an eyewitness account of Israel’s fight for independence from the Journal of Hannah Hurnard*,  1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pernow, Birger, ’Hilda Andersson. En Israels vän’, * Svenska Israelsmissionen*, 1948, 75, s. 136-137",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roxman, Karin, *Sverige i Jerusalem: dröm och verklighet*, Bokverket, Stockholm, 2020",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Missionär, sjuksköterska, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Missionary, nurse, author",
      "text": "Hilda Andersson var sjuksköterska, missionär och författare. Efter avslutat missionsuppdrag i Kina bosatte hon sig i Jerusalem 1927 där hon var verksam fram till sin död.\n\nHilda Andersson föddes den 29 december 1888 i Kärråkra, utanför Hässleholm. Då hon var tretton år gammal dog hennes mor och Hilda Andersson fick ansvar för hem och hushåll fram till dess hon flyttade från föräldragården. Familjen som då bestod av fadern och en äldre bror präglades av pietistisk kristendom. Efter studier i Katrineholm och Borås tog hon sjuksköterskeexamen 1916 vid Sahlgrenska sjukhuset (nuvarande Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset) i Göteborg. Hon flyttade till USA 1917 och studerade språk och arbetade på sjukhus.\n\nI Augustanasynodens regi sändes hon 1918 ut som missionär till Kina. Hon arbetade bland annat på en klinik i Xuzhou, i provinsen Jiangsu. Förhållandena var enkla och arbetsförhållandena hårda. Efter lokala oroligheter 1927 återvände hon till Sverige. Under ett tidigare besök i Palestina hade hon bestämt sig för att slå sig ner där. Genom ett arv kunde hon bygga ett hus på Olivberget som benämndes Svenskbo. Jerusalems klimat med torra varma somrar ansågs passa både hennes hälsa och hennes intressen. Hon startade så småningom odlingar på sin tomt.\n\nDen främsta anledningen till att bo i Jerusalem var dock religiöst betingad. Hilda Andersson såg sin närvaro i Jerusalem som en kallelse. Hon ville finnas i ”Landet, där Guds helighet och kärlek visat sig för mänskligheten.” Hon upplät sitt hem för svenska Palestinaresenärer och missionärskolleger. Hennes gästfrihet var omtalad och hon arrangerade bjudningar som möjliggjorde möten mellan olika slags människor. Hon behärskade arabiska och bistod sina grannar med medicinsk hjälp och goda råd.\n\nHilda Andersson såg Svenskbo som en plats där hon kunde berätta för besökarna om landet och betydelsen av den judiska invandringen. Hennes hus blev snart ett frekventerat besöksmål. Bland besökarna kan nämnas [](Alice Tegnér), Pär Lagerkvist och kronprinsparet Gustav Adolf och [Louise](0000 0000 4911 4069). De mer lokalt etablerade Nåssvenskarna från den amerikanska kolonin betraktade emellertid henne som en konkurrent. De var dessutom skeptiska till hennes förkunnelse.\n\nI boken *Sett från Oljeberget*, 1937, skildrade Hilda Andersson sin tillvaro i Jerusalem, sina resor och möten med landets kulturer. Hon var liksom många andra missionärer etnografiskt intresserad och beskrev ingående palestinska arabers seder och bruk. Eftersom deras seder ansågs härstamma från Bibelns tid, inramades skildringarna med bibelreferenser. Även det moderna judiska livet, från kibbutzer till stadsliv, skildrades. Hon uppfattade den ökande judiska närvaron i landet som ett uppfyllande av Bibelns löften. Sin eskatologiska tolkning av texter och världsskeenden delade hon med representanter från Svenska Israelsmissionen. Dess direktor Birger Pernow bodde hos Hilda Andersson under våren 1934. Under en period stödde också Svenska Israelsmissionen hennes arbete.\n\nHilda Andersson hade sin församlingstillhörighet i Christ Church, belägen innanför Jaffaporten i Jerusalem. Christ Church var samlingspunkten för engelska missionärer från organisationen The Church’s Ministry Among the Jewish People (CMJ), som också drev ett sjukhus i staden. I församlingen mötte Hilda Andersson människor med samma kristna vision. Församlingen bestod av missionärer, men också av judar som konverterat till kristendomen. Till hennes kontakter hörde författaren Hannah Hurnard som arbetade för CMJ och den finska missionären Aili Havas. Även den svenska diakonen [](Greta Andrén) tillhörde församlingen under en tid.\n\nHilda Andersson betraktade den tilltagande oron i landet med bitterhet. Från sin utsiktspunkt på Olivberget blev hon vittne till hur konvojer besköts och hur människor föll offer i skottväxlingar. Hon anklagade britterna för att ha svikit judarnas strävan att skapa ett eget land och för att stödja den arabiska kampen mot judarna. Hennes politiska sympatier låg hos judarna. Samtidigt ansåg hon stridigheterna vara en del av slutkampen inför återupprättelsen av det judiska folket och Jesus återkomst.\n\nI den postumt utgivna boken *Kampen om det heliga landet* berättade Hilda Andersson hur västerländska representanter successivt lämnade landet före britternas tillbakadragande. Hennes judiskt kristna vänner blev utsatta för fördrivning och trakasserier. Barrikader och stängsel syntes överallt. Mattransporter blev plundrade. El- och telefonförbindelser blev avstängda. Hon berättade även om sin egen utsatta position på den arabiska sidan som ensam svensk med judiska sympatier. Både diplomater, kyrkliga dignitärer och hennes judiska vänner uppmanade henne att lämna Svenskbo.\n\nDå situationen eskalerade ytterligare efter FN:s beslut om en tvåstatsdelning i november 1947, beslutade Hilda Andersson att tillfälligt lämna Jerusalem och åka till Etiopien. Den planerade avresan i februari 1948 kunde dock inte genomföras på grund av ett misstag med viseringen. Hilda Andersson återvände till Jerusalem och bodde hos judiskt kristna vänner. Då deras hus beskjutits med granater återvände hon till Svenskbo och Olivberget. Hilda Andersson hoppades att hennes goda relationer på båda sidor skulle skydda henne, liksom hennes gudsförtröstan.\n\nEfter att ha firat gudstjänst söndagen den 25 april 1948 föll Hilda Andersson offer för en krypskytt. Hon blev dödad av flera skott då hon promenerade tillbaka mot sitt hem på Olivberget. Hennes död blev aldrig utredd, vilket förmodligen berodde på att hon var ett av många dödsoffer under en kaotisk period.\n\nSpekulationerna om dödsskjutningen har varit många. Misstankar har riktats mot araber och sådana britter som var allierade med arablegionen. Enligt Hilda Anderssons utsaga fick hon besök av engelska militärer några veckor före dödsskjutningen. Man ville förmå henne att lämna landet. Kollegan Hannah Hurnard noterade i sina dagboksanteckningar att Hilda Andersson brukade leverera matpaket till judiska vänner i Jerusalem. Förnödenheterna kom från den arabiska sidan. Trots påpekanden om riskerna fortsatte hon med utdelningen. Matleveranserna var ett troligt skäl till dödsskjutningen.\n\nPå grund av striderna fick hon begravas tillfälligt inom den amerikanska kolonins område. Hon fick sin slutliga grav på Nåsbornas begravningsplats på Skopusberget, inte så långt från sitt hem. Före sin död hade hon överlåtit Svenskbo till det norska Karmelinstitutet, vilket förvaltade huset under den jordanska administrationen, 1949–1967. Egendomen köptes 1990 av Chanan Porat, en av den israeliska bosättarrörelsens förgrundspersoner. På platsen finns idag yeshivan Beit Orot, ett judiskt religiöst college med bosättaranknytning.",
      "text_eng": "Hilda Andersson was a nurse, missionary and author. After completing her missionary assignment in China, she settled in Jerusalem in 1927 where she was active until her death. \n\nHilda Andersson was born on 29 December 1888, in Kärråkra outside Hässleholm. When she was thirteen, her mother died and Hilda Andersson had to take responsibility for home and household until she left her parents’ farm. The family then consisted of her father and elder brother who were pietistic Christians. After studies in Katrineholm and Borås, she qualified as a nurse in 1916 at the Sahlgrenska hospital (now Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset) in Gothenburg. She moved to the USA in 1917 and studied languages while working at hospitals. \n\nShe was sent out by the Augustana Synod in 1918 as a missionary to China. She worked at a clinic in Xuzhou in the province of Jiangsu among other places. Conditions were poor and working conditions hard. After local unrest in 1927, she returned to Sweden. During a previous visit to Palestine, she had decided to settle there. Through an inheritance, she was able to build a house on the Mount of Olives that she named Svenskbo. Jerusalem’s climate with dry, warm summers suited both her health and her interests. She eventually started cultivating her plot of land. \n\nHer main reason for living in Jerusalem was however religious. Hilda Andersson saw her presence in Jerusalem as a vocation. She wanted to live in “The country where God’s holiness and love has been revealed to all mankind.” She opened her home to Swedish travellers to Palestine and to missionary colleagues. Her hospitality was legendary and she arranged parties that facilitated meetings between different kinds of people. She had mastered Arabic and helped her neighbours medically and with good advice. \n\nHilda Andersson saw Svenskbo as a place where she was able to tell visitors about the country and the significance of the Jewish immigration. Her house soon became a popular place to visit. Among Swedish visitors may be mentioned [](Alice Tegnér), Pär Lagerqvist and the crown prince couple Gustav Adolf and [Louise Mountbatten](0000 0000 4911 4069). The more locally established Nås Swedes from the American colony considered her however as a rival. They were also sceptical to her evangelism. \n\nIn her book *Sett från Oljeberget* from 1937, Hilda Andersson describes her life in Jerusalem, her travels and meetings with the country’s cultures. Like many other missionaries, she was ethnographically interested and described in great detail the customs and habits of the Palestinian Arabs. Since their customs were considered to be descended from biblical times, the descriptions were framed with biblical references. She also described modern Jewish life, from kibbutzes to city life. She experienced the increasing Jewish presence in the country as the fulfilment of biblical promises. Her eschatological interpretation of texts and world happenings were shared with representatives from the Swedish Israel mission. Its director, Birger Pernow, stayed at Hilda Andersson’s home during the spring of 1934. For a period, the Swedish Israel mission also supported her work.\n \nHilda Andersson belonged to the parish of Christ Church, inside the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem. Christ Church was a gathering place for English missionaries from the organisation The Church’s Ministry Among the Jewish People (CMJ), that also ran a hospital in the city. In this congregation, Hilda Andersson met people with the same Christian vision. The congregation consisted of missionaries and also of Jews who had converted to Christianity. Among her contacts were the author Hannah Hurnard who worked for CMJ and the Finnish missionary Aili Havas. The Swedish deaconess [](Greta Andrén) also belonged to the congregation for a time. \nHilda Andersson looked upon the increasing unrest in the country with bitterness. From her vantage point on the Mount of Olives, she was a witness to how convoys were shot at and how people fell victim to shooting. She accused the British for having betrayed the Jewish striving to create a country for themselves and for supporting the Arab struggle against the Jews. Her political sympathies were with the Jews. At the same time, she considered that the fighting was part of the final battle for the restoration of the Jewish people and the return of Jesus.\n \nIn her posthumously published book *Kampen om det heliga landet*, Hilda Andersson recounted how western representatives successively left the country before the withdrawal of the British. Her Jewish Christian friends were subjected to expulsion and harassment. Barricades and fences were visible everywhere. Food transports were plundered. Electrical and telephone lines were cut. She also described her own vulnerable position on the Arab side as a lone Swede with Jewish sympathies. Diplomats, church dignitaries and her Jewish friends all exhorted her to leave Svenskbo.\n \nWhen the situation escalated further after the United Nations’ decision to create two states in November 1947, Hilda Andersson decided to leave Jerusalem temporarily and travel to Ethiopia. Her planned journey in February 1948 could not however be undertaken on account of a mistake with her visa. Hilda Andersson returned to Jerusalem and stayed with Jewish Christian friends. When the house was shot at with grenades, she returned to Svenskbo. Hilda Andersson hoped that her good relations with both sides would protect her, like her faith in God. \n\nAfter having attended the service on Sunday 25 April 1948, Hilda Andersson fell victim to a sniper. She was killed by several shots as she was walking back to her home on the Mount of Olives. Her death was never investigated, probably because she was one of many victims during a chaotic period.\n \nThe speculations about her shooting have been many. Suspicions have been aimed at Arabs and British allies of the Arab legion. According to Hilda Andersson, she was visited by the English military some weeks before she was killed. They wanted to persuade her to leave the country. Her colleague Hannah Hurnard noted in her diary that Hilda Andersson used to deliver food packages to Jewish friends in Jerusalem. These provisions came from the Arab side. Despite information on the risks, she continued her deliveries. They were a probable cause of her death. \n\nOn account of the fighting, she had to be buried temporarily on the property of the American colony. She was given her final grave in the Nås residents’ cemetery on Skopus hill, not so far from her home. Before her death, she had handed over Svenskbo to the Norwegian Carmelite Institute, which managed the house under the Jordanian administration in 1949–1967. The property was bought in 1990 by Chanan Porat, one of the Israeli settlers’ movement’s foreground figures. Nowadays it houses the yeshiva Beit Orot, a Jewish religious college with links to the settlers.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "John",
          "lastname": "Ongman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Mauritz",
          "lastname": "Kjöllerström",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Malmberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
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        {
          "firstname": "Stina",
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      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibel- och evangelistkurs",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
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          "institution": "Örebromissionens bibelskola",
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Ida Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Ida Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(ida+andersson+1889-1974)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=rc"
        },
        {
          "description": "Byström Janarv, Görel, ’Fader vår ...och hans kvinnor på Västgötaslätten’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1998-09-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bida - Lite, Lundsbrunn. Europeana (Hämtad 2020-09-18)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.europeana.eu/sv/item/91672/MM_foto_603572"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Andersson, Ida (1889-1974)’, *Svenskt frikyrkolexikon*, S. 33, 2014",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Ida Andersson’[Nekrolog], *Göteborgs-Posten*, 1974-11-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      "keyword": [
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1889-05-19",
            "date": "1889-05-19"
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            "date": "1974-11-16"
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      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Predikant",
          "detail": "Evangelist, 1911–1912 Håveryd, 1912–1914 Upplands-Ekeby, 1914–1916 Norra Vånga, 1917–1933 Skara",
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            "comment": "?"
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          "place": {
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          "type": "Yrke",
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          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Filantropiskt arbete, bl a sommarkolonier och lägerorganisering",
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            "date": "1933"
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          "type": "Religiös organisation",
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          "description": "Ida Andersson, fotograf och år okänd. Örebromissionens arkiv, ArkivCentrum, Örebro län",
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        }
      ],
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        {
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        {
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            "date": "1847-06-25"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1903-08-06"
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          "firstname": "Johan Alfred",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Skomakare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-04-17",
            "date": "1882-04-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-10-08",
            "date": "1933-10-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Edvard Elias",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1886-06-23"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1963-09-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Adolf",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-04-10",
            "date": "1892-04-10"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1979-02-23"
          },
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          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
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          "description": "Läsaren, Centrum för väckelsehistoriska studier. Örebro Teologiska Högskola",
          "type": "Arkiv",
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        },
        {
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          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.arkivcentrum.se/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Janzon, Göran, ’Ida Andersson: driftig församlings- och kapellbyggare’, *I kallelsens grepp*, S. 42-61, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Predikant",
      "subtitle_eng": "Preacher",
      "text": "Ida Andersson var en frikyrklig predikant i Västergötland och en driftig ledare inom det baptistiska arbete i Skaraområdet som gick under namnet Slättmissionen.\n\nIda Konstantia Andersson föddes 1889 i Marums socken i närheten av Skara. Hon var dotter till skomakare Johan Alfred Andersson och hans hustru Inga-Stina, född Johansdotter. Där växte hon upp i ett enkelt men gästfritt hem med tre syskon. Familjen var kyrkligt engagerad. I tonåren förlorade Ida Andersson sitt religiösa intresse, men som barnflicka i Skara fick hon kontakter som ledde till en omvändelseupplevelse. Den gav henne en bestående glädje och hon började berätta för andra om sin erfarenhet och sin tro. Hon upplevde att det var Guds vilja att hon skulle ägna sitt liv åt just detta, att bli evangelist.\n\nHösten 1911 deltog hon i pastor John Ongmans bibelkurs i Örebro och antogs som evangelist för Örebromissionen (ÖM), 22 år gammal. Där blev hon också troendedöpt. Någon fortsatt utbildning vid Örebro missionsskola blev det aldrig för hennes del. Förutom folkskolan var alltså bibelkursen hennes enda utbildning för det som blev hennes livsgärning. Bristen på utbildning kompenserades genom hennes omvittnade förmåga att fängsla människor med sitt sätt att tala. Läsarprästen Gunnar Olén återberättar hur Ida Andersson karakteriserades: ”I nästa vecka kommer Ida i Skara hit och då ska Olén få se ett fruntimmer som är redigt. Predika kan hon härligt och sjunga me. Ho är rent av ovanliger.”\n\nIda Andersson var i ÖM:s tjänst som evangelist på olika platser under åren 1911–1916. Därefter flyttade hon till Skara och arbetade på Skaraslätten resten av livet och förblev ogift. Hon var inte bara evangelist utan även i hög grad en entreprenör. Hon såg ett behov av andlig verksamhet och gudstjänstlokaler i många mindre samhällen. I Vinköl köpte hon ett hus 1918 som byggdes om och blev det första kapellet i hennes verksamhet. Det fortsatte med ett trettiotal kapellbyggen. Idag finns inte så många av dessa kvar på den västgötska landsbygden.\n\nIda Andersson arrangerade sommarkolonier främst för stadsbarn och läger för ungdomar. År 1923 invigdes ett missionshem i en stor villa i Skara, med pastor John Ongman från Örebro som högtidstalare. Det blev i tio år centrum för Ida Anderssons verksamhet. År 1933 invigdes ett nytt missionshem i Lundsbrunn och hon flyttade dit. Hon kallade det Bidalite för avsikten var att där skulle evangelister och hemvändande missionärer i behov av vila eller som var ”färdiga med sitt livsverk” få bo och ”bida lite” tills de fick nya krafter eller för att få en god sista tid.\n\nIda Andersson kan skrivas in i den tradition som John Ongman företrädde som med inspiration från den anglosaxiska helgelserörelsen tydligt och med skärpa drev kvinnors rätt att förkunna evangeliet. Hon såg sig inte själv som pastor men var en aktiv predikant. Många av Slättmissionens evangelister var unga kvinnor. De hämtades från ÖM:s bibelkurs i Örebro och placerades på platser där det behövdes andlig verksamhet.\n\nFrån helgelserörelsen hämtade Ida Andersson även den så kallade trosprincipen. Hon offentliggjorde inte ekonomiska behov för kapellbyggena utan räknade ”i tro” med att Gud skulle förse. Hennes princip var att alla kapell skulle vara skuldfria vid invigningen. I hennes miljö kallades detta ”trons nådegåva”. Den kombinerades med ett starkt drag av entreprenörskap. Men det viktigaste för henne var att människor kom till tro, blev döpta och kom med i församlingarna. För att evangelisterna skulle få undervisning och inspiration ordnades från 1940 en årlig konferens i Edsvära, tillsammans med omkringliggande församlingar.\n\nIda Andersson var en eftersökt talare till möten och konferenser i olika kyrkor och samfund. Även radio och tidningar gjorde reportage om den märkliga kvinnan. Som person var hon glad och spontan, hade lätt att knyta kontakter och ingav ett sådant förtroende att många kom till henne som andlig vägledare. Samtidigt hade hon en självmedvetenhet som ingav respekt men ibland kunde skapa problem i relationer. Hon såg sig själv helt enkelt som ”Ida Andersson, kallad av Gud att tjäna honom”. De närmaste i hennes team utgjordes av de norska syskonen Aasta och Gerda Thuen, Margareta Malmberg samt Stina Svensson, som efter Ida Anderssons död 1974 kom att efterträda henne som ledare för Slättmissionens verksamhet.",
      "text_eng": "Ida Andersson was a free church preacher in the province of Västergötland in the west of Sweden and an enterprising Baptist leader of the Slättmission in the region of Skara. \n\nIda Konstantia Andersson was born in 1889 near Skara. She was the daughter of Johan Alfred Andersson, a shoemaker and his wife Inga-Stina, née Johansdotter. She grew up in a poor but hospitable home with three siblings. The family was engaged in the church. Ida Andersson lost her religious interest in her teens, but as a nanny in Skara she came in contact with people who led her to experience conversion. This was a permanent joy to her and she started telling others about her experience and her faith. She felt that it was God’s will that she should dedicate her life to being an evangelist. \n\nIn the autumn of 1911, she participated in pastor John Ongman’s bible course in Örebro and was accepted as an evangelist for the Örebro mission (ÖM), when she was 22 years old. She was also baptised into the faith there. She did not receive any further education at the Örebro mission school. Apart from elementary school, the bible course was thus her only education for what became her life’s work. The lack of education was compensated for through her bespoken ability to capture people with her way of speaking. The confirmation clergyman Gunnar Olén recounts how Ida Andersson was described: “Next week Ida from Skara is coming here and then Olén is going to see a woman who is lucid. She can preach gloriously and sing too. She’s quite simply unusual.”\n \nIda Andersson served ÖM as an evangelist in various places in 1911–1916. Thereafter she moved to Skara and worked in the region for the rest of her life and remained unmarried. She was not only an evangelist but also to a great degree an entrepreneur. She saw the need for spiritual activities and premises for church services in many smaller villages and hamlets. In Vinköl she bought a house in 1918 that she rebuilt to make the first chapel in her enterprise. That continued until she had about thirty rebuilt chapels. Not many of them have survived today in the Västergötland countryside. \n\nIda Andersson arranged summer camps mainly for city children and camps for young people. In 1923, a mission home was opened in a house in Skara, with pastor John Ongman from Örebro as the ceremonial speaker. For ten years it was the centre of Ida Andersson’s enterprise. In 1933, a new mission home was opened in Lundsbrunn and she moved there. She called it Bidalite (Bide awhile) since the idea was that evangelists and missionaries returning home and in need of rest or who had “completed their life’s work” should be able to stay and “bide awhile” until they regained their strength or to enjoy some good final years. \n\nIda Andersson can be included in the tradition that John Ongman represented that with inspiration from the Anglo-Saxon Holiness movement explicitly and sharply pushed for women’s right to preach the gospel. She did not see herself as a pastor but as an active preacher. Many of the Slättmissionen evangelists were young women from ÖM’s bible course in Örebro working wherever spiritual activities were needed. \n\nFrom the Holiness movement, Ida Andersson also adopted the so-called second work of faith principle. She did not make public her economic needs for her chapel buildings but counted “in faith” on God’s provision. Her principle was that all chapels must be debt-free when they were consecrated. In her environment, this was called “faith’s gift of grace”. It was combined with strong entrepreneurialism. However, the most important thing for her was that people came to faith, were baptised and became members of congregations. To give the evangelists tuition and inspiration, conferences were organised annually from 1940 by Edsvära congregtion along with other local congregations. \nIda Andersson was in great demand as a speaker at meetings and conferences in various churches and societies. The radio and newspapers also wrote reportages on this remarkable woman. As a person, she was cheerful and spontaneous, found making contacts easy and inspired such confidence that many came to her as a spiritual leader. Simultaneously, she had a self-awareness that inspired respect but could sometimes create problems in personal relationships. She saw herself quite simply as “Ida Andersson, called by God to serve him”. The people closest to her in her team were the Norwegian sisters Aasta and Gerda Thuen, Margareta Malmberg and Stina Svensson, who after Ida Andersson’s death in 1974 was to succeed her as the leader of the Slättmissionen enterprise.",
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      "source": [
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          "description": "Lundgren, Kristina & Melberg, Enel, '70-talets arbetarförfattarinnor', *Vardagsslit och drömmars språk : svenska proletärförfattarinnor från Maria Sandel till Mary Andersson / Eva Adolfsson*, Hammarström & Åberg, Enskede, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Juncker, Beth & Melberg, Enel, 'Rapport från en skurhink: välfärdssamhället sett nerifrån', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2016-12-13)",
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          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/rapport-fraan-en-skurhink/"
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          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://litteraturbanken.se/#!/forfattare/MollerJensenE/titlar/NordiskKvinnolitteraturhistoria4/sida/271/etext"
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      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Ingrid Andersson var författare. Hennes mest framträdande verk präglas av hennes erfarenheter från Sveriges norra landsbygd.\n\nIngrid Andersson föddes och växte upp på ön Skeppsholmen i Timrå i Medelpad. Hon debuterade som författare vid 57 års ålder med boken *Två berättelser*, 1975, där hon beskriver forna tiders folkliv och människoöden i sydöstra Norrland. Den följande romanen *Ensamheten*, 1976, talade rakt in i samtidens debatt om ålderdomshem och äldre människors villkor. Den handlar om en gammal kvinnas sorg och ensamhet och bröt på många sätt ny litterär mark med sitt sätt att beskriva ålderdomen i det samtida Sverige. Huvudpersonen tillhör vare sig de nöjda och glada eller de arga och upproriska. Hon är helt enkelt bara främmande i den värld hon hamnat i, liksom för den son hon uppfostrat. Romanen blev mycket uppmärksammad och finns även översatt till engelska och tyska.\n\nIngrid Anderssons följande bok *Barnet*, 1979, med undertiteln "bland timmerflottare på Lövudden", är en självbiografisk berättelse, som beskriver livet och naturen på öarna i Indalsälvens delta innan Midlanda flygplats trängde undan den bofasta befolkningen. Även den hade en stark politisk laddning, som gjorde den uppmärksammad och uppskattad då den kom ut. Den har förutom sina litterära förtjänster också ett stort kulturhistoriskt värde.\n\nEn något annan karaktär har Ingrid Anderssons sista bok, *Tillbaka till livet*, 1982, som skildrar en 18-årig kvinna som drabbats av afasi efter en bilolycka. Läsaren får följa hennes hårda kamp med omgivningen och sig själv. Språket är enkelt och konkret och fyllt av värme. Den gavs ut i LT:s Förlags serie *Lättläst* men beskriver inga lätta lösningar.\n\nIngrid Andersson avled 1994.",
      "text_eng": "Ingrid Andersson was an author. Her most prominent works are influenced by her personal experiences in rural northern Sweden. \n\nIngrid Andersson was born and grew up on the Timrå island of Skeppsholmen in Medelpad. She made her authorial debut at the age of 57 with the release of her book entitled *Två berättelser* which was published in 1975. In this book she describes the folklore of bygone times and the history of the people of southwestern Norrland. Her next work, a novel called *Ensamheten* which was published in 1976, dealt directly with contemporary polemics on homes for the elderly and seniors’ quality of life. The novel recounts the sadness and loneliness experienced by an old woman, which in many ways was groundbreaking in its portrayal of old age in the Sweden of the day. The lead character represents neither those who are happy and content nor those who are angry and rebellious. She is simply an outcast in the world she has ended up living in, as is the case for the son she raised. The novel attracted a lot of attention and was also translated into English and German. \n\nIngrid Andersson’s subsequent 1979 book called *Barnet*, subtitled “amongst the log-drivers at Lövudden”, is an autobiographical account which depicts what life and the natural environment of the Indalsälven delta islands was like before the construction of Midlanda airport forced the locals to scatter. This book, again, comprised a political dimension, which meant it generated attention and became popular. In addition to its literary value the book is also of cultural-historical value. \n\nIngrid Andersson’s final book, published in 1982 and entitled *Tillbaka till livet*, is somewhat different in nature. It tells the story of an 18-year-old woman who develops aphasia following a car accident. The reader follows her difficult struggle with her surroundings and within herself. The language used is simple, concrete, and full of warmth. Although the book was published as part of the LT Förlag series called *Lättläst* (easy-to-read) no easy answers are forthcoming. \n\nIngrid Andersson died in 1994.",
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        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          },
          "firstname": "Elna",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "occupation": "Läkekvinna, "Lundakvinnan", benbrottsläkare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1802-06-03",
            "date": "1802-06-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1857-02-17",
            "date": "1857-02-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans",
          "lastname": "Månsson",
          "occupation": "Arbetskarl",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1837-10-20",
            "date": "1837-10-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Mathilda Christina",
          "lastname": "Hansdotter",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till Norge 1903",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1839-08-01",
            "date": "1839-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1839-08-10",
            "date": "1839-08-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Petronella Helena",
          "lastname": "Hansdotter",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1841-05-23",
            "date": "1841-05-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1842-09-16",
            "date": "1842-09-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Peter",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1843 08-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-06-27",
            "date": "1913-06-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Magnus",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "occupation": "Slaktare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-05-02",
            "date": "1845-05-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-08-29",
            "date": "1913-08-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Henrik",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "occupation": "Eldare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1847-07-22",
            "date": "1847-07-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1928-07-05",
            "date": "1928-07-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Fritz Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "occupation": "Slaktare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1851-01-13",
            "date": "1851-01-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Elise Mariane",
          "lastname": "Hansdotter",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till Norge 1903",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1838-05-20",
            "date": "1838-05-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866-08-04",
            "date": "1866-08-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöns",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1860-03-02",
            "date": "1860-03-02"
          },
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Hamnkontorist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1866-08-04",
            "date": "1866-08-04"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-03-15",
            "date": "1860-03-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1860-05-17",
            "date": "1860-05-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Catharina Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861-04-24",
            "date": "1861-04-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-09-07",
            "date": "1950-09-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedda Albertina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-02-18",
            "date": "1863-02-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-16",
            "date": "1867-12-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Catharina Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-12-26",
            "date": "1864-12-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-23",
            "date": "1867-12-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Christina Carolina",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-12-21",
            "date": "1866-12-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-12-21",
            "date": "1867-12-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöns Edvin Johan",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Isberg, Hagbard, *Ännu en gång skulle jag vilja-: minnen från mina studentår i Lund vid sekelskiftet*, Gleerup, Lund, 1957",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindberg, Bo S., *Kirurgernas historia: om badare, barberare och fältskärer*, Uppsala universitet, [Uppsala], 2017",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wedin, Ingegerd, *En benbrottsläkarsläkt: Lundakvinnan Elna Hansson - femte generationen*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Läkekvinna, kallad Lundakvinnan",
      "subtitle_eng": "Healer, known as Lundakvinnan",
      "text": "Johanna Maria Andersson, som i likhet med sin moder [](Elna Hansson) kallades Lundakvinnan, var en läkekvinna som fortsatte sin moders praktik med behandling av sår och benbrott i Malmö under det sena 1800- och tidiga 1900-talet.  \n\nJohanna Maria Andersson tillhörde en familj där kvinnorna i sex generationer tillbaka verkat som lekmannaläkare eller ”kloka gummor”, specialiserade på benbrott och sårläkning. Hon lärdes upp i läkekonsten av sin mor Elna Hansson, men blev inte lika känd som hon och har inte heller lämnat lika många spår efter sig.   \n\nJohanna Maria Andersson, född Hansdotter, gifte sig år 1860 med Jöns Andersson, som var skrivare vid hamnförvaltningen. I äktenskapet föddes fem barn men endast dottern [](Hedda Andersson) överlevde barndomen. Det första barnet, en dotter född endast 14 dagar efter föräldrarnas bröllop, dog vid två månaders ålder. Fyra månader före det sista barnets födelse dog maken Jöns i hjärnhinneinflammation, endast 28 år gammal. Inom några veckor kring julen 1867 dog två av barnen i mässling och det tredje i scharlakansfeber. I början av 1868 återstod således endast Johanna Maria Andersson och Hedda Andersson av den stora familjen.\n\nFör att undvika att bli anmäld för kvacksalveri, som modern Elna Hansson blivit, begav sig Johanna Maria Andersson till Stockholm för att avlägga fältskärsexamen. Enligt dottern Hedda Andersson, i en utsaga till kyrkoherden Hagbard Isberg, behövde Johanna Maria Andersson aldrig slutföra utbildningen. Detta på grund av att hon skulle ha behandlat kung Karl XV, som blivit så imponerad av hennes färdigheter att han utfärdat ett certifikat som gav henne rätt att sköta sin praktik. Det finns inga andra uppgifter som stöder Hedda Anderssons och Hagbard Isbergs berättelse, men den kan naturligtvis vara sann. Hedda Andersson skall ha bevarat certifikatet, som kan ha blivit utslängt tillsammans med en mängd andra brev och dokument vid hennes död år 1950. \n\nDet finns nästan inga uppgifter alls om Johanna Maria Anderssons verksamhet. Hon var inte lika känd som sin moder, men att döma av hennes ekonomiska förhållanden hade hon en stor praktik som sår- och benbrottsläkare. Mot slutet av sitt liv fick hon dock så svåra ledbesvär att hon tvingades att upphöra med sin verksamhet och blev bunden till rullstol. Hon flyttade då till dottern Hedda Andersson i Stockholm, där hon dog 1907. \n\nDottern Hedda Andersson fick studera medicin och blev 1892 Sveriges andra kvinnliga läkare. Den sjunde generationen läkekvinna blev således en legitimerad, av samhället erkänd doktor.",
      "text_eng": "Johanna Maria Andersson was known as Lundakvinnan (the woman from Lund) like her mother [](Elna Hansson). She was a lay woman doctor who continued her mother’s practice treating wounds and broken bones in Malmö during the late 1800s and early 1900s. \n\nJohanna Maria Andersson belonged to a family in which the women for the past six generations had worked as lay doctors or “wise women” specialising in mending broken bones and healing wounds. She learned her medical arts from her mother Elna Hansson, although she did not become as well-known as her or leave as many traces. \n\nJohanna Maria Andersson, née Hansdotter, married Jöns Andersson in 1860. He was a clerk at the port authorities. The couple had five children but only their daughter [](Hedda Andersson) survived childhood. The first child, a daughter born just 14 days after her parents’ wedding, died at the age of two months. Four months before the birth of the fifth child, Jöns Andersson died of meningitis, only 28 years old. Within one week around Christmas 1867, two of the children died of measles and a third of scarlet fever.  Thus, at the beginning of 1868, only Johanna Maria Andersson and Hedda Andersson remained of the large family.  \n\nTo avoid being denounced for quackery, as her mother Elna Hansson had been, Johanna Maria Andersson went to Stockholm to be educated as a barber surgeon. According to her daughter Hedda Andersson, as related by Hagbard Isberg, a clergyman, Johanna Maria Andersson never needed to complete her education. The reason was that she had treated King Karl XV, who had been so impressed by her skills that he issued a certificate giving her the right to conduct her practice. Although there is no other information to support Hedda Andersson’s and Hagbard Isberg’s story, it may of course be true. Hedda Andersson is supposed to have saved the certificate that may however have been thrown away with a number of other letters and documents upon her death in 1950.  \n\nPractically no information at all is available about Johanna Maria Andersson’s practice. She was not as well-known as her mother, but to judge from her economic situation, she had an extensive practice as a doctor for broken bones and wounds. Towards the end of her life, however, she had such trouble with her joints that she was compelled to give up her work and become tied to a wheelchair.  She moved to the home of her daughter Hedda Andersson in Stockholm, where she died in 1907. \n\nHer daughter Hedda Andersson was enabled to study medicine, and in 1892 she qualified as Sweden’s second woman doctor. The seventh generation of lay women doctors thus became a legitimised medical doctor, recognised by the community at large.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "JohannaMariaAndersson0",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Malmö|55.604981|13.003822",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Marie",
          "lastname": "Demker"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Socionomutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Institutet för socialpolitisk och kommunal utbildning och forskning (Socialinstitutet, senare Socialhögskolan)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "*Kvinnor som gjort skillnad: centerrörelsens pionjärer*, Centerkvinnorna, Stockholm, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Karin Andersson",
          "description_eng": "By Karin Andersson",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(karin+andersson+1918)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000051951253",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Politiker",
        "Ministrar",
        "Jämställdhet",
        "Politik",
        "Riksdagsledamöter"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Politicians",
        "Ministers",
        "Equality",
        "Politics",
        "Members of parliament"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-11T13:43:09",
      "libris_uri": [
        "42gjk6qn0pzhlq0"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 93,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1918-10-08",
            "date": "1918-10-08"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Ås församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.23502,
              "lon": 12.311376
            },
            "place": "Åsby"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2012-07-20",
            "date": "2012-07-20"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Veddige-Kungsäter församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.266988",
              "lon": "12.334804"
            },
            "place": "Veddige"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Karin/ Elisabet",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, Hallands Nyheter",
          "detail_eng": "Journalist, Hallands Nyheter",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.107118",
              "lon": "12.252091"
            },
            "place": "Varberg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, RLF-tidningen (nuvarande Tidningen Land)",
          "detail_eng": "Journalist, RLF-newspaper (now Tidningen Land)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, Radiotjänst (nuvarande Sveriges Radio)",
          "detail_eng": "Radio journalist, (now Sveriges Radio)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Stockholms kommunfullmäktige",
          "detail_eng": "Member, Stockholm municipal council",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Riksdagsledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "detail": "Styrelseledamot, Statens Invandrarverk (nuvarande Migrationsverket)",
          "detail_eng": "Board member, Statens Invandrarverk (now Migrationsverket)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Minister",
          "detail": "Minister, biträdande arbetsmarknadsminister",
          "detail_eng": "Government minister, assistant employment minister",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Förbundsordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "name": "Centerns Kvinnoförbund (CKF, nuvarande Centerkvinnorna)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, riksdagsledamot",
          "name": "Centerpartiet",
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.23502,
              "lon": 12.311376
            },
            "place": "Åsby"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.23502,
              "lon": 12.311376
            },
            "place": "Åsby"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2012",
            "date": "2012"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877-04-30",
            "date": "1877-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1957-06-20",
            "date": "1957-06-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Alma Johanna",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Johansdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854-07-22",
            "date": "1854-07-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-04-24",
            "date": "1941-04-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Elias",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, kommunordförande",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-03-16",
            "date": "1906-03-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-12-06",
            "date": "1990-12-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Joel",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sågverksarbetare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-04-01",
            "date": "1908-04-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-10-14",
            "date": "1991-10-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Lydia",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Eriksson",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-05-21",
            "date": "1910-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Daniel",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrad till USA 1929",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1912-08-12",
            "date": "1912-08-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2007-04-05",
            "date": "2007-04-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar Natanael",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Adoptivdotter",
          "type_eng": "Adopted daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-06-22",
            "date": "1915-06-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2007-08-25",
            "date": "2007-08-25"
          },
          "firstname": "David Helmer",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-11-24",
            "date": "1921-11-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1994-07-01",
            "date": "1994-07-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester Margareta",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Karlsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Karin Andersson 1979–1982. Statsrådsarkiv 1976–1982, Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-01-15)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=Karin+Andersson+1979%E2%80%931982+&page=1&postid=Arkis+3EE28E19-9B89-11D5-A701-0002440207BB&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Statsrådet Karin Anderssons handlingar, Inrikes-/Arbetsmarknadsdepartementet. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2016-12-13)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Home/?postid=Arkis+d08f02da-6c12-4a22-8682-8a4f0b64855e&flik=0&s=TARKIS08_Balder"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nyman, Anna-Karin, ’Karin Andersson’, *Centerkvinnorna* (Hämtad 2018-02-08))",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://archive.is/ViCq5"
        },
        {
          "description": "Demker, Marie & Svåsand, Lars (red.), *Partiernas århundrade: fempartimodellens uppgång och fall i Norge och Sverige*, Santérus, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Melsted, Lillemor, ’Karin Andersson, *Fokus (Stockholm. 2005)*., 2012:20, 2016 (Hämtad 2016-12-13)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.fokus.se/2012/09/karin-andersson/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gunnarsson, Doris, ’Karin Andersson har avlidit’, *Hallands Nyheter*, 2012-07-26",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.hn.se/livets-g%C3%A5ng/karin-andersson-har-avlidit-1.3225919"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Politiker, minister",
      "subtitle_eng": "Politician, government minister",
      "text": "Karin Andersson var centerpolitiker och såväl jämställdhetsminister som invandrarminister i\nThorbjörn Fälldins andra regering 1979–1982. Hennes ministertid var i flera avseenden\nformativ för svensk jämställdhetspolitik.\n\nKarin Andersson föddes i en lantbrukarfamilj i Åsby (Derome) i Halland. Båda föräldrarna\nvar politiskt aktiva och hennes far, Elias Andersson, var kommunordförande. Hon hade sex\nsyskon. Hon började sin yrkesbana som journalist 1947 då hon anställdes på *Hallands\nNyheter* i Varberg. Snart flyttade hon emellertid till Stockholm där hon 1948–1957 arbetade\npå dåvarande RLF-tidningen (idag *Tidningen Land*). Under denna period utbildade hon sig\nockså till socionom och avlade socionomexamen 1951. Åren 1957–1960 var hon anställd vid\ndåvarande Radiotjänst (idag Sveriges Radio).\n\nKarin Andersson aktiverade sig politisk i centerrörelsen och hon var förbundssekreterare i\nCenterns Kvinnoförbund (CKF) åren 1966–1979. Samma år som hon blev\nförbundssekreterare för CKF blev hon också ledamot av Stockholms kommunfullmäktige och\ndetta i ett val där Centern för första gången någonsin fick mandat i huvudstadens folkvalda\nförsamling. År 1971 blev Karin Andersson riksdagsledamot, ett uppdrag hon hade kvar fram\ntill 1985.\n\nDet sägs att när Karin Andersson som 61-åring fick frågan om att bli minister var det i ett\nskede i hennes liv när hon planerat att trappa ned sina politiska uppdrag. Hon hade redan en\ndiger arbetsbörda som riksdagsledamot, kommunfullmäktigeledamot och förbundssekreterare\ni CKF. Dessutom hade hon deltagit flitigt i utredningsarbeten kring frågor rörande medier,\nkultur och integration. Hon var även ledamot i Invandrarverkets styrelse samt ordförande för\nJämställdhetskommittén i riksdagen under åren 1976–1979.\n\nSom biträdande arbetsmarknadsminister hade Karin Andersson ansvar för jämställdhets- och invandrarfrågor. Efter ett par månader inrättade regeringen Fälldin en\njämställdhetsombudsman (Jämo) och en lag om jämställdhet i arbetslivet, en lag som är\ngrunden för dagens jämställdhetsarbete. Som invandrarminister ansåg hon att Sverige som\nasylland hade som plikt att pröva flyktingarnas asylskäl och erbjuda skydd åt dem som har rätt till det. Liksom många andra ministrar under denna period betonade Karin Andersson att Sveriges handlingsfrihet att reglera flyktinginvandring var mycket liten. I integrationsfrågorna önskade hon bjuda in ”invandrarna på deras egna villkor”. För henne var det de av riksdagen antagna målen om valfrihet, jämlikhet och samverkan som stod i centrum. Hon menade att särskilt hemspråksundervisningen, som införts 1968 och reformerats 1977, var en väsentlig del av integrationen och startade flera utredningar inom språk- och kulturarvsområdet. Även efter ministertiden fortsatte hennes engagemang. År 1983 motionerade hon, tillsammans med centerkolleger i riksdagen, om fortsatt utveckling av hemspråket genom försök med skolenheter där enbart modersmålet talades.\n\nNär Karin Andersson inträdde i riksdagen 1970 fanns endast nio kvinnor i den 71 mandat\nstarka gruppen, men redan 1979 blev Centern första parti att nå 30 procent kvinnor i sin\nriksdagsgrupp. När Karin Andersson lämnade riksdagen år 1985, nästan 67 år gammal, hade riksdagsgruppen decimerats till 56 personer men 21 av dem, eller nästan 40 procent, var kvinnor. Karin Andersson ville inte kallas kvinnosakskvinna men betonade vikten av\njämlikhet, hon var förvissad om att män och kvinnor tillsammans fattade bättre beslut än om\nbara det ena könet var representerat. Under hennes tid som ledare för Centerns\nKvinnoförbund kom detta att växa och ta sig an frågor av bredare relevans för medborgarna än tidigare, såsom storstadsfrågor, tillväxtfrågor och miljöfrågor. Detta skapade större inflytande både i partiet och i debatten.\n\nKarin Andersson gifte sig aldrig och fick inga barn. Några år efter det att hon lämnat sina\nuppdrag återvände hon till sin uppväxtbygd i Halland där hon tillbringade återstoden av sitt\nliv. Hon var intresserad av vävning och ägnade också mycket tid åt en stor trädgård.\n\nKarin Andersson avled 2012, 93 år gammal. Hon är begravd på Ås Kyrkogård i Veddige-\nKungsäters församling.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Andersson was a politician of Centerpartiet (Swedish Centre Party), who served as the minister for gender equality and as the minister for migration in Thorbjörn Fälldin’s government from 1979 to 1982. Her time as a minister was in many ways formative for the development of Swedish gender equality politics.\n\nKarin Andersson was born into a farming family in Åsby (Derome) in Halland. Both of her parents were politically active and her father, Elias Andersson, was the chair of the local municipality. She had six siblings. She began her professional life as a journalist in 1947 when she was employed at *Hallands Nyheter* in Varberg. Shortly thereafter she moved to Stockholm, where from 1948 to 1957 she worked at *RLF-tidningen*, the newspaper of Riksförbundet Landsbygdens folk (an interest organisation for Sweden’s farmers), now called *Tidningen Land*. During this time she trained as a social worker and she graduated with a degree in social work in 1951. From 1957 to 1960 she was employed at what was then called Radiotjänst (now Sveriges Radio).\n\nKarin Andersson was politically active in the Centre-movement and served as the association secretary for Centerns Kvinnoförbund (the Centre Women’s association) (CKF) from 1966 to 1979. The same year she became the association secretary of the CKF, she also became a member of Stockholm city council in an election which saw the Centre Party gain their first ever mandate in the capital city’s locally elected assembly. In 1971 Karin Andersson became a member of parliament and she remained a member until 1985.\n\nIt has been said that when Karin Andersson, aged 61, was asked to be a minister she had just reached a point in her life where she was intending to wind down her political activism. She was already carrying a heavy workload as a member of parliament, city councillor and association secretary for CKF. Furthermore, she had frequently contributed to investigative work on issues relating to the media, culture and integration. She was also a board member of Invandrarverket (today Migrationsverket) and served as chairwoman of the gender equality committee in parliament from 1976-1979.\n\nAs deputy minister of employment Karin Andersson was responsible for both equality and immigration matters. After a few months the Fälldin government established a government agency called Jämställdhetsombudsmannen (Equality Ombudsman) (JämO) and passed a law regarding gender equality in the workplace, which laid the foundation for today’s gender equality work. As the immigration minister Karin Andersson believed that Sweden, as a country of asylum, had a duty to test asylum seekers’ statements and to offer protection to those who were entitled to it. Like many other ministers at the time, Karin Andersson emphasised that Sweden had a limited ability to regulate immigration controls. When it came to integration she wanted to “invite immigrants on their own terms”. She considered the central issues to be the government’s goals of electoral freedom, equality and cooperation. She believed that in particular “hemspråksundervisning” (school teaching in languages other than Swedish for children with other mother languages), which had been introduced in 1968 and revised in 1977, played a fundamental role in integration and she initiated several studies on linguistic and cultural heritage. She continued to be engaged in these issues long after her time as a minister. In 1983 she raised a motion, along with other Centre Party colleagues in parliament, to maintain developments in supporting native languages by testing them in schools where only the national was spoken.\n\nWhen Karin Andersson entered parliament in 1970 only nine of the 71 Centre seats had been given to women, but by 1979 the Centre Party had become the first party to achieve 30 percent female representation in its parliamentary group. When Karin Andersson left parliament in 1985, aged nearly 67, the Centre Party’s representation had been reduced to 56 seats but 21 of them (almost 40 percent) were held by women. Karin Andersson did not want to be identified as a “women’s issues-woman”, instead emphasising the importance of gender equality. She was convinced that men and women made better decisions when collaboratin than either gender did on its own. During her period as leader of the Centerns Kvinnoförbund the association grew and came to take on a wider scope of questions, including issues related to urban living, economic growth and the environment. The association thus strengthened its influence both in the party and in the wider debate.\n\nKarin Andersson never married and didn’t have any children. A few years after retiring from politics she returned to the place where she had grown up in Halland and spent the rest of her days there. She was a keen weaver and spent a lot of time in her large garden.\n\nKarin Andersson died in 2012, aged 93. She is buried in Ås cemetery in Veddige-Kungsäter parish.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KarinAndersson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Åsby|57.23502|12.311376",
        "Varberg|57.107118|12.252091",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Veddige|57.266988|12.334804"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "73826733"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Ney"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Åhlén & Åkerlunds tidskriftspris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "institution": "Kungsholms folkskola",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "institution": "Kungsholms elementarskola för flickor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Kaj Andersson",
          "description_eng": "By Kaj Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(kaj+andersson+1897)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Kaj Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Kaj Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(kaj+andersson)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hultén, Britt, *Förändra verkligheten!: det sociala reportaget från Zola till Zaremba*, 1. uppl., Ordfront, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Morgonbris: tidning för den socialdemokratiska kvinnorörelsen, 1904-1936 (Hämtad 2017-04-28)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/05/"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000053929607",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "Journalister",
        "Politik",
        "Socialpolitik",
        "Socialdemokrati",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "1900-talet",
        "Redaktörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "Journalists",
        "Politics",
        "Social politics",
        "Social democracy",
        "Women's movement",
        "20th century"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-01T11:31:13",
      "libris_uri": [
        "b8nqswmv3g69j8t"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 93,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1897-08-02",
            "date": "1897-08-02"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Adolf Fredriks församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1991-07-03",
            "date": "1991-07-03"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Sankt Görans församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Karin (/Kaj/) Matilda",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommittéledamot",
          "detail": "Kommittén för ökad kvinnorepresentation",
          "detail_eng": "Committee member, Kommittén för ökad kvinnorepresentation",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Informatör",
          "detail": "Informatör, Aktiv hushållning, statlig byrå för konsumentupplysning",
          "detail_eng": "Press officer, Aktiv hushållning, state agency for consumer information",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Informatör",
          "detail": "Informatör på Svenska slöjdföreningen",
          "detail_eng": "Press officer for Svenska slöjdföreningen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Kaj",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Kaj",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {}
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-05-21",
            "date": "1874-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-01-27",
            "date": "1952-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Matilda",
          "lastname": "Larsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-06-20",
            "date": "1873-06-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-08-26",
            "date": "1964-08-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Viktor",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Snickare, teaterarbetare, mjölnare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-01-31",
            "date": "1907-01-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1997-02-25",
            "date": "1997-02-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Margit",
          "lastname": "Hagberg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ekstrand, Eva, *Kaj Anderssons Morgonbris: kvinnopress, trettiotal och längtan efter fri tid*, Department of Culture and Media, Umeå University, Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2007,Umeå, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1145"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schwanbom, Per, *Hon gjorde tidningar med själ: publicisten Kaj Andersson : en biografi*, P. Schwanbom, Stockholm, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åkerman, Brita, *Vi kan, vi behövs!: kvinnorna går samman i egna föreningar*, Akademilitt., Stockholm, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gardeström, Elin, ”Brantings lidelsefulla agitator: Kaj Anderssons journalistik i Morgonbris”, *Presshistorisk årsbok.*, 2004, s. 99-115.",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berger, Margareta, *Pennskaft: kvinnliga journalister i svensk dagspress 1690-1975*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1977",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundström, Beata, & Schwanbom, Per, 'Kaj Andersson [Nekrolog]'. *Svenska Dagbladet*1991-07-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Kaj Andersson [Nekrolog, osignerad]'. *Svenska Dagbladet* 1991-07-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Kaj Andersson [Dödsannons]'. *Dagens Nyheter* 1991-07-28",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Journalist, redaktör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Journalist, editor",
      "text": "Kaj Andersson var journalist och tidningsgrundare, med inriktning på kvinnofrågor och socialpolitik.\n\nKaj Andersson flyttade som nyfödd med sina föräldrar in i det hus, eller snarare kvarter, som kallas Tegeltraven, intill det som i dag är Fridhemsplan i Stockholm men som då var Kungsholmens utkant. Där bereddes skötsamma arbetarfamiljer bostad och där bodde den unga familjen i ett rum och kök – tillsammans med två inneboende. När Kaj Andersson var tio år flyttade familjen från Tegeltraven till annat boende och där föddes hennes syster Margit 1907. \n\nEfter sin skolgång, Kungsholms folkskola 1904–-1911 och Kungsholms elementarskola för flickor 1911–-1914, arbetade Kaj Andersson först som bokhandelsmedhjälpare och därefter som kontorist innan hon sökte sig till dagstidningen *Social-Demokraten* 1916. Hon lär ha kontaktat Hjalmar Branting på tidningen och han lät henne försöka sig på journalistyrket. Där var hon inledningsvis reporter, tidigt med intresse för arbetsplatsreportage och socialreportage. Hon sändes även ut på några utrikes reportageuppdrag men småningom utvecklade hon sina talanger som redaktör med ansvar för tidningens söndagsbilaga. \n\nÅr 1930 lämnade hon tillsammans med kollegan Bernhard Greitz *Social-Demokraten* för att starta tidningen *Fönstret*. Ekonomin där visade sig inte klara mer än en anställd så hon gick 1931 vidare till Socialdemokratiska kvinnoförbundets tidskrift *Morgonbris* och var redaktör där 1932-1936. Hennes insatser på *Morgonbris* befäste Kaj Anderssons namn som tidningsmakare. Hon omskapade det tidigare medlemsbladet till en aktuell tidskrift, modernt formgiven med avancerad bildbehandling och radikalt innehåll. Men Kaj Andersson lämnade dock den anställningen efter kvinnoförbundets kongress 1936 – hennes modernisering av arbetarkvinnnan som husmor stötte på patrull. Hon tycks ha varit alltför modern för *Morgonbris*. Därefter följde ett drygt halvår som redaktör för en kommersiell veckotidning, *Våra Damer*, som hon ville göra till en ”husmoderns pålitliga rådgivare och barnens idérika vän”. Sommaren 1937 slutade hon sitt gästspel i den kommersiella tidskriftsbranschen samtidigt som Åhlén & Söner lade ner *Våra Damer*.\n\nEfter ett par år som organisatör av information på först Aktiv hushållning under krigsåren och för Svenska slöjdföreningen för att väcka intresset för goda bostadsvanor gick hon tillbaka till den redaktionella världen. Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets *Hertha* var hon redaktör för 1948-1957 och hennes yrkesliv som anställd avslutades med tidskriften *Sociala Meddelanden* som hon var redaktör för 1958-1966. Också på denna tidskrift firade hon triumfer, åtminstone bland många läsare. Stort upplagda tematiska (och alltmer försenade, visade det sig) nummer hyllades, inte minst när hon 1965 tilldelades Åhlén & Åkerlunds tidskriftspris för sitt arbete. med motiveringen ”för en unik och uppmärksammad publicistisk gärning och för en banbrytande insats på den sociala journalistikens område”. Socialstyrelsens ledning var dock bekymrad över hennes hantering av ekonomin och planering av utgivningen. Hon pensionerades från Socialstyrelsen år 1966. \n\nPensioneringen hindrade inte att hon förblev verksam inom de områden som länge intresserat henne: socialpolitik och journalistik på olika sätt. Först engagerades hon som förlagsredaktör för boken *Samarbete över muren*, som kom 1967 och handlade om fångvårdens verklighet. Därefter anlitades hon för att tillsammans med Erik Ransemar redigera boken *Att vara handikappad*, som utkom 1969. Journalistikens möjligheter intresserade henne fortsatt och hon deltog under 1970-talet i utredningar för att bedöma möjligheterna för olika tidningars överlevnadsmöjligheter inom A-pressen. \n\nPå ålderns höst flyttade Kaj Andersson tillbaka till det hus hon bott i som barn. Hon bodde då ensam i en lägenhet som var större än den som hon bott i med föräldrar och inneboende kring sekelskiftet 1900. \n\nKaj Andersson avled 1991.",
      "text_eng": "Kaj Andersson was a journalist and newspaper founder with a focus on women’s issues and social policy.\n\nAs a new-born Kaj Andersson moved with her parents into the house, or rather quarter, known as Tegeltraven (“the brick stack”), near what is now Fridhemsplan, but at the time was the outskirts of Kungsholmen. The area consisted of tidy working class homes and there the young family lived in a single room with a kitchen, along with two roommates. The family moved when Kaj Andersson was ten years old to other accommodation, where her sister Margit was born in 1907.\n\nAfter attending Kungsholm school from 1904 to 1911 and Kungsholm high school for girls from 1911 to 1914, Kaj Andersson initially worked as a bookshop assistant and then as an office girl, before applying to the daily newspaper *Social-Demokraten* in 1916. She probably contacted Hjalmar Branting at the paper and he gave her the opportunity to try her hand at journalism. She began as a reporter with an early interest in reporting on the workplace and writing social commentary. She was also sent abroad on foreign news missions but her talent as editor quickly became apparent and she became responsible for the newspaper’s Sunday supplements.\n\nIn 1930 Kaj Andersson and her colleague Bernhard Greitz left *Social-Demokraten* in order to set up their own paper, *Fönstret*. There was only enough funding to cover one employee and thus Kaj moved on in 1931 to work at the Social Democratic women’s association’s periodical *Morgonbris*, where she was the editor from 1932 to 1936. It was during her time there that Kaj Andersson established her name as a journalist. She rebranded what had been a members’ newsletter into a contemporary and relevant periodical with a modern format, advanced use of imagery and radical contents. Despite this, Kaj Andersson left this post after the women’s association’s conference in 1936 – her modern take on the working woman as a housewife met with resistance, and she appears to have been too modern for *Morgonbris*. Kaj Andersson then worked for six months as the editor of a commercial weekly magazine, *Våra Damer*, which she wanted to turn into “the housewife’s trusted advisor and the child’s ingenious friend”. She ended her fleeting visit to the sphere of commercial magazines in 1937 just as Åhlén & Söner shut down *Våra Damer*. \n\nAfter spending a couple of years serving as director of information at Aktiv hushållning (a public service for householders) during the Second World War, and then at Svenska slöjdförening (the Swedish Society of Industrial Design) where she hoped to raise interest in good housekeeping, Kaj Andersson returned to the sphere of journalism. She was editor of the Fredrika Bremer Association’s magazine *Hertha* from 1948 to 1957 and her time as an employee ended at the periodical *Sociala Meddelanden* where she was an editor from 1958 to 1966. She enjoyed great success there, at least in the eyes of many readers. Grandly produced thematic (and increasingly delayed, as became apparent) editions were well-received, particularly when Kaj Andersson was awarded Åhlen & Åkerlund’s periodical prize for her work, “for her unique and highly-regarded journalistic achievements and for her groundbreaking input into the world of social journalism”. The authorities on the National Board of Health and Welfare were less impressed by her poor economic management and planning with regard to the periodical. She retired in 1966.\n\nRetirement did not prevent her from staying active in her favourite spheres, namely social policy and journalism. She was appointed publication editor for the book *Samarbete över muren* which was published in 1967 and dealt with the reality of the prison service. Subsequently, Kaj Andersson and Erik Ransemar were asked to edit the book *Att vara handikappad*, published in 1969. She maintained her interest in journalism and during the 1970s she participated in studies on how to keep various newspapers going in the A-press run by the social democrats.\n\nNear the end of her life Kaj Andersson returned to the house where she had lived as a child. She lived alone in an apartment which was larger than the one she had inhabited with her parents and roommates at the turn of the century.\n\nKaj Andersson died in 1991.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KajAndersson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
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      "viaf_id": "50440178"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Sandell"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "description": "Silvermedalj, Elfsborgs läns Slöjdutställning (även hedersdiplom)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "description": "Bronsmedalj, slöjdutställningen i Borås (även hedersdiplom)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "description": "Silvermedalj, lantbruks- och industriexpo i Vänersborg (även första pris, även hedersdiplom)",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "description": "Hedersdiplom, för Stigens Väfskola i Wenersborg, Konst -och Industriutställningen i Jönköping",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "description": "Tredje pris, Norra Älvsborgs Läns Trädgårdsutställning (även diplom)",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Johanna",
          "lastname": "Brunsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Erik Josias",
          "lastname": "Sparre",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Jansson, svägerska",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "C A",
          "lastname": "Fridman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sofia",
          "lastname": "Freding",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Adelina",
          "lastname": "Skarin",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.334,
              "lon": 12.267667
            },
            "place": "Vassända-Naglums socken"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Maria ordnade hem för nervsjuka kvinnor – Mariahemmet.  Psykiatriska museet, Gertrudsvik, Västervik (Hämtad 2021-05-11)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://psykmuseet.se/2015/06/maria-ordnade-hem-for-nervsjuka-kvinnor-mariahemmet/t"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Företagare",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
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        "Välgörenhet",
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "Pioneers",
        "Women's movement",
        "Suffrage",
        "Temperance movement",
        "Charity",
        "Domestic handicraft",
        "Mental illness"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-11T14:21:43",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 85,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1837-05-17",
            "date": "1837-05-17"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Vassända Naglums församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.334,
              "lon": 12.267667
            },
            "place": "Vassända-Naglums socken"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1922-11-20",
            "date": "1922-11-20"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Färgelanda församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.566961,
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            },
            "place": "Stigen"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Maria/",
        "lastname": "Andersson",
        "sortname": "Andersson"
      },
      "num_children": 10,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Grundare, ledare, textil förlagsverksamhet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.566961,
              "lon": 12.0642
            },
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          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1900-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Nödbespisning under missväxtåren 1868–1869, insamlingsarbete för skolgång åt fattiga genom föreningen Enighet och Enkelhet 1872, byggherre för kollektivhus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1868",
            "date": "1868"
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          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Stigen"
          },
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            "comment": "1870-talet"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Grundare, Stigens Väfskola i Wenersborg",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.566961,
              "lon": 12.0642
            },
            "place": "Stigen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Grundare, drivande kraft, textilfirman Magnus Andersson/Stigtex (fr o m 1897 Stigens AB)",
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            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 12.0642
            },
            "place": "Stigen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Grundare, ägare, Mariahemmet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.379728",
              "lon": "12.324803"
            },
            "place": "Vänersborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "name": "Enighet och Enkelhet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR, lokalavdelning av LKPR)",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, vice ordförande",
          "name": "Vita Bandet",
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, medlem",
          "name": "De värn och hjelpbehövandes vänner",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Jansson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Maria på Stigen",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Patronessan",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Den galna herrgårdsfrun",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Garna Maria",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1837",
            "date": "1837"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.334,
              "lon": 12.267667
            },
            "place": "Vassända-Naglums socken"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            "place": "Färgelanda"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.379728",
              "lon": "12.324803"
            },
            "place": "Vänersborg"
          }
        },
        {
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            "date": "1857"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 58.566961,
              "lon": 12.0642
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            "place": "Stigen"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Cajsa Maria",
          "lastname": "Jansson, född Larsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "occupation": "Godsägare, riksdagsman, landstingsman, kommunalordförande",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Augusta",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna-Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1847",
            "date": "1847"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Edvard",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "occupation": "Godsägare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Petter",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-06-17",
            "date": "1833-06-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-01-19",
            "date": "1906-01-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Godsägare, riksdagsman, fabriksägare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-05-30",
            "date": "1858-05-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860",
            "date": "1860"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "firstname": "Hjalmar",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Direktör, Stigens Ylleindustri",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Viktor",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Direktör, Christiania Spigerverk",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-11-25",
            "date": "1864-11-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "firstname": "Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Direktör, Stigens Ylleindustri, godsägare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "firstname": "Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "firstname": "Augusta",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Bergmark",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Birger",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Kemist, affärsman, utvandrad till USA",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Margareta",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876",
            "date": "1876"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Margareta",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Fjersland",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Lars & Odenbring Widmark, Marie, *Färgelandaboken: en kulturhistorisk översikt*, Färgelanda kommun, Färgelanda, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brorson, Margaretha, 'Maria Andersson på Stigen', *Dalsländsk Jul*, S. 13-14, 1956",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedlund, Oscar, *Valbodalen i ord och bild*, Munkreklam, Munkedal, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ferling, Roy, *Från Stigens yllefabrik till Stigtex of Sweden*, Stigtex, Stigen, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ferling, Roy, *Gamla Färgelanda: en bildbok*, Södra Valbo hembygdsfören., Färgelanda, 1990",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sæmund, Olle, 'Maten på en dalsländsk herrgård – Ellenö – under tre äldre generationer', *Hembygden*, Dalslands Fornminnes- och Hembygdsförbund, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.hembygd.se/dalsland/page/3606"
        },
        {
          "description": "Thorson, Josef, 'Disponent Waldemar Andersson Stigen', *Färgelanda: tidskrift för Dalslands folkhögskoleförening*, 1945",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "'Märkeskvinna på gammal herrgård i Färgelanda energisk säteriägerska', *Nya Wermlands-Tidningen*, 1960",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Företagare, filantrop, pionjär inom modern mentalvård",
      "subtitle_eng": "Entrepreneur, philanthropist, mental health care pioneer",
      "text": "Maria Andersson var en tidig entreprenör som byggde upp en textilindustri, införde en humanare svensk mentalvård och byggde kollektivhus.\n\nMaria Andersson föddes den 17 augusti 1837 på gården Skogssäter i Vassända Naglum, nära Trollhättan. Hennes föräldrar hette Cajsa Maria och Johannes Jansson. Familjen flyttade till Ellenö gård i sydvästra Dalsland när Maria Andersson var två år. Där växte hon upp som äldst av sju syskon. Hennes stora förebild genom livet var fadern Johannes, som var en mycket företagsam och nytänkande jordbrukare. Han var en liberal fritänkare och satt såväl i kommunen som landstinget och riksdagen. Han stred särskilt för ett bättre skol- och fattigvårdssystem, för kvinnans rättigheter och för att stävja alkoholmissbruket. Alla faderns hjärtefrågor och sociala reformer kämpade Maria Andersson oförtrutet vidare med under hela sitt liv och hon förde i sin tur över engagemanget för dessa frågor på sin familj.\n\nNär Maria Andersson var 20 år gifte hon sig med Magnus Andersson och flyttade till herrgården Östra Stigen. Året därpå föddes parets första barn av totalt tio. När Maria Andersson kom till Stigen såg hon att många i de enkla torp- och backstugorna runtom i bygden hade det mycket fattigt och eländigt. Hon startade då, bara 22 år gammal, en textil förlagsverksamhet för att på så sätt minska fattigdomen. Detta lade grunden till den textilindustri, som hon och hennes make skulle komma att etablera 15 år senare i Stigen, och som så småningom skulle leda till över 500 arbetstillfällen och två filialer.\n\nI slutet av 1860-talet inträffade några fruktansvärda missväxtår som innebar att väldigt många svalt och att dödstalen och emigrationen eskalerade enormt. Maria Andersson utvecklade då sin textila förlagsverksamhet ytterligare för att försöka åtgärda misären. Hon satte även upp vävstolar i salen på herrgården, dit kvinnorna fick komma och väva. Det dröjde inte länge förrän hon även startade en vävskola på herrgården.\n\n[](Johanna Brunsson) från Flatebyn i Valbo Ryr kom att bli Maria Anderssons skickligaste elev. Hon startade senare en mycket berömd vävskola i Stockholm. Samma år som Johanna Brunsson kom till Stigen fick både hon och Maria Andersson priser för sina fina vävnader vid slöjdutställningen i Vänersborg. Landshövdingen Erik Sparre, som månade mycket starkt om hemslöjdens möjligheter att kunna stävja fattigdomen, gav tidigt sitt stöd till de båda kvinnornas verksamheter. Då, i slutet av 1860-talet, sysselsatte Maria Andersson redan ett fyrtiotal kvinnor på herrgården och ute i hemmen och 1872 började man bygga upp ett spinneri. Detta år var Maria Andersson även med och startade föreningen Enighet och Enkelhet, en förening vars syfte var att samla in pengar så att även fattiga barn och ungdomar kunde få möjlighet att studera. Två år senare startade textilfirman Magnus Andersson, ett missvisande namn då det i själva verket var Maria Andersson som låg bakom mycket av företagets etablering.\n\nMaria Andersson insåg tidigt, inspirerad av fadern och förebilden Johannes, vilken stor betydelse en järnväg skulle ha för utvecklingen i bygden. Därför engagerade hon sig mycket starkt för järnvägens tillkomst. 19 år före\nLelångebanans etablering låg hon bakom en engagerad skrivelse riktad till alla kvinnor i häradet. Den innehöll ett verkligt brandtal och en stark uppmaning till kvinnorna i Valbo härad att med gemensamma krafter finansiera projekteringskostnaden för järnvägen genom att tillverka textilier som senare skulle säljas på en auktion.\n\nNär Maria Andersson var 53 år lämnade hon och maken över den arbets- och ansvarskrävande driften av fabriken till sönerna Hjalmar och Valdemar. Maria Andersson hade länge haft en stark vision om att starta en koloni för de utsatta i samhället. När hon fick ut sitt fadersarv investerade hon det i att förverkliga Mariahemmet i Vänersborg, där hon 54 år gammal 1891 startade ett sjukhem för nervklena kvinnor. Med Mariahemmet kom hon att bli en föregångare inom svensk mentalvård. Hon införde en human mentalvård med bland annat textilarbete, trädgårdsterapi och lättare kökssysslor, inte bara inlåsning och förvaring av de mentalt sjuka som då var brukligt. Detta sjukhem ledde så småningom fram till Östra klinikerna, med över 1 000 vårdplatser, som blev en av länets största arbetsplatser.\n\nLångt innan [](Alva Myrdal) blev känd för sina kollektivhus höll Maria Andersson på att bygga upp ett kollektivhus i Stigen, vars huvudsyfte var att ge kvinnorna möjlighet att kunna arbeta utanför hemmet och på så sätt få egen inkomst och inte vara så beroende av sina män eller behöva dubbelarbeta. Kollektivhuset som hon utarbetade innehöll barnomsorg och skolmåltider, barservering och tvätt- och bakstuga. De mindre bostäderna hade tillgång till större gemensamma samlingslokaler.\n\nTrots en starkt konservativ make var Maria Andersson mycket liberal och frisinnad och kämpade hårt för kvinnans rättigheter och rösträtt. Hon var även aktiv inom nykterhetsrörelsen och var starkt samhällsengagerad på många olika sätt. Hon var med och startade flera samhällsnyttiga föreningar. En hjälpte de svaga och fattiga grupperna i samhället och en annan samlade in medel så även fattiga skulle få en möjlighet att studera.\n\nMaria Andersson fick uppleva flera stora sorger och svårigheter under sitt liv. Hon förlorade tre av sina barn i späd ålder och år 1906, när hon var 69 år gammal, drabbades hon av två mycket tunga förluster med bara några månaders mellanrum. Först dog hennes make och bara tre månader senare den son som var direktör för fabriken och som stod sin mor mycket nära. Hon fortsatte ändå oförtrutet och kämpade vidare med sina hjärtefrågor och sin vision om en koloni och ett kollektivhus, men nu fanns inte maken med sitt starka kapital längre vid hennes sida och krafterna börjar långsamt att tryta.\n\nMaria Andersson avled 85 år gammal den 20 november 1922 och ligger begravd vi Färgelanda kyrka.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Andersson was an entrepreneur who set up a textile business, introduced a more humane mental health care in Sweden, and established cooperative residences.\n\nMaria Andersson was born on 17 August 1837 at the farm Skogssäter in Vassända Naglum, near Trollhättan. Her parents were Cajsa Maria and Johannes Jansson. When Maria Andersson was two years old the family moved to Ellenö farm in southwest Dalsland, where she grew up as the eldest of seven children. Her father Johannes was her main role model throughout her life. He was a very enterprising and innovative farmer. He was politically liberally minded and served not only on the municipal council and the county council but also in parliament. He campaigned in particular for improvements in the school and poor relief authorities, for women’s rights, and to reduce alcoholism. Maria Andersson carried on fighting for her father’s causes and social reforms throughout her life and she in turn passed her activism in these spheres on to her own family.\n\nWhen Maria Andersson was 20 years old she married Magnus Andersson and they moved to Östra Stigen manor. Their first child was born the following year, in 1858, and eventually their children numbered ten in total. Upon arrival at Stigen Maria Andersson became exposed to the extreme poverty and dire situation of many of those who lived in the surrounding simple crofts and huts. Shortly thereafter, aged only 22, she set up a textile business in an effort to reduce poverty. This laid the foundation for a textile enterprise, which she and her husband set up 15 years later at Stigen and which eventually created 500 jobs and two offshoots.\n\nAt the end of the 1860s a series of terrible harvests caused famine and a massive rise in mortality and emigration figures. Maria Andersson then introduced further developments to her textile enterprise in an attempt at ameliorating the dire situation. She even set up weaving looms in the main room of the manor, where women were welcome to come and weave. She very quickly even established a weaving school at her home.\n\n[](Johanna Brunsson) from Flatebyn in Valbo Ryr became Maria Andersson’s most proficient student. She later established a very famous weaving school in Stockholm. In the same year that Johanna Brunsson arrived at Stigen both she and Maria Andersson were awarded prizes for their accomplished weavings at a handicrafts display in Vänersborg. Governor Erik Sparre, who was a keen advocate of the potential of handicrafts to defeat poverty, was an early supporter of both these women’s enterprises. By the end of the 1860s Maria Andersson was already employing about 40 women who worked both at her manor and in their own homes. In 1872 a spinning mill was introduced. That year Maria Andersson also set up an association called Enighet och Enkelhet (“unity and simplicity”) whose main aim was to fundraise in order to give poor children and youth the opportunity to gain an education. Two years later the Magnus Andersson textile company was established - the name was misleading given that it was Maria Andersson who actually lay behind most of the enterprise.\n\nMaria Andersson had realised from an early point just how important a railroad would be for rural development. She thus became a very active campaigner on behalf of building one. 19 years before the Lelånge track was laid down she wrote an enthusiastic pamphlet directed at the women in the district. This missive contained a fiery appeal and call to the women of Valbo district to come together and use their forces to fund the projected cost of the railroad by producing textiles which could then be sold at auction.\n\nWhen Maria Andersson was 53 years old she and her husband handed over the running of and responsibility for their enterprise to their sons Hjalmar and Valdemar. Maria Andersson had long harboured a strong vision of establishing a summer camp for the less fortunate of society. When she received her inheritance from her father’s estate she invested it in Mariahemmet in Vänersborg. In 1891, when she was 54, she set up a care centre for women who had suffered nervous breakdowns. This care facility served as a role model within Swedish mental health care. She introduced a humane approach to mental health care including textile work, garden therapy, and simple cooking tasks, in contrast to the incarceration and custody that was usually meted out to those with mental health issues. Maria Andersson’s care facility in turn led to the Östra clinics which could care for more than 1000 patients and became one of the region’s largest employers.\n\nMaria Andersson helped set up a cooperative residence at Stigen long before [](Alva Myrdal) became famous for her cooperative residences. The main aim was to provide an opportunity for women to work outside the home and thus to earn their own livelihoods and not be so dependent on their husbands, or need to hold two jobs. Maria Andersson’s idea of cooperative living included childcare and school meals, snack bars, and laundry and baking enterprises. Smaller residences had access to the larger communal gathering spaces.\n\nDespite having a very conservative husband Maria Andersson was a very liberal-minded individual and fought hard for women’s rights and suffrage. She was also active within the temperance movement and was heavily socially engaged in many different ways. She was involved in setting up several associations working on behalf of social improvements. One supported the weak and poor of society whilst another collected funds to allow the poor to study.\n\nMaria Andersson experienced several great sorrows and difficulties during her lifetime. She lost three of her children during infancy and in 1906, when she was 69 years old, she suffered two great losses just months apart. First her husband died and her son who ran the family enterprise died just three months later. He had been particularly close to his mother. Nevertheless, she carried on indefatigably and kept campaigning for the causes close to her heart and for her own vision of a summer camp and a cooperative residence. However, she no longer had the support of her husband’s wealth and her own strength slowly began to decline.\n\nMaria Andersson died on 20 November 1922, aged 85.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "description": "Anjou, Marika, ’En arbetarskildrare’ [Nekrolog], *Sydsvenskan*, 2020-01-19",
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        {
          "description": "Berlin, Håkan, ’Mary Andersson’ [Nekrolog], *Sydsvenskan*, 2020-01-26",
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        {
          "description": "Gröning, Yvonne, ’Mary Andersson : kvinnor kan hämta styrka hos varandra’, *Morgonbris*, 2010:4, s. 30-31",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "Kaplan, Tony, ’Ny stor teatersatsning i Malmö : självbiografi av Mary Andersson blir operamusikal på Musikteatern’, *Arbetet nyheterna: [ed.Malmö]*, 1998-01-19",
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        {
          "description": "Morén, Jane, ’Mary hittar guldkorn på arbetsplatserna’ [Intervju], *Folket i Bild*, 2010:3, s. 32-34",
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        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Eventuellt två ytterligare syskon, uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1922-12-17",
            "date": "1922-12-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2006-12-28",
            "date": "2006-12-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Göte Lennart",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1956-11-25",
            "date": "1956-11-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Marie-Louise",
          "lastname": "Andersson, senare Sandell",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1961-03-14",
            "date": "1961-03-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Carl-Mikael",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "‘Mary Andersson’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Andersson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundgren, Kristina och Enel Melberg, ’Visioner vid diskbänken : 70-talets arbetarförfattarinnor - de som debuterade sent i livet’, *Vardagsslit och drömmars språk*, S. 179-222, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Mary Andersson’, *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/writers/andersson-mary/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Melberg, Enel, ’Författare sent i livet’, *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 4 / redaktion: Unni Langås ....*, S. 277-279, 1997 [Litteraturbanken] (Hämtad 2021-01-23)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/M%C3%B8llerJensenE/titlar/NordiskKvinnolitteraturhistoria4/sida/277/etext"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, dramatiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, playwright",
      "text": "Mary Andersson var arbetarförfattare som framför allt skrev i den socialrealistiska genren. Hon skrev romaner, dramatik och reportageböcker om de mest utsatta i samhället.\n\nMary Andersson föddes 1929 i Tunaberg, utanför Nyköping, men växte upp i Malmö. Hon debuterade som dramatiker den 25 mars 1977 när Skånska Teatern i Landskrona hade premiär på föreställningen *Maria från Borstahusen*. Romanen med samma titel utkom 1980 och är en autentisk berättelse om livet i fattigkvarteren kring Bredgatan i Malmö i slutet av 1800-talet. Författarens mormor Hilma är förebild till den kämpande fiskarflickan Maria. Den självbiografiska *Tjänsteflickan* skrevs först som radioteater 1979 och utgavs som roman 1984.\n\nMary Andersson bodde under sin uppväxt i ett barnrikehus i arbetarstadsdelen Sorgenfri i Malmö och det är också den miljön hon skildrar i flertalet av sina böcker, bland annat i romandebuten *Sorgenfri*, 1979, *Barnrika*, 1983, och *Solgårdarna. Livet går vidare i Sorgenfri*, 1986. Även i romanen *Dåliga mänskor* från 1991 är det människorna i Sorgenfri och deras slit i fabrikerna under 1930- och 1940-talet som skildras. Denna roman blev musikal på Malmö Musikteater 1999.\n\nKollektivromanen *Den stora bluffen* från 1995 utspelas i arbetarkvarteren i Malmö under några veckor på 1940-talet. I Mary Anderssons romaner finns ett stort socialt engagemang och det är kvinnorna och barnen som är i centrum. Kvinnoförtryck, arbete, vardagsliv och slit samt kärlek och sexualitet präglar berättelserna. Hennes berättarglädje är stor trots alla vedermödor och i det eländiga, tröstlösa och hårda livet finns också gemenskap, strategier för överlevnad, humor och glädjeämnen.\n\nMary Andersson skrev även reportageboken *Asbestarbetarna berättar*, 1980, om eternitfabriken i Lomma, vilken ledde till en arbetsmiljöskandal. Dokumentärromanen *Maria och Amalthea*, som utkom 1988, handlar om hamnarbetarstrejken i Malmö 1908 och arbetarkvinnornas kamp mot nöden och den styrka de hämtar i varandra. *Kära MAS!* från 2001 är en hyllning till Malmö Allmänna Sjukhus och ett dokument över hennes eget liv under åren 1943–1995. Hennes sista bok blev självbiografin *Den vingabrödna*, 2009.\n\nMary Andersson avled 2020 och är begravd på Limhamns kyrkogård i Malmö.",
      "text_eng": "Mary Andersson was a working-class author who wrote in the genre of social realism first and foremost. She wrote novels, drama and books of reportage on the most vulnerable people in the community. \n\nMary Andersson was born in 1929 in Tunaberg outside Nyköping, but grew up in Malmö. She made her debut as a playwright on 25 March 1977 when the Skånska Teatern in Landskrona had its premiere of the performance *Maria från Borstahusen*. The novel with the same title appeared in 1980. This is an authentic story of life in the poor districts around Bredgatan in Malmö at the end of the 1800s, and the author’s maternal grandmother Hilma is the model for the struggling fisher-girl Maria. The autobiographical *Tjänsteflickan* was written first as radio theatre in 1979 and published as a novel in 1984.\n \nMary Andersson spent her childhood in an orphanage in the ironically named working-class city district Sorgenfri (Carefree) in Malmö. That is the setting she depicts in most of her books, among others her debut novel *Sorgenfri* in 1979, then *Barnrika* in 1983, and *Solgårdarna. Livet går vidare i Sorgenfri* in 1986. In the novel *Dåliga mänskor* from 1991, it is also the people from Sorgenfri and their toil in the factories during the 1930s and 1940s that are depicted. This novel was made into a musical at the Malmö Musikteater in 1999.\n \nThe novel *Den stora bluffen* from 1995 is set in the working-class districts of Malmö during a few weeks in the 1940s. In Mary Andersson’s novels, great social engagement is evident and women and children are central. The oppression of women, work, everyday life and toil as well as love and sexuality characterise the stories. Her narrative exuberance is great, and despite all the trials and tribulations and the miserable, hopeless and hard life there is also companionship, strategies for survival, humour and happy aspects.\n\nMary Andersson also wrote the reportage book *Asbestarbetarna berättar* in 1980, about the asbestos cement factory in Lomma, that led to a working environment scandal. The documentary novel *Maria och Almathea* from 1988, is about the harbour workers’ strike in Malmö in 1908, the working-class women’s struggle against destitution and the strength they found in each other. *Kära MAS!* from 2001 is a tribute to Malmö Allmänna Sjukhus and a documentation of her own life in 1943–1995. Her last book was her autobiography in 2009: *Den vingabrödna*. \n\nMary Andersson died in 2020 and is buried in Limhamn Cemetery in Malmö.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "MaryAndersson",
      "viaf_id": "16081038"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hans",
          "lastname": "Bolling"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "description": "Gymnastikförbundets förtjänsttecken i guld",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Sally",
          "lastname": "Högström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hedvig",
          "lastname": "Malmström",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jenny",
          "lastname": "Wallroth",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lars Magnus",
          "lastname": "Törngren",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Axianne",
          "lastname": "Thorstensson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "institution": "Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gymnastikdirektörsexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "institution": "Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, nuvarande Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Gymnastiska Centralinstitutets samling av enskilda arkiv. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-09-15)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/fvRYFecRrH6d0G02H087k3"
        },
        {
          "description": "Falck, Wendela Lovisa Ulrika Andersson, *Tekla Carlson. 13 aug. 1848. 12 aug. 1908. Minnesteckning*, Stockholm, 1909",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Illustratörer",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Gymnastik",
        "Lärare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Artists",
        "Gymnastics",
        "Teachers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-11T14:31:22",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 71,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1854-08-06",
            "date": "1854-08-06"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Säters stadsförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.343056,
              "lon": 15.758889
            },
            "place": "Säter"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1926-04-10",
            "date": "1926-04-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Engelbrekts församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Wendela/ Lovisa Ulrika",
        "lastname": "Andersson-Falck",
        "sortname": "Andersson-Falck"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär, illustratör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1870-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gymnastikdirektör",
          "detail": "Gymnastiklärare, Wallinska skolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1887",
            "date": "1887"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gymnastikdirektör",
          "detail": "Gymnastiklärare, Anna Sandströms skola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Vikarierande lärare, fr o m 1899 ordinarie lärare, Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Föreningen GCI",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "name": "Stockholms kvinnliga gymnastikförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Andersson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "A:son Falck",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1854",
            "date": "1854"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.343056,
              "lon": 15.758889
            },
            "place": "Säter"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1855",
            "date": "1855"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.60646,
              "lon": 15.6355
            },
            "place": "Falun"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Wendela Andersson-Falck avbildad i Hildebrand, Albin och John Kruse (red), Svenskt porträttgalleri XX, Stockholm, 1901. Fotograf okänd",
          "description_eng": "Wendela Andersson-Falck in Hildebrand, Albin och John Kruse (red), Svenskt porträttgalleri XX, Stockholm, 1901. Photographer unknown",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andersson_Falck_Wendela.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-16",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1825-09-10",
            "date": "1825-09-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-10-01",
            "date": "1906-10-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Märtha Lovisa",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Falck, senare Andersson-Falck",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1814-07-07",
            "date": "1814-07-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1878-12-07",
            "date": "1878-12-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Gottfrid",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Major, Dalregementet",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1851-01-25",
            "date": "1851-01-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1920-05-04",
            "date": "1920-05-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerda Ottilia",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift von Schantz",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-02-24",
            "date": "1856-02-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1883-02-18",
            "date": "1883-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Henrik",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Adjunkt",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-02-05",
            "date": "1859-02-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Gottfrid",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sjökapten, utvandrade till Australien",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Wendela Lovisa Ulrika Falck', *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Gustaf Moberg.) (Hämtad 2020-09-15)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/15036"
        },
        {
          "description": "Högström, Sally, 'Wendela A:son Falck död', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1926-04-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Polytekniska utställningen i Moskwa, betraktad ur industriel och teknisk synpunkt', *Aftonbladet*, 1872-11-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, illustratör, gymnastiklärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, illustrator, gymnastics teacher",
      "text": "Wendela Andersson-Falck var konstnär, illustratör och gymnastikpedagog, och en av pionjärerna inom den svenska kvinnogymnastiken.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck föddes i Säter, Dalarna år 1854. Hennes far var Gottfrid Andersson, major vid Dalregementet och modern var Märtha, född Falck. Wendela Andersson-Falck hade tre syskon, en syster och två bröder. Systern Gerda gifte sig med en medlem av den finska adelsätten von Schantz år 1875. En bror dog 27 år gammal och den andre emigrerade till Australien vid 1880-talets mitt. Några år efter faderns död 1878 tog Wendela Andersson-Falck och modern efternamnet Andersson-Falck. Mor och dotter delade hushåll under större delen av moderns levnad.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck visade tidigt konstnärliga anlag och som 17-åring deltog hon med träsniderier vid den polytekniska utställningen i Moskva. År 1875 inledde hon en sjuårig studietid vid Konstakademien i Stockholm. Hon framträdde som genre- och porträttmålare. År 1883, samma år som brodern Johan Henrik avled, sökte hon sig till Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, nuvarande Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan) och genomgick den tvååriga gymnastiklärare- och sjukgymnastutbildningen. Hon var alltså i 30-årsåldern då hon inledde sin gymnastiska karriär. Efter examen fortsatte hon även att arbeta som konstnär, hon utförde porträtt och illustrerade tidskrifter, tidningar och andra litterära alster.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck inledde sin gymnastikkarriär som lärare vid flickläroverken Wallinska skolan, 1887–1896, och [](Anna Sandström)s skola, 1888–1910. Under åren 1896–1899 var hon vikarierande lärare vid GCI och därefter ordinarie lärare fram till 1914. Hon var en hängiven beundrare av Per Henrik Ling; hans gymnastik var för henne något heligt. Enligt kollegan [](Sally Högström) var Wendela Andersson-Falcks undervisning full av originalitet, humor och fantasi. Hon var också mycket idrottsintresserad, vintertid ”begagnade hon sig ivrigt av skridskor, skidor, sparkstötting, och om sommaren idkade hon cykling och simning”.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck var aktiv inom den frivilliga gymnastiken. År 1886 startade hon tillsammans med bland andra Sally Högström och Jenny Wallroth Stockholms kvinnliga gymnastikförening, en förening huvudsakligen för gymnastiklärare och studenter, i vilken de tränade gymnastik och uteaktiviteter. Wendela Andersson-Falck var föreningens ordförande i 25 år.\n\nHennes konstnärsutbildning kom till användning även i det gymnastiska arbetet. Inte bara när det kom till att komponera gymnastikprogram utan hon illustrerade även flera av linggymnastikens standardverk. År 1892 hade Kungl. Maj:t tillsatt en kommitté för att utarbeta ett gymnastikreglemente för armén och flottan, ett arbete som tog tio år att slutföra, och det presenterades i *Handbok i gymnastik för arméen och flottan*, 1902. Med tvekan påtog sig Wendela Andersson-Falck uppgiften att illustrera boken. Hon har själv berättat om arbetet: ”Förutsättningarna var, att de gymnastiska ställningarna först fotograferades, sedan skisserades, varefter dessa skisser i varje detalj, som rörde gymnastik, granskades av den kommitté som för Handbokens tillkomst var utsedd. Skisserna rättades ibland två å tre gånger, innan de tuschritades, och även då hände, att dessa måste omritas.” Totalt rörde det sig om 500 figurer.\n\nHon svarade även för illustrationerna i Lars Mauritz Törngrens *Lärobok i gymnastik för folkskollärare- och folkskollärarinneseminarier*, 1905, med omkring 300 teckningar. Tack vare böckernas inflytande spreds hennes gymnastikteckningar över världen och kom att återfinnas även i utländsk facklitteratur. Hennes teckningar gav form åt linggymnastiken.\n\nDet hårda arbetet hade dock ett pris. När hon närmade sig pensionsålder sjukskrevs hon och fick fullständig tjänstledighet, då hon drabbades av ”höggradig neurasteni”. I dag kallas det utmattningsdepression.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck fortsatte dock att vara aktiv inom föreningslivet, där hon var högt skattad tack vare sin humor och förmåga att finna samförstånd när missämja uppstod. Hon var även en aktiv föredragshållare och publicerade smärre artiklar, diskussionsinlägg och polemiska artiklar i *Tidskrift i gymnastik* (senare *Tidskrift i gymnastik och idrott*) samt Föreningen GCI:s förhandlingar och årsskrift. År 1924 gav hon tillsammans med Axianne Thorstensson ut broschyren *Flickornas yrkesutbildning: arbetsfält och utkomstmöjligheter* för Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. Skriften var en praktisk handledning vid yrkesval.\n\nWendela Andersson-Falck dog 1926 och hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Wendela Andersson-Falck was an artist, illustrator and gymnastics teacher, one of the pioneers in Swedish women’s gymnastics. \n\nWendela Andersson-Falck was born in Säter in Dalarna in 1854. Her father was Gottfrid Andersson, a major at the Dalarna regiment, and her mother was Märtha, née Falck. Wendela Andersson-Falck had one sister and two brothers. Her sister Gerda married a member of the Finnish aristocratic von Schantz family in 1875. One brother died at the age of 27 and the other emigrated to Australia in the mid-1880s. A few years after her father’s death in 1878, Wendela Andersson-Falck and her mother adopted the surname Andersson-Falck. Mother and daughter shared a household for most of the former’s life. \n\nWendela Andersson-Falck showed artistic leanings early on and participated with wood carvings as a 17-year-old at the polytechnical exhibition in Moscow. In 1875, she started her seven-year period of studies at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm. She worked as a genre and portrait painter. In 1883, the same year as her brother Johan Henrik died, she applied to Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, now Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan) and attended the two-year gymnastics teacher training course including physiotherapy. She was thus in her thirties when she started her career in gymnastics. After qualifying, she also continued working as an artist, doing portraits and illustrations for newspapers, magazines, and other literary products. \n\nWendela Andersson-Falck started her gymnastics career as a teacher at the girls’ grammar school Wallinska skolan in 1887–1896 and [](Anna Sandström)’s school in 1888–1910. In 1896–1899 she was a temporary teacher at GCI and after that had a permanent post there until 1914. She was a devoted admirer of Per Henrik Ling; his gymnastics system was holy to her. According to her colleague [](Sally Högström), Wendela Andersson-Falck’s teaching was full of originality, humour and imagination. She was also very interested in sports, and in winter “she eagerly used skis, skates and kick-sledge while in summer she loved cycling and swimming”. \n\nWendela Andersson-Falck was active in voluntary gymnastics. In 1886, she, Sally Högström and Jenny Wallroth among others started the Stockholm women’s gymnastics association, mainly for gymnastics teachers and students. There they practised gymnastics and organised outdoor activities. Wendela Andersson-Falck was the chairwoman for 25 years.\n \nHer artistic education was useful also in the context of gymnastics, not only when it came to composing gymnastics programmes but also when she illustrated several of the standard works of Ling gymnastics. In 1892, the King had started a committee to develop a gymnastics regime for the army and navy, which took ten years to complete, and was presented in a book: *Handbok i gymnastik för arméen och flottan* in 1902. With some dubiousness, Wendela Andersson-Falck agreed to illustrate the book. She has herself described the work: “The conditions were that the gymnastic poses should first be photographed, and then sketched, after which these sketches were examined in great detail gymnastics-wise by the committee constituted to organise the production of the Handbook. The sketches were sometimes corrected twice or thrice before being done in ink, and even then it sometimes happened that they had to be redone.” A total of 500 figures had thus to be completed. \n\nShe was also responsible for the illustrations in Lars Mauritz Törngren’s *Lärobok i gymnastik för folkskollärare- och folkskollärarinneseminarier* in 1905, with about 300 drawings. Thanks to the influence of the books, her gymnastics drawings were spread all over the world and were even found in foreign nonfiction. Her drawings gave form to Ling gymnastics.\n \nHer hard work had a price. When she was approaching retirement, she had to take sick leave which was granted to 100 %, since she had been afflicted by “acute neurasthenia”. Nowadays it is called occupational burnout.\n \nWendela Andersson-Falck continued however to be active in club life, where she was highly appreciated on account of her humour and capacity to create consensus when disagreement arose. She was also an active lecturer and published smaller articles, contributions to discussions and polemical articles in *Tidskrift i gymnastik* (later *Tidskrift i gymnastik och idrott*) as well as in the association Föreningen GCI’s negotiations and yearbook. In 1924, she and Axianne Thorstensson published the brochure *Flickornas yrkesutbildning: arbetsfält och utkomstmöjligheter* for Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. The brochure was a practical handbook on how to choose a profession. \n\nWendela Andersson-Falck died in 1926. She is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "WendelaLovisaUlrikaAnderssonFalck",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Sjöberg"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Brita Lena Andersson",
          "description_eng": "About Brita Lena Andersson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3aKungsbackagumman&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fredberg, Carl Rudolf A:son, *Det gamla Göteborg: lokalhistoriska skildringar, personalia och kulturdrag. D. 1*, Göteborg, 1919-1920, s. 654-661",
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          "description": "Tingdal, Birgitta, 'Kungsbackagumman vardagsläkaren', *Folkets historia* 1995:23:4, s. 45-51",
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        "19th century",
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        "age": 80,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1824-03-26",
            "date": "1824-03-26"
          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Vallby"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1904-10-23",
            "date": "1904-10-23"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Brita Lena/",
        "lastname": "Andersson (Kungsbackagumman)",
        "sortname": "Andersson (Kungsbackagumman)"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
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          "description": "Husligt arbete",
          "detail": "Piga",
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            "comment": "?"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Boterska",
          "detail": "Läkekvinna, "klok gumma" med mottagning i Kungsbacka och Göteborg och korrespondenskonsultation",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1840-talet?"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
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          },
          "type": "Yrke",
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "name": "Andersdotter",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
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        {
          "mk_link": true,
          "name": "Kungsbackagumman",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
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            "place": "Kungsbacka"
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        {
          "description": "Kungsbackagumman, Brita Lena Andersson. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons",
          "description_eng": ""Kungsbackagumman", Brita Lena Andersson. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1787",
            "date": "1787"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1840",
            "date": "1840"
          },
          "firstname": "Inger",
          "lastname": "Andersdotter",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, småbrukare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1777",
            "date": "1777"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1834",
            "date": "1834"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Jönsson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, småbrukare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1810-05-23",
            "date": "1810-05-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Christina",
          "lastname": "Jönsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1813-01-25",
            "date": "1813-01-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Jönsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Ytterligare 5 syskon, uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1822",
            "date": "1822"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1885-04-05",
            "date": "1885-04-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Andreas",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1849",
            "date": "1849"
          },
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Sjöman, dräng, småbrukare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
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          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1865",
            "date": "1865"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Mauritz",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Ytterligare 6 barn, uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Barn",
          "type_eng": "Child"
        }
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Löfgren, Ingalill, 'Klok gumma hjälpte kung', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2006-12-25 (Hämtad 2018-02-16)",
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          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.gp.se/nyheter/v%C3%A4stsverige/klok-gumma-hj%C3%A4lpte-kung-1.1199630"
        },
        {
          "description": "Britta Lena Andersson. *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2018-02-16)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britta_Lena_Andersson"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kungsbackagumman. Brita Lena Andersson. Min släktforskning (Hämtad 2018-02-16)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.gustavii.se/Kungsbackagumman.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Läkekvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Healer",
      "text": "Brita Lena Andersson var en mytomspunnen klok gumma som framgångsrikt botade sjuka. Hon är känd som Kungsbackagumman.\n\nBrita Lena Andersson föddes 1824 i Vallby i Halland. Föräldrarna var småbrukarparet Anders Jönsson och Inger Andersdotter. Brita Lena Andersson var näst yngst av de åtta barnen. I sitt gifte med sjömannen Andreas Andersson blev antalet barn lika stort, men alla utom två söner dog i späd ålder. \n\nSom ung flicka tjänstgjorde Brita Lena Andersson som piga på en släktings gård i grannbyn Frillesås och de första åren i giftet med Andreas Andersson tycks ekonomin ha varit skral. Paret försörjde sig på lite av varje. Brita Lena Anderssons syster, Anna Christina, dömdes för barnamord och vistades en tid på tukthus. När straffet var avtjänat bodde hon en tid i Brita Lena Anderssons hushåll. I husförhörslängden 1879–1885 noterades att Andreas Andersson hade avlidit men också att Brita Lena Andersson var vida ”känd för sin förmåga att bota yttre kroppsskador och därtill mycket anlitad”. I en nekrolog den 25 oktober 1904, efter det att Brita Lena Andersson ett par dagar tidigare hade avlidit i lunginflammation, meddelas att Brita Lena Andersson, en av landets mest anlitade ’kloka gummor’, redan i unga år hade börjat behandla engelska sjukan, benbrott och benröta. Nekrologen förhåller sig skeptisk men samtidigt respektfull: ”Om det nu genom några lyckade behandlingar eller blott och bart genom det mindre upplysta folkets svaghet för kvacksalvare, alltnog Kungsbackagumman vann en betydande ryktbarhet bland underklassen och en stor del af medelklassen.” \n\nPå gården i Hammerö hade Brita Lena Andersson konsultationer och dagligen kom ett 20-tal personer som ville ha hjälp för sina åkommor. Hon reste regelbundet in till Göteborg och hade mottagning i ett hus på Östergatan i Haga. Utöver direktkontakt med patienterna korresponderade Brita Lena Andersson med hjälpbehövande i hela landet. Ett hundratal brev i veckan anlände till gården i Hammerö. Eftersom Brita Lena Andersson inte kunde vare sig skriva eller läsa fick hon hjälp med korrespondensen. Ortens apotekare bistod också med att blanda till hennes olika medikamenter och kurer som skickades till orter i när och fjärran.\n\nBrita Lena Anderssons verksamhet hade brett stöd. Några menade att hon stod i kontakt med mörkrets makter, andra hävdade i stället hennes kompetens som naturläkare. Den behandling som hon gav kan tolkas i båda riktningarna. Barn som var drabbade av engelska sjukan ordinerades att hänga en påse med vitlök runt halsen eller handlederna. Påsen skulle därefter brännas. Av kyrkogårdsmull gjorde hon avkok som lades i klutar som skulle läggas runt barnets leder. Utöver yttre skador och sjukdomar tog Brita Lena Andersson sig an åkommor orsakade av blodbrist. För medikamenterna togs skälig betalning men för konsultationerna var hon ”mycket måttlig i sina anspråk”. Nekrologen uppger att Brita Lena Andersson praktiserat läkekonst i 60 år och under denna tid ”förtjänat en förmögenhet hvilken till stor del ligger nedlagt i ett par lantegendomar”. I nekrologen konstateras att även om den kloka gummans verksamhet måste betraktas som kvacksalveri var det ändå i rätt många fall som hennes kurer förmått bota ”de fall då läkare stått maktlösa”. \n\nSkrönorna om Brita Lena Andersson är många. En av dem meddelar att hon till och med hjälpte kung Karl XV att bli av med lusfeber som han drabbats av under en utlandsvistelse. Efter sin död den 23 oktober 1904 begravdes Brita Lena Andersson på kyrkogården i Hanhals bredvid sin make. I Kungsbacka invigdes 1988 en skulptur av henne i brons. En gata är där uppkallad efter henne och ett fastighetsbolag i Varberg heter Kungsbackagumman.",
      "text_eng": "Brita Lena Andersson was a legendary wise old woman who successfully healed the sick. She is known as the Kungsbackagumma (“old woman of Kungsbacka”).\n\nBrita Lena Andersson was born in Vallby in Halland in 1824. Her parents, Anders Jönsson and Inger Andersdotter, were both smallholders. Brita Lena Andersson was the second youngest of eight children. When she later married Andreas Andersson she would have just as many children herself, but only two of her sons survived past infancy.\n\nAs a young girl Brita Lena Andersson worked as a maid on a relative’s farm in the neighbouring village of Frillesås. It seems her first years of married life with Andreas Andersson were financially fraught. The couple made do with whatever they could lay their hands on. Brita Lena Andersson’s sister Anna Christina was convicted of killing her child and was sent to a house of correction for a period. Once she had served her time she moved into Brita Lena Andersson’s home for a while. The parish records for 1879-1885 record that Andreas Andersson had died and that Brita Lena Andersson was widely “known for her ability to heal external wounds and was much relied on for that purpose”. Brita Lena Andersson’s obituary written on 25 October 1904, just a few days after she had died from pneumonia, reports that Brita Lena Andersson, one of the most trusted “wise old women” in Sweden, already as a young woman had begun to treat “the English disease” (rickets), broken bones, and caries. The obituary is somewhat sceptical but respectful: “Whether by virtue of a few successful treatments or whether merely due to less educated people’s weakness for quacks, Kungsbackagumman earned a positive reputation amongst the lower class and a large part of the middle class”.\n\nBrita Lena Andersson held her consultations at Hambrö farm, where about 20 or so people would arrive daily seeking remedies for their ailments. She regularly travelled to Gothenburg, where she held a consultation in a house on Östergatan in Haga. In addition to physical appointments with her patients, Brita Lena Andersson also corresponded with those seeking cures throughout the country. About a hundred letters arrived each week at the farm in Hambrö. Brita Lena Andersson could neither read nor write herself so she needed assistance in dealing with these letters. The local apothecary also helped out by mixing up her various medications and cures, which were then sent all over the country, near and far.\n\nBrita Lena Andersson’s activities received widespread support. Some believed that she had access to the dark arts; others claimed that she was a natural homeopath. Her treatments can be interpreted either way. Children suffering from rickets were told to wear a bag containing garlic either as a necklace or as a bracelet. The bag was then to be burnt. She would boil up consecrated soil, which was wrapped in a piece of cloth to be placed around a child’s wrists. In addition to external wounds and illnesses Brita Lena Andersson also dealt with illnesses caused by anaemia. She charged fair prices for her medications but she was “very moderate in her claims” for consultations. The obituary reveals that Brita Lena Andersson spent 60 years as a healer, during which time “the wealth she earned largely lay in a couple of properties”. Further, the obituary admits that even though the wise old woman’s activities should be viewed as quackery, there were a considerable number of cases in which her cures successfully treated “cases where medical doctors had been powerless”.\n\nThere are many tall tales about Brita Lena Andersson. One of them recounts how she apparently helped King Karl XV get rid of his case of louse fever, which he had contracted whilst abroad. After her death on 23 October 1904, Brita Lena Andersson was buried at cemetery in Hanhals, beside her husband. In 1988 a bronze sculpture of Brita Lena Andersson was unveiled in Kungsbacka. There is also a street there named after her, as well as a property agency in Varberg which is called Kungsbackagumman.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "BritaLenaAndersson",
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    {
      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Berit",
          "lastname": "Lindberg Johansson"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Nils Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Djurklou, morbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Borg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hanna",
          "lastname": "Ouchterlony",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Agnes",
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          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
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        {
          "firstname": "Frances",
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          "lastname": "Whitaker McAll",
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          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Fru Andersson-Meijerhelm [Oljemålning], DigitaltMuseum (Hämtad 2020-10-09)",
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          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://digitaltmuseum.se/021026466584/oljemalning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm",
          "description_eng": "About Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Nathalie+Andersson-Meijerhelm)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        }
      ],
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          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Nykterhetsrörelsen",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Väckelserörelser",
        "Kristendom",
        "Välgörenhet"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Temperance movement",
        "Women's movement",
        "Christianity",
        "Charity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-11T14:39:19",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 75,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1846-09-01",
            "date": "1846-09-01"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Grums församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.35,
              "lon": 13.1
            },
            "place": "Grums"
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        },
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            "comment": "1922-02-22",
            "date": "1922-02-22"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Ulrika Natalia (/Nathalie/) Teresia",
        "lastname": "Andersson-Meijerhelm",
        "sortname": "Andersson-Meijerhelm"
      },
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      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Grundare, föreståndare, Arbetshemmet för värnlösa qvinnor, Förening till skydd för tjänst- och arbetssökande unga qvinnor och Härbärget för husvilla män",
          "place": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Grundare, föreståndare, L'abri de la fillette",
          "place": {
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              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kyrklig verksamhet",
          "detail": "Lärare, söndagsskole- och bibelklasser",
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Den brittiska, kontinentala och allmänna Federationens svenska avdelning",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Soldatmissionen",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grundare, ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "name": "Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges Blåbandsförening (senare Sveriges Blåbandsförbund)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Vita Bandet",
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Mission populaire évangélique de France (”Belleville-missionen”)",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Bergslagens fornminnesförening",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Föreningen Soldaternas Vänner i Sverige (nuvarande Svenska Soldathemsförbundet)",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "name": "von Meijerhelm",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tali",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
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            "place": "Grums"
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            "date": "1862"
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            "date": "1862"
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            "place": "Karlstad"
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            "date": "1863"
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            "place": "Degerfors"
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            "date": "1870"
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      "portrait": [
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          "description": "Karl-August och Natalie Andersson-Meijerhelm och — enligt sentida påskrift på fotots baksida — den före dette slaven Onesinas. Fotograf och år okänt (Lindesbergs kulturhistoriska arkiv)",
          "description_eng": "Karl-August and Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm and — according to a later note on the back — former slave Onesinas. Photographer and year unknown (Lindesbergs kulturhistoriska arkiv)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andersson_Meijerhjelm_Natalie3.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-10-11",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1816-06-09",
            "date": "1816-06-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1862-12-03",
            "date": "1862-12-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustafva Fredrika Sidonia",
          "lastname": "Djurklou",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1812-12-22",
            "date": "1812-12-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1851-03-01",
            "date": "1851-03-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik Miles",
          "lastname": "von Meijerhelm",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840-10-27",
            "date": "1840-10-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875-06-15",
            "date": "1875-06-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Gustava Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Meijerhjelm, gift Silfverskiöld",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1842-03-18",
            "date": "1842-03-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1874-12-30",
            "date": "1874-12-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta Augusta Sofia Magdalena",
          "lastname": "Meijerhjelm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-03-17",
            "date": "1845-03-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1846-08-11",
            "date": "1846-08-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Meijerhjelm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1844-07-20",
            "date": "1844-07-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1912-11-23",
            "date": "1912-11-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl August",
          "lastname": "Andersson-Meijerhelm",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson-Meijerhelm, Karl August, *Flydda dagar anteckningar om en bergsmansslägt och dess samtida samt om händelser, seder och bruk m.m. i Lindes bergslag från 1500-talet till 1870*, Nora, 1888",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:eod-5"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dahlgren, Eva F., *Fallna kvinnor: när samhällets bottensats skulle lära sig veta hut*, Forum, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jansdotter, Anna, *Ansikte mot ansikte: räddningsarbete bland prostituerade kvinnor i Sverige 1850-1920*, Brutus Östlings bokförlag Symposion, Diss. Lund : Univ., Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jansdotter, Anna, ’På turné för sedligheten: Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelms resa i södra Sverige våren 1883’, *Seklernas sex* / Åsa Bergenheim & Lena Lennerhed, red., S. 159-175, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jansson, E. Alfred, ’Andersson-Meijerhelm – ett par pionjärer inom kristligt-socialt arbete’, *Stockholms stifts julbok*, 1949, s. 117-139",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Smånotiser från kvinnovärlden’, *Idun* 1891:45 s. 359",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/49198"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Wäktaren: tidning för stat och kyrka*, 1881-01-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "‘Karl August Andersson-Meijerhelm’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-10-09)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_August_Andersson-Meijerhelm"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Svenska Federationen’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-10-09)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svenska_Federationen"
        },
        {
          "description": "Adelsvapen-Wiki. Adliga ätten von Meijerhelm nr 1151 † (Hämtad 2020-10-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Von_Meijerhelm_nr_1151"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska Soldathemsförbundet (Hämtad 2020-10-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://soldathem.org/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Göransson, Inger, *Karl-August Meijerhelm och Nathalie Andersson Meijerhelm : deras liv och gärningar* [Uppsats], Litteraturhistorisk kurs om författarskap från länet, 2016",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindberg Johansson, Berit, *KFUK -en dynamisk internationell kvinnorörelse ur ett lundensiskt scoutperspektiv*, 2015",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Nykterhetskämpe, kvinnosakskvinna, grundare av KFUK",
      "subtitle_eng": "Temperance activist, proponent of women's issues, founder of Swedish YWCA",
      "text": "Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm var filantrop, aktiv inom väckelserörelsen och hon grundade Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK) i Sverige år 1887.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm föddes 1846, som Natalia, på Hammarstens gård i Grums socken, Värmlands län. Hon var yngsta barnet i en syskonskara av fyra döttrar, varav en dog i späd ålder. Fadern, Fredrik Miles von Meijerhelm, arrenderade gården men var även kapten vid Värmlands regemente. Modern Gustafva Fredrika Sidonia, född Djurklou, var friherrinna. Några år efter faderns död, 1851, flyttade döttrarna och modern till Karlstad. När modern avled, elva år senare, fick de tre systrarna ett hem hos den före detta kaptenen Göran Mårten Hammarhjelm, och fyra år senare hos sin morbror Nils Gabriel Djurklou på Sörby säteri, Norrbyås.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm gifte sig 1870 med bergsmanssonen från Siggebohyttan i Lindesberg, den två år äldre Carl August Andersson. Vid sitt giftermål ändrade de båda sina namn till Andersson-Meijerhelm. Carl August var under flera år anlitad som sekreterare i Evangeliska Alliansens svenska avdelning och hade verkat som missionär i ett otal europeiska länder. Han var även tecknare och författare till hembygds- och kulturhistoriska verk. Efter faderns död ärvde han en stor förmögenhet. Tillsammans och var för sig reste makarna Andersson-Meijerhelm mycket. De återkom gärna till Siggebohyttans bergsmansgård, där de 1884 lät uppföra huset ”Talis kulle”.\n\nMakarna Andersson-Meijerhelm flyttade 1872 till Stockholm där Carl August ägde flera boenden. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm påbörjade där den räddningsverksamhet bland såväl värnlösa kvinnor som män, som kom att prägla det återstående livet. Tillsammans började makarna Andersson-Meijerhelm sina så kallade ”fattigbjudningar” i ett av Stockholms slumområde. I en före detta krog samlade de fattiga människor till gemenskap och förtäring och året efter startade de i samma lokal ”soldatmission”. Varannan lördagskväll serverades gröt till traktens fattiga och varannan lördagskväll inbjöds 50-100 soldater till te. Vid båda tillfällena hölls tal av Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm i en samvaro utan alkohol. Senare hyrde makarna en läsesalong för soldater.\n\nÅr 1878 öppnade de Stockholms första soldathem, ”Härbärget för husvilla män”, vilket först finansierades genom frivilliga gåvor med teckningslistor hos flera bokhandlare, och dessutom mottogs gamla kläder. Idag är soldathemmen en ideell organisation, Svenska Soldathemsförbundet, vilka erbjuder stöd till soldater, veteraner och deras anhöriga framförallt utomlands.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm ömmade främst för kvinnor som hade det svårt. Hon var kritisk till den dubbelmoral som betraktade kvinnor som begick moraliska felsteg på det sexuella området som ”fallna kvinnor”, medan männen gick fria. De prostituerade kvinnorna såg hon delvis som offer för arbetslöshet och kallade dem för ”samhällets olycksbarn”.\n\nI Stockholm märke hon hur okunniga om samhället unga flickor i hennes bekantskapskrets var, medan fattiga kvinnor och tjänstekvinnor dignade under krav och hårt arbete. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm samlade därför unga flickor från olika sociala grupper till bibelsamtal i sitt hem. Parallellt med söndagsskoleklasser för barn ledde hon också bibelstudieklasser för till Stockholm inflyttade landsortsflickor. I detta arbete såg hon behovet av en bredare verksamhet med kristen social inriktning. Inspiration fick hon i sin kontakt med [](Elsa Borg) och bibelkvinnorna i Vita bergen. Hon hade också lyssnat till [](Hanna Ouchterlony) och slumsystrarna i Frälsningsarmén.\n\nÅr 1878 sökte hon medlemskap i den svenska avdelningen av den brittiska, kontinentala och allmänna Federationen vars syfte var ”upphävande av reglementering av prostitution och verka för en gemensam sexualmoral”. För att få mer kunskap for hon till England. Tre år senare startade hon ”Arbetshemmet för värnlösa qvinnor” på Sturegatan i Stockholm. Där blev hon föreståndare. Det var ett hem för kvinnor i farozonen, prostituerade, straffade och frigivna kvinnor. Genom att öppna en tvättstuga och tillhandahålla enklare sömnadsarbeten fick kvinnorna sysselsättning. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm verkade även för olika stödjande sysselsättningar för tjänsteflickor utan arbete och startade en ”Förening till skydd för tjänste- och arbetssökande unga qvinnor”. Parallellt bekämpade hon litteratur, teaterföreställningar, bilder och kläder som betraktades som osedliga. Arbetshemmet stängdes redan 1885, men Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm var då ledare för en bibelskola.\n\nUnder en tidigare resa till England hade Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm kommit i kontakt med Blåbandsrörelsen. Det var dock först 1885 som hon anslöt sig till Sveriges Blåbandsförening (senare Sveriges Blåbandsförbund), en löftesbunden nykterhetsrörelse på kristen grund. Hon inledde en brevväxling med dess internationelle ledare nykterhetsivraren Frances Willard, som hade grundat Womans Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), i Sverige under namnet Vita Bandet. De båda brevskrivarna utbytte goda råd om hur budskapet om totalförbud mot alkohol och opium samt andra droger skulle spridas. I England kom hon i kontakt med Young Womens Christian Association (YWCA), vars verksamhet stämde överens med hennes egna visioner. Den väletablerade organisationen från 1855, deras arbetsmetoder och sociala insatser var just vad hon sökte. Hon ville grunda en liknande organisation i Sverige.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm utlyste ett möte i Missionsförbundets kyrka vid Floragatan den 30 november 1885, där hon redogjorde för den engelska verksamheten och föreslog ett YWCA/KFUK i Sverige. Gensvaret var stort. Ett femtiotal personer i olika generationer blev medlemmar. Den 9 december 1885 tillsattes en interimsstyrelse för Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK). Syftet var ”att bilda en förening till ömsesidigt stöd för unga kristna qvinnor”. Pionjärkvinnorna i den nystartade föreningen var i allmänhet ekonomiskt oberoende. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm blev vald till ordförande.\n\nKFUK-föreningens första expedition och samlingslokal låg i ett hus på Humlegårdsgatan, men redan innan året var slut hade lokaler hyrts på Brunnsgatan. Flytten gick vidare 1887 till Norrlandsgatan 13, där bibliotek och läsrum inreddes. Verksamheten fylldes av arbete men även med ”glad och givande gemenskap”. Det var symöten, bibelstunder, engelska klasser och olika sångövningar.\n\nÅr 1886 påbörjades verksamheter för fabriksflickor och även möten för tjänarinnor. Under den så kallade flyttveckan möttes arbetssökande flickor från landsbygden vid järnvägsstationer och kajer. Föreningen anvisade bostäder och förmedlade anställningar.\n\nDå Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm grundade KFUK i Sverige var hon fyrtio år med lång erfarenhet av föredrag och aktiviteter för att bistå fattiga kvinnor. Hon fortsatte resa omkring i landet, men nu talade hon om föreningens verksamhetsfält. Ett otal KFUK-föreningar växte upp runt om i Sverige.\n\nMakarna hade under åren vistats mycket i Paris, där Carl August tidigare varit missionär. Han hade då blivit medlem i ”Mission populaire évangélique de France”, även kallad McAllmissionen efter grundaren Robert Whitaker McAll, som fick beteckningen ”Belleville-missionen”. Medlemskapet var sannolikt skäl till att makarna 1891 lämnade Stockholm för att bosätta sig i Paris.\n\nGenom sin kristna tro och sociala känsla startade Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm snart även i Paris nya projekt och öppnade kring sekelskiftet hemmet ”L'abri de la fillette” (Småflickornas tillflykt) i en fattig del av Paris. Hon drev det fram till sin död 1922. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelms make dog i Paris redan 1912. Han gravsattes i Paris på kyrkogården Cimetière des Lilas i en murad grav, som var tänkt för de båda makarna.\n\nEfter makens död donerade Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm gamla dokument och föremål till det som då hette Bergslagens fornminnesförening, vilken i dag ingår i en omfattande samling kring paret Andersson-Meijerhelm, som förvaltas av Lindesbergs kommuns samlingar.",
      "text_eng": "Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm was a philanthropist who was an active member of the Swedish revivalist movement and who founded Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK) in Sweden in 1887.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm was born at Hammarsten farm in Grums parish, Värmland county, in 1864. She was the youngest child in a family comprising four daughters, one of whom died an infant. Her father, Fredrik Miles von Meijerhelm, leased the farm they lived on and he also served as a captain in the Värmland regiment. Her mother, Gustafva Fredrika Sidonia née Djurklou, was a baroness. A few years after her father’s death Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm, along with her mother and her sisters, moved to Karlstad. Following her mother’s death eleven years later the three surviving sisters were initially taken in by retired Captain Göran Mårten Hammarhjelm and subsequently, four years later, they were taken in by their maternal uncle, Nils Gabriel Djurklou, who lived at Sörby manor farm in Norrbyås.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm married in 1870. Her husband was Carl August Andersson. He was two years her senior and the son of a miner from Siggebohyttan in Lindesberg. The couple both adopted the hyphenated Andersson-Meijerhelm surname. Carl August had already served as the secretary of the Swedish branch of Evangeliska Alliansen for several years and he had spent time serving as a missionary in numerous European countries. He was also an illustrator and the author of works on local history and cultural history. Carl August inherited great wealth on the death of his father. The couple did a lot of travelling both together and separately. A favourite retreat was their house called “Talis kulle” which they had had built at the Siggebohyttan miner’s farm in 1884.\n\nIn 1872 the Andersson-Meijerhelm couple moved to Stockholm where Carl August owned several homes. At this point Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm began the charitable work on behalf of needy men and women which came to influence the rest of her life. The couple began to hold “poor receptions” in one of the slum areas of central Stockholm. The couple invited the poor to come and enjoy company and nourishment at what had once been an inn and the following year they used the same premises to set up a “soldiers’ mission”. Every other Saturday evening they would serve porridge to the local poor and on the other Saturdays they would invite 50 to 100 soldiers to have tea. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm gave public talks at all of these alcohol-free gatherings. Later on the Andersson-Meijerhelm couple rented a reading room for the soldiers’ use. \n\nThe first soldiers’ home in Stockholm, known as “Härberget för husvilla män” (refuge for homeless men), opened in 1878. It was initially financed through voluntary donations obtained by subscription lists maintained at various bookshops, which also accepted donations of old clothes. Today the soldiers’ refuge is a non-profit organisation called Svenska Soldathemsförbundet, which provides support to soldiers, veterans and their dependents, largely overseas.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm was most concerned about women who found themselves in difficult situations. She was critical of the double standards which treated women who were the victims of morally questionable sexual encounters as “fallen” individuals whilst the men involved remained blameless. Female prostitutes seemed to her to be in part victims of unemployment and she referred to them as “The Wretched Poor”.\n\nIn Stockholm she noticed how ignorant the young women in her social circle were about wider society whilst poor women and serving women suffered from demanding and hard labour. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm thus began to assemble young women from across the social strata to attend Bible discussions in her own home. Further to the Sunday School classes for children that she ran Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm also held Bible-study classes for country girls who were newly-arrived in Stockholm. She saw the need for a larger enterprise guided by Christian social mores and was inspired by her connection with [](Elsa Borg) and the so-called Bible women at Vita Bergen. She had also heard what [](Hanna Ouchterlony) and the ‘slum sisters’ in the Salvation Army had to say.\n\nIn 1878 she applied to join the Swedish branch of what was a British, Continental, and wider Federation seeking “an end to the regularising of prostitution and to work on behalf of shared sexual morality”. She travelled to Great Britain in order to learn more. Three years later she set up “arbetshemmet för värnlösa qvinnor” (workhouse for destitute women) at Sturegatan in Stockholm for which she served as its director. This was a refuge for women in the danger zone, for prostitutes, for both sentenced and released women. She opened a washing house and offered simpler sewing services, thereby giving the women employment. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm also acted on behalf of various supportive past-times for unemployed serving girls and she set up “Förening till skydd för tjänste- och arbetssökande unga qvinnor”. At the same time she also campaigned against what she considered to be immoral literature, theatre productions, images, and clothing. The workhouse closed down in 1885 but by then Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm was running a Bible school.\n\nDuring an earlier visit to Great Britain Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm had been introduced to the Blue Ribbon movement. It was not until 1885, however, that she joined the Swedish Blåbandsföreningen (later known as Sveriges Blåbandsförbund, Blue ribbon federation of Sweden). This was an oath-taking temperance movement with Christian foundations. She began to correspond with the organisation’s international leader, the temperance campaigner Frances Willard, who had founded the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), which in Sweden went by the name of Vita Bandet (white ribbon). These two women shared good advice on how to spread the message regarding total abstinence from alcohol and opium. In Great Britain Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm had been introduced to the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) whose work reflected her own views. This well-established organisation, dating from 1885, their methods and their social contributions corresponded perfectly to what she was seeking and she wanted to found a similar organisation in Sweden.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm advertised a meeting to be held on 30 November 1885 in Missionförbundet’s church at Floragatan. At this meeting she summarised the British enterprise and proposed setting up a YWCA/KFUK in Sweden to which she received a hearty response: around fifty individuals of various ages joined up. On 9 December 1885 a temporary board was established for Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK). The aim was “to create an organisation for the mutual support of young Christian women”. Most of the pioneering women involved in this effort were economically independent. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm was elected as the organisation’s chair.\n\nKFUK’s first reception area and meeting space was located in a building on Humlegårdsgatan, but before the year was up new premises had been leased at Brunnsgatan. In 1887 they moved again, to Norrlandsgatan 13, where a library and a reading room were installed. The enterprise was not only extremely active but also full of “happy and rewarding company”, comprising sewing-meets, Bible-hours, English classes and various singing sessions.\n\nIn 1886 additional activities for factory girls as well as meetings for servant girls were offered. During the so-called “flyttveckan” (moving week) country girls who came to the city seeking employment would be met at train stations and at piers. The organisation would advise these women about accommodation and negotiate working positions for them.\n\nWhen Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm founded KFUK in Sweden she was forty years old and had a long history of giving talks and various activities on behalf of poor women. She continued to travel around Sweden but now her talks focused on the organisation’s sphere of action. Countless KFUK branches sprung up around the country.\n\nThe Andersson-Meijerhelm couple had spent a lot of time in Paris where Carl August had previously served as a missionary. At that time he had joined “Mission populaire évangélique de France”, also known as the McAll mission after its founder Robert Whitaker McAll. Later it  became known as the “Belleville mission”. Indeed, it was probably because they were members of this organisation that the Andersson-Meijerhelm couple left Stockholm and settled permanently in Paris.\n\nNathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm’s Christian belief and social awareness led her to quickly set up a new project in Paris. Around the turn of the century she opened a refuge called “L’abri de la fillette” (young girls’ refuge) in one of Paris’ poor quarters. She ran this shelter until her death in 1922. Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm’s husband died in Paris in 1912 and was buried at the Cimetière des Lilas in a walled tomb intended for both of them.\n\nFollowing her husband’s death Nathalie Andersson-Meijerhelm donated old documents and items to what was then known as Bergslagens fornminnesförening (Bergslagen prehistory association). Today an extensive Andersson-Meijerhelm collection is managed by the Lindesberg municipality collections.",
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        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "place": "Ramkvilla"
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            "comment": "ca 1883"
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            "comment": "Ca 1883"
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              "lat": "56.161224",
              "lon": "15.5869"
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            "place": "Karlskrona"
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            "date": "1893"
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            "date": "1893"
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              "lon": "15.581131"
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            "place": "Algutsboda"
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            "date": "1897"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
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        },
        {
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            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Bloomfield Hills, USA"
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            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
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        {
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            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
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              "lon": "15.581131"
            },
            "place": "Algutsboda"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1837-07-28",
            "date": "1837-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1923-12-25",
            "date": "1923-12-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Carolina",
          "lastname": "Andersson, född Sandberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1841-08-30",
            "date": "1841-08-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1912-10-08",
            "date": "1912-10-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl August",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Prost",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-08-29",
            "date": "1872-08-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1965-04-09",
            "date": "1965-04-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Katharina",
          "lastname": "Andersson, gift Holmberg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1875-03-22",
            "date": "1875-03-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-03-23",
            "date": "1950-03-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Per",
          "lastname": "Wirde",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-03-23",
            "date": "1876-03-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-02-18",
            "date": "1927-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "John",
          "lastname": "Wirde",
          "occupation": "Sjökapten",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877-07-01",
            "date": "1877-07-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1922-02-28",
            "date": "1922-02-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Wirde",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-04-02",
            "date": "1879-04-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1894-04-17",
            "date": "1894-04-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-04-17",
            "date": "1880-04-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1965-10-25",
            "date": "1965-10-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Sture",
          "lastname": "Wirde",
          "occupation": "Kamrer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1883-01-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-08-05",
            "date": "1964-08-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Gottlieb",
          "lastname": "Wirde",
          "occupation": "Läroverksadjunkt",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Marie, *Trådar ur ett liv: textilkonstnären Maja Andersson Wirde*, Läs-idé, Trosa, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist",
      "text": "Maja Andersson Wirde var en av de ledande svenska textilkonstnärerna under 1900-talets första hälft.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde föddes som Sigrid Maria Andersson men kom tidigt att kallas för Maja. Under 1920-talet tog hon efternamnet Wirde, liksom flera av hennes syskon. Därför benämns hon i litteraturen såväl som Maria Andersson, Maja Andersson, Maja Andersson Wirde samt Maja Wirde.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde föddes i Ramkvilla i Småland 1873 och växte upp som ett av åtta syskon i en prästfamilj. Fadern hette Carl August Andersson och modern Carolina Sandberg. När Maja Andersson Wirde var i 10-årsåldern flyttade familjen till Karlskrona, där hon gick i läroverk. År 1893 flyttade familjen igen, denna gång till Algutsboda, där fadern fått tjänst som kyrkoherde. Maja Andersson Wirde visade tidigt konstnärliga anlag och 1897 påbörjade hon sina studier vid Högre Konstindustriella Skolan, nuvarande Konstfack, i Stockholm, för att bli teckningslärare. Redan under studietiden företog hon flera resor utomlands. Hon besökte bland annat London både 1898–1899 och 1901 samt Italien 1902.\n\nEfter avslutad utbildning arbetade Maja Andersson Wirde en kort period som teckningslärare vid Stockholms stads folkskolor innan hon anställdes som mönsterriterska på Handarbetets Vänner år 1907. Där kom hon att stanna i drygt 20 år. Det tidiga 1900-talet var en viktig period inom svensk textilkonst. En brytning från de mer traditionella mönstren skedde nu. Mönstren fick ett alltmer konstnärligt uttryck, inspirerat av trender som förekom inom övriga konstarter. Handarbetets Vänner var en av de viktigaste aktörerna inom den textila konstens utveckling. Maja Andersson Wirde blev här kollega med bland andra [](Maja Sjöström), [](Carin Wästberg) och [](Agda Österberg). Under åren på Handarbetets Vänner ritade hon ett stort antal verk till privatpersoner, såväl som till kyrkliga och offentliga beställare. Ett av de tidigaste större uppdragen hon fick var att rita ett antependium till Lunds domkyrka 1909. Antependiet ställdes även ut på den stora Stockholmsutställningen 1909. Bland hennes viktigaste arbeten under åren på Handarbetets Vänner märks mattorna till Stockholms rådhus 1915, mattorna till det nybyggda Patent- och registreringsverket 1920 samt textilier och mattor till Svenska Amerika liniens fartyg M/S Kungsholm. Till Stockholms rådhus komponerade hon bland annat den största matta som då hade producerats i Sverige. Mattan till Magistratens plenisal mätte hela elva gånger fyra meter. Till Patent- och registreringsverket komponerade hon sju av de totalt nio mattor som beställdes, bland annat en stor matta till generaldirektörens rum. Den textila inredningen till flaggskeppet M/S Kungsholm var uppdelad på flera olika företag, varav Handarbetets Vänner var ett. Maja Andersson Wirde komponerade förutom möbeltyg även flera flossamattor, en flygelmatta samt fyra cirkelrunda mattor till musiksalongen.\n\nUnder hela sin tid på Handarbetets Vänner medverkade Maja Andersson Wirde i de många utställningar som föreningen anordnade eller deltog i. De stora konst- och industriutställningarna som anordnades omkring sekelskiftet 1900 gav viktiga möjligheter för företag, konstnärer och föreningar att visa upp sig inför en stor publik. Förutom Stockholmsutställningen 1909 var Maja Andersson Wirde bland annat representerad vid Baltiska utställningen i Malmö 1914, Textilmötet i Stockholm 1920, Jubileumsutställningen i Göteborg 1923, Världsutställningen i Paris 1925, utställningen av svenskt konsthantverk i New York 1927 samt Stockholmsutställningen 1930. Vid flera av utställningarna erhöll hon dessutom priser och utmärkelser.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde slutade på Handarbetets Vänner 1929 för att börja arbeta på Cranbrook Academy of Art, beläget utanför Detroit i Michigan, USA. Vid Cranbrook arbetade hon med att förse de olika byggnaderna med textilier, samt att förestå vävateljén vid Studio Loja Saarinen. Konsthantverkaren Loja Saarinen valde att enbart anställa svenska konstnärer och väverskor i sin studio. Maja Andersson Wirde var ansvarig för Saarinens vävateljé men höll även kurser i textil design och vävning. Under åren i Cranbrook stod hon på sin konstnärliga höjdpunkt och hennes verk från den här tiden är av mycket hög klass. Ett av de första uppdrag som vävateljén fick var att förse den nyuppförda flickskolan Kingswood School med textilier. Här fick Maja Andersson Wirde ett stort ansvar vad det gällde den textila utformningen och ritade ett flertal mattor, gardiner och möbeltyger för byggnadens olika rum. Även till Eliel och Loja Saarinens privata hem ritade hon ett antal mattor. Tyvärr påverkade depressionen Cranbrooks ekonomi och tvingade konsthantverksavdelningarna att stänga sina ateljéer. År 1933 återvände Maja Andersson Wirde till Sverige.\n\nEfter återkomsten till Sverige slog Maja Andersson Wirde sig ned i sin gamla hembygd i Algutsboda. Efter några år startade hon, tillsammans med textilkonstnären [](Sigrid Synnergren), företaget Södra Sveriges Kyrkliga Textil (SSKT). Företaget kom att bli mycket framgångsrikt och försåg många av kyrkorna i Skåne och Småland med framför allt antependier och mässhakar. Under den mest framgångsrika perioden hade man cirka 20 anställda brodöser och väverskor i verkstäderna i Algutsboda och i Lund. Behovet var stort, då användandet av de kyrkliga textilierna förändrades och kom att bli alltmer färgorienterat, samtidigt som det fanns relativt få företag som framställde kyrkliga textilier av hög kvalitet. Maja Andersson Wirde ritade omkring 20 antependier, 25 mässhakar, fyra altarbrun och fyra mattor för SSKT. Dessutom vävdes många av tygerna upp i den vävstuga, som hon lät uppföra på tomten.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde gifte sig aldrig och fick inga barn. Hon avled den 11 februari 1952, 78 år gammal.",
      "text_eng": "Maja Andersson Wirde was one of the leading Swedish textile artists in the first half of the twentieth century.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde was born Sigrid Maria Andersson, but very quickly became known as Maja. During the 1920s she took the surname of Wirde, like several of her siblings. Thus source material records her variously as Maria Andersson, Maja Andersson, Maja Andersson Wirde and Maja Wirde.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde was born in 1873 in Ramkvilla in Småland. She was the daughter of a clergyman, and was one of eight children. Her father was Carl August Andersson and her mother was Carolina Sandberg. When Maja Andersson Wirde was about ten years old the family moved to Karlskrona where she began to attend school. In 1893 the family moved again, this time to Algutsboda where her father had been posted as the local parson. Maja Andersson Wirde showed artistic talent from an early age. In 1897 she began to study at Högre Konstindustriella Skolan, now known as Konstfack, in Stockholm. She wanted to become a drawing teacher. During her studies she went on several study trips abroad. Amongst other places she visited London twice, in 1898-1899 and in 1901, and Italy in 1902.\n\nUpon completing her training Maja Andersson Wirde worked briefly as a drawing teacher at Stockholm city public schools before becoming employed as a pattern designer at Handarbetets Vänner in 1907. She remained there for 20 years. The early 1900s proved to be an important period in Swedish textile art as traditional designs no longer dominated. The patterns became increasingly artistic, inspired by trends from other arts. Handarbetets Vänner was one of the most important actors in the development of the textile arts. Maja Andersson Wirde’s colleagues included [](Maja Sjöström), [](Carin Wästberg) and [](Agda Österberg). During her time at Handarbetets Vänner Maja Andersson Wirde designed a large number of pieces for private customers, as well as for church and official clients. One of her earliest commissions was to design an antependium for Lund cathedral in 1909. This altar frontal piece was also displayed at the major Stockholm exhibition in 1909. Amongst Maja Andersson Wirde’s most important works from her time at Handarbetets Vänner are the carpets for Stockholm city hall from 1915, the carpets for the newly-built patent and registration authority in 1920, as well as textiles and carpets for Swedish American Line’s ship M/S Kungsholm. She created what was then the largest carpet ever produced in Sweden for Stockholm city hall. The carpet in the magistrates’ plenary hall was eleven by four meters long. For the patent and registration authority she herself created seven of the nine carpets that were ordered, including a large carpet for the director general’s room. The textile furnishings for the flagship M/S Kungsholm were divided between several different companies, of which Handarbetets Vänner formed just one. In addition to furniture coverings Maja Andersson Wirde created carpets using different techniques, including four spherical carpets for the music room.\n\nThroughout her time at Handarbetets Vänner Maja Andersson Wirde participated in the many exhibitions the association either organised or was involved in. The major art and industry exhibitions which were held around the turn of the century gave companies, artists and associations important opportunities to expose their work to the wider public. In addition to the Stockholm exhibition of 1909, Maja Andersson Wirde also showed her work at the Baltic exhibition in Malmö in 1914, at Textilmötet in Stockholm in 1920, at Jubileumsutställningen in Gothenburg in 1923, at the World Fair in Paris in 1925, at the exhibition of Swedish handicrafts in New York in 1927, and at the Stockholm exhibition of 1930. She won prizes and special merits at several of the exhibitions.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde finished working at Handarbetets Vänner in 1929 when she began to work at the Cranbrook Academy of Art, located just outside Detroit, Michigan, in the USA. Her work initially involved providing textile art for the various Cranbrook buildings whilst also running the weavers’ studio at Studio Loja Saarinen. The applied arts artist Loja Saarinen only employed Swedish artists and weavers at her studio. Maja Andersson Wirde was responsible for Saarinen’s weavers’ studio but also gave courses on textile design and weaving. Her time at Cranbrook can be seen as the pinnacle of her career and the work she produced there was of exceptionally high quality. One of the first commissions for the weaving studio was to supply textiles for Kingswood School, a newly-built girls’ school. In this Maja Andersson Wirde was largely responsible for everything regarding textile output and she designed several carpets, curtains and textile furnishings for various rooms in the building. She also designed a number of carpets for Eliel and Loja Saarinen’s private residence. Unfortunately, Cranbrook’s finances suffered during the Depression and the art department was forced to close its studios. In 1933 Maja Andersson Wirde returned to Sweden.\n\nAfter her return to Sweden Maja Andersson Wirde settled in her native town of Algutsboda. A few years later she set up the company Södra Sveriges Kyrkliga Textil (SSKT) in collaboration with the textile artist [](Sigrid Synnergren). They supplied many of the churches in Scania and Småland mainly with antependia and chasubles. During their most successful period they employed about 20 embroiderers and weavers in their workshops in Algutsboda and in Lund. They were in constant demand as the use of church textiles was changing with an increasing focus on colours, whilst there were relatively few companies which produced high-quality church textiles. Maja Andersson Wirde designed approximately 20 antependia, 25 chasubles, four altar cloths and four carpets for SSKT. In addition to that, many of the textiles were woven at the weaving studio that she had built on her own grounds.\n\nMaja Andersson Wirde never married and did not have any children. She died on 11 February 1952, aged 78.",
      "translator": {
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          "description": "Av Kim Anderzon",
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          "description": "Åhlander, Lars & Qvist, Per Olov (red.), *Svenska skådespelare i film och TV 1897-2000. Bd 1, A-K*, Svenska filminstitutet [distributör bokh.], Stockholm, 2002",
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          "description": "Kim Anderzon. *Svensk Filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2017-11-10)",
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          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=68851"
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          "description": "Donner, Jörn (red.), *Svensk filmografi. 6, 1960-1969*, Svenska filminstitutet, Stockholm, 1977",
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      "text": "Kim Anderzon var en uppskattad skådespelerska, men också en debattör och opinionsbildare som kunde framföra radikala åsikter utan att stöta sig med den allmänna opinionen.\n\nKim Anderzon föddes 1943 som äldsta barn i en kulturintresserad jämtländsk arbetarfamilj. Hon flyttade till Stockholm redan som 16-åring. Där påbörjade hon först en utbildning till kartritare. Snart kom hon dock in på Teaterstudion, som leddes av Inge Wærn. Den teaterform och teaterideologi som praktiserades vid Teaterstudion byggde på den i Sverige tämligen främmande fysiska teatern, som i sina extrema former närmade sig akrobatik. Den främsta inspiratören var då Jerzy Grotowski, en polsk teaterpedagog och regissör. De sällskap som samlades kring Teaterstudion var vänsterorienterade och feministiska. Vid sidan av Grotowskis experiment diskuterades den franske regissören Antonin Artauds tankar om ”grymhetens teater”, en absurdistisk teaterform som byggde på spontan och fri utlevelse, gärna utan handling eller dialog.\n\nEn av de mest kända fria teatergrupperna vid denna tid var Pistolteatern som grundades 1964. Det var en avantgardistisk scen, som såg den fysiska teatern som uppföljare till den folkliga teatertraditionen i Grotowskis, men också den italienske teatermannen Dario Fos, anda. Kim Anderzon debuterade där 1969 i pjäsen *Direktör Ubu*, skriven efter Alfred Jarrys absurda pjäs *Kung Ubu*. När Pistolteatern fem år senare invigde sin lokal på Torsgatan 41 i Stockholm hade Kim Anderzon blivit del av en sammansvetsad grupp som uppförde såväl klassiker som nyskriven dramatik utifrån sin burleska tolkningstradition. Recensionen från invigningen med den nyskrivna pjäsen *Vi är alla små gäster eller Hyresvär(l)den* framhöll att föreställningen varit tämligen skrikig, men att ensemblen ”förtjänar aktning för sin ärlighet att obarmhärtigt lämna ut sig själva utan glamorös försköning”. Citatet passar för att beskriva Kim Anderzons spelstil och karriär över lag, och gäller även filmen som handlar om hennes sista år, *Kim - den skalliga primadonnan*, 2017, i regi av dottern Tintin Anderzon och Fredrik Egerstrand. \n\nInfluenser från Dario Fos karnevaliska grepp om scen och publik gick att urskilja i Kim Anderzons uttryck också efter att hon tagit farväl av Pistolteatern 1984. Hennes teaterpraktik kom även i fortsättningen att präglas av ett slags inbjudande, energisk närvaro. Hon tog plats i Mosebacke Etablissement med bland annat föreställningarna *Änglasug* av Alberto Moravia – där hon spelade alla fyra rollerna själv – och *Vivagina*, som bygger på Eve Enslers *The Vagina Monologues*. Ensam på scenen kunde hon i dessa föreställningar ohämmat ta rummet i besittning och improvisera utifrån det gensvar hon fick av publiken. Det var inte främmande för henne att beskriva sitt förhållande till publiken i sexuella termer. \n\nFolklighet, så som det tolkades av 1970-talets radikala teaterarbetare, var ibland tämligen främmande för den verkliga folkliga publiken. Kim Anderzon hade dock nycklarna till publikens hjärta. Föreställningarna formades till veritabla långkörare och ägde rum i Folkets Hus och parker, på tillfälliga scener i Parkteaterns regi, som till exempel i Hågelbyparken, där hon säsongen 2009–2010 spelade Strindbergs *Fröken Julie* på ett ohämmat skruvat sätt. \n\nSamtidigt som hon gjorde teaterkarriär medverkade Kim Anderzon i många filmer och TV-serier med början i kortfilmen *Frukost*, 1969. Bland de filmer som hon medverkade i fanns sexualupplysningsfilmerna *Kärlekens XYZ* och *Kärlekens språk*. Sin kanske förnämsta prestation på den vita duken gjorde hon i *Andra dansen*, 1983, i regi av Lárus Óskarsson. Hon fick det årets Guldbagge som bästa skådespelerska för den rollen. Det som förlänade henne titeln ”folkkär” var kanske främst rollerna i populära filmer som *Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen?* och *Göta kanal 2 – Kanalkampen*, och rollen som Siv Svensson i TV-serien *Rederiet*. \n\nKim Anderzon fick flera utmärkelser och stipendier under sin långa karriär. Som exempel kan nämnas *Svenska Dagbladets* Thaliapris 1979 för sin roll i pjäsen *En Kvinna*, och Svenska Akademiens Carl Åkermarks stipendium 1990. Hon blev utsedd till filosofie hedersdoktor vid Mittuniversitetet i Sundsvall år 2012 och fick motta den kungliga medaljen Litteris et Artibus år 2001.\n\nKim Anderzon avled i Vallentuna 2014 och är begravd på Katarina kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Kim Anderzon was a much-loved actress who was also a polemicist and an influencer of public opinion. She successfully promoted radical views without inviting major opposition from the general public. \n\nKim Anderzon was born in 1943. She was the eldest child of a culturally-aware working-class family from Jämtland. She moved to Stockholm when she was only 16 years old. Initially she began training to become a cartographer. However, it was not long before she was accepted at Teaterstudion then led by Inge Wærn. The type of drama and dramatic ideology practised at Teaterstudion was based on what in Sweden was a comparatively alien physical form of drama which at its most extreme resembled acrobatics. The primary source of inspiration was Jerzy Grotowski, a Polish drama instructor and director. The acting companies which assembled around Teaterstudion took western and feminist approaches to their work. Alongside Grotowski’s experiments there were also discussions on the French director Antonin Artaud’s views on “the theatre of cruelty”, an absurdist form of theatre based on spontaneous and freestyle expression, often without a narrative or dialogue. \n\nOne of the best-known independent theatrical groups at this time was Pistolteatern which had been founded in 1964. This was an avant-garde theatre in which, in the spirit of not only Grotowski but also the Italian dramatist Dario Fo, physical drama was viewed as the successor to traditional folk theatre. Kim Anderzon made her debut at that theatre in 1969 performing the play *Direktör Ubu*, which was based on Alfred Jarry’s absurdist play *Kung Ubu*. Five years later Pistolteatern inaugurated their premises at Torsgatan 41 in Stockholm and by then Kim Anderzon had become part of a close-knit group which put on both classical and newly-written plays interpreted in their own burlesque style. Reviews of the inaugural performance of the then newly-written play *Vi är alla små gäster eller Hyresvär(l)den* reveal that although the performance had been somewhat shouty, the ensemble “deserves respect for its honest manner of mercilessly exposing themselves without making recourse to glamorous beautification”. This quote aptly describes Kim Anderzon’s acting style and her career as a whole and can also be applied to the 2017 film which portrays her final year, *Kim – den skalliga primadonnan*, directed by her daughter Tintin Anderzon and Fredrik Egerstrand. \n\nThe influence of Dario Fo’s carnivalesque hold on the stage and its audiences can also be seen in Kim Anderzon’s form of dramatic expression after she had moved on from Pistolteatern in 1984. Her dramatic performances continued to be characterised by a sort of inviting, energetic presence. She joined the Mosebacke Etablissement, appearing in the likes of *Änglasug* by Alberto Moravia – in which she played all four parts herself – and *Vivagina*, based on Eve Ensler’s *The Vagina Monologues*. Given that she stood alone on the stage, these performances allowed her to control the space without inhibition and to improvise based on the reaction she received from the audiences. It was not unusual for her to describe her relationship to the audience in sexual terms. \n\nFolk drama – as interpreted by the radical theatre performers of the 1970s – was sometimes comparatively alien to genuine folk audiences. Nevertheless, Kim Anderzon held the keys to her audiences’ hearts. Her performances became long-running successes put on at Folkets Hus and in public parks, at temporary stages run by the Parkteatern organisation – such as the one in Hågelbyparken where, during the 2009–2010 season, she performed Strindberg’s *Fröken Julie* in an uninhibitedly twisted manner. \n\nAlongside her theatrical career Kim Anderzon also appeared in numerous films and TV-series, beginning with the 1969 short entitled *Frukost*. Her films include the sexual education films *Kärlekens XYZ* and *Kärlekens språk*. Perhaps her best performance on the silver screen came in *Andra dansen*, a film from 1983 directed by Lárus Óskarsson. That year she was awarded the Guldbagge for best actress. It was probably her appearances in popular films such as *Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen?* and *Göta kanal 2 – Kanalkampen*, as well as her portrayal of Siv Svensson in the *Rederiet* TV-series, which led to her becoming a “people’s favourite”. \n\nKim Anderzon received several awards and stipends throughout her long career. For example, in 1979 she was awarded the *Svenska Dagbladet* Thalia prize for her performance in the play *En Kvinna* while in 1990 she received the Carl Åkermann scholarship from the Swedish Academy. In 2012 she was given an honorary doctorate from Mittuniversitetet in Sundsvall. She received the royal Litteris et Artibus medal in 2001.  \n\nKim Anderzon died in Vallentuna in 2014. She is buried at the Katarina parish cemetery on Södermalm, Stockholm.",
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            "date": "1861-01-24"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1877-10-03"
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          "lastname": "Andrée",
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            "date": "1901-10-21"
          },
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          "lastname": "Andrée",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "url": "https://calmview.musikverk.se/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=A255"
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          "description": "Elfrida Andrée. ALVIN - Plattform för digitala samlingar och digitaliserat kulturarv (Hämtad 2018-01-23)",
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          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/resultList.jsf?dswid=-2317&af=%5B%22PER_PID%3Aalvin%5C%5C-person%5C%5C%3A46559%22%5D&p=1&fs=true&searchType=EXTENDED&sortString=relevance_sort_desc&noOfRows=10&query=Elfrida+Andr%C3%A9e+&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22Elfrida+Andr%C3%A9e+%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D"
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      "subtitle": "Kompositör, Sveriges första kvinnliga domkyrkoorganist och dirigent",
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      "text": "Elfrida Andrée var den första svenska kvinnan som tog organistexamen. Hon var också Sveriges första kvinnliga domkyrkoorganist och orkesterdirigent. Hon komponerade kammarmusik och större verk för orkester.\n\nElfrida Andrée föddes 1841 i Visby, där hennes far, Andreas Andrée, var provinsialläkare. Hennes mor, Lovisa Lyth, kom från en välbärgad gotländsk prästsläkt. Elfrida Andrée hade två syskon: [Fredrika, gift Stenhammar,](Fredrika Stenhammar) och Tor. Fadern var mån om att hans båda döttrar skulle få utbildning. Fredrika Andrée utbildades till sångerska i Leipzig. Efter en resa till England 1851 föreslog fadern att Elfrida Andrée skulle utbilda sig till organist. År 1855 flyttade hon till Stockholm och 1856 tog hon sin första organistexamen vid Kungliga Musikaliska Akademiens undervisningsverk. Det gjorde hon som privatist eftersom kvinnor ännu inte hade tillträde till organistutbildningen. År 1861 examinerades hon sista gången och fick högsta betyg i samtliga ämnen. Då hade hon även studerat komposition för Ludvig Norman.\n\nElfrida Andrée fick två arbetsrättsliga lagändringar genomförda. Den första, år 1861, innebar att kvinnor kunde söka tjänster som organister (först 1905 kom lagändringen att kvinnor fick vara kantorer och leda församlingssången). År 1861 tillträdde hon sin första organisttjänst i Stockholm och 1867 sökte hon tillsammans med sju män domkyrkoorganisttjänsten i Göteborg. Hon fick den och innehade den fram till sin död 1929. Under 1860-talet hade hon också som första kvinna i Sverige utbildat sig till telegrafist och 1865 genomfördes en lagändring som gav kvinnor rätt att söka tjänster och vara verksamma som telegrafister, vilket senare blev ett mycket populärt kvinnoyrke.\n\nI Göteborgs musikliv var Elfrida Andrée mycket aktiv. Hennes tjänstgöring bestod i att spela vid gudstjänsterna under söndagarna, för mindre gudstjänster svarade andre organisten. Hon skulle också sköta stämning och mindre reparationer av orgeln. Förutom tjänsten vid domkyrkan gav hon lektioner i piano- och orgelspel främst till unga kvinnor. Hon deltog i salongslivet, bland annat kring S A Hedlund och hos grosshandlaren Carl Levgren och hans familj.\n\nSom kvinnlig pionjär hade Elfrida Andrée det inledningsvis motigt. Hon hade också svårt att få sina kompositioner antagna. År 1865 publicerades emellertid en pianokvintett av henne av Musikaliska Konstföreningen. Inlämnandet till Konstföreningen var alltid anonymt och när Elfrida Andrées namn blev känt uppstod en förlamande tystnad kring verket. År 1869 hade hon komponerat sin första symfoni som uruppfördes i Stockholm vid ett framförande som var så miserabelt att Elfrida Andrée och hennes syster Fredrika lämnade lokalen. Symfonin fick både uppmuntrande och negativa omdömen i recensionerna. Den mest kände recensenten, Wilhelm Bauck, menade dock att kompositionen var ”under ofullkomligheten”.\n\nNär Elfrida Andrée läste John Stuart Mills bok *Qvinnans underordnande ställning* gav det henne mod att fortsätta sin inslagna bana. År 1871 hade hon också klart för sig att kompositioner för orkester var det bästa medlet att visa publiken att även kvinnor kunde komponera. Hon formulerade ett motto som följde henne under hela hennes liv: ”Lättare vore att rycka en bit ur klippan än att från mig rycka min idealidé: det kvinnliga släktets höjande!”\n\nUnder åren som följde intensifierades hennes arbete. Hon deltog i Hedlunds salonger, gav egna salonger med sina elever och hon komponerade. Våren 1872 reste hon till Leipzig och lyssnade på musik och våren 1879 hade hon något av ett genombrott i Göteborg med *Snöfrid* för kör och orkester. Texten hade skrivits av vännen Viktor Rydberg. ”Jag komponerade, jag dirigerade, man applåderade” skrev hon i ett brev och berättade samtidigt\nhur en dirigent hade försökt förhindra både framförandet och att hon själv skulle dirigera. Samma sommar komponerade hon sin andra symfoni, som uruppfördes först våren 1893 som mellanaktsmusik vid Stora teatern. Efter framförandet applåderade publiken hängivet. Dirigenten lyckades dock förhindra att hon kom ner på scenen för att motta applåderna.\n\nUnder 1890-talet var Elfrida Andrée etablerad i Göteborg. Hon hade kontakt med tonsättarna Agathe Backer Gröndahl i Norge, med [](Helena Munktell), [](Valborg Aulin) och [](Laura Netzel) i Sverige. Laura Netzel bodde i Stockholm och var aktiv i kampen för att få kvinnors musik framförd. År 1895 gavs en utställning i Köpenhamn, Kvindernes Udstilling fra Fortid og Nutid, med syfte att ge information om kvinnors liv och arbete. Vid utställningen skulle en konsert ges med musik komponerad av kvinnor och Elfrida Andrées andra stråkkvartett valdes ut. Det var dock svårt att finna kvinnor som kunde spela stråkinstrument. Efter att ha efterlyst kvinnor som ville och kunde ta sig an verket framfördes stråkkvartetten av fyra nordiska kvinnor. Det var sannolikt första gången en stråkkvartett komponerad av en kvinna framfördes offentligt och av kvinnliga musiker.\n\nUnder Elfrida Andrées sista år utförde hon nya bragder. År 1897 övertog hon planeringen och genomförandet av Göteborgs Arbetarinstituts folkkonserter och tillsammans med sin systerdotter [](Elsa Stenhammar) genomförde hon fram till slutet av sitt liv cirka 600 folkkonserter, flera av dem i samarbete med Elsas kusin Wilhelm Stenhammar. Hon gav också orgelkonserter och övertog 1905 även sysslan som kantor vid domkyrkan.\n\nElfrida Andrée efterlämnade över 100 kompositioner. Bland dem finns operan *Fritiofs saga*, 1895, som [](Selma Lagerlöf) skrev librettot till. Operan är komponerad i en blandstil: senromantiskt tysk med inslag av Wagnerpåverkan. Den framfördes aldrig under Elfrida Andrées livstid men har under de senaste åren upplevt en renässans med bland annat Wermland Operas uppförande 2013. Bland Elfrida Andrées verk finns också två symfonier, 1869 och 1879. De är komponerade i tysk romantisk stil och som en efterföljare till Felix Mendelssohns orkestermusik. Även hennes kammarmusik klingar i Mendelssohns efterföljd men här finns också inslag av svensk folkromantik. Av verken för piano och orgel intar orgelsymfonin i h-moll, 1892, det främsta rummet. Av vokalmusiken gäller detsamma de två svenska mässorna, 1902 och 1903. Elfrida Andrées musik fanns fram till mitten av 1990-talet främst i handskrifter. Successivt har dock ett flertal verk publicerats.\n\nElfrida Andrée var en pionjär och hon har varit en förebild. Den andra kvinnliga domkyrkoorganisten kom till Skara 1987, 120 år efter det att Elfrida Andrée var verksam i Göteborg. Intressant i sammanhanget är att en matrikel som gavs ut 1889 över i Sverige då verksamma folkskollärare, organister, kantorer och klockare berättar att det endast i Göteborgs stift fanns flera kvinnor som var organister. De var alla utbildade och examinerade av Elfrida Andrée.\n\nÄven som tonsättare var och är Elfrida Andrée än idag en förebild. År 1921 invaldes hon i den nystiftade Föreningen Svenska Tonsättare, som bildades 1918 och före 1970 endast hade tre kvinnliga medlemmar. Elfrida Andrées musik spelades sällan före 1990. Under de senaste decennierna har emellertid hennes musik börjat spelas vid orkesterkonserter, i radio, i kyrkor och vid kammarmusikkonserter.\n\nElfrida Andrée avled 1929 i Göteborg. Hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Elfrida Andrée was the first Swedish woman to become a qualified organist. She was also the first female cathedral organist and orchestra conductor in Sweden. She composed chamber music and major orchestral pieces.\n\nElfrida Andrée was born in Visby in 1841. Her father Andreas Andrée was a provincial doctor who worked in Visby. Her mother Lovisa Lyth came from a wealthy Gotland clerical family. Elfrida Andrée had two siblings, Fredrika and Tor. Their father ensured that both of his daughters were educated. Fredrika Andréen trained to be a singer in Leipzig. After a visit to England in 1851 Elfrida Andrée’s father suggested that she train as an organist. In 1855 she moved to Stockholm and a year later she sat her first organist’s exam at Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien (the Royal Swedish Academy of Music). She sat it as a private student as women were not yet formally allowed to train as organists. She sat her last exam in 1861 and was awarded top marks in all her subjects. She had by this point also studied composition with Ludvig Norman.\n\nElfrida Andrée succeeded in obtaining reforms to two employment laws. The first, in 1861, meant that women could apply for posts as organists (it was not until 1905 that women legally gained the right to work as cantors and to lead congregations in their singing). Elfrida Andrée began her first job as an organist in Stockholm in 1861 and in 1867 she, and seven men, applied for the post of cathedral organist in Gothenburg. Her application was successful and she held that post until her death in 1929. She was also the first woman in Sweden who trained in telegraphy and in 1865 a legal reform gave women the right to apply for posts and work as telegraphers. This later became a very popular career choice for women.\n\nElfrida Andrée was very active within the musical scene in Gothenburg. Her job entailed playing the organ at the Sunday church service, whilst other organists were responsible for other services. She was also responsible for tuning the organ and undertaking minor reparations to it. In addition to her job at the cathedral she also gave piano and organ lessons, mainly to young women. She was an active member of the salons, particularly S. A. Hedlund’s salon and those held by wholesale merchant Carl Levgren and his family.\n\nElfrida Andrée experienced a certain amount of opposition in her role as a female pioneer. She also found it difficult to get her musical compositions accepted. In 1865 Musikaliska Konstföreningen (the Swedish Art Music Society) published a piano quintet she had composed. Pieces were always submitted anonymously to Konstföreningen and when Elfrida Andrée’s name was revealed her musical piece was treated with a deafening silence. She composed her first symphony in 1869 but it was so poorly performed in Stockholm that both Elfrida Andrée and her sister Fredrika felt forced to leave the premises. Despite this the symphony received both favourable and critical reviews. Wilhelm Bauck, the most prominent reviewer of the day, believed, however, that the composition was “lacking”.\n\nUpon reading John Stuart Mill’s book *The subjection of women* Elfrida Andrée gained the strength to continue on her chosen path. In 1871 she decided that the best way to show audiences that women were also able to write music was to compose orchestral pieces. She came up with a motto which remained with her for life: “It would be easier to tear a piece of rock from the cliffs than to separate me from my cause: to elevate women!”\n\nHer work output intensified over the ensuing years. She participated in Hedlund’s salons, held her own salons with her students, and she wrote music. In the spring of 1872 she travelled to Leipzig to attend concerts and in the spring of 1879 she had a kind of breakthrough in Gothenburg with her piece called *Snöfrid*, written for choir and orchestra. Her friend Viktor Rydberg had written the text. “I composed, I conducted, I was applauded”, she wrote in a letter while also revealing that another conductor had attempted to prevent both the performance and her from conduction. That same summer she composed her second symphony, which was first performed in the spring of 1893 as intermission music at Stora teatern. Following its performance the audience applauded enthusiastically. The conductor was, however, able to prevent her from appearing on stage in order to receive the applause.\n\nDuring the 1890s Elfrida Andrée became part of the Gothenburg establishment. She was in contact with the composer Agathe Backer Gröndahl in Norway and with [](Helena Munktell), [](Valborg Aulin), and [](Laura Netzel) in Sweden. Laura Netzel lived in Stockholm and was actively engaged in the struggle to promote women’s music. In 1895 an exhibition was held in Copenhagen entitled Kvindernes Udstilling fra Fortid og Nutid (“women’s exhibition from days of yore and the present”) intended to inform the public on women’s lives and their work. A concert was to be given at the exhibition performing music written by women and Elfrida Andrée’s second string quartet was selected. However, it proved difficult to find women who could play string instruments. Following a search for women who both could and would play the piece it was eventually performed by four Nordic women. This was probably the first time a string quartet composed by a woman was performed publicly and by female musicians.\n\nElfrida Andrée achieved new feats during her final year of life. In 1897 she took over the planning and implementation of the public concerts of Göteborgs Arbetarinstitut (workers’ institute) and, along with her niece [](Elsa Stenhammar) she held approximately 600 concerts, several of which were collaborations with Elsa’s cousin Wilhelm Stenhammar. She also gave organ concerts and in 1905 she also took on the role of cantor at the cathedral.\n\nElfrida Andrée has left us with 100 pieces of music, including the opera *Fritiofs saga*, 1895, for which [](Selma Lagerlöf) wrote the libretto. The opera is composed in a mix of styles: late-romantic German with a hint of Wagnerian influences. Elfrida Andrée did not live to see it performed but during recent years it has enjoyed a certain renaissance, for instance through the Wermland Opera’s performance of it in 2013. Elfrida Andrée also wrote two symphonies in 1869 and 1879, composed in the German romantic style in the tradition of Felix Mendelssohn’s orchestral music. Her chamber music also resembles Mendelssohn, with the added input of Swedish folk romanticism. Of her pieces for piano and organ it is her organ symphony in b-minor, 1892, which is the most noteworthy. Of her vocal pieces, her two Swedish masses, 1902 and 1903, stand out. Elfrida Andrée’s music was only available in manuscript form until the mid-1990s, but since then several have been published.\n\nElfrida Andrée was a pioneer and a role model. The second female cathedral organist was employed in Skara, in 1987, a full 120 years after Elfrida Andrée’s period in Gothenburg. A matter of related interest is that a list of all the public school teachers, organists, cantors, and bell ringers then active in Sweden which was published in 1889 shows that only in Gothenburg could one find several women who were organists. They had all been trained and examined by Elfrida Andrée.\n\nElfrida Andrée was and remains a role model of composers. In 1921 she was elected onto the newly established Föreningen Svenska Tonsättare (Association of Swedish Composers), which had been set up in 1918 and up to 1970 only had three female members. Elfrida Andrée’s music was rarely played before 1990. However, during the most recent decades her music has come to be played in orchestral concerts, on the radio, in churches, and at chamber music concerts.\n\nElfrida Andrée died in Gothenburg in 1929. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
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          "firstname": "Johan Walfrid",
          "lastname": "Andreen",
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        {
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          "firstname": "John William Nils Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Andreen",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Rut Anna",
          "lastname": "Andreen",
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        {
          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Magna Elisabet, kallad Betsi,",
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        {
          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Finn Olof",
          "lastname": "Andreen",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1896"
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          "firstname": "Sune Erik Henry",
          "lastname": "Andreen",
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1898"
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          "firstname": "Runa Maria",
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          "firstname": "Per Gudmund",
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        {
          "born": {
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            "comment": "1995",
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          "firstname": "William H.",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "lastname": "Forbes",
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          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1881"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1948"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "lastname": "Wohlin",
          "occupation": "Riksdagsman, professor, generaltulldirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1910-12-20"
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            "date": "1990-06-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Hillevi",
          "lastname": "Svedberg",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt, redaktör, statlig utredare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1913-06-26"
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            "date": "1987-09-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Elias",
          "lastname": "Svedberg",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt, inredningsarkitekt, möbelformgivare, direktör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andrea Andreen. ALVIN - Plattform för digitala samlingar och digitaliserat kulturarv (Hämtad 2018-01-23)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/resultList.jsf?dswid=-992&af=%5B%22PER_PID%3Aalvin%5C%5C-person%5C%5C%3A37686%22%5D&p=1&fs=true&searchType=TEXT&sortString=relevance_sort_desc&noOfRows=10&query=andrea+andreen&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22andrea+andreen%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Irene, *Kvinnor mot krig: aktioner och nätverk för fred 1914-1940*, Diss. Lund : Univ., 2001,Lund, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andreen Sachs, Magna, 'Läkaren Andrea Andreen (1888-1972): Hon kämpade för världsfred och bättre livsvillkor för alla', *Läkartidningen*, 2016(113):8 (Hämtad 2018-01-23)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.lakartidningen.se/Aktuellt/Kultur/Kultur/2016/02/Hon-kampade-for-varldsfred-och-battre-livsvillkor-for-alla1/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedin, Edit, *Göteborgs flickskolor: en historisk återblick*, Fören. för svensk undervisningshistoria, Stockholm, S. 226-238, 1967",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larberg, Elisabet & Andreen Sachs, Magna, *Andrea Andreen: för livets skull*, Elisabet Larberg och Magna Andreen Sachs, Stockholm, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Siv, 'Fredskämpe och fäkterska: Andrea Andreen (1888-1972)', *Vi mänskor*, 2000:2, S. 31, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Isaksson, Ulla & Linder, Erik Hjalmar, *Elin Wägner: [en biografi]*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Levin, Hjördis, *En radikal herrgårdsfröken: Elisabeth Tamm på Fogelstad - liv och verk*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundkvist, Artur, 'Tal vid Andrea Andréens jordfästning', *Vi mänskor*, 1972:3, s. 6-7, 1972.",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nilsson, Ulrika, *Kampen om Kvinnan [Elektronisk resurs] : Professionalisering och konstruktioner av kön i svensk gynekologi 1860-1925*, Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2003,Uppsala, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3836"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nilsson, Ulrika, 'Kön, klass och vetenskaplig auktoritet: om kvinnliga läkarpionjärer', *Vetenskapsbärarna / redaktör: Sven Widmalm.*, S. 144-187, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Palmaer, Eva, 'Till minne av Andrea Andreen', *Vi mänskor*, 1972:3, S. 4-5, 1972",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tolvhed, Helena, *På damsidan: femininitet, motstånd och makt i svensk idrott 1920-1990*, Makadam, Göteborg, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vaillant-Coutrier, Marie-Claude, 'Tal vid Andrea Andreens jordfästning', *Vi mänskor*, 1972:3, S. 7, 1972",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Läkare, sexualupplysare, fredsaktivist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Doctor, sexual educator, peace activist",
      "text": "Andrea Andreen var en radikal läkare och banbrytande inom diabetesforskningen. Hon hade ett starkt socialpolitiskt engagemang som bland annat omfattade sexualupplysning och kvinnopolitiska frågor.\n\nAndrea Andreen föddes 1888 och var det äldsta av textilingenjören och fabrikschefen Johan Walfrid Andreens och Selma Eleonore Wennerholms åtta barn. Hon föddes i Örby och bodde under uppväxten även i Norrköping och Fritsla. Föräldrarna var konservativa och troende schartauaner, men ville att döttrarna skulle få studera på samma sätt som sönerna. Andrea Andreen gick först i privatskola i Fritsla och undervisades sedan i hemmet av guvernant. Hon hade tidigt klart för sig att hon ville bli läkare. År 1901 började hon på [](Mathilda Hall)s skola i Göteborg. Två år senare började hon i den allra första så kallade gymnasieklassen vid [](Sigrid Rudebeck)s skola i Göteborg. I december 1905 gick hon upp som privatist för studentexamen vid Göteborgs Högre Latinläroverk. I februari 1906 påbörjade hon sina studier vid Uppsala universitet. Hon bodde i skolhushåll hos en äldre dam, där kristna förgrundsgestalter som Nathan Söderblom och Manfred Björkquist fanns bland gästerna. Hon erhöll den obligatoriska förberedande medicinsk-filosofiska examen i december 1906 och hade planer på att bli läkarmissionär. Under läsåret 1908–1909 var hon även aktiv som styrelsemedlem i Uppsala kristliga studentförbund.\n\nI maj 1909 erhöll Andrea Andreen medicine kandidatexamen och gifte sig på sommaren med Theodor Svedberg, som tidigare varit hennes lärare i kemi. Maken var negativ till hennes medicinstudier och övertalade henne att i stället bli assistent i hans laboratorium. Under åren 1910–1913 läste hon kemi och medicin om vartannat. Hon var aktiv i Uppsala kvinnliga studentförenings sammankomster och läsåret 1913/1914 var hon dess vice ordförande. Hon blev även föreståndare för Uppsala kvinnliga studentförenings ”upplysnings- och platsförmedlingsbyrå”. I slutet av 1914 inleddes skilsmässoförhandlingar mellan henne och Theodor Svedberg. På hans begäran upphörde hans förmyndarskap över barnen och Andrea Andreen flyttade med dem till Stockholm 1915.\n\nAndrea Andreen fortsatte sina studier vid Karolinska Institutet (KI). I Uppsala hade hon lärt känna flera kvinnliga läkare och medicine studerande och nu återknöt hon kontakterna med dem. År 1916 bildades Kvinnliga läkares permanenta kommitté (KLPK), som syftade till att stärka kvinnliga läkares möjligheter och professionella rättigheter. [](Ada Nilsson) tog med Andrea Andreen till KLPK:s första möte, som hölls hemma hos [](Karolina Widerström), vilken hon då träffade för första gången. I kommitténs kärna fanns inledningsvis även Lilly Paykull, Elin Odencrants och [](Nanna Svartz).\n\nSommaren 1917 innehade Andrea Andreen ett förordnande som extra provinsialläkare i Julita distrikt, vilket blev en livsavgörande upplevelse. Vännen [](Honorine Hermelin) hade bett henne att söka tjänsten. Anledningen var att Hermelin bodde i provinsialläkarbostaden och ville bo kvar och fortsätta ge den kurs i jordbruksarbete för arbetslösa fabriksarbeterskor, som hon hade startat tillsammans med [](Kerstin Hesselgren). Med Andrea Andreen på tjänsten kunde kursen fortsätta. Så träffade Andrea Andreen också [](Elisabeth Tamm) på Fogelstad, vars vän och läkare hon senare blev, och via henne [](Elin Wägner), vän och stor förebild.\n\nI januari 1919 erhöll Andrea Andreen medicine licentiatexamen vid Karolinska Institutet (KI). Strax därefter blev hon ledamot av Svenska Läkaresällskapet. Efter examen anställdes hon vid medicinkliniken på Sabbatsbergs sjukhus. Hon ägnade sig särskilt åt behandling av patienter\nmed diabetes och gjorde tillsammans med Israel Hedenius en studie av blodsockernivån hos hjärtsjuka patienter, som resulterade i hennes första vetenskapliga artikel 1921. Under denna tid gjorde hon även studieresor till Berlin, Köpenhamn, London, Cambridge och Edinburgh. Därutöver hade hon privatmottagning. År 1923 startade hon ett kliniskt laboratorium för diabetesprovtagning och analys på Sankt Görans sjukhus. Några år senare övertogs laboratoriet av Stockholms stads hälsovårdsnämnd och utvecklades till att bli allmänt kliniskt, under Andrea Andreens fortsatta ledning. År 1945 bytte laboratoriet namn till Stockholms sjukhusdirektions kliniska centrallaboratorium och Andrea Andreen blev överläkare. Hon kvarstod som dess chef fram till sin pensionering 1953.\n\nVid tre olika tillfällen under åren 1926 till 1932 vistades Andrea Andreen vid Harvard Medical School. På laboratoriet där lärde hon sig den framstående svensk-amerikanska professor Otto Folins metod för blodsockerbestämning och påbörjade egen forskning. Hon besökte även Joslin Diabetes Center och införde sedan professor Elliot P Joslins behandling av diabetes i Sverige, vilken kombinerade insulin och specialkost. Andrea Andreen, som från 1925 även var läkare vid Stockholms stads norra diabetesmottagning, var en av de första svenska läkarna som använde insulin. År 1933 disputerade hon i klinisk kemi vid KI på doktorsavhandlingen *On the distribution of sugar between plasma and corpuscles in animal and human blood*.\n\nParallellt med studier, arbete och forskning fortsatte Andrea Andreens sociala engagemang. Tillsammans med Ada Nilsson, [](Alma Sundquist) och [](Gerda Kjellberg) med flera fortsatte hon Karolina Widerströms gärning inom sexualupplysning och friskvård. Hon undervisade i fysiologi vid Högre lärarinneseminariet i Stockholm 1921–1941, i hälsolära vid Brummerska skolan och Statens normalskola för flickor 1922–1929 och i ärftlighetslära och sexualhygien vid Institutet för socialpolitisk och kommunal utbildning och forskning. Hon var även skolläkare vid högre allmänna läroverket för flickor i Stockholm 1929–1947 och ordförande i Stockholms stads mödrahjälpsnämnd 1938–1941. Tillsammans med Ada Nilsson utgav hon 1935 *Undervisning i sexualhygien*. Kvinnors rätt till idrott var en annan fråga som engagerade Andrea Andreen, Karolina Widerström, Ada Nilsson med flera, och 1924 bildade de Svenska kvinnors centralförbund för fysisk kultur (SKCFK). SKCFK var kontroversiellt för idrottsrörelsen, vilket Andrea Andreen försökte bemöta genom att även vara medlem av 1927 års damkommitté inom Svenska idrottsförbundet.\n\nEtt av Andrea Andreens viktigare uppdrag var 1935 års befolkningskommission. Ordförande var Nils Wohlin och i kommissionen satt Gunnar Myrdal, Sven Wicksell, Nils von Hofsten, Karl Magnusson, John Persson, [](Disa Västberg), samt senare Elin Wägner. Andrea Andreen hade flera uppdrag i kommissionen. Hon var ordförande för avdelningen som arbetade med lagförslag till förbud att avskeda kvinnor på grund av äktenskap, havandeskap och barnsbörd; hon skrev den känsliga delen om preventivmedel i kommissionens förslag till att upphäva preventivmedelslagen och hon arbetade för införande av varm skollunch. Nils Wohlin blev under kommissionens arbete hennes andra make. De var gifta 1937–1942.\n\nSom medlem i Fogelstadgruppen var Andrea Andreen från 1920-talet och framåt på olika sätt involverad i Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund (FRK) tillsammans med Ada Nilsson, Gerda\nKjellberg, Alma Sundquist, Elin Wägner, [](Eva Andén) och Kerstin Hesselgren. År 1931 ombildades förbundet till Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund (SKV). Likaså var hon regelbunden artikelförfattare i tidskriften *Tidevarvet*.\n\nFogelstadkretsen var liksom många svenska intellektuella nyfikna på Sovjet. Andrea Andreens första besök i landet skedde 1934, på en studieresa till Leningrad och Moskva arrangerad av socialdemokratiska kvinnoförbundets tidskrift *Morgonbris*. Hon skrev flera reportage för tidskriften och blev senare medlem i Socialdemokratiska partiet, 1937–1948. Med på resan var bland andra Elin Wägner, [](Flory Gate), [](Signe Höjer) och Harry och [](Moa Martinson).\n\nNär Kvinnornas Demokratiska Världsförbund (KDV) bildades i Paris 1945 deltog Andrea Andreen som observatör för den så kallade Radikala gruppen inom SKV, som samlade Fogelstadkretsen. Hon rapporterade även för *Morgonbris*. Hon övertog ordförandeskapet i SKV efter Kerstin Hesselgren och innehade posten 1946–1964. År 1950 anslöt sig SKV till Svenska Fredskommitténs namninsamling mot atomvapen, den så kallade Stockholmsapellen. Svenska Fredskommittén (SFK) var i sin tur ansluten till det i Helsingfors 1949 bildade World Peace Council, Världsfredsrådet, (WPC). WPC stöddes av Sovjetunionen och motarbetades av USA.\n\nFrån den 13 december 1951 och fram till sin död 1972 övervakades Andrea Andreen av SÄPO. SÄPO:s intresse torde ha stärkts av att WPC 1952 utsåg henne som en av sex vetenskapliga experter för att undersöka om USA använt bakteriologisk krigföring i Korea och Kina, the International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in China and Korea. Kommissionen samlade och analyserade material under resor i Kina och Korea under sommaren 1952 och nådde slutsatsen att USA hade använt bakteriologisk krigföring. Andrea Andreen översatte kommissionens rapport till svenska och utgav den med eget förord och reseberättelse på eget förlag, *Bakteriekrig i Korea och Kina: rapport från den internationella vetenskapliga kommissionen för undersökning av fakta rörande bakteriekrig i Korea och Kina*, 1952. Arbetet med kommissionen renderade henne dels Internationella Stalin-fredspriset 1953 som hon mottog vid en ceremoni i Moskva 1954, dels hätsk kritik och personliga påhopp. Det minskade inte hennes engagemang i fredsrörelsen som hon behöll livet ut. Hennes sista artikel bar titeln ”Krigföring med BC-vapen” och publicerades i *Vi mänskor* våren 1971.\n\nAndrea Andreen dog 1972 och vilar i Minneslunden på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Andrea Andreen was a radical doctor and a trailblazer within research on diabetics. She was very active on a socio-political level, including sex education and women’s political issues.\n\nAndrea Andreen was born in Örby in 1888. She was the eldest of eight children born to Johan Walfrid Andreen, a textile specialist and factory manager, and his wife Selma Eleonore Wennerholm. Although Andrea Andreen was born in Örby she also spent some of her childhood in Norrköping and Fritsla. Her parents were conservative and Schartauanists, but they nevertheless felt their daughters should have the same access to education as their sons. Andrea Andreen initially attended a private school in Fritsla but was then home-schooled by a governess. She knew from an early age that she wanted to become a doctor. In 1901 she attended [](Mathilda Hall)’s school in Gothenburg. Two years later she was enrolled at the very first so-called “highschool” class at [](Sigrid Rudebeck)’s school, also in Gothenburg. In December 1905 she sat her school-leaving exam as a private student at Göteborgs Högre Latinläroverk. She began her studies at Uppsala University in February 1906. She boarded with an elderly lady, whose lodgers included the likes of Christian figureheads Nathan Söderblom and Manfred Björkquist. She sat the obligatory preparatory medical-philosophical exams in December 1906 and planned to become a missionary doctor. During the 1908-1909 academic year she was also an active member of the board for the Uppsala Christian students’ association.\n\nIn May 1909 Andrea Andreen gained her medical degree and that summer she married Theodor Svedberg, who had previously been one of her chemistry teachers. Her husband was not supportive of her medical studies and convinced her to become his assistant in his laboratory instead. From 1910 to 1913 she studied both chemistry and medicine. She was active in the Uppsala female students’ association and attended their meetings, and during the academic year of 1913-1914 she served as the association’s vice-chair. She also became the director of Uppsala female students’ association information and careers advice office. At the end of 1914 she began divorce proceedings against Theodor Svedberg. At his request his guardianship of their children was rescinded and Andrea Andreen and her children moved to Stockholm in 1915.\n\nAndrea Andreen continued her studies at Karolinska Institutet (KI). She had become acquainted with several female doctors and medical students in Uppsala and she re-ignited these contacts. In 1916 the Kvinnliga läkares permanenta kommitté (KLPK, female doctors’ permanent committee) was established, with a goal of improving opportunities for female doctors and their professional rights. [](Ada Nillson) brought Andrea Andreen to the first KLPK meeting which was held at [](Karolina Widerström)’s house and whom Andrea Andreen then met for the very first time. The core of the committee at this point included Lilly Paykull, Elin Odencrants and [](Nanna Svartz).\n\nIn the summer of 1917 Andrea Andreen held the post of extra provincial doctor in the Julita district. This became a life-changing experience for her. She had been prompted to apply for the post by her friend [](Honorine Hermelin). The reason for this was that Hermelin was a resident at the provincial doctor’s accommodation and wanted to remain there in order to continue running her course in agricultural practises for unemployed female factory workers which she had started together with [](Kerstin Hesselgren). As long as Andrea Andreen took the post the course could continue. Thus Andrea Andreen also became acquainted with [](Elisabet Tamm) at Fogelstad – later becoming not only her friend but also her doctor – and through her she met [](Elin Wägner), who became a friend and a major role model.\n\nIn January 1919 Andrea Andreen gained her medical licentiate at KI, and shortly thereafter she became a member of Svenska Läkaresällskapet (Swedish medical association). She became employed at the medical clinic at Sabbatsberg hospital where she focused particularly on treating diabetic patients. She and Israel Hedenius undertook a joint study of blood sugar levels in patients with heart disease, and she produced her first scientific research article on the results in 1921. She also travelled to Berlin, Copenhagen, London, Cambridge, and Edinburgh during this period. On top of all this she also had a private surgery. In 1923 she set up a clinical laboratory for diabetic testing and analysis at Sankt Göran hospital. A few years later the laboratory was transferred to Stockholm’s city health authority and was developed into a general clinic, with Andrea Andreen as its director. In 1945 the name of the laboratory was changed to Stockholms sjukhusdirektions kliniska centrallaboratorium (Stockholm hospital governing board’s clinical central laboratory) and Andrea Andreen served as its chief physician. She remained in post until she retired in 1953.\n\nAndrea Andreen made three separate visits to Harvard Medical School during the 1926-1932 period. At the Harvard laboratory she learned the method that Professor Otto Folin, a prominent Swedish-American, used to determine blood sugar levels and initiated her own research. She also visited Joslin Diabetes Center and subsequently introduced Professor Elliot P. Joslin’s diabetic treatment into Sweden, which involved combining insulin use with following a special diet. Andrea Andreen, who served as a doctor at Stockholm city’s northerly diabetic clinic from 1925, was one of the first Swedish doctors to use insulin. In 1933 she defended a thesis in clinical chemistry at KI for her dissertation entitled *On the distribution of sugar between plasma and corpuscles in animal and human blood*.\n\nAlong with her studies, her work, and her research Andrea Andreen maintained her social activism. She and Ada Nilsson, [](Alma Sundquist), and [](Gerda Kjellberg), and others, continued Karolina Widerström’s work on sex education and hygiene. She taught physiology at Högre lärarinneseminariet in Stockholm from 1921 to 1941, health education at the Brummer school and Statens normalskola för flickor from 1922 to 1929; and genetics and sexual hygiene at the Institut för socialpolitisk och kommunal utbildning och forskning. Further, she was a school doctor at Högre allmänna läroverket för flickor in Stockholm from 1929 to 1947, and she served as the chair of Stockholm city maternity aid authority from 1938 to 1941. In 1935 she and Ada Nilsson jointly published *Undervisning i sexualhygien*. Along with Karolina Widerström, Ada Nilsson, and others, she was also actively engaged in promoting the rights of women to participate in sports and in 1924 the Svenska kvinnors centralförbund för fysisk kultur (SKCFK, Swedish women’s central association for physical activity) was set up. This association was controversial within the wider sports movement and Andrea Andreen tried to counter this by serving as a member of the 1927 women’s committee of the Svenska idrottsförbund (Swedish sports association).\n\nOne of Andrea Andreen’s most important roles was as part of the 1935 census commission. Its chair was Nils Wohlin and the commission included Gunnar Myrdal, Sven Wicksell, Nils von Hoftsten, Karl Magnusson, John Persson, [](Disa Wästberg) and, later, Elin Wägner. Andrea Andreen took on several tasks within the commission. She was chair of the section which looked into proposed legislation to make it illegal to dismiss women for being married, pregnant or having children. She wrote the most sensitive section of the commission’s proposal to rescind the contraception law and she also supported the introduction of hot school lunches. Nils Wohlin became her second husband during the time they worked on the commission together. They were married from 1937 to 1942.\n\nFurther, Andrea Andreen’s membership of the Fogelstad group meant that from the 1920s onwards, along with Ada Nilsson, Gerda Kjellberg, Alma Sundqvit, Elin Wägner, [](Eva Andén), and Kerstin Hesselgren, she was active in Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund (FRK, liberal women’s national association) in a variety of ways. In 1931 the organisation was recast as Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund (SKV, Swedish women’s left-wing association). She was also a regular contributor of articles to the journal *Tidevarvet*.\n\nThe Fogelstad group, like many Swedish intellectuals at this time, was intrigued by the Soviet Union. Andrea Andreen made her first visit there in 1934, on a study visit to Leningrad and Moscow which had been arranged by *Morgonbris*, the journal of the social democratic women’s association. Andrea Andreen wrote several reports for the journal and later joined the Social Democratic party, from 1937-1948. Her fellow travellers to the Soviet Union included Elin Wägner, [](Flory Gate), [](Signe Höjer), and Harry and [](Moa Martinsson).\n\nWhen the Women’s International Democratic Federation was established in Paris in 1945 Andrea Andreen attended as an observer on behalf of the so-called Radical group within SKV, which included the Fogelstad group. She also submitted reports to *Morgonbris*. She then became chair of SKV, as Kerstin Hesselgren’s successor, remaining in post from 1946 to 1964. In 1950 SKV supported Svenska Fredskommitténs (SFK, Swedish peace committee’s) petition against atomic weapons, known as “the Stockholm appeal”. SFK in turn supported the World Peace Council, set up in Helsinki in 1949, which had the Soviet Union’s support whereas it was opposed by the USA.\n\nFrom 13 December 1951 onwards and until her death in 1972 Andrea Andreen was a subject of the Swedish Security Service’s (SÄPO) interest. She had gained SÄPO’s interest when the World Peace Council appointed her as one of six scientific experts to investigate whether USA had used bacterial weapons in Korea and in China, on the International Scientific Commission for the Facts Concerning Bacterial Warfare in China and Korea. This commission gathered and analysed material during visits to China and Korea during the summer of 1952 and concluded that USA had in fact used bacterial weapons. Andrea Andreen translated the commission report into Swedish and self-published it with her own foreword and travelogue, entitled *Bakteriekrig i Korea och Kina: rapport från den internationella ventenskapliga kommissionen för undersökning av fakta rörande bakterikrig i Korea och Kina,* 1952. She was awarded the International Stalin prize in 1953 for her work with the commission, and she accepted the award at a ceremony in Moscow in 1954. This award also made her the subject of vehement criticism and personal attacks. This in no way impacted on her activism on behalf of the peace movement which she continued throughout her life. Her last article was entitled “Krigföring med BC-vapen” and it was published in *Vi mänskor* in the spring of 1971.\n\nAndrea Andreen died in 1972 and lies within the memorial grounds of The Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm.",
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Missionaries",
        "Authors",
        "Social work",
        "Christianity",
        "Nurses",
        "Deacons"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-06T08:52:31",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 62,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1909-03-04",
            "date": "1909-03-04"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Marstrands församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.885833,
              "lon": 11.580833
            },
            "place": "Marstrand"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1971-10-31",
            "date": "1971-10-31"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Marstrands församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.885833,
              "lon": 11.580833
            },
            "place": "Marstrand"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Greta/ Ebba Sofia",
        "lastname": "Andrén",
        "sortname": "Andrén"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "detail": "Missionär vid Israelsmissionen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.208174,
              "lon": 16.373819
            },
            "place": "Wien, Österrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare, skribent",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "detail": "Missionär vid Israelsmissionen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 31.768319,
              "lon": 35.21371
            },
            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "detail": "Missionär, husmor, Svenska teologiska institutet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 31.768319,
              "lon": 35.21371
            },
            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Israelsmissionen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Syster Greta",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.885833,
              "lon": 11.580833
            },
            "place": "Marstrand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.208174,
              "lon": 16.373819
            },
            "place": "Wien, Österrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 31.768319,
              "lon": 35.21371
            },
            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 31.768319,
              "lon": 35.21371
            },
            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.885833,
              "lon": 11.580833
            },
            "place": "Marstrand"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Greta Andrén, 1935. Fotograf okänd. Svenska kyrkans arkiv, Uppsala",
          "description_eng": "Greta Andrén, 1935. Photographer unknown. Svenska kyrkans arkiv, Uppsala",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andren_Greta.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-29",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-06-15",
            "date": "1874-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-05-16",
            "date": "1947-05-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Flamina",
          "lastname": "Andrén, född Larsson",
          "occupation": "Bokhållare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-02-07",
            "date": "1870-02-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1924-04-08",
            "date": "1924-04-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Anders Rickard",
          "lastname": "Andersson, senare Andrén",
          "occupation": "Sillexportör, bokhållare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1913-12-31",
            "date": "1913-12-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1916-10-31",
            "date": "1916-10-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Sven Andreas",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, ’Den judiska kvinnan och Kristus’, *Svenska israelsmissionen*, 1942, s. 51-57",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, *Ett Kristus-brev: Gerty Fischer*, Svenska israelmissionen, Stockholm, 1944",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, ’Nyantagen missionär’, *Missionstidning för Israel*, 1935, 62, s. 36-38",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, *Palestinabilder*, Israelsmissionen, Stockholm, 1949",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, *På bibliska platser*, Sv. israelsmissionens småskrifter 2, Stockholm, 1947",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta, *Sången i förföljelsetider*, Svenska Israelsmissionens småskrifter 1, Stockholm, 1945",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andrén, Greta & Jellinek, Johannes, *Ägande allt: människoöden*, Svenska Israelsmissionen, Stockholm, 1959",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carmesund, Ulf, *Refugees or returnees: European Jews, Palestinian Arabs and the Swedish Theological Institute in Jerusalem around 1948*, Teologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2010,Uppsala, 2010",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129819"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forsberg, Arne & Forsberg, Vera (red.), *"Men jag säger eder-": Riksorganisationen Kyrkan och judendomen (RKJ) 100 år*, Schalom, Stockholm, 1975",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Glemme, Ingemar, ’Med en öppenhet för tron’, *Svenska kyrkans tidning*, 2001:12, s. 7",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedenquist, Göte, ’Greta Andrén’, *Kyrkan och judendomen*, 1971:1, s. 38-39",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Knutsson, Bengt, *Den misstänkte orientalisten: ordensprydd språkforskare berättar om gåtfulla världar*, Carlssons, Stockholm, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Knutsson, Bengt, *Jag minns mitt Jerusalem: en svensk orientalist bland judar och araber*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Melander, Sven S., *Diakoni och diakonat i Väst: Göteborgs diakonissanstalt och Stiftelsen Bräcke diakonigård 1920-1989*, Bräcke diakoni & Arcus, Lund, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nerel, Gershon, ‘Operation mercy on the eve of the establishment of the State of Israel : the “exodus” of Jewish disciples of Yeshua from the land of Israel in 1948’, *Mishkan*, 2009, 61, s. 21-32",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pernow, Birger, ’Nyantagen missionär’, *Missionstidning för Israel*, 1935, 62, 35-36",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pernow, Birger, *Sjuttio år för Israel: Svenska israelmissionen 1875-1945*, Svenska Israelmissionen, Stockholm, 1945",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roxman, Karin, *Sverige i Jerusalem: dröm och verklighet*, Bokverket, Stockholm, 2020",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska kyrkans arkiv. Uppsala (Hämtad 2020-09-21)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/arkiv"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Missionär, diakon, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Missionary, welfare worker, author",
      "text": "Greta Andrén var diakon, sjuksköterska, missionär och författare, samt grundare av det Svenska teologiska institutet i Jerusalem. Med sitt arbete representerade hon en brobyggande insats som många kristna organisationer genomförde efter andra världskriget.\n\nGreta Andrén föddes den 4 mars 1909 och växte upp i Marstrand. Fadern arbetade med sillexport och modern med bokföring. De senare tonåren präglades av faderns tidiga död 1924 och bästa vännens bortgång några år senare. Efter realskoleexamen studerade hon bibelhebreiska, engelska och tyska vid Göteborgs högskola (nuvarande Göteborgs universitet). Vid tolv års ålder upplevde hon en kallelse att bli diakon och med den målsättningen fortsatte hon studierna vid Göteborgs diakonissanstalt (nuvarande Bräcke diakoni). Greta Andrén mötte sannolikt judiskt liv och kultur i Göteborg, där även Israelsmissionen hade ett aktivt arbete.\n\nGreta Andréns intresse för judisk-kristna relationer väcktes då hon träffat judiska patienter på Ersta sjukhus i Stockholm 1934. Sedan hon kontaktat Israelsmissionens kontor fick hennes karriär en ny riktning. I december samma år avreste hon till Wien för tjänstgöring vid Israelsmissionens station där. I maj 1935 återkom hon till Sverige för att först bli vigd till diakon och efter ytterligare två dagar bli vigd till missionär. Som ogift förväntades Greta Andrén ha sin fasta punkt i det systerhem som fanns på missionen i Wien.\n\nI det judiskt präglade Wien riktades missionen mot sekulariserade judar och judar som var gifta med kristna. Under denna tid bedrevs mission genom utåtriktat arbete, vilket innefattade bland annat socialt bistånd och en församlingstillhörighet för de döpta judarna. ”Syster Greta”, som hon nu kallades, fick olika uppgifter. Det gällde dels uppsökande verksamhet, dels undervisning för kvinnor, speciellt i ”ungdomskretsen”. Hon spelade också orgel på de söndagliga gudstjänsterna. Greta Andrén skrev regelbundet artiklar och hälsningar i *Missionstidning för Israel*.\n\nDå Hitlertyskland ockuperade Wien i mars 1938 förändrades både judarnas och missionärernas tillvaro. Nazitysklands ras- och segregeringslagar genomfördes och de ”kristna av judisk börd”, som de kallades av missionens anställda, fick en problematisk mellanställning. De hade förskjutits av den judiska kommuniteten, och de förföljdes av nazisterna. Missionens verksamhet inriktades nu på flyktinghjälp, speciellt assistans med viseringar och utresor. Barn och unga hade lättast att få utresetillstånd. Greta Andrén bevittnade hur medlemmar i hennes kvinno- och ungdomskrets lämnade Wien, antingen som flyktingar eller som deporterade till ghetton och läger i Polen.\n\nI boken *Ett Kristus-brev: Gerty Fischer*, 1944, återgav Greta Andrén det öde som drabbade Gerty Fischer. Hon var döpt men blev deporterad i februari 1941 och sannolikt mördad i Kielce i augusti 1942. Greta Andréns bok väckte uppmärksamhet och fick tryckas i nya upplagor. Den blev också översatt till nordiska språk och till tyska. Efter sin återkomst till Sverige 1941 var Greta Andrén en flitigt anlitad föredragshållare och känd för den kristna svenska publiken.\n\nEfter kriget kunde Greta Andrén återvända kort till Wien 1946. Senare reste hon även i efterkrigstidens Tyskland för att utreda biståndsbehov och återetableringen av missionens arbete. Samma år blev hon kallad till ett nytt uppdrag av Israelsmissionen: att etablera ett svenskt institut i Jerusalem. Israelsmissionens planer med ett kombinerat studie- och missionscenter skulle dock visa sig vara svåra att genomföra. Inbördeskriget eskalerade under det brittiska mandatets sista år.\n\nI maj 1946 anlände Greta Andrén med båt till Haifa. Hennes uppdrag var att finna lokaler och knyta kontakter för institutet och lära sig modern hebreiska. Greta Andrén dokumenterade sina resor i landet med stillbilder och med färgfilm. En del av materialet publicerades med reseskildringarna i böckerna *På bibliska platser*, 1947, och *Palestinabilder*, 1949.\n\nLokalfrågan löstes av den svenske konsuln ”Lewis” Larsson, som anlänt med Nåsborna 1896. Det visade sig att missionären [](Hilda Andersson)s hus Svenskbo på Olivberget var olämpligt för studentverksamhet. Lewis Larsson upplät istället övervåningen på det svenska konsulatet på Nablus Road. Här fick Greta Andrén och den förste direktorn Harald Sahlin bo, trots de tilltagande oroligheterna. Ofta hördes ljudet av explosioner och skottväxling. I september 1947 exploderade en bomb utanför det svenska konsulatet. Ingen kom till skada, men tillvaron i Jerusalem ansågs inte längre säker.\n\nPå grund av oroligheterna kunde man inte börja något studieprogram, men missionsverksamheten fortsatte tillsammans med organisationen The Church’s Ministry Among the Jewish People (CMJ). Greta Andrén frekventerade den anglikanska församlingen, Christ Church, belägen innanför Jaffaporten. Där fanns en etablerad missionsverksamhet till judar. I församlingskretsen fanns även Hilda Andersson och den engelska missionären Hannah Hurnard. Under sin första tid i Jerusalem umgicks Greta Andrén även med [](Signe Ekblad) rektor för den Svenska skolan. Ekblad lärde Andrén om Jerusalems krassa verklighet.\n\nTvå judar blev döpta i Jerusalem genom Greta Andréns försorg. Detta kom att innebära problem. Den brittiska administrationen var på väg att lämna landet och kaoset ökade. Rykten var i omlopp om kidnappningar av judar som blivit kristna. Missionärerna fruktade en massaker av de döpta judarna. Man kontaktade nu de brittiska myndigheterna i syfte att evakuera. Greta Andrén återvände till Sverige för att kunna påskynda evakueringen genom Israelsmissionens Stockholmskontor. Evakueringen ägde rum i april och maj 1948 och fick namnet ”Operation Mercy”. Runt 100 personer transporterades till Haifa för vidare båttransport till England. Denna grupp döpta judar återvände aldrig till landet.\n\nI november 1949 återvände Greta Andrén till Jerusalem. Efter vapenstilleståndet samma år var staden uppdelad i en arabisk-jordansk och en judisk-israelisk del. Tillsammans med Göte Hedenquist, en kollega från tiden i Wien, förhandlade hon med det israeliska utbildningsdepartementet och erhöll tillstånd att börja verksamhet som forsknings- och studieinstitut. Villkoret var att missionsverksamhet inte fick bedrivas. En lämplig fastighet hittades. Det blev landmärket Beit Tavor (Tabors hus) på Profeternas gata, i den judiska delen av staden. Huset stod nästan tomt och man lyckades hyra delar av fastigheten. Hans Kosmala, en annan av Greta Andréns kollegor från tiden i Wien, kom att bli direktor. Greta Andrén blev utsedd till husmor.\n\nDe första studenterna började sin studietermin på det Svenska teologiska institutet i Jerusalem i februari 1951. Rum och fastighet hade snyggats upp och en köksavdelning inrättats, men omständigheterna var knappa. Det rådde matransonering och det var svårt att förvara färska livsmedel. Genom planering och uppfinningsrikedom lyckades Greta Andrén etablera rutiner för mat och husskötsel. Då svenska turistgrupper började komma till institutet var höjdpunkten Greta Andréns föredrag "Boken, Landet och Folket".\n\nAtt institutet snabbt vann erkännande hos israeliska myndigheter och hos allmänheten var i hög grad Greta Andréns förtjänst. Hon byggde upp ett stort kontaktnätverk i Jerusalem. Greta Andrén omnämndes ofta som en andra ambassadör för Sverige. Hon belönades med Vasaorden 1960. Officiella personers besök på institutet uteblev inte heller. Israels president Yitzchak Ben-Zvi besökte institutet och även det svenska statsministerparet Tage och [](Aina Erlander), i mars 1962.\n\nDet Svenska teologiska institutet var det första kristna institut som grundades i staten Israel och bidrog till en förtroendefull dialog mellan judar och kristna. De flesta studenterna upplevde sin studietermin som en ögonöppnare för judendomen och landet Israel. Till institutets agenda hörde att undervisa om antisemitismen och kristendomens delaktighet i hatet mot judar. Varje termin samlade Greta Andrén studenterna och berättade om sina erfarenheter från Hitlertidens Wien. Förändringen från missionens instrumentella syn på judendom till stöd och sympati för judisk tro och liv var nu tydlig och uttalad.\n\nEfter 20 år som husmor i Jerusalem återvände Greta Andrén till Sverige under hösten 1971. Hon var då svårt sjuk och dog i Marstrand den 31 oktober. Hon blev begravd i sina föräldrars grav på Koöns begravningsplats.",
      "text_eng": "Greta Andrén was a deaconess, nurse, missionary and author, as well as the founder of the Swedish theological institute in Jerusalem. Through her work, she represented the reconciliatory contribution carried out by many Christian organisations after the second world war.\n \nGreta Andrén was born on 4 March 1909 and grew up on the west coast island of Marstrand. Her mother worked in accountancy and her father worked in herring export. Her later teens were marked by her father’s early death in 1924 and her best friend’s death a few years later. After taking her lower school certificate, she studied biblical Hebrew, English and German at Gothenburg College (now the University of Gothenburg). At the age of twelve, she experienced being called to be a deaconess and with that aim, she continued her studies at the Gothenburg deaconess institute (now Bräcke diakoni). Greta Andrén probably came across Jewish life and culture in Gothenburg, where the Israel mission was also active.\n \nGreta Andrén’s interest in Jewish-Christian relations awoke when she met Jewish patients at Ersta hospital in Stockholm in 1934. Since she had come in contact with the Israel mission’s office, her career took a new turn. In December the same year, she travelled to Vienna to work at the Israel mission’s station there. In May 1935, she returned to Sweden firstly to be ordained as a deaconess and thereafter to be ordained as a missionary. As an unmarried woman, Greta Andrén was expected to have her home in the sisters’ home at the mission in Vienna. \n\nIn Vienna with its Jewish character, the mission was aimed at secularised Jews and Jews married to Christians. The mission carried out its work at that time through outreach, which included among other things social support and belonging to a congregation for the christened Jews. “Sister Greta”, as she was now called, had varying assignments. She partly did outreach work and partly taught women, especially in the “young people’s circle”. She also played the organ at the Sunday services. Greta Andrén regularly wrote articles and greetings in *Missionstidning för Israel*. \n\nWhen Hitler’s Germany occupied Vienna in March 1938, life changed for both the Jews and the missionaries. Nazi Germany’s race and segregation laws were introduced and the “Christians of Jewish birth”, as they were called at the mission, had a problematical situation. They had been disowned by the Jewish community and they were persecuted by the Nazis. The mission’s operations now turned to refugee aid, especially assistance with visas and leaving the country. It was easiest to organise permission for children and young people to leave the country. Greta Andrén witnessed how members of her women’s and young people’s circles left Vienna, either as refugees or as deportees to ghettos and camps in Poland.\n \nIn the book *Ett Kristus-brev: Gerty Fischer* in 1944, Greta Andrén recounted the fate that struck Gerty Fischer. She was christened but was deported in February 1941 and probably murdered in Kielce in August 1942. Greta Andrén’s book awoke attention and new editions had to be printed. It was also translated into other Nordic languages and into German. After her return to Sweden in 1941, Greta Andrén was a regular lecturer and well known to Christian Swedish audiences. \n\nAfter the war, Greta Andrén was able to return briefly to Vienna in 1946. Then she also travelled around in post-war Germany to investigate aid needs and the reestablishment of the mission’s work. The same year, she was called to a new assignment by the Israel mission: to establish a Swedish institute in Jerusalem. The Israel mission’s plans for a combined study and mission centre would however prove to be difficult to carry out. The civil war escalated during the final years of the British mandate.\n \nIn May 1946, Greta Andrén arrived in Haifa by boat. Her assignment was to find premises and make contacts for the institute and to learn modern Hebrew. Greta Andrén documented her travels in the country with photographs and colour film. Part of the material was published with travel depictions in the books *På bibliska platser* in 1947, and *Palestinabilder* in 1949. \n\nThe matter of premises was solved by the Swedish consul “Lewis” Larsson, who had arrived with the Nås people in 1896. It turned out that the missionary [](Hilda Andersson)’s house Svenskbo on the Mount of Olives was unsuitable for student activities. Lewis Larsson made the upper floor of the Swedish consulate in Nablus Road available instead. There Greta Andrén and the first director, Harald Sahlin were able to live, despite the increasing unrest. The sound of explosions was often heard, as was shooting. In September 1947, a bomb exploded outside the Swedish consulate. Nobody was injured but life in Jerusalem was no longer considered safe.\n \nOn account of the unrest, they were unable to start any study programmes, but the missionary work continued together with the organisation The Church’s Ministry Among the Jewish People (CMJ). Greta Andrén often attended the Anglican congregation at Christ Church, situated just inside the Jaffa Gate. There existed an established missionary enterprise for the Jews. Hilda Andersson and the English missionary Hannah Hurnard also belonged to the congregation.\n \nTwo Jews were christened in Jerusalem through Greta Andrén. This was to lead to problems. The British administration was about to leave the country and the chaos was increasing. Rumours circulated about kidnappings of Jews who had become Christians. Missionaries feared a massacre of those Jews. They contacted the British authorities with the aim of evacuation. Greta Andrén returned to Sweden to hurry along the evacuation via the Israel mission’s Stockholm office. Evacuation took place in April and May 1948 under the name “Operation Mercy”. About 100 persons were transported to Haifa for further transport by ship to England. This group of christened Jews never returned to Israel.\n \nIn November 1949, Greta Andrén returned to Jerusalem. After the cease-fire the same year, the city was divided into an Arab-Jordanian zone and a Jewish-Israeli zone. With Göte Hedenquist, a colleague from the time in Vienna, she negotiated with the Israeli department of education and was given permission to start activities as a research and study institute. The condition was that no missionary enterprise was allowed. A suitable property was found. That was the landmark Beit Tavor (Tabor’s house) in the street of the Prophets, in the Jewish zone. The house was almost empty and they succeeded in renting parts of the property. Hans Kosmala, another of Greta Andrén’s colleagues from Vienna, became the director. Greta Andrén was appointed matron. \n\nThe first students began their term of study at the Swedish theological institute in Jerusalem in February 1951. The rooms and building had been renovated and a kitchen set up, but conditions were not comfortable. There was food rationing and it was difficult to store fresh foodstuffs. Through planning and inventiveness, Greta Andrén succeeded in establishing routines for food and housework. When Swedish tourist groups began to visit the institute, the pinnacle was Greta Andrén’s lecture “Landet, Folket och Boken”. \n\nThat the institute soon won the recognition of the Israeli authorities and general public was to a great degree thanks to Greta Andrén. She built up an extensive network of contacts in Jerusalem. Greta Andrén was often mentioned as a second ambassador for Sweden. She was rewarded with the Order of Vasa in 1960. Official visits to the institute were not lacking either. Israel’s president Yitzchak Ben-Zvi visited it as did the Swedish prime minister and his wife, Tage and [](Aina Erlander), in March 1962. \n\nThe Swedish theological institute was the first Christian institute founded in Israel and it contributed to a trustful dialogue between Jews and Christians. Most of the students experienced their term of study as an eye-opener on Judaism and Israel as a country. To the institute’s agenda belonged tuition on antisemitism and the participation of Christendom in the hatred towards the Jews. Every term, Greta Andrén gathered the students together and recounted her own experiences from Vienna during the Hitler period. The change from the mission’s instrumental attitude to Judaism to sympathy for Jewish faith and life was now obvious and explicit.\n \nAfter 20 years as matron in Jerusalem, Greta Andrén returned to Sweden in the autumn of 1971. She was then gravely ill. She died on Marstrand on 31 October. She was buried in her parents’ grave in Koön Cemetery.",
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          "detail": "Kanslist, Lutherska Världsförbundets generalkonferens",
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          "detail_eng": "Translator, British industrial fair",
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          "detail": "Bibliotekarie, lärare i biblioteksvetenskap, teologiska institutionen och Hallgrenska biblioteket, Lunds universitet",
          "detail_eng": "Librarian, teacher of library sciences, department of theology and the Hallgren library, Lund university",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1964"
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          "detail": "Förlagsredaktör, SKEAB, senare Verbums förlag",
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            "date": "1949"
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          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
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            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
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            "date": "1949"
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          "name": "Stiftelsen Kronprinsessan Margaretas Arbetsnämnd för synskadade (KMA) i Malmöhus län",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
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          "description": "Medgrundare, ordförande t o m 2008, därefter hedersordförande",
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          "name": "Lunds pensionärsuniversitet (nuvarande Lunds Senioruniversitet)",
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        {
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            "date": "1896-03-23"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1975-02-16",
            "date": "1975-02-16"
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          "firstname": "Nancy",
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      "subtitle": "Förlagsredaktör, folkbildare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Publishing house editor, popular educator",
      "text": "Karin Andrén var en inflytelserik yrkeskvinna med starkt förenings- och samhällsengagemang. Som förlagsredaktör var hon bland annat verksam i flera stora bokprojekt kopplade till Svenska kyrkan under 1900-talets sista decennier.\n\n\nKarin Andrén föddes i Lund 1927 och växte upp i Ängelholm. Hennes föräldrar var banktjänstemannen Herman Tengwall och hans hustru gymnastikdirektören Nancy, född Kullberg. Karin Andrén började på flickläroverket i Helsingborg 1942. Hon avlade studentexamen på reallinjen 1945. På hösten samma år påbörjade hon sina universitetsstudier i Lund. Hon blev fil.kand. 1949 och pol.mag. 1950. Vid Lunds universitet utfärdades sex pol.mag.-examina år 1950, varav en till en kvinna, som var Karin Andrén.\n\nÅr 1949 gifte hon sig med sjömansprästen, sedermera universitetsrektorn och universitetskanslern Carl-Gustaf Andrén. Efter ett år i London och Antwerpen återvände de till Lund. På hösten 1949 anlitades hon som översättare från engelska till svenska på brittiska industrimässan i London. \n\nKarin Andrén var tidigt aktiv i föreningslivet och ställde villigt upp på förtroendeposter. Hon var Ungfredrika i Ängelholm under 1940-talets första år. Hon kom att tillhöra Fredrika Bremer-Förbundets (FBF:s) lundaavdelning i 56 år (1961–2017). Hon var kassör och senare sekreterare i sammanlagt 15 år och ordförande i FBF:s diskussionsklubb på 1960-talet. Hon var även kassör i Lunds kristliga studentförbund åren 1946–1947 och revisor där 1949.\n\nKarin Andrén arbetade på kansliet vid Lutherska Världsförbundets generalkonferens i Lund 1947 och fick ta hand om tillresta deltagare från alla håll. Det var den generalkonferens, vars inledande 70-årsminne firades med påvebesöket i Lund hösten 2016. Hon var aktuarie i Statsvetenskapliga Intresseföreningen i Lund 1948 och vårterminen 1949. \n\nFörutom några få år när de tre sönerna var små, var Karin Andrén yrkesverksam i hela sitt vuxna liv och långt upp i pensionsåldern. Hon började sin yrkesbana 1959/60 som ekonomiansvarig på Lunds universitetsbibliotek med titeln biblioteksassistent. År 1972 kom hon in i förlagsvärlden genom Håkan Ohlssons förlag i Lund, som 1975 gick upp i Verbums förlag i Stockholm. Där kom hon att verka på heltid till 1990 och därefter i olika projekt fram till 2003 – 13 år efter sin pensionering. \n\nPå förlagen var Karin Andrén ansvarig för många projekt med inriktning på Svenska kyrkan.  Till de långvariga hörde de årliga *Kyrkoförfattningar* som hon från 1972 var redaktionssekreterare för, och från 1981 övertog som redaktör fram till 1999. Utgivningen ersattes då av *Svenska kyrkans bestämmelser*, där hon medverkade till och med år 2003. Hon var också redaktör för författningssamlingen *Kyrklig administration* mellan åren 1981 och 2003.\n\nTill de större engångsuppgifterna hörde att hon själv fick göra manus och ge ut volymen *Kyrkans ämbeten. Riks- och stiftsorgan* i serien *Kyrkolagarna* III. \n\nFramför allt var det utgivningen av den svenska psalmboken 1986, som under nästan ett års tid engagerade henne.  Det var en melodipsalmbok med en gemensam avdelning för Svenska kyrkan, nio frikyrkor och romersk-katolska kyrkan i Sverige, ett historiskt ekumeniskt projekt. I anslutning till detta blev hon också redaktör för utgivningen av de nio frikyrkornas *Psalmer och sånger*, 1987. \n\nSamtidigt kom resultatet av det stora reformarbetet med gudstjänstfrågor och hon fick ta hand om utgivningen av *Den svenska kyrkohandboken* i ett par volymer 1987. På Karin Andréns förslag gjorde man ett utdrag ur kyrkohandboken på engelska, franska och tyska för de svenska utlandsförsamlingarnas behov. \n\nNär makarna Andrén återvände till Lund från Stockholm 1990 kom Karin Andrén omedelbart i kontakt med tankarna på ett pensionärsuniversitet i Lund. Hon var också den drivande kraften bakom skapandet av Lunds pensionärsuniversitet. Karin Andrén hade under Stockholmstiden kontakter med Folkuniversitetet, som stod fadder för pensionärsuniversitetet (idag Lunds Senioruniversitet).\n\nBasen i verksamheten var de allmänna föreläsningarna, som arrangerades varje termin. Under Karin Andréns ordförandetid gavs över 200 föreläsningar i vitt skilda ämnen. Karin Andrén kvarstod som Lunds pensionärsuniversitets ordförande i 17 år och utnämndes till hedersordförande 2008. Även som hedersordförande deltog hon mycket aktivt i verksamheten fram till sin död 2017. Karin Andréns grav finns på Norra Kyrkogården i Lund. ",
      "text_eng": "Karin Andrén was an editor and an influential publisher. She worked on several major book projects related to the Swedish church during the later decades of the 20th century.\n\nKarin Andrén was born in Lund in 1927 and grew up in Ängelholm. Her parents were Herman Tengwall, a bank worker, and his wife Nancy, who was a physical training instructor. Karin Andrén began her education at the girls’ school in Helsingborg in 1942. She graduated from high school in 1945. In the autumn of that same year she began studying at Lund University. She graduated with a Bachelor’s degree in 1949 and one year later with a Master’s degree in politics. There were only six Master’s degrees awarded in politics in 1950, and Karin Andrén was the only woman among them.\n\nIn 1949 she married Carl-Gustaf Andrén, a naval priest, who went on to become first vice-chancellor and then chancellor of Lund University. The couple spent a year in London and Antwerp before returning to Lund. In the autumn of 1949 Karin Andrén became employed as a translator from English into Swedish at the British industrial fair in London.\n\nKarin Andrén was active in various societies already early on and volunteered for positions of responsibility. She was “Ungfredrika” in Ängelholm in 1941 and came to be a member of the Lund section of the Fredrika-Bremer-Association for 56 years (1961-2017). She was its treasurer and later secretary for a total of 15 years, and chair of the discussion club during the 1960s. She was also treasurer in Lund’s Christian students’ association from 1946 to 1947 and its auditor in 1949. \n\nKarin Andrén worked at the chancellery at the general conference of the Lutheran World Federation which was held in Lund in 1947, where she was responsible for foreign delegates from all over the globe. The 70th anniversary of that general conference was marked by a papal visit to Lund in the autumn of 2017. She was an assistant statistician for the Statsvetenskapliga in Lund in 1948 and for the spring semester of 1949.\n\nApart from the few years when her three sons were young, Karin Andrén remained professionally active throughout her adult life, and long into her retirement. She began her career path as a financial accountant at Lund university library where her title was simply library assistant. In 1972 she entered the publishing world through Håkan Ohlsson’s publishing house in Lund. This establishment was bought out by Verbum publishers in Stockholm in 1975. She worked there fulltime until 1990, after which she worked on a range of projects until 2003, a full 13 years after her retirement.\n\nKarin Andrén was responsible for many projects which were connected to the Swedish church. One of the more long-term projects was the annual *Kyrkoförfattningar*, for which she was the editorial secretary from 1972 onwards and for which she was the editor from 1981 to 1999. In 1999 the publication was replaced by *Svenska kyrkans bestämmelser*, to which she contributed until 2003. She was also the editor of the statute book entitled *Kyrklig administration* from 1981 to 2003.\n\nOne of the larger one-off tasks was that Karin Andrén both wrote the manuscript for and published the volume *Kyrkans ämbeten. Riks- och stiftsorgan*, as part of a series called *Kyrkolagarna III*.\n\nIn 1986 she published the Swedish hymnal, which kept her busy for almost an entire year. The hymnal included melodies and had a section common to the Swedish church, nine free churches and the Roman-Catholic church in Sweden. This was an historical ecumenical project, which led to Karin Andrén becoming the editor of the nine free churches’ publication *Psalmer och Sånger* in 1987.\n\nAt the same time there were great reforms within matters relating to church services. As a result of this Karin Andrén became responsible for the publication of the two-volume set *Den svenska kyrkohandboken* in 1987. It was Karin Andrén’s suggestion that some sections of the book were provided in English, French and German to meet the needs of Swedish congregations abroad.\n\nWhen the Andréns returned to Lund from Stockholm in 1990 Karin Andrén immediately began to consider establishing a pensioners’ university in Lund. She then became the driving force behind the setting up of Lunds pensionärsuniversitet. Karin Andrén had connected with Folkuniversitetet (the adult education university) during her time in Stockholm, and this organisation served as a sponsor for the pensioners’ university.\n\nThe basis of the institution’s activities were public lectures which were held each semester. During Karin Andrén’s period as chair over 200 lectures were delivered in various subjects. Karin Andrén carried on as chair of Lunds pensionärsuniversitet for 17 years, and in 2008 she was appointed honorary chair. She remained active in her honorary position right up until her death in 2016. Karin Andrén’s grave is located at Norra kyrkogården (the Northern Cemetery) in Lund.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KarinAndren",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Lund|55.70466|13.191007",
        "London, Storbritannien|51.507351|-0.127758",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Helsingborg|56.046467|12.6945121",
        "Ängelholm|56.245748|12.863881"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gunilla",
          "lastname": "Hallset"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Otto",
          "lastname": "Salomon",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Träslöjdskurs",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1887",
            "date": "1887"
          },
          "institution": " Nääs Slöjdlärarseminarium",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.816944,
              "lon": 12.401667
            },
            "place": "Näs"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Alm, Anna, *Upplevelsens poetik: slöjdseminariet på Nääs 1880-1940*, Historisk-filosofiska sektionen, Humanistiska fakulteten, Lunds universitet, Diss. Lund : Lunds universitet, Lund, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "August Abrahamson stiftelses arkiv, Landsarkivet i Göteborg (Hämtad 2020-04-29)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=Euphrosyne+Abrahamson+(f.+Leman)&FacettFilter=arkis_aukt_huvudkategori_facet%24%C3%96vriga%3A&page=4&postid=ArkisRef+SE%2FGLA%2F12113&tab=post"
        }
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      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Slöjd",
        "Lärare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Handicraft",
        "Teachers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-06-02T10:14:51",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 95,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1862-06-21",
            "date": "1862-06-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Skallsjö församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.817222,
              "lon": 12.425
            },
            "place": "Tollered"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1957-07-04",
            "date": "1957-07-04"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscar Fredriks församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Maria/ Cathrina",
        "lastname": "Andrén",
        "sortname": "Andrén"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Grupplärare, träslöjd, Nääs slöjdlärarseminarium",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1887",
            "date": "1887"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.816944,
              "lon": 12.401667
            },
            "place": "Näs"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Slöjdlärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 54.2848,
              "lon": -0.409034
            },
            "place": "Scarborough, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Slöjdlärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 53.7944229,
              "lon": -1.7519186
            },
            "place": "Bradford, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 57.817222,
              "lon": 12.425
            },
            "place": "Tollered"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 54.2848,
              "lon": -0.409034
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            "place": "Scarborough, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 53.7944229,
              "lon": -1.7519186
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            "place": "Bradford, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Maria Andrén. Fotograf och år okänt (August Abrahamsons stiftelses arkiv)",
          "description_eng": "Maria Andrén. Photographer and year unknown (August Abrahamsons stiftelses arkiv)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Andren_Maria_Naas.png"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-04-29",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840-12-02",
            "date": "1840-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-12-09",
            "date": "1913-12-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Mathilda Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Andreasson, född Johansdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1824-05-01",
            "date": "1824-05-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897-08-05",
            "date": "1897-08-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven",
          "lastname": "Andreasson",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, riksdagsman",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-03-10",
            "date": "1860-03-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1928-07-15",
            "date": "1928-07-15"
          },
          "firstname": "John Albin",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-06-21",
            "date": "1862-06-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1925-10-19",
            "date": "1925-10-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Albin",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-07-18",
            "date": "1866-07-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-08-13",
            "date": "1939-08-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Tekla Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Andreasson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-07-01",
            "date": "1869-07-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-10-29",
            "date": "1918-10-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Aron",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-05-22",
            "date": "1871-05-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-09-06",
            "date": "1947-09-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Adolf",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1875-05-10",
            "date": "1875-05-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerda Amalia",
          "lastname": "Andrén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Sutton, Gordon, *Artisan or artist, a history of the teaching of art and crafts in English schools*, Pergamon Press, New York, 1967",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Thorbjörnsson, Hans, *Nääs och Otto Salomon: slöjden och leken*, Ord-bildarna, Helsingborg, 1990",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Whittaker, David J., *The impact and legacy of educational sloyd: head and hands in harness*, Routledge, Abingdon, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Träslöjdslärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Wood-working instructor",
      "text": "Maria Andrén var träslöjdslärare, aktiv i Sverige och England åren runt sekelskiftet 1900. \n\nMaria Andrén föddes i Tollered, Skallsjö församling, en liten bruksort i Lerums kommun i Västergötland. Hennes föräldrar ägde en gård och drev ett sågverk. Fadern, Sven Andreasson, var dessutom riksdagsman. Maria Andrén hade en tvillingbror och en yngre syster.\n\nSommaren år 1887 deltog Maria Andrén, vid 25 års ålder, i en träslöjdskurs på Nääs Slöjdlärarseminarium, som var beläget endast ett par kilometer från barndomshemmet. Efter utbildningen blev hon själv lärare på Nääs vid sju kurstillfällen, fram till år 1890. Hon var en av de kvinnor som höll flest kurser i träslöjd på Nääs.\n\nOtto Salomon, som drev slöjdseminariet och vars slöjdpedagogik var känd internationellt, förmedlade kontakter. Genom hans försorg åkte Maria Andrén till England år 1890, där hon arbetade som slöjdlärare ett par år i Scarborough. Hon tjänstgjorde också vid skolor i Manchester och Liverpool och längst tid var hon slöjdlärare i Bradford. Hon var mycket uppskattad i England. Hon beskrivs av Hans Thorbjörnsson, som forskat om Nääs Slöjdlärarseminarium, som en av Otto Salomons mest framgångsrika lärjungar utomlands.\n\nDet berättas att Maria Andrén kunde vara klädd i folkdräkt när hon undervisade — en tradition som hon hade med sig från Nääs där Otto Salomon uppmuntrade och uppmanade sina kursdeltagare och lärare till att bära folkdräkt både till vardags och till fest. En tidigare elev vid Bradford minns Maria Andrén som en lång kvinna med gott humör. Hon beskrivs också som tålmodig och sympatisk.\n\nEfter trettiosex år i England återvände Maria till Sverige och bosatte sig i Göteborg år 1926. Där avled hon år 1957.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Andrén was a wood-working instructor who was active in Sweden and in England around the turn of the twentieth century. \n\nMaria Andrén was born in Tollered, Skallsjö congregation. This was a small industrial place in Lerum municipality, Västergötland where her parents owned a farm and ran a sawmill. In addition her father, Sven Andreasson, was a parliamentarian. In addition to Maria Andrén the family included her twin brother and a younger sister. \n\nDuring the summer of 1887 Maria Andrén, then 25 years old, attended a wood-working course at Nääs Slöjdlärarseminarium (handicrafts teachers’ programme) which was situated just a few kilometres distance from her childhood home. On seven separate occasions leading up to 1890 Maria Andrén taught courses on that same programme herself after completing her own training. In fact she was one of the women who taught the most wood-working courses at Nääs. \n\nOtto Salomon, who ran the programme and whose method of teaching handicrafts was internationally renowned, put Maria Andrén in contact with other people. Through his personal connections Maria Andrén was able to travel to England in 1890. She then spent a couple of years in Scarborough teaching wood-working. She also worked at various schools in Manchester and Liverpool, whilst her longest-lasting job was as a wood-working instructor in Bradford. She was very well-liked in England. Hans Thorbjörnsson, who has studied Nääs Slöjdlärarseminarium, notes that Maria Andrén was one of Otto Salomon’s students who enjoyed great success abroad. \n\nIt is said that Maria Andrén sometimes wore traditional dress while teaching – this was a custom she had picked up at Nääs. Otto Salomon had encouraged and urged his students and instructors to do this, both in everyday situations and for special celebrations. A former student from Bradford remembers that Maria Andrén was a tall, good-natured woman. She is also described as patient and sympathetic. \n\nAfter spending 36 years in England Maria Andrén returned to Sweden. She settled in Gothenburg in 1926. She died in that city in 1957.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MariaCathrinaAndren",
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        "Bradford, Storbritannien|53.7944229|-1.7519186",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Åshede"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Birgit",
          "lastname": "Magnusson, kallad Rock-Olga",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Olle",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lars, kallad Tobaks-Lasse,",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Rolf",
          "lastname": "Inghamn",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Mats",
          "lastname": "Bahr",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
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            "place": "Örebro"
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            "date": "1964"
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          "type": "Läroverk"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Ander, Bibbi, 'Bibbi berättar själv om sin rockkarriär', *Nerikes Allehanda*, 2011-08-25",
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        },
        {
          "description": "'\"Det gäller att hänga med\": på 60-talet var Bibbi Ander tonårsidol 40 år senare sjunger hon fortfarande', *Nerikes Allehanda*, 2000-08-21",
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        {
          "description": "'60-talets popbrud startar om', *ETC*, 2011-11-26",
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        "2000-talet",
        "Musiker",
        "Sångare"
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        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Musicians",
        "Singers"
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      "lastmodified": "2020-12-08T11:11:10",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 69,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1946-06-30",
            "date": "1946-06-30"
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            "place": "Örebro"
          }
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        "to": {
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            "date": "2015-09-20"
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      "name": {
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        "lastname": "Andresen (Bibbi Ander)",
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        {
          "description": "Musiker",
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Musiker",
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            "place": "Spanien"
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            "date": "2010"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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        {
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            "date": "2010"
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        {
          "name": "Bibbi Ander",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Pellerone",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Wallin",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
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            "comment": "?"
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          },
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            "place": "Spanien"
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            "place": "Örebro"
          },
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            "comment": "2015",
            "date": "2015"
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1925-03-22",
            "date": "1925-03-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1988-02-28",
            "date": "1988-02-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Maj-Britt Viola",
          "lastname": "Andresen, född Tiderman",
          "occupation": "Föreståndare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-09-15",
            "date": "1917-09-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2004-05-06",
            "date": "2004-05-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Arne Harald",
          "lastname": "Andresen",
          "occupation": "Musiker, saxofonist, fönsterputsare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1953-04-18",
            "date": "1953-04-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Björg Christina Fredderikke",
          "lastname": "Andresen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1939-11-19",
            "date": "1939-11-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Rosario",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "lastname": "Pellerone",
          "occupation": "Fönsterputsare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1922-09-22",
            "date": "1922-09-22"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "2015-05-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingemar Emil Valentin",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1981-01-07"
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            "date": "2015-05-20"
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          "born": {
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          "firstname": "Rosalie",
          "lastname": "Pellerone",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1974-04-11"
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            "comment": ""
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Norén, Stellan, '60-talsstjärnan Bibbi Ander död', *Nerikes Allehanda*, 2015-09-22",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olofsson, Hans & Aulin, Leif, 'Bibbi Ander', *Stora schlagerboken*, S. 34, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pettersson, Håkan, 'Känslolös Bill Haley i uppreklamerad gala', *Nerikes Allehanda*, 1972-09-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Bibbi Ander', *last.fm* (Hämtad 2019-12-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.last.fm/sv/music/Bibbi+Ander+(med+Mats+Bahr)/+wiki"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Musiker, Sveriges första kvinnliga sologitarrist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Musician, first female solo guitarist in Sweden",
      "text": "Birgitta Andresen blev som Sveriges första kvinnliga sologitarrist känd som Bibbi Ander. Hon medverkade i SVT:s *Drop In* och tillsammans med sitt band turnerade hon med [Rock-Olga](Birgit Magnusson).\n\nBirgitta Andresen föddes i Örebro den 30 juni 1946. Fadern Arne Andresen, som varit storbandsmusiker i sitt hemland Norge, hade som motståndsman i Milorg (militærorganisasjon) tvingats fly till Sverige. Modern Maj-Britt var från Örebro och tillsammans fick paret ytterligare en dotter. Birgitta Andresen var musikalisk och lärde sig tidigt spela piano. Då hon som barn fick mässlingen hade hon långtråkigt och för att få tiden att gå började hon plinka på mammans gamla gitarr av märket Levin. I mopedåldern träffade hon nya kamrater och en del av dem spelade olika instrument.\n\nUngdomarna startade bandet The Defenders där Birgitta Andresen blev sologitarrist och sångare, Olle Holmberg spelade kompgitarr, Lars ”Tobaks-Lasse” Eriksson bas och Lars-Göran Läth trummor. Gruppen tränade gratis på ungdomsgårdar i utbyte mot att de då och då uppträdde på dessa. I hemstaden Örebro var de i början av 1960-talet ett av de ledande banden och Birgitta Andresen kunde med gott samvete kallas sig Sveriges första kvinnliga sologitarrist.\n\nÅr 1963 upptäcktes bandet av Mats Bahr, skådespelare och komiker, och av Rolf Inghamn, impressario och nöjesarrangör. Mats Bahr gav Birgitta Andresen artistnamnet Bibbi Ander och Rolf Inghamn erbjöd The Defenders att kompa Rock-Olga under hennes turné 1964. De fick också en spelning på Nalen tillsammans med Burken och Rock-Ragge. Eftersom ingen i bandet hade körkort var det pappa Arne Andresen som ordnade transporten. På Opel Rekordens takräcke lades långa bräder för att få rum med alla instrumenten, och dessa täcktes sedan med trasmattor. Birgitta Andresen skämdes när de anlände till Nalen. Troligen var The Defenders det första landsortsbandet som fick äran att spela på det anrika etablissemanget.\n\nEfter den spelningen berömde jazzmusikern Count Basie Birgitta Andresens gitarrspel och tyckte det var ”coolt” med en kvinnlig gitarrist. Bosse Billtén och Lasse Sarri från Sveriges Television var med och de erbjöd Birgitta Andresen att medverka i ungdomsprogrammet *Drop In* där hon kompades av The Telstars. Programmet sändes den 19 januari 1964 men då befann sig gitarristen på turné i Danmark tillsammans med Rock-Olga. Under turnerandet gick resorna även till Finland där det blev TV-inspelning med Viktor Klimenko, och till Norge. Norsk TV gjorde en inspelning där Birgitta Andresen spelade tillsammans med sin pappa Arne på saxofon och farbror Eugen på dragspel.\n\nÅr 1965 utsåg tidningen *Expressen* Birgitta Andresen till ”Årets popbrud” och samma år föddes dottern Susann. Efter ett uppehåll i uppträdandena gjorde Birgitta Andresen comeback 1967 på en popgala i Örebro där Spencer Davis Group var huvudattraktion. Hela sommaren 1968 spelade hon tillsammans med en trio på Centric i Åhus. Samma år spelades en singel in med låtarna ”En gång han var min kille” och ”Kvällens rosor är röda”. Under hösten turnerade Birgitta Andresen med ett storband runt hela Sicilien, ett återkommande evenemang i olika omgångar under sex år.\n\nDå Bill Haley & His Comets uppträdde på Idrottshuset i Örebro 1972 värmde Birgitta Andresen och hennes grupp upp publiken innan Rockgreven & Rock´n´roll Cirkus och Rock-Olga med Gauffins Dubbelblandning tog vid. Den ungdomliga publiken släppte loss och börja dansa framför scenen. Alla de svenska artisterna fick goda recensioner medan rocklegenden ansågs vara trött och känslolös.\n\nÅr 1987 flyttade Birgitta Andresen tillsammans med maken Ingemar Wallin till Spanien där hon fortsatte uppträda i mindre skala. Hon var klubbmusiker och spelade dansmusik för skandinaver på Costa Blanca-kusten men ägnade också tiden till att arbeta som tolk och att ge juridisk och ekonomisk rådgivning åt sina landsmän. År 2010 var det dags att flytta hem igen. Hon startade då The New Defenders där även dottern Susann Wallin ingick. Bortsett från att ha fått den prestigefyllda titeln ”Årets popbrud” var hon också en av de personligheter som fått ge namn åt Örebros stadsbussar, buss 26 som trafikerar sträckan Tybble – resecentrum.\n\nEfter att ha kämpat mot en lungcancer under två år avled Birgitta Andresen den 20 september 2015. Hon blev 69 år.",
      "text_eng": "Birgitta Andresen became famous as Bibbi Ander, the first Swedish female lead guitarist. She appeared on the SVT TV-programme *Drop In* and she and her band toured with [Rock-Olga](Birgit Magnusson). \n\nBirgitta Andresen was born in Örebro on 30 June 1946. Her father, Arne Andresen, had been a big band musician in his native Norway and had been forced to flee to Sweden after serving in Milorg (military resistance organisation) during the Second World War. Her mother, Maj-Britt, hailed from Örebro. Birgitta Andresen, who also had a sister, showed musical aptitude as a child and learned to play the piano at an early age. She suffered from a case of the measles as a child during which she endured lengthy periods of boredom. It was then she began to tinkle around on her mother’s old Levin guitar. When she was old enough to drive a moped she formed a new circle of friends, some of whom also played various instruments. \n\nThey started a band called The Defenders, in which Birgitta Andresen played lead guitar and sang, whilst Olle Holmberg played rhythm guitar, their bassist was Lars “Tobaks-Lasse” Eriksson, and Lars-Göran Läth was the drummer. The group found free rehearsal spaces at various youth clubs in exchange for putting on free performances from time to time. By the early 1960s The Defenders had become one of Örebro’s leading bands and Birgitta Andresen can thus clearly be called the first female lead guitarist in Sweden. \n\nMats Bahr, an actor and a comedian, and Rolf Inghamn, who was an impresario and an events organiser, discovered the band in 1963. Mats Bahr gave Birgitta Andresen a new name, namely Bibbi Ander, while Rolf Ingham invited The Defenders to support Rock-Olga on her 1964 tour. The band performed at Nalen with Burken and Rock-Ragge. As none of the band members could drive transport arrangements were left to Birgitta Andresen’s father Arne. By adding long wooden planks to his Opel Rekord roof-rack he could fit all the instruments on top of the car, covering them with a woven rag-rug. Birgitta Andresen was embarrassed when the band arrived at Nalen. It is probable that The Defenders were the first rural band to have the honour of performing at the highly-reputed establishment. \n\nAfter the concert Birgitta Andresen’s guitar-playing was praised by the famous jazz musician Count Basie, who also expressed how “cool” it was that the lead guitarist was a woman. Bosse Billtén and Lasse Sarri of Sveriges Television had also been present at the concert and they invited Birgitta Andresen to appear on the youth TV-programme called *Drop In*, where was supported by The Telstars. The programme aired on 19 January 1964 when Birgitta Andresen was on tour in Denmark with Rock-Olga. That tour also took them to Finland, where they recorded a TV-show with Viktor Klimenko, and to Norway. Norsk TV recorded Birgitta Andresen performing with her father Arne on saxophone and her paternal uncle, Eugen, on accordion. \n\nIn 1965 the *Expressen* newspaper named Birgitta Andresen as “Årets popbrud” (pop-chick of the year) and that same year she gave birth to her daughter Susann. Following a break from performing Birgitta Andresen made a comeback in 1967, appearing at a pop show in Örebro at which Spencer Davis Group were the main attraction. She spent the whole summer of 1968 performing with a trio at Centric in Åhus. That same year she recorded a single with the tunes “En gång han var min kille” and “Kvällens rosor är röda”. During the autumn Birgitta Andresen and a big band toured throughout Sicily and this became a routine she repeated at various times for a six-year period. \n\nWhen Bill Haley & His Comets performed at Idrottshuset in Örebro in 1972 Birgitta Andresen and her group were the warm-up act before Rockgreven & Rock’n’Roll Circus and Rock-Olga and Gauffins Dubbelblandning opened for the main act. The young audience let loose and began to dance in front of the stage. Whilst all the Swedish acts received good write-ups in the press afterwards the rock legend who was the star attraction was deemed to have been tired and emotionless. \n\nIn 1987 Birgitta Andresen and her husband Ingemar Wallin moved to Spain where she continued performing, albeit on a smaller scale. She was a club musician who played music to dance to for Scandinavian visitors to the Costa Blanca. She also worked as a translator and offered legal and financial advice to her countrymen. She returned to Sweden in 2010 and started a new band called The New Defenders in which her daughter, Susann Wallin, was also a member. Apart from having being named “Årets popbrud” Birgitta Andresen was also one of the Swedish celebrities whose name appeared on one of the Örebro city busses, namely route 26 which runs between Tybble and the transport hub. \n\nFollowing a two-year fight with lung cancer Birgitta Andresen died on 20 September 2015. She was then 69 years old.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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          "description": "Kerstin Anérs arkiv. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-09-22)",
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          "description_eng": "About Kerstin Anér",
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          "description": "Westman, Lars, 'Hon förlåter nog prästerna att dom inte valde henne till biskop', *Vi*, 1979:8, s. 7-9",
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            "comment": "1985",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Politisk verksamhet",
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          "description": "Riksdagsledamot 1969–1985, andre vice gruppordförande 1975–1981",
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            "comment": "1960-talet"
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          "name": "Folkpartiet (FP, nuvarande Liberalerna)",
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            "comment": "1980-talet"
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          "to": {
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            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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        {
          "name": "Anér-Hallström",
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        }
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          },
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          "description": "Kerstin Anér framför en bild av en atomsprängning. Fotograf och år okänt (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek, B36)",
          "description_eng": "Kerstin Anér in front of an image of a nuclear detonation. Photographer and date unknown (KvinnSam, Gothenburg University Library, B36)",
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        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-22",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-12-18",
            "date": "1892-12-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-11-09",
            "date": "1967-11-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunvor Dagmar",
          "lastname": "Anér, född Löfvendahl",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-10-08",
            "date": "1889-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-12-09",
            "date": "1984-12-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Josef",
          "lastname": "Anér",
          "occupation": "Direktör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-08-14",
            "date": "1921-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "2018-05-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven",
          "lastname": "Anér",
          "occupation": "Journalist, Sveriges Radio och DN",
          "type": "Bror",
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        },
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          "born": {
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          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-05-23",
            "date": "1984-05-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Frans Oskar Sigurd",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
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            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1951-06-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Hallström",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1953-05-10",
            "date": "1953-05-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Per Lennart",
          "lastname": "Hallström",
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          "type_eng": "Son"
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        {
          "born": {
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          },
          "firstname": "Lars",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Unger, Gunnar, 'Namn att minnas', *Svensk tidskrift*, 1968:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Politiker, riksdagsledamot, samhällsdebattör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Politician, member of parliament, debater",
      "text": "Kerstin Anér var en framträdande politiker och debattör. Som riksdagsledamot för Folkpartiet (nuvarande Liberalerna) var hon särskilt engagerad inom forsknings- och miljöområdet.\n\nKerstin Anér föddes 1920 i Stockholm som dotter till direktör Josef Anér och läraren Gunvor Anér, född Löfvendahl. Hon var syster till journalisten Sven Anér vid Sveriges Radio och *Dagens Nyheter*. Fadern var ursprungligen lärare men kom huvudsakligen att ägna sig åt affärsverksamhet. Makarna upprättade Gunvor och Josef Anérs stiftelse för främjande av forskning inom humaniora.\n\nEfter studentexamen i Göteborg 1937 utbildade sig Kerstin Anér vidare vid Göteborgs högskola. Hon blev filosofie doktor i litteraturhistoria 1948 på en avhandling om 1790-talets press- och litteraturhistoria. 1949 gifte hon sig med Sigurd Hallström med vilken hon fick tre barn.\n\nNär studierna vid akademin var klara följde en bred yrkeskarriär inom kulturområdet. Kerstin Anér var medarbetare i *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* (*BLM*) och *Idun* samt producent vid Sveriges Radio under 1940–1960-talen. Hon engagerade sig också tidigt i politiken. Hon var riksdagsledamot för Folkpartiet åren 1969–1985 och under det borgerliga regeringsinnehavet utsågs hon till statssekreterare i utbildningsdepartementet 1976–1980. Hon satt även i Europarådets parlamentariska församling (PACE) 1980–1983 och var förbundsordförande för Rädda Barnens riksförbund 1978–1985. För detta arbete fick hon den kungliga medaljen Illis quorum.\n\nSom kulturdebattör och politiker engagerade hon sig inom ett otal olika ämnesområden. Ämnesvalen så som de framgår av koncept och manuskript i hennes privata arkiv på Riksarkivet omfattar bland annat djurens rättigheter, Waldorfpedagogiken, antroposofin, kristen tro, bistånd, jämlikhet, miljöfrågor, fredsforskning och framtidsforskning. Hon skrev debattartiklar inom skilda områden från 1940-talet fram till 1990-talet med titlar såsom ”Är hemmafrun onyttig?”, ”Du och datorn”, ”Genteknikens tillämpning på människor”, ”Skall kvinnor fly in i yrkeslivet?”, ”Är Gud en karl?”, ”Blodigt matriarkat”, ”Den tillverkningsbara människan” och ”Måste vi stoppa världen?”.\n\nKestin Anér var som talare anlitad över hela landet och utvecklade en talekonst som drog många människor till hennes möten. Det gällde inte bara möten anordnade av Folkpartiets lokala avdelningar. Hon var även kyrkligt engagerad och talade ofta i kyrkorna. Ibland läste Kerstin Anér upp psalmer som hon skrivit och hon finns representerad i *Den svenska psalmboken* 1986 med två verk, psalmerna nr 27 och 292. Den senare, ”Jublande lyfter vi här våra händer”, är en översättning av en text av Fred Kaan som var en viktig gestalt inom den kristna fredsrörelsen.\n\nHennes bredd i kulturen och politiken skulle kunna locka många belackare men så verkar inte ha varit fallet. Den satiriskt lagde skribenten Gunnar Unger såg henne redan i slutet av 1960-talet som en positiv, klipsk, renhårig och snäll människa som gick rakt och säkert på sitt mål och aldrig var rädd. När hon kom ”ångande i lågklackade skor och himmelsblå kvarnhjulshatt med tekoppen i ena handen och anteckningsblocket i den andra, en kavat och kunnig och talför kämpe för sitt kön och sin sak”, då kunde man vara säker på att det blev resultat.\n\nKerstin Anér avled 1991. Hennes stoft vilar i minneslunden på Ytterjärna kyrkogård, söder om Södertälje.",
      "text_eng": "Kerstin Anér was a prominent politician and debater. As a member of parliament for Folkpartiet (the Liberal People’s Party, now Liberalerna), she was especially engaged in issues concerning research and the environment. \n\nKerstin Anér was born in 1920 in Stockholm, the daughter of Gunvor Anér, née Löfvendahl, a teacher, and Josef Anér, a director. Her brother was Sven Anér, a journalist at Sveriges Radio and *Dagens Nyheter*. Her father was originally a teacher, but ended up in business. The spouses started the Gunvor and Josef Anér Foundation for the promotion of research and the humanities.  \n\nAfter her matriculation in Gothenburg in 1937, Kerstin Anér continued her education at Gothenburg College (now the University of Gothenburg). She gained her Ph.D. in the history of literature in 1948. Her thesis was on Swedish press and literature history in the 1790s. During this period she also married Frans Hallström with whom she had four children. \n\nWhen she had completed her academic studies, a broad professional career followed in the cultural sphere. Kerstin Anér was a colleague at *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* (*BLM*) and *Idun* and also a producer at Sveriges Radio in the 1940s to 1960s. She became engaged in politics early on. She was a member of parliament for the liberal Folkpartiet in 1969–1985 and when the right wing took over the government, she was appointed state secretary in the department of education in 1976–1980. She also sat in the Parliamentary Assemble of the Council of Europe (PACE) in 1980–1983 and was the chairperson of the Save the Children national association in 1978–1985. \n\nIn cultural debates and as a politician, she was engaged in a multitude of different subject fields. Her choices of subject as they appear in concepts and manuscripts in her private archive in the Riksarkivet include among other subjects animal rights, Waldorf pedagogy, anthroposophy, Christianity, equality, environmental issues, peace research and research into the future. She wrote debate articles on disparate subjects from the 1940s until the 1990s with titles like: “Are housewives of any use?”, “You and computers”, “The application of gene technique to human beings”, “Should women escape into professional careers?”, “Is God a man?”, “Bloody matriarchies”, “The manufacturable human being” and “Must we stop the world?”. \n\nKerstin Anér was invited to speak all over the country, and she developed an art of speaking that attracted many people to her meetings, and not only the meetings organised by local Folkpartiet branches. She was also religiously engaged and often spoke in churches. Kerstin Anér sometimes read aloud hymns that she had written and she is represented in the Swedish hymn book *Den svenska psalmboken* from 1986 by two songs: numbers 27 and 292. The latter, “Jublande lyfter vi här våra händer” is a translation of a text by Fred Kaan who was an important figure in the Christian peace movement. \n\nHer cultural and political breadth might have attracted many detractors but that seems not to have been the case. The satirical writer Gunnar Unger saw her as early as in the 1960s as a positive, shrewd, honest and kind person who approached her goal in a straight and sure manner and was never afraid. When she came “steaming along in low-heeled shoes and a heavenly blue broad-brimmed hat with a tea cup in one hand and a notebook in the other, a plucky and knowledgeable fighter for her sex and her cause”, then one could rest assured that there would be results. \n\nKerstin Anér died in 1991. Her ashes rest in the memorial garden in Ytterjärna Cemetery south of Södertälje.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Barton, H. Arnold, 'Hilma Angered-Strandberg and the Swedish American's appearance in Swedish literature.', *Scandinavian studies*., 1994 (66:4), s. [552]-565, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forser Tomas & Hansson Gunnar D, 'Nitmänniskan – genombrott och schartauism. Kommentar till ett brev', i *Ord & Bild*, 1983:4, s. 74–80, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Key, Ellen: ’Hilma Angered-Strandberg’, *Idun*, 1894(7):40, s. 317-319, 1894",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/49427"
        },
        {
          "description": "Levertin, Anna Fredrika, *Hilma Angered-Strandberg*, Stockholm, 1950",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordlander, Brita, 'Begär att dikta: om Hilma Angered-Strandberg', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 2 / redaktion: Inger-Lise Hjordt-Vetlesen ....,* S. 548-552, 1993 [Litteraturbanken] (Hämtad 2016-12-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://litteraturbanken.se/#!/forfattare/MollerJensenE/titlar/NordiskKvinnolitteraturhistoria2/sida/548/etext"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordlander, Brita, 'Begär att dikta: om Hilma Angered-Strandberg', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/begar-att-dikta/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rudberg, Inger, *De levde på Fjällbacka strand: bilder och berättelser från Fjällbacka, Mörhult och öarna*, Westerberg, Fjällbacka, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schiller, Harald, 'Hilma Angered-Strandberg', *Ord & Bild* (Print)., 1927(36):3, s. 169-176, 1927",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Weidel Randver, Gunnel, *Tidskriften Framåt: kvinnors kamp för det fria ordet = [The periodical Forward] : [women's struggle for free speech]*, Rundqvist, Göteborg, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åkerström, Ulla, 'Längtan efter Södern. Om bilden av Italien i brevväxlingen mellan Ellen Key och Hilma Angered-Strandberg', *LIR-journal*, 2015:5, s. 241–25, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kungliga biblioteket, Handskrifter. Ep. A 9b: 1",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Författaren Hilma Angered-Strandberg är främst ihågkommen för sin kritiska bild av religiöst\nbigotteri i Fjällbacka och för sina Amerikaskildringar.\n\nHilma Angered-Strandberg föddes 1855 och växte upp i en gedigen borgerlig miljö i Stockholm. Hon var dotter till Carl Gustaf Strandberg och Eva Strandberg, född Helleday. Fadern var justitieråd och ledamot i Svenska Akademien. Hilma Angered-Strandberg var äldst av fem syskon. Efter att ha förlorat båda föräldrarna i tonåren, tvingades hon att försörja sig själv. Hon arbetade först som sällskapsdam och utbildade sig sedan till telegrafist. Hon fick så småningom fast anställning i Fjällbacka där hon bodde 1883–1888. Under denna period började Hilma Angered-Strandberg att skriva noveller och fick några publicerade i *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*. Hennes novell ”Nitälskan”, som kritiserade bigotteriet i Fjällbacka, gav upphov till kritik hos ortsbefolkningen. Hilma Angered-Strandberg flyttade därifrån under en period och arbetade på *Göteborgs Handel- och Sjöfarts-Tidning* i Göteborg. Där var hon en av nyckelfigurerna kring den nystartade tidskriften *Framåt*. Hilma Angered-Strandbergs Fjällbacka-noveller gavs ut i samlingen *Västerut*, 1887. I slutet av 1880-talet lärde Hilma Angered-Strandberg känna [](Ellen Key). Via henne kom hon i kontakt med [](Victoria Benedictsson), [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469) och [](Sonja Kovalevsky).\n\nÅr 1888 emigrerade Hilma Angered-Strandberg till USA tillsammans med sin man Hjalmar\nAngered, som sökte skapa sig en karriär som konstnär. Efter sex hårda år i USA och förlusten av två små barn kom paret tillbaka till Sverige. Hilma Angered-Strandberg skrev om Nordamerika i två romaner, *Den nya världen* och *På prärien*, som båda kom ut 1898. År 1904 utkom den delvis självbiografiska romanen *Lydia Vik. En själs historia*.\n\nHilma Angered-Strandbergs liv var fyllt av sjukdom och penningproblem. Trots det vistades hon under 1900-talet några längre perioder i Italien och Schweiz. För det mesta levde hon dock avsides i mindre orter i Sverige. År 1905 publicerades *Under Söderns sol*, en samling skisser från den första Italienresan. Romanen *Hemma* gavs ut 1912, följd av novellsamlingen *På bygator och alpvägar*, 1915, som också den handlar om Italien.\n\nHilma Angered-Strandberg tilldelades det nybildade Samfundet De Nios stora pris på 3000 kr 1916. Hon blev änka 1919. Hennes sista bok *Barbarens son* publicerades 1924 och är en historisk roman vars handling utspelar sig i ett medeltida Italien. Romanen har en introduktion av Ellen Key. Utöver de nämnda verken finns också en diktsamling och några novellsamlingar.\n\nDen bevarade brevväxlingen mellan Ellen Key och Hilma Angered-Strandberg sträcker sig från 1888 till 1925 och förvaras på Kungliga biblioteket i Stockholm. Brevväxlingen består av 228 brev, varav 148 är skrivna av Hilma Angered-Strandberg. De flesta av hennes brev är långa; en del når upp till 20 eller fler handskrivna sidor. Hon är mycket personlig i sina brev och berättar om sitt liv, sina tankar, sina tillkortakommanden, sina ständiga pengaproblem och sitt dåliga fysiska tillstånd. Hilma Angered-Strandberg hade en undanskymd plats på den svenska litterära scenen, men i breven framgår det att hon själv var övertygad om sin storhet som författare. Hon dog under en sista resa 1927, i Merano i Norditalien.",
      "text_eng": "The author Hilma Angered-Strandberg is primarily remembered for her critical depiction of the religious bigotry in Fjällbacka and for her portrayals of late nineteenth-century America.\n\nHilma Angered-Strandberg was born in 1855 and brought up in a solid bourgeois milieu in Stockholm. She was the daughter of Carl Gustaf Strandberg and Eva Strandberg, née Helleday. Her father was a judge and member of the Swedish Academy. Hilma Angered-Strandberg was the eldest of five children. She lost both her parents during her teenage years and was forced to provide for herself. She initially worked as a companion, but later trained to become a telegraph operator. She quickly gained a full-time position in Fjällbacka where she lived from 1883 to 1888. During this time Hilma Angered-Strandberg began to write short stories and published some of these in the *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*. Her short story entitled “Nitälskan”, which was highly critical of the bigotry she experienced in Fjällbacka, aroused a negative reaction from the locals. Angered-Strandberg moved away from Fjällback for a while and worked for the *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning* in Gothenburg. While there she was one of the central people involved in the newly-started *Framåt* magazine. Hilma Angered-Strandberg’s short stories were published in a collection entitled Västerut in 1887. Toward the end of the 1880s she met [](Victoria Benedictsson), [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469) and [](Sonja Kovalevsky).\n\nIn 1888 Hilma Angered-Strandberg emigrated to the USA with her husband Hjalmar Angered who hoped to establish himself as an artist there. After six difficult years in the USA during which they lost two young children, the couple returned to Sweden. Hilma Angered-Strandberg wrote about North America in two novels, *Den nya världen* and *På prärien*, both published in 1898. In 1904 she published the partly autobiographical novel *Lydia Vik*.\n\nHilma Angered-Strandberg’s life was beset by illness and financial difficulties. Despite this, she spent several lengthy periods in Italy and Switzerland during the 1900s. For the most part, however, she lived in smaller localities in Sweden. In 1905 she published *Under Söderns sol*, which was a collection of sketches from her first trip to Italy. The novel *Hemma* was published in 1912, followed in 1915 by the short story collection *På bygator och alpvägar*, which is also situated in Italy.\n\nIn 1916 Hilma Angered-Strandberg was awarded the first prize of 3000 Swedish kronor by the newly-established Nine Society. She became a widow in 1919. Her last book, *Barbarens son*, was published in 1924 and is a historical novel situated in medieval Italy. The novel has an introduction by [](Ellen Key). In addition to the aforementioned works, Hilma Angered-Strandberg also authored a collection of poems and other short story collections.\n\nThe surviving correspondence between Ellen Key and Hilma Angered Standberg dates from 1888 to 1925 and is held at Kungliga biblioteket (the National Library of Sweden) in Stockholm. The correspondence consists of 228 letters, of which 148 were written by Hilma Angered-Strandberg. Most of her letters are lengthy; some are 20 pages long, or more. She wrote about very private matters in her letters, revealing her life story, her thoughts, her shortcomings, her constant financial problems and her poor state of health. Although Hilma Angered-Strandberg occupied a rather obscure position within the Swedish literary sphere, her letters reveal that she was convinced she was an important author. She died in 1927 in Merano, northern Italy.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "HilmaAngeredStrandberg",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Fjällbacka|58.599776|11.288224",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "USA|37.09024|-95.712891",
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      ],
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          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Småberg"
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      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
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          "description": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets pris för ungdomsboken Vikingar och deras ättlingar",
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            "date": "1906"
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          "description": "Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne",
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        }
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      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Eurenius",
          "type": "Vän",
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          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Malmberg",
          "type": "Vän",
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        {
          "firstname": "Etty",
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          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Roos",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Helene",
          "lastname": "Rubow",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Margit",
          "lastname": "Stenberg",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1868",
            "date": "1868"
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          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1871",
            "date": "1871"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studerade hem för industriarbeterskor i Tyskland och Schweiz",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studieresor till Italien, Frankrike och Kaukasus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Maria Anholm",
          "description_eng": "By Maria Anholm",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(maria+anholm)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gunner, Göran, *Folkmordet på armenier: sett med svenska ögon*, Artos, Skellefteå, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karlsson, Ingmar, *Gud med oss: religion och politik i Mellanöstern*, Askelin & Hägglund, Stockholm, 1984",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kvinden og samfundet, 1885-1920 [KVINFO] (Hämtad 2016-11-17)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/444/?action=5&publikationid=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000054823054",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Missionärer",
        "Kristendom",
        "Välgörenhet",
        "Redaktörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Women's movement",
        "Missionaries",
        "Christianity",
        "Charity"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-09-08T09:17:57",
      "libris_uri": [
        "b8nrv6rv4frp22g"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 95,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1851",
            "date": "1851"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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        "to": {
          "date": {
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            "date": "1946"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.736654",
              "lon": "12.569196"
            },
            "place": "Hellerup, Danmark"
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        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Maria/ Elisabeth",
        "lastname": "Anholm",
        "sortname": "Anholm"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Redaktör",
          "detail": "Redaktör för Kvinden og Samfundet, utgiven av Dansk Kvindesamfund",
          "detail_eng": "Editor of Kvinden og Samfundet, published by Dansk Kvindesamfund",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.676097",
              "lon": "12.568337"
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "name": "Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare (KMA)",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Svenska Missionsförbundet",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Svenska Jesidmissionen",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Svenska kyrkans missionsstyrelse (SKM)",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Öberg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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            "comment": "1851",
            "date": "1851"
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          "place": {
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.676097",
              "lon": "12.568337"
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          }
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      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Maria Anholm. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
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          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anholm_Maria.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl",
          "lastname": "Öberg",
          "occupation": "Köpman",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ida",
          "lastname": "Öberg,",
          "occupation": "Sjukgymnast, missionär i Tbilisi",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1884",
            "date": "1884"
          },
          "firstname": "William",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "lastname": "Anholm",
          "occupation": "Dansk marinofficer",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1884",
            "date": "1884"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Hultvall, John, *Mission och vision i Orienten: Svenska missionsförbundets mission i Transkaukasien-Persien 1882-1921 = [Mission and vision in the Orient] : [The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden's mission in Transcaucasia-Persia 1882-1921]*, Verbum, Stockholm, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "*"Tidevarv komma, tidevarv försvinna": Minnesskrift 1894-1934 : Kvinnliga missions arbetare*, K. M. A:s förl., Stockholm, 1934",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öman, Inga & Nilsson, Inga (red.), *Trons framsynthet: Kvinnliga missionsarbetare 100 år : 1894-1994 : [en jubileumsskrift]*, KMA:s förl., Stockholm, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Zwemer, Samuel M., *Islam: ett troskraf för vår tid : studier öfver den muhammedanska religionen samt den muhammedanska världens nöd och möjligheter från den kristna missionens synpunkt*, Kvinnliga missionsarbetare, Stockholm, 1911",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anholm, Maria, 'Skyddslagstiftning för kvinnor', *Dagny*., 1908:9, s. 126-129, 1908",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/55481"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anholm, Maria, 'Kvinnolöner inom industrien: ett blad ur våra lifsförnödenheters historia', *Dagny*., 1910:1, s. 2-4, 1910",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/55599"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anholm, Maria & f. Öberg, *I anledning af en passus i yrkesfarekommitténs betänkande.: Det personliga kapitalet och det sedliga ansvaret*., Stockholm, 1912",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anholm, Maria, *Fabriksarbeterskan: hvad kan göras till hennes skydd och höjande i socialt och etiskt hänseende? : berättelse öfver en på uppdrag af styrelsen för Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas minne och med dess understöd under sommaren 1906 till tyska fabriksorter företagen resa*, Stockholm, 1907",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anholm, Maria, *Jesiderna (djäfvulsdyrkare)*., Stockholm, 1902",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Riksarkivet. Brev (Hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/person?Namn=Maria+Anholm&Ort=&Fodelsear=&AvanceradSok=True&PageSize=50"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska kyrkan. Arkiv och samlingar, Uppsala",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.svenskakyrkan.se/arkiv-och-samlingar"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ringborg, Elsa. ’Minnesord över Maria Anholm’. *När & Fjärran*, 1946:3, s. 129, 1946",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Kvinnosakskvinna, missionär, reseskildrare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Promoter of women's issues, missionary, travelogue writer",
      "text": "Maria Anholm var en författare som förenade det nationella och internationella i sitt\nförfattarskap. Hon intresserade sig både för svenska arbetarkvinnors sociala situation och för\narmeniernas och jezidiernas utsatthet i Kaukasus. Hon var en av de första som använde\nfolkmord som begrepp.\n\nMaria Anholm föddes i Stockholm och växte upp i en köpmansfamilj. Hon studerade vid\nHögre lärarinneseminariet 1868–1871, men kom framför allt att arbeta som skribent. Hon\ngifte sig 1882 med den danske marinofficeren William Anholm och flyttade till Hellerup\nutanför Köpenhamn. Äktenskapet blev dock kortvarigt då hennes make dog redan efter två år.\nHon kom aldrig att gifta om sig och fick heller inga barn. Maria Anholm stannade dock i\nDanmark. Hon författade flera böcker och skrev för både danska och svenska tidskrifter bl.a.\n*Dagny*, *Hertha* och *Hemåt*. Hon var även redaktör för *Kvinden og Samfundet* 1900–1901. Artiklarna behandlar ämnen som moderskapsförsäkring, skyddslagstiftning för kvinnor, sommarläger för industriarbeterskor, kvinnliga yrkesinspektörer och kvinnolöner inom\nindustrin.\n\nGenom ett stipendium från Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne fick Maria Anholm möjlighet att år\n1906 göra en studieresa till Tyskland och Schweiz där hon besökte olika typer av katolska och\nprotestantiska hem för industriarbeterskor. I boken *Fabriksarbeterskan*, 1907, beskriver hon\nden fysiska och psyko-sociala miljöns menliga inverkan på fabriksflickorna. Hon menar att\nfabriksledningen borde hållas ansvarig för den moraliska andan på fabrikerna och att\nvinstintressen låg till grund för att cheferna inte gjorde tillräckligt. I boken diskuterar hon\näven de olika hem hon besökte under studieresan utifrån deras verksamhet, ekonomi,\nordningsregler, förhållande till religionen och föreståndarinnornas roll. Maria Anholm\nframför också önskemål för den svenska kontexten. Hon betonar betydelsen av hemtrevliga\noch trygga boendemiljöer, utbildning, kultur, natur och kristen tro för industriarbeterskornas\nhälsa och utveckling, något som också skulle gagna kommande generationer. I boken *I\nanledning af en passus i yrkesfarekommitténs betänkande: Det personliga kapitalet och det\nsedliga ansvaret*, 1912, fortsätter Maria Anholm att belysa kvinnornas arbetsmiljö.\n\nMaria Anholms sociala engagemang kom också till uttryck i artiklar i tidskriften *Dagny* där\nhon bland annat uppmärksammade den amerikanska filantropiska föregångsgestalten Jane\nAddams verksamhet vid settlementhuset Hull House, som låg i en av Chicagos fattigaste\nstadsdelar. Där fick fattiga bland annat hjälp med bröstmjölk till spädbarn, tillgång till\ndaghem, arbetsförmedling och rättshjälp.\n\nMaria Anholm företog många studieresor. Hon besökte Italien 1878–1881 och 1885–1888,\nKaukasus 1893 och 1901–1902 samt Frankrike 1891–1892. Resorna lade grunden till flera\nreseskildringar och studier där hon även diskuterar forskningsrön: *Från Medelhafvets\nskönaste ö: sicilianska reseskildringar och studier*, 1890, *I Gogs och Magogs land.\nSkildringar och studier från en resa i Kaukasus*, 1895, och *Normandie*, 1889. Ungdomsboken *Vikingar och deras ättlingar*,1892, blev prisbelönt av Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet 1892.\n\nEfter sin andra resa till Kaukasus skrev Maria Anholm en bok om armeniernas situation, *Det dödsdömda folkets saga*, 1906. Hon beskriver här de så kallade hamidiska massakrerna under åren 1894–1896 då mellan 100 000 och 150 000 armenier dödades i det osmanska riket. I boken använder Maria Anholm beteckningen folkmord för att beskriva vad som drabbade armenierna och är förmodligen den första i Sverige att använda detta begrepp. Hon lägger här skulden på de turkiska myndigheterna och menar att de bedrev ett ”effektivt utrotningskrig”. Hon satte även in händelserna i ett vidare världspolitiskt sammanhang och menar att Europas inblandning, intriger och ömsesidiga avundsjuka också lett till dödandet av de kristna i osmanska Turkiet. Hon förutsåg att massakrerna skulle fortsätta, vilket också skedde. År 1915 dödades upp emot 2 miljoner armenier, assyrier/syrianer/kaldéer samt pontiska och anatoliska greker i det osmanska Turkiet.\n\nMaria Anholm hade även ett mycket stort intresse för jezidierna som hon själv (felaktigt)\nbenämner som jesider. Med sina skrifter, som beskrev folkgruppens historia,\ntrosföreställningar och seder och bruk, samt grundandet av Svenska Jesidmissionen år 1922, gjorde hon många svenskar uppmärksamma på detta folk, som hon bland annat omskriver som ”smutsfolket”. Själv beskriver hon dem som skygga, förskrämda och fattiga trashankar.\n\nMaria Anholm kom i kontakt med jezidierna genom sin syster, sjukgymnasten Ida Öberg,\nsom bodde i Tbilisi. Tillsammans med Svenska Missionsförbundets (SMF) missionär\nWilhelm Sarwe tog denna initiativ till ”teaftnar” dit jezidier kom. När Maria Anholm besökte\nTbilisi berördes hon starkt av jezidiernas situation och såg till att Kvinnliga Missionsarbetare\n(KMA) stödde projektet som ett av sina missionsfält. Efter systerns död 1904 inleddes ett\nofficiellt samarbete år 1905 mellan KMA och SMF i jezidmissionen. De försökte bygga\nbarnhem, grundade en skola och såg till att byarna fick tillgång till hälsovård. Missionärerna\nhöll också gudstjänster för intresserade jezidier.\n\nUnder första världskriget låg jezidmissionen nästan helt nere. KMA bad därför Maria Anholm\natt bilda en självständig kommitté 1922 som endast arbetade för jezidiernas sak. Maria\nAnholm var kommitténs ordförande, [Anna Roos](000000005182596X) vice ordförande, Margit Stenberg\nkassaförvaltare och Etty Ribbing, Helene Rubow, Anna Eurenius och Eva Malmberg övriga\nmedlemmar. Basen för Svenska Jesidmissionen låg i Malmö dit Maria Anholm kom varje år\nför att möta styrelsen. När Danmark var ockuperat under andra världskriget var dessa besök dock svåra att genomföra. Det var därtill omöjligt att sända ut medel till verksamheten på fältet. På grund av sin höga ålder önskade också Maria Anholm lägga arbetet i ”starkare händer” och 1945 tillsattes en ny styrelse med tre medlemmar: Arvid Bäfverfeldt från Svenska Kyrkans Missionsstyrelse, Georg Palmer från SMF och Märta Josephson från KMA. Maria Anholm var dock intill sin död engagerad för jezidiernas sak.\n\nMaria Anholm dog 1946. Därefter bedrevs missionsarbetet genom The United Mission in\nMesopotamia, med ekonomiskt bistånd från Sverige, intill år 1952 då Svenska Jesidmissionen avslutade sin verksamhet. Maria Anholms insatser för jezidierna har lyfts fram först på senare år, bland andra av den svensk-kurdiske författaren Rohat Alakom.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Anholm was an author who combined national and international aspects in her writing. She was interested in both the social conditions of Swedish working women and the vulnerability of the Armenians and the Yazidi in the Caucasus. She was also amongst the first writers to use the term ‘folkmord’ (genocide) as a specific concept.\n\nMaria Anholm was born in Stockholm. She grew up within a merchant family. Although she trained at the Högre lärarinneseminar (advanced teacher-training programme) from 1868-1871, her main activity was writing. In 1882 she married the Danish naval officer William Anholm and they moved to Hellerup near Copenhagen. Their marriage did not last long, however, as her husband died just two years later. She never remarried and she never had any children. Maria Anholm stayed in Denmark, however. She wrote several books and wrote articles for both Danish and Swedish journals, including *Dagny*, *Hertha*, and *Hemåt*. She was also the editor of *Kvinden och Samfundet*, from 1900-1901. Her articles focused on subjects such maternity benefits, protective laws for women, summer camps for female industrial workers, female labour inspectors, and women’s wages within the industrial sphere.\n\n\nUpon receipt of a stipend from Stiftelsen Lars Hiertas Minne Maria Anholm was able to undertake a study trip to Germany and Switzerland in 1906. She visited various Catholic and Protestant homes for female industrial workers. Her book *Fabriksarbeterskan*, from 1907, describes the harmful impact of the physical and psycho-social surrounding on female factory workers. She believed that the factory management should be held accountable for morale at factories and that zeal for profit resulted in factory bosses not taking their responsibilities seriously. In her book she discusses the various homes she visited during her study trip abroad with regard to their enterprise, finances, regulations, religious affiliation, and the role of female directors. Maria Anholm also conveyed her desire to see these types of homes in Sweden. She emphasises the significance of cosy and safe accommodation, training, culture, nature, and the Christian faith to the health and development of female industrial workers, which would also benefit future generations of workers. Her book *I anledning af en passus i yrkesfarekommitténs betänkande: Det personliga kapitalet och det sedliga ansvaret*, from 1912, Maria Anholm continued her portrayal of working women’s working conditions.\n\n\nMaria Anholm’s social activism also found expression in articles submitted to *Dagny* in which she brought attention to the American philanthropic figurehead Jane Addam’s efforts at the Hull House settlement home which was in one of Chicago’s poorest quarters. Assistance was provided to the poor, in terms of breast-milk for infants, access to day care, employment agencies, and legal help.\n\n\nMaria Anholm undertook a lot of study trips. She visited Italy betwee 1878 and 1881 and again between 1885 and 1888, the Caucasus in 1893 and again over the course of 1901-1902, and France between 1891 and 1892. Her travels provided the basis for several travelogues and studies in which she also discussed research findings: *Från Medelhafvets skönaste ö. Sicilianska reseskildringar och studier*, from 1890, and *I Gogs och Magogs land. Skildringar och studier från en resa i Kaukasus*, from 1895, and *Normandie*, from 1889. Her book for young people, *Vikingar och deras ättlingar*, from 1892, won a prize from the Fredrika Bremerförbund (Fredrika Bremer association) in 1892.\n\n\nFollowing her second visit to the Caucasus Maria Anholm wrote a book about the Armenians called *Det dödsdömda folkets saga*, published in 1906. She described the so-called Hamidian massacres of 1894-1896 when between 100,000 and 150,000 Armenians were killed within the Ottoman empire. Maria Anholm used the term ‘folkmord’ (genocide) in the book in order to describe what had been perpetrated against the Armenians – she was probably the first person to use that term in Sweden. She placed the blame at the feet of the Turkish authorities and believed that they were ‘effectively running a war of extermination’. She also placed these events within a wider context of global-politics and believed that European involvement, intrigues, and mutual jealousy also lay behind these killings of Christians within the Ottoman empire. She predicted that the massacres would continue, and they did. In 1915 almost 2 million Armenians, Assyrians/Syrians/Chaldeans as well as Pontic- and Anatolian-Greeks were killed within the Ottoman empire.\n\n\nMaria Anholm was greatly interested in the Yazidi (which she erroneously named as ‘Jesids’). Her writings which described the origins of these peoples, their beliefs, their customs and habits, along with the founding of Svenska Jesidmissionen in 1922, successfully made many previously ignorant Swedes aware of these peoples, whom she sometimes described as ‘smutsfolket’ (the dirty people). She likened them to furtive, terrified, and impoverished rags.\n\nIt was Maria Anholm’s sister, Ida Öberg – a physiotherapist who lived in Tbilisi – was the first person to inform Maria about the Yazidi. She, along with Wilhelm Sarwe a missionary with the Svenska Missionsförbund (SMF) (Swedish missionary society), began to hold ‘tea-evenings’ for the Yazidi. When Maria Anholm visited Tbilisi she was deeply moved by the plight of the Yazidi and ensured that Kvinnliga Missionsarbetare (KMA) (female missionary workers) supported the project as one of their mission duties. Following her sister’s death in 1904 a formal collaboration between KMA and SMF was established in 1905 in the Yazidi mission. They attempted to build a children’s home, founded a school, and provided health care for the villagers. The missionaries also held religious services for those Yazidi who were interested.\n\nDuring the First World War the Yazidi mission almost completely folded. KMA then asked Maria Anholm to set up an independent committee in 1922 whose sole purpose was to work for the Yazidi. Maria Anholm served as the chair of the committee, with [Anna Roos](000000005182596X) as vice-chair, Margit Stenberg as treasurer, and Etty Ribbing, Helen Rubow, Anna Eurenius, and Eva Malmberg as ordinary members. The Svenska Jesidmissionen was based in Malmö and Maria Anholm went there every year to meet the board. When Denmark was occupied by German forces during the Second World War it was difficult for her to undertake these visits. Further, it was impossible to send material to where it was needed. Given that, at that point, she was quite elderly Maria Anholm also wanted to place the enterprise in ‘stronger hands’ and in 1945 a new board was assembled with three members: Arvid Bäfverfeldt from Svenska Kyrkans Missionstyrelse (mission board of the Swedish church), Georg Palmer from SMF, and Märta Josephson from KMA. Maria Anholm remained active on behalf of the Yazidi until her death.\n\nMaria Anholm died in 1946. The missionary work was then taken on by The United Mission in Mesopotamia, with financial support from Sweden, until 1952 at which time Svenska Jesidmissionen ceased its missionary work. Maria Anholm’s contributions on behalf of the Yazidi were only later brought to people’s attention, by the Swedish-Kurdish author Rohat Alakom, as well as others.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MariaAnholm",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Köpenhamn, Danmark|55.676097|12.568337",
        "Hellerup, Danmark|55.736654|12.569196",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "19093740"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eva Helen",
          "lastname": "Ulvros"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "Konstnärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "Artists"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-03-17T09:12:36",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 47,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1788-01-12",
            "date": "1788-01-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1835-12-26",
            "date": "1835-12-26"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Johanna Margareta/",
        "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
        "sortname": "Ankarcrona"
      },
      "num_children": 7,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1807"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1810"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Åkerblom",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Jeanette",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Catharina Margareta",
          "lastname": "Lund",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Johan Peter",
          "lastname": "Åkerblom",
          "occupation": "Handlare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1785",
            "date": "1785"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1834",
            "date": "1834"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik Vilhelm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1814",
            "date": "1814"
          },
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Major",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1834",
            "date": "1834"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1815",
            "date": "1815"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1815",
            "date": "1815"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Johan Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1817",
            "date": "1817"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1838",
            "date": "1838"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Fredrik Teodor",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Konstapel vid flottan",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1818",
            "date": "1818"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto Conrad",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Bankbokhållare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1829",
            "date": "1829"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1887",
            "date": "1887"
          },
          "firstname": "Alexander August",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Sekundlöjtnant vid flottan",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1823",
            "date": "1823"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "firstname": "Ferdinand Vilhelm",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Sekundlöjtnant vid flottan",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1825",
            "date": "1825"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1835",
            "date": "1835"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav Edvard Reinhold",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1829",
            "date": "1829"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "firstname": "Robert Laurentius Alexander",
          "lastname": "Ankarcrona",
          "occupation": "Underlöjtnant, Upplands regemente",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Elgenstierna, Gustaf (red.), *Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1925-1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1, Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Johanna Margareta Ankarcrona var konstnär och landskapsmålare.\n\nJohanna Margareta Ankarcrona föddes den 12 januari 1788, och kallades Jeanette. Fadern var Johan Peter Åkerblom, handlare i Stockholm. Modern hette Catharina Margareta Lund.\n\nMellan 1807 och 1810 var Johanna Margareta Ankarcrona representerad med landskapsmålningar vid Konstakademiens utställningar. År 1814 gifte hon sig med major Fredrik Vilhelm Ankarcrona.\n\nFrån 1815 till 1829 födde hon sju söner, av vilka fem blev vuxna. Hon blev änka 1834 och dog året därpå, den 26 december 1835 i Uppsala.",
      "text_eng": "Johanna Margareta Ankarcrona was an artist and landscape painter.  \n\nJohanna Margareta Ankarcrona was born on 12 January 1788 and given the nickname Jeanette. Her father was Johan Peter Åkerblom, a merchant in Stockholm and her mother was Catharina Margareta Lund.  \n\nBetween 1807 and 1810, Johanna Margareta Ankarcrona was represented by some landscapes at the exhibitions held by the Royal Academy of Art (Konstakademien). In 1814, she married Major Fredrik Vilhelm Ankarcrona.  \n\nFrom 1815 until 1829 she gave birth to seven sons, of whom five lived to be adults. Johanna Margareta Ankarcrona was widowed in 1834 and died in Uppsala the year after, on 26 December 1835.  ",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "JohannaMargaretaAnkarcrona0",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Annell"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "description": "Professors namn av Kungl. Maj:t",
          "type": "Övrigt",
          "type_eng": "Other"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ada",
          "lastname": "Nilsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Hesselgren",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Freud",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Alice",
          "lastname": "Hellström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Nycander",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Harold",
          "lastname": "Searles",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Esther",
          "lastname": "Lamm",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "lastname": "Key",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen, reallinjen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "institution": "Whitlockska samskolan, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Med.lic.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "institution": "Karolinska Institutet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier vid barnpsykiatriska institutioner i Polen, Tyskland, Schweiz, Danmark, Norge, Holland, Frankrike och England",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940-talet"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Med.dr.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
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      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Anna-Lisa Annell",
          "description_eng": "By Anna-Lisa Annell",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Annell%2c+Anna-Lisa)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artiklar av Anna-Lisa Annell i databasen PubMed",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Annell+AL%5BAuthor%5D&sort="
        }
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        "Doctors",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T11:21:50",
      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
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            "comment": "1906-02-17",
            "date": "1906-02-17"
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            "date": "1981-03-25"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Anna-Lisa/ Elisabet",
        "lastname": "Annell",
        "sortname": "Annell"
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Läkare",
          "detail": "Vikarierande underläkare, S:t Gertruds Sjukhus",
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            "date": "1933"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Läkare",
          "detail": "Vikarierande underläkare, S:t Olofs Sjukhus",
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        {
          "description": "Läkare",
          "detail": "2:e läkare, Ulleråkers Sjukhus",
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            "date": "1937"
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              "lat": 59.858564,
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
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        },
        {
          "description": "Chef",
          "detail": "Medicinalråd och byråchef, Sinnessjukvårdsbyrån på Medicinalstyrelsen, samt inspektör, sinnesslövården",
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            "comment": "1950",
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          "description": "Läkare",
          "detail": "Amanuens, biträdande överläkare, barnpsykiatriska avdelningen, Akademiska Sjukhuset",
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            "date": "1947"
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          "description": "Läkare",
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          "description": "Professor",
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            "comment": "1963",
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            "date": "1972"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "Ledamot, arbetsgruppen för utarbetande av kriterier för psykiatrisk diagnosticering enligt DSM-systemet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
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            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
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        {
          "description": "Ordförande",
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            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
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          "name": "Svenska Barnpsykiatriska Föreningen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vice president",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "name": "Union of European Paedopsychiatrists",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ordförande, sektionen för barnpsykiatri",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
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          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vice president",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "name": "International Association for Child Psychiatry and allied Professions",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Annell-Bergstad",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
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              "lon": 17.30899999999997
            },
            "place": "Gnesta"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
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            },
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            "date": "1936"
          },
          "place": {
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
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            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Anna-Lisa Annell, 1963. Foto: Uppsala-Bild. Upplandsmuseets samlingar (UB013849)",
          "description_eng": "Anna-Lisa Annell, 1963. Photo: Uppsala-Bild. Upplandsmuseets samlingar (UB013849)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Annell_Anna-Lisa.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-11-05",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-10-08",
            "date": "1876-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1945-03-20",
            "date": "1945-03-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Katarina Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Annell, född Lind",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877-12-19",
            "date": "1877-12-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1945-06-07",
            "date": "1945-06-07"
          },
          "firstname": "John Henric",
          "lastname": "Annell",
          "occupation": "Lantjunkare, översättare, författare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-07-25",
            "date": "1901-07-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-05-23",
            "date": "1979-05-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Katarina",
          "lastname": "Annell, gift Finnson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-01-05",
            "date": "1903-01-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974-03-20",
            "date": "1974-03-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gustav",
          "lastname": "Annell",
          "occupation": "Överdirektör, verkschef, Fångvårdsstyrelsen",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-05-10",
            "date": "1904-05-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1988-06-04",
            "date": "1988-06-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Henrik",
          "lastname": "Annell",
          "occupation": "Bankdirektör, Skandinaviska Banken",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-03-21",
            "date": "1908-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1989-07-16",
            "date": "1989-07-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Gerda Birgitta, kallad Brita",
          "lastname": "Annell, gift Skatteboe",
          "occupation": "Personalchef, Centralposten",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-06-05",
            "date": "1909-06-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-02-23",
            "date": "1979-02-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl-Axel, kallad Kalle",
          "lastname": "Annell",
          "occupation": "Överdirektör, Domänverket",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-04-12",
            "date": "1911-04-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-02-20",
            "date": "2001-02-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Annell",
          "occupation": "Lektor, Strängnäs läroverk",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-04-21",
            "date": "1901-04-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-11-12",
            "date": "1954-11-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Evert Harry Valter",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergstad",
          "occupation": "Provinsialläkare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Annell, Anders, 'Om äran - dygders och lasters amma', *Uppsala medicinhistoriska förening*, 2013, s. 94 -119",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Annell, Anna-Lisa, *Elementär barnpsykiatri*, Sv. bokförl. (Norstedt), Stockholm, 1958",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Annell, Anna-Lisa, 'Sinnesslövården i Sverige', *Nordic journal of psychiatry*, 1948(2):4, s. 172-177",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Annell, Anna-Lisa, 'Uppföranderubbningar hos barn, orsakade av lätta hjärnlesioner', *Läkartidningen*, 1952:7, s. 401-409",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hjärne, Urban, 'Bokanmälan Anna-Lisa Annell "Elementär barnpsykiatri"', *Läkartidningen*, 1959, s. 1247-1250",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Isaksson, Ulla & Linder, Erik Hjalmar, *Elin Wägner: [en biografi]*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 2003, S. 155-156, 171, 179, 195",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johansson, Henry, 'Några läkarprofiler i Akademiska Sjukhusets historia', *Uppsala medicinhistoriska förening*, 2012, s. 90-106",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Samtal med kollegor, arbetskamrater och släktingar",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Petrén, Alfred & Annell, Anna-Lisa (red.), *Betänkande rörande sinnesslövårdens organisation med hänsyn till erforderliga åtgärder för beredande av skolundervisning åt bildbara sinnesslöa barn*, Stockholm, 1943 (Hämtad 2020-11-05)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:sou-1428707"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Program vid Kvinnoföreningarnas stormöte i Stockholm den 13, 14 och 15 april 1945* (Hämtad 2020-11-05)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/portaler/arbete/tjanste/program1945.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rydelius, Per-Anders, 'Svensk barn- och ungdomspsykiatri under 50 år och om hur kunskapsområdet utvecklades till ett vetenskapligt ämne', *Svensk psykiatri*, 2010",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Barnpsykiater, professor, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Child psychiatrist, professor, pioneer",
      "text": "Anna-Lisa Annell var barn- och ungdomspsykiater och professor i barnpsykiatri. Genom att vara en viljestark visionär och pionjär, såväl i Sverige som internationellt, bidrog hon till att barn- och ungdomspsykiatrin fick en självständig ställning gentemot vuxenpsykiatrin.\n\nAnna-Lisa Annell föddes 1906 på gården Skeppsta i Husby-Oppunda socken ett par mil väster om Nyköping. Den mellanstora gården hade hennes far John Annell köpt ett år tidigare, varvid han lämnat en tjänst som lärare i klassiska språk vid Östra Real i Stockholm. Som lantjunkare fortsatte han umgänget med biskopar, godsägare och kulturpersoner. Hemmet präglades av en intellektuell och litterär miljö. Fadern var en ömsint husdespot, men stod upp för de svaga med ett patos för den rättfärdighet han ansåg riktig. Således gav han ekonomiskt stöd till flera av gårdens många statarbarn för att de skulle få utbildning. Som liberal bekämpade han nazismen frenetiskt. Mot slutet stod inte Anna-Lisa Annell ut med sin rabiate far utan bröt kontakten med honom.\n\nAnna-Lisa Annell var mellanbarnet i en sjuhövdad syskonskara. Hon var kavat, idérik, enveten och mån om att visa att hon kunde utföra allt som hennes bröder kunde göra. Anna-Lisa Annell influerades säkerligen av föräldrarnas umgänge med Fogelstadgruppen, vars tidskrift *Tidevarvet* var given i hemmet, och vars medlemmar besökte familjen på Skeppsta. Till mångas förtret gav pappan sitt stöd både ekonomiskt, praktiskt och genom idéutbyte till gruppen. Anna-Lisa Annell beskrev gruppmedlemmen och gynekologen [](Ada Nilsson) som pratsam. Den lite kärva orubbliga [](Elin Wägner) var den som oftast kom till gården och hon brevväxlade under många år med både fadern och modern Anna, född Lind. Mest imponerades Anna-Lisa Annell av [](Alfhild Tamm), som var Sveriges första kvinnliga psykiater och introducerade psykoanalysen i landet.\n\nEfter guvernantundervisning på gården gick Anna-Lisa Annell flickskola i Nyköping och utmärkte sig tidigt som bäst i klassen. År 1922 for hon till Stockholm och började på gymnasiet i Whitlockska samskolan. Där tog hon studenten på reallinjen 1924. I september samma år antogs hon vid Karolinska Institutet och utexaminerades som läkare och medicine licentiat 1933. Minst av allt hade hon tänkt sig att ägna sig åt barnpsykiatri, men flera vikariat på de stora mentalsjukhusen i Västervik och Visby kom att ändra hennes inriktning. Vuxenpatienternas bekymmer för sina barn kom att väcka hennes intresse för barn med utvecklingsstörning och andra problem.\n\nÅr 1933 gifte hon sig med provinsialläkaren Evert Bergstad, som dog 1954. I deras lyckliga men planerat barnlösa äktenskap stod båda två ut med att under arbetsveckorna bo på olika orter, han i Hofors och hon i Uppsala. I Uppsala började Anna-Lisa Annell 1937 en tjänst på Ulleråkers sjukhus och skulle från 1947 vara verksam på Akademiska sjukhuset resten av yrkeslivet. År 1953 disputerade hon med en avhandling om beteendestörningar hos barn som en följdverkning av kikhosta. Avhandlingen fick avgörande betydelse för den så småningom införda vaccineringen mot kikhosta.\n\nUnder 1940-talet var Anna-Lisa Annell medicinalråd på Medicinalstyrelsen, och som byråchef för sinnessjukvårdsbyrån inspektör för landets sinnesslövård och psykiska barnavård. Den senare var hon ansvarig för att bygga upp. Som kliniker sågs hon som en enastående organiker och diagnostiker. Tack vare hennes forskning kunde man utreda cerebrolesionella tillstånd. Utvecklingen har gått vidare och idag handlar det om tillstånd som ADHD, autism och Aspergers syndrom. Anna-Lisa Annell introducerade amfetaminderivat i behandlingen för att öka vakenhet och koncentration men glömde aldrig bort behovet av pedagogiska insatser.\n\nFrån 1940-talets mitt undervisade hon medicine kandidater i barnpsykiatri. År 1958 gav hon ut den första läroboken i barnpsykiatri på ett nordiskt språk, *Elementär barnpsykiatri*. Efter en hel del politiskt bråk inrättades 1963 en professur i barnpsykiatri vid Uppsala universitet som tillföll Anna-Lisa Annell. Samtidigt blev hon överläkare för den nyinrättade barn- och ungdomspsykiatriska kliniken vid Akademiska sjukhuset.\n\nAnna-Lisa Annells banbrytande vetenskapliga produktion på olika språk omfattade många skilda ämnen: psykologiska testmetoder, vårdorganisation, infektioner, avvikande och utsatta barn, barn till folkminoriteter som samer och romer, barn med funktionsvariationer, övervikt, trauman, anorexia nervosa, skolsvårigheter, uppfostringsproblem, särbegåvning, autism, barnpsykoser, apatitillstånd, manodepressivitet och barns reaktioner på sjukdom och död hos anhörig. Fastän Anna-Lisa Annell träffade och kommunicerade mycket med dåtidens främsta internationella barnpsykoanalytiker, kom hon i yrket inte att själv utöva psykodynamisk psykoterapi utan överlät det på dem som var bättre skickade för det. Hon såg sina egna begränsningar. Däremot kom hon att engagera sig mycket för barn- och kvinnofrågor internationellt. I Sverige deltog hon aktivt som föredragshållare och i paneler i Kvinnliga Läkares Kommitté och Kvinnoorganisationernas utskott för mellanfolkliga frågor.\n\nI fråga om behandlingsmetoder förnyade hon barnpsykiatrin genom en eklektisk öppenhet för ett tvärvetenskapligt synsätt inkluderande både medicinska-somatiska, psykologiska, pedagogiska och sociala åtgärder. Med stor precision lanserade hon på 1940-talet elektrokonvulsiv behandling, litiumterapi, barbituratkurer och på 1950-talet de nya moderna neuroleptika mot psykoser och tricyklika mot depressioner.\n\nAnna-Lisa Annell var i flera avseenden näst först. Hon tillhörde Sveriges näst äldsta prästsläkt med präster i varje generation. Hon blev den näst första professorn i barnpsykiatri i landet. Hon blev Uppsalas andra kvinnliga docent och dess andra kvinnliga professor genom tiderna. Men hon blev den första kvinnliga läkare som disputerat i Uppsala och den första kvinnliga professorn vid Akademiska sjukhuset där. Hon var också först i att uppmärksamma och forska på många nya problemområden inom barnpsykiatrin samt att initiera hela raden av barnpsykiatrins viktigaste behandlingsmetoder.\n\nEfter att under sina sista år ha plågats av en svårbehandlad grå starr avled Anna-Lisa Annell 1981 i sin bostad på Eskilsgatan som ”den svenska barnpsykiatrins grand old lady”. Hennes stoft vilar på Uppsala gamla kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Anna-Lisa Annell was a children’s and young people’s psychiatrist and a professor of child psychiatry. By being a strong-willed visionary and pioneer, in Sweden and also internationally, she contributed to the attainment by child and youth psychiatry of an independent status in relation to adult psychiatry.\n \nAnna-Lisa Annell was born in 1906 on Skeppsta Estate in Husby-Oppunda parish near Nyköping. The middle-sized estate had been purchased by her father John Annell a couple of years previously when he left his post as teacher of classical languages at the grammar school Östra Real in Stockholm. As a landowner, he continued socialising with bishops, other landowners and the cultural élite. Their home was characterised by an intellectual and literary atmosphere. Her father was a benign despot in their home but also stood up for the weak with a pathos for the right-mindedness he considered correct. Thus he gave economic support to several of the estate’s children of poor agricultural labourers so that they could acquire an education. As a liberal, he combatted Nazism frenetically. In the end, Anna-Lisa Annell was not able to tolerate her fanatical father any longer but broke off all contact with him. \n\nAnna-Lisa Annell was a middle child in the sibling group of seven. She was plucky, inventive, persistent and keen to show that she could do anything her brothers could. Anna-Lisa Annell was certainly influenced by her parents’ socialising with the Fogelstad group, whose magazine *Tidevarvet* was a given in their home, and whose members visited the family at Skeppsta. To the annoyance of many, her father gave his support economically, practically and through the exchange of ideas to the group. Anna-Lisa Annell described the group member and gynaecologist [](Ada Nilsson) as a chatterbox. The rather gruff and inflexible [](Elin Wägner) was the one who most often visited the estate and she corresponded for many years with both their father and their mother Anna, née Lind. Anna-Lisa Annell was most impressed by [](Alfhild Tamm), who was Sweden’s first woman psychiatrist and who introduced psychoanalysis to the country. \n\nAfter being taught by a governess on the estate, Anna-Lisa Annell attended a girls’ school in Nyköping and soon made a name for herself as best in her class. In 1922, she travelled to Stockholm and started senior high school at Whitlockska coeducational school. There she matriculated in 1924. In September the same year she was accepted at the Karolinska Institutet where she qualified as a doctor and medical licentiate in 1933. She had least of all considered dedicating herself to child psychiatry, but several temporary posts at the large mental hospitals in Västervik and Visby were to change her mind. The adult patients’ anxiety about their children was to awaken her interest for children with mental handicaps and other problems. \n\nIn 1933 she married Evert Bergstad, a county medical officer who died in 1954. In their happy marriage that was childless according to their planning, they both put up with living in different towns during the working week, he in Hofors and she in Uppsala. In Uppsala, Anna-Lisa Annell started work in 1937 at Ulleråker Hospital, and from 1947 she was to be employed at Akademiska Sjukhuset for the rest of her professional life. In 1953, she took her doctorate with a thesis on behaviour disorders in children as a consequence of whooping cough. Her thesis was eventually to be decisive for the introduction of vaccination against whooping cough. \n\nDuring the 1940s, Anna-Lisa Annell was the medical counsellor at the National Swedish Board of Health. She was also the divisional director of the mental health office and as such the inspector of the country’s mental healthcare and psychiatric childcare. She was responsible for the development of the latter. As a clinician, she was considered an outstanding organic specialist and diagnostician. Thanks to her research, it was possible to investigate cerebrolesional conditions. This development has continued, and currently is focused on such conditions as ADHD, autism and Asperger’s syndrome. Anna-Lisa Annell introduced amphetamine derivates into the treatment to increase alertness and concentration, but never forgot the need of pedagogical contributions. \n\nFrom the mid-1940s, she taught child psychiatry to medical students. In 1958 she published the first textbook in child psychiatry in a Nordic language: *Elementär barnpsykiatri*. After a good deal of political squabbling, a professorship in child psychiatry that went to Anna-Lisa Annell was established in 1963 at Uppsala University. At the same time, she was made consultant for the child and youth psychiatric clinic at Akademiska Sjukhuset. \n\nAnna-Lisa Annell’s pioneer scientific production in various languages encompasses many different subjects: psychological test methods, healthcare organisation, infections, exceptional adiposity, deviant and vulnerable children, children belonging to minority populations like Sami and Roma; children with functional variations, overweight, trauma, anorexia nervosa, school difficulties, upbringing problems, special talents, autism, child psychoses, apathy, manic depression and children’s reactions to illness and the death of a close relative. \n\nAlthough Anna-Lisa Annell met and communicated often with the foremost international child psychiatrists of the time, she never in her own working life practised psychodynamic psychotherapy but left that to those who were better qualified for it. She saw her own limitations. She did however get engaged in children’s and women’s issues internationally. In Sweden, she participated actively as a lecturer and on panels in the women physicians’ association (Kvinnliga Läkares Kommitté) and on the women’s organisations’ committee for international questions. \n\nWhen it came to the question of treatment methods, she renewed child psychiatry through her eclectic openness to an interdisciplinary view including medical-somatic, psychological, pedagogical and social measures. With great precision, she launched electro-convulsive treatment, lithium therapy, and barbiturate cures in the 1940s, and the new, modern neuroleptics against psychoses and tricyclics against depressions in the 1950s. \n\nAnna-Lisa Annell was almost first in several ways. She belonged to Sweden’s next-oldest clergyman family with clergymen in every generation. She was almost the first professor of child psychiatry in the country. She was the second woman senior lecturer and the second woman professor at Uppsala University through the ages. However, she was the first woman physician to take her doctorate in Uppsala and the first woman professor at the teaching hospital there. She was also the first to pay attention to and do research into many new problem areas in child psychiatry as well as to initiate a great number of the most important treatment methods in child psychiatry. After having been plagued in her old age by cataracts that were difficult to treat, Anna-Lisa Annell died in 1981 in her home in Uppsala as ”the grand old lady of Swedish child psychiatry”. She rests in Uppsala Old Cemetery.",
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        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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      "source": [
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          "description": "Edith Anreps samling, SE/RA/721405. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-02-17)",
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        {
          "description": "Edith Anrep. *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-03-30)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Anrep"
        },
        {
          "description": "Edith Anrep. *WikiVisually* (Hämtad 2017-03-30)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.wikivisually.com/wiki/Edith_Anrep"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0037.html"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, aktiv i kvinnorörelsen",
      "subtitle_eng": "Legal practitioner, active member of the women's movement",
      "text": "Edith Anrep var jurist och aktiv i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet och International Alliance of Women. I den senare var hon president under åren 1970–1973.\n\nEdith Anrep föddes 1912 i Trieste, då tillhörande dubbelmonarkin Österrike-Ungern, numera en stad i Italien. Hennes föräldrar var konsuln Adolf Dinkelspiel och Emelie Dinkelspiel. Edith Anrep hade tre syskon. Det är okänt när hon kom till Sverige. Hon var gift med advokaten Nils Anrep.\n\nEdith Anrep tog en juris kandidatexamen 1936 på Stockholms högskola och fullgjorde sin tingstjänstgöring vid Södertörns domsaga mellan åren 1936 och 1939. Hon arbetade därefter som biträdande jurist. Under åren 1963–1974 arbetade hon med skilsmässomål.\n\nEdith Anrep var aktiv i kvinnoorganisationer såväl i Sverige som internationellt. Under åren 1955–1970 var hon styrelseledamot i International Alliance of Women och åren 1970–1973 president för samma organisation. När hon blev vald till president skrevs det om händelsen i International Women's News. Edith Anrep var också aktiv i den svenska kvinnoorganisationen Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. Därtill var hon vice ordförande för Riksföreningen för kräftsjukdomarnas bekämpande (från 1982 Cancerfonden) åren 1965–1983 och styrelseledamot i Swedish Committee for Cultural Cooperation in Europe.\n\nI början av 1940-talet började Edith Anrep att skriva i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets tidning *Hertha* om kvinnolöner inom industrin samt om änkors och barns pensionsskydd. Fram till 1972 skrev hon ett stort antal artiklar i *Hertha* om olika ämnen som civilförsvaret, jämlikhetsfrågor och om FN:s kvinnokommission. Utöver detta publicerade hon böckerna *Från Aktiv Hushållning och Hemmens forskningsinstitut 1940–1956 till Statens Institut för konsumentfrågor*, 1957, *Some features of woman’s status in Swedish family law*, 1962, samt var redaktör för konferensrapporten *Report of the proceedings*, 1962.\n\nI *Svensk juristtidning* 1961 skrev signaturen T. H-r om ett FN-seminarium som ägde rum i Bukarest 19 juni–3 juli 1961 rörande kvinnans ställning i familjerätten. Seminariet ingick som ett led i ett av FN uppställt allmänt program om rådgivande verksamhet rörande de mänskliga rättigheterna. I seminariet deltog 23 väst- och östeuropeiska stater och Sveriges representanter var lagbyråchefen Torwald Hesser och Edith Anrep. Seminariet rörde framför allt kvinnors juridiska ställning i familjen men också en del sociala faktorer togs upp. Det skrevs i en anmälan att ”fru Anrep” väckte stort intresse med den rapport som hon utarbetat om lagstiftningen på området i de nordiska länderna, ”med hänsyn till det fullständiga sätt på vilket principen om mannens och kvinnans likställighet genomförts i dessa länder.”\n\nEdith Anrep dog 100 år gammal i Stockholm 2012 och ligger begravd på kyrkogården i Leksand.",
      "text_eng": "Edith Anrep was a lawyer and an active member of both the Fredrika Bremer Association and the International Alliance of Women. She served as president of the latter from 1970 to 1973.\n\nEdith Anrep was born in Trieste in 1912, when Trieste (now an Italian city) was still part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Her parents were the consul Adolf Dinkelspiel and Emelie Dinkelspiel. Edith Anrep had three siblings. It is uncertain when she came to Sweden. She was married to the lawyer Nils Anrep.\n\nEdith Anrep gained her Bachelor of Law in 1936 at Stockholm College (later Stockholm University) and completed her court service on the Södertörn judicial circuit in the years 1936-1939. She subsequently worked as a legal aide. From 1963 to 1974 she worked in the divorce courts.\n\nEdith Anrep was an active member of both international and national women’s organisations. From 1955 to 1970 she was a board member of the International Alliance of Women, and from 1970 to 1973 she was the president of that organisation. Her election as president was reported on in the *International Women’s News*. Edith Anrep was also an active member of the Fredrika Bremer Association, a Swedish women’s organisation. From 1965 to 1983 she further served as vice-president of Riksföreningen för kräftsjukdomarnas bekämpande, which became known as Cancerfonden (Swedish Cancer Society) from 1982 onwards. She was also a board member of the Swedish Committee for Cultural Cooperation in Europe.\n\nIn the early 1940s Edith Anrep began to write for the Fredrika Bremer Association newspaper, *Hertha*. She wrote on women’s wages in industry and on pension protection for widows and children. Until 1972 she produced a large number of articles for *Hertha* on various subjects including the civil defence corps, equality issues, and the United Nations’ women’s commission. In addition to this, she published the following books: *Från Aktiv Hushållning och Hemmens forskningsinstitut 1940-1956 till Statens Institut för konsumentfrågor*, published in 1957 and *Some features of woman’s status in Swedish family law*, published in 1962. She was also the editor of conference proceedings *Report of the proceedings*, also published in 1962.\n\nIn *Svensk juristtidning*, published in 1961, the pseudonym T. H-r describes a United Nations seminar which had been held in Bucharest from 19 June to 3 July 1961 on the status of women in family law. The seminar was part of the general United Nations’ run programme for advisory work on human rights. The seminar was attended by 23 western and eastern European countries and the Swedish representatives were the head of legal office Torwald Hesser and Edith Anrep. The seminar largely concerned the legal status of women within the family, but other social aspects were also considered. One report noted that “Mrs Anrep” garnered a lot of interest with her account of family law in the Nordic countries “with reference to the comprehensive manner that the principle of male and female equality has been carried through in these countries”.\n\nEdith Anrep died at the age of 100 in Stockholm in 2012 and is buried at the cemetery in Leksand.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "EdithAnrep",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Trieste, Italien|45.649526|13.776818"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "41809392"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Sara",
          "lastname": "Backman Prytz"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Sofia, drottning av Sverige",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Anrep, farbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Axel",
          "lastname": "Anrep, farbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Flickpension",
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "institution": "Paulinska flickskolan, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Telegrafistutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärarutbildning, dövstumlärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "institution": "Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda å Manilla",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier av dövstumpedagogik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "37.09024",
              "lon": "-95.712891"
            },
            "place": "USA"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin",
          "description_eng": "By Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(anrep-nordin+elisabeth)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin",
          "description_eng": "About Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/12236314"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Elisabeth Nordin (Anrep-)', urn:sbl:8293, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Lars-Olof Skoglund) (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=8293"
        },
        {
          "description": "Mörner, Robert, 'Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin', *Idun*, 1897(10):16, s. 121-123, 1897 (Hämtad 2020-02-17)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/49686"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Handikapprörelsen",
        "Lärare",
        "Politiker",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Skolledare",
        "Pedagogik"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Disability rights movement",
        "Teachers",
        "Politics",
        "Politicians",
        "Pioneers",
        "School directors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-07T16:07:11",
      "libris_uri": [
        "hftwqc612s2q7q2"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1857-04-21",
            "date": "1857-04-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Skultuna församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.716482",
              "lon": "16.430292"
            },
            "place": "Skultuna"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1947-08-10",
            "date": "1947-08-10"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Säve församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.7694839",
              "lon": "12.268819699999995"
            },
            "place": "Lerum"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Elisabeth/",
        "lastname": "Anrep-Nordin",
        "sortname": "Anrep-Nordin"
      },
      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Vikarierande dövstumlärare, dövstumskolan i Lund",
          "detail_eng": "Substitute deaf-mute teacher, deaf-mute school in Lund",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Dövstumlärare, dövstumskolan i Härnösand",
          "detail_eng": "Deaf-mute teacher, deaf-mute school in Härnösand",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "62.63227",
              "lon": "17.940871"
            },
            "place": "Härnösand"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Dövstumlärare, Statens anstalt för överåriga dövstumma i Vadstena",
          "detail_eng": "Deaf-mute teacher, the state deaf-mute institution in Vadstena",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Dövstumlärare, Statens anstalt för överåriga dövstumma i Skara",
          "detail_eng": "Deaf-mute teacher, the state deaf-mute institution in Skara",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.386013",
              "lon": "13.439328"
            },
            "place": "Skara"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Skolföreståndare, grundare, förstelärare, Skolhemmet för blinda döfstumma, senare Drottning Sofias stiftelse",
          "detail_eng": "School director, school founder, school head teacher, Skolhemmet för blinda döfstumma, later Drottning Sofias stiftelse",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Grundare, arbetshem för dövstumma lärjungar, Drottning Sofias stiftelse",
          "detail_eng": "Founder, workhouse for deaf-mute apprentices, Drottning Sofias stiftelse",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.379728",
              "lon": "12.324803"
            },
            "place": "Vänersborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Vänersborgs stadsfullmäktige",
          "detail_eng": "Member, Vänersborg city council",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.379728",
              "lon": "12.324803"
            },
            "place": "Vänersborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Rektor, Vårdanstalten i Lund för blinda med komplicerat lyte",
          "detail_eng": "Principal, Lund institutional home for the blind with complex disabilities",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Anrep",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.716482",
              "lon": "16.430292"
            },
            "place": "Skultuna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "187?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "62.63227",
              "lon": "17.940871"
            },
            "place": "Härnösand"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1878",
            "date": "1878"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.386013",
              "lon": "13.439328"
            },
            "place": "Skara"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.379728",
              "lon": "12.324803"
            },
            "place": "Vänersborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.7694839",
              "lon": "12.268819699999995"
            },
            "place": "Lerum"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin, år okänt. Foto: Ragnar Eiserman (1877-1950). Vänersborgs museum (VMO07362)",
          "description_eng": "Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin, year unknown. Photo: Ragnar Eiserman (1877-1950). Vänersborgs museum (VMO07362)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Anrep_Nordin_Elisabeth.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1834",
            "date": "1834"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867",
            "date": "1867"
          },
          "firstname": "Julia Ulrika Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Anrep, född Mörner af Morlanda",
          "occupation": "Grevinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1826",
            "date": "1826"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "firstname": "Frans Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "occupation": "Överdirektörassistent, Skultuna Messingsbruk",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856",
            "date": "1856"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "firstname": "Reinhold",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858",
            "date": "1858"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860",
            "date": "1860"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "firstname": "Herman",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861",
            "date": "1861"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "firstname": "Fromhold",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Sofia",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "firstname": "Jakob",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867",
            "date": "1867"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "firstname": "Julius",
          "lastname": "Anrep",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1852-05-07",
            "date": "1852-05-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1920-04-08",
            "date": "1920-04-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Fredrik Stanislaus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "lastname": "Nordin",
          "occupation": "Dövstumlärare, rektor, Statens läroanstalt för överåriga dövstumma",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gösta",
          "lastname": "Anrep Nordin",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "lastname": "Anrep Nordin",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "firstname": "Birger",
          "lastname": "Anrep Nordin",
          "occupation": "Fil.dr., musiklärare, tonsättare, organist",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-09-09",
            "date": "1892-09-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963-11-23",
            "date": "1963-11-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Gertrud",
          "lastname": "Anrep Nordin, gift Fischer",
          "type": "Dotter",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Liljedahl, Kerstin, *Handikapp och omvärld: hundra års pedagogik för ett livslångt lärande*, Pedagogiska institutionen, Univ. [distributör], Diss. Lund : Univ.,Lund, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ernst och Gertrud Fischers familjearkiv, SE/RA/720289. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?postid=ArkisRef+SE%2FRA%2F720289"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Dövpedagog, pionjär inom specialpedagogiken",
      "subtitle_eng": "Deaf teacher, pioneer of specialised teaching",
      "text": "Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin var en av Sveriges mest betydande dövpedagoger. Hennes yrkesliv präglades av ett starkt engagemang för handikappade barn och deras rätt till utbildning.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordin föddes i Skultuna 1857 som dotter till grevinnan Julia Anrep och ingenjören Frans Gustav Anrep, föreståndare för Skultuna Messingsbruk. Efter moderns bortgång år 1867 fick den då tioåriga Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin under resten av sin uppväxt ta ett stort ansvar i hemmet. Särskilt engagerade hon sig i de yngre syskonens skolgång och läxläsning. Under uppväxtåren fick hon sin utbildning i småskola, flickpension och slutligen vid Paulinska flickskolan.\n\nEfter önskemål från fadern avlade Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin år 1875 telegrafistexamen i Stockholm. Under studietiden väcktes dock hennes intresse för undervisning av funktionshindrade barn. Hon var en skicklig simmare och när hon under sommaren arbetade som simlärare vid Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda å Manilla visade det sig att hon hade en särskild fallenhet för att kommunicera med hörselskadade barn. Uppmuntrad av kollegor vid Manilla började Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin studera till dövstumlärare och år 1877 blev hon den första kvinnan som examinerades i yrket. Under studietiden träffade hon sin blivande man, Fredrik Nordin, som även han var dövstumlärare. Han tillträdde år 1879 som föreståndare för Statens läroanstalt för överåriga dövstumma i Skara, dit Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin också rekryterades som lärare efter kortare tjänstgöringsperioder vid dövstumskolorna i Lund och Härnösand.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordins arbete med funktionshindrade barn uppmärksammades i flera kretsar, och år 1882 fick hon efter en förfrågan från drottning [Sofia](0000000390122257) den elvaåriga flickan Emilie Jonsson som elev till sin skola. Emilie Jonsson beskrevs av samtiden som ”blind och dövstum”. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordins pedagogiska arbete med denna flicka kom att bli banbrytande i Sverige, och lade grunden för en mer utvecklad pedagogik för barn med liknande funktionshinder. Hon engagerade sig i pedagogik och livsmöjligheter för dessa barn och år 1886 tillbringade hon tre månader i USA för att särskilt studera de ”tresinnade” barnens undervisning. Hösten 1886 kunde Skolhemmet för blinda döfstumma öppnas i Skara efter att ha fått anslag av riksdagen samt stöd av drottning Sofia och kung Oscar II. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin var förstelärare och maken Fredrik Nordin rektor. Verksamheten flyttades 1892 till Vänersborg och fick 1901 namnet Drottning Sofias stiftelse, med anledning av drottningens generösa stöd till anstalten. Flickan Emilie Jonsson blev slutligen placerad på hospital och detta väckte Elisabeth Anrep-Nordins engagemang för att undervisa de barn som mot 1800-talets slut betraktades som sinnesslöa. Eftersom blindskolorna var stängda för dem erbjöds dessa barn ingen skolgång. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin och hennes make blev pionjärer när de år 1902 startade en särskild avdelning för elever ur denna grupp vid sin dövstumskola i Vänersborg.\n\nÅr 1905 grundade Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin tillsammans med maken ett arbetshem för lärjungar som efter skoltiden var oförmögna att försörja sig själva och som hade fattiga anhöriga. Året därpå inrättades ett vårdhem för de elever som framför allt var i behov av vård och omsorg. Verksamheten i Vänersborg, som nu alltså bestod av skolhem, arbetshem och vårdhem, var emellertid i stort behov av privata finansiärer. Frågan om statens ansvar för handikappade barn var en hjärtefråga för Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin och när lokalfrågan för anstalten blev svår att lösa på privat väg fanns också praktiska skäl till att förstatliga verksamheten. Anstalten begärde år 1911 att verksamheten skulle drivas i statlig regi. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin var själv sakkunnig i kommittéerna som beredde frågan och år 1914 biföll riksdagen förslaget om förstatligandet. Bygget av den nya anstalten försenades dock betydligt. Först 1922, då anstalten flyttades till Lund, stod den klar och fick namnet Vårdanstalten i Lund för blinda med komplicerat lyte, ett namnbyte som inte uppskattades av Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin som hellre hade velat ha kvar drottning Sofias namn i anstaltsnamnet. Hon var rektor för verksamheten första året men gick därefter i pension.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordins betydelse för handikappedagogiken i Sverige är stor. Hon var en pionjär i frågan om att se de handikappade barnens potential för lärande och hon utvecklade pedagogiken för dessa barn. Att hon dessutom drev frågor om organisation och statligt engagemang gör att hennes insats varit betydande inte bara för enskilda individer utan också för samhällets syn på en utsatt grupp.\n\nVid sidan av sin pedagogiska gärning var Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin också en engagerad politiker. År 1910 blev hon första kvinna att ta plats i stadsfullmäktige i Vänersborg. \n\nElisabeth Anrep Nordin avled i Lerum 1947.",
      "text_eng": "Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin was one of Sweden’s most significant teachers of the deaf. Her career was characterized by her determined activism on behalf of handicapped children and their rights to gain an education. \n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordin was born in Skultuna in 1857. She was the daughter of Countess Julia Anrep and her husband Frans Gustav Anrep, who was an engineer and the director of Skultuna brass works. After her mother’s death in 1867 Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin, then ten years old, came to bear a lot of responsibility in the family household. She was particularly committed to ensuring that her younger siblings attended school and completed their homework. She herself gained her education at a primary school, a girls’ school and finally at the Paulinska girls’ school.\n\nIn accordance with her father’s wishes Elisabeth Nordin-Anrep qualified as a telegraphist in 1875 in Stockholm. It was during her studies there that she developed an interest in teaching disabled children. As she was a competent swimmer she had spent her summer months working as a swimming instructor at Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda å Manilla (a school for deaf and blind children and youth). The experience made her realise that she had a particular aptitude for communicating with children suffering from a hearing impairment. Her colleagues at the school encouraged her to train as a teacher of the deaf and in 1877 she became the first woman to gain a qualification in the profession. During her training she met Fredrik Nordin, who later became her husband. He was also a teacher of the deaf. In 1879 he became the director of Statens läroanstalt för överåriga dövstumma in Skara (a state institution for deaf adult). Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin was also recruited to work there as a teacher after having spent brief periods working at schools for the deaf in Lund and Härnösand.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordin’s work with disabled children became noted within several circles. In 1882 an eleven-year-old girl called Emilie Jonsson became a pupil at her school at the request of [Queen Sofia](0000000390122257). Emilie Jonsson was described by her contemporaries as “blind and deaf-mute”. The pedagogic work which Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin undertook with this girl was path-breaking in Sweden and lay the ground for a more comprehensive education for children with similar disabilities. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin was very active both in pedagogics and in creating life opportunities for these children. In 1886 she spent three months in the USA in order to learn about teaching deaf-blind children in particular. In the autumn of 1886 Skolhemmet för blinda döfstumma (a school for blind deaf-blinds) opened in Skara having obtained parliamentary funding as well as support from Queen Sofia and King Oscar II. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin was the head teacher and her husband Fredrik Nordin was the school principal. The school moved to Vänersborg in 1892, and in 1901 it was renamed Drottning Sofias stiftelse (Queen Sofia’s foundation) in recognition of the Queen’s generous support for the school. When Emilie Jonsson was eventually hospitalised this awoke Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin’s concern for teaching those children who were considered feeble-minded in the late nineteenth century. As schools for the blind were not open to them these children had no opportunity to become educated. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin and her husband became pioneers when in 1902 they opened a special section at their school for the deaf in Vänersborg for these children.\n\nIn 1905 Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin and her husband set up a workhouse for apprentices who, having completed school, were not able to provide for themselves and who had poor relatives. The following year a care home was established for those pupils whose primary need was care and welfare. The Vänersborg enterprise, which now consisted of a school, a workhouse, and a care home, was desperately in need of private funding. For Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin the issue of state responsibility for handicapped children was a personal concern and when the local demand for the institution became difficult to meet by private means nationalising it seemed a practical way to resolve this. The institution formally sought to be nationalised in 1911. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin herself served as an expert in the committees which prepared the matter and in 1914 the request gained parliamentary support. However, the building of the new institution was significantly delayed. It was not completed until 1922, when the institution moved to Lund and was named Vårdanstalten i Lund för blinda med komplicerat lyte (“institutional care home in Lund for the blind with complex disabilities”). Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin did not appreciate the name change; she would have preferred Queen Sofia’s name to be retained in the institutional name. Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin served as the principal of the enterprise for its first year but after that she retired.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordin was significant for the development of education for the disabled in Sweden. She was a pioneer in seeing handicapped children’s learning potential and she developed a teaching programme for these children. Her activism also included matters surrounding organisation and state participation, which makes her contribution meaningful not just for certain individuals but also for society’s perspective of a vulnerable group.\n\nIn addition to her teaching work Elisabeth Anrep-Nordin was also an active politician. In 1910 she was the first woman on Vänersborg town council.\n\nElisabeth Anrep-Nordin died in Lerum in 1947.",
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          "description": "Eriksson, Therese, 'Siv Arb [Nekrolog]', *Fokus*, 2015-03-04 (Hämtad 2018-01-15)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
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          "description": "Siv Arb. Norstedts (Hämtad 2018-01-15)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://www.norstedts.se/forfattare/116442-siv-arb"
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        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, S. 38-39, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "description": "*Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1997*, Norstedt, Stockholm, S. 70, 1996",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
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        {
          "description": "Siv Arb. *Svensk Filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2018-01-15)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/en/item/?type=person&itemid=453702"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Poet, litteraturkritiker, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Poet, literary critic, translator",
      "text": "Siv Arb var poet, litteraturkritiker, översättare och redaktör. Hon var med och startade Författarcentrum 1967 och var en av initiativtagarna till Författarförlaget liksom till den årligt återkommande Poesidagen i Stockholm.\n\nSiv Arb föddes 1931 i Göteborg. Hennes far dog veckan före hennes födelse och begravdes samma dag som hon föddes. Under sin uppväxt bodde hon dels hos släktingar, dels på barnhem och i fosterhem. År 1950 började hon studera vid Sigtuna folkhögskola. Några år senare, 1956, gifte hon sig med kulturredaktören Stig Arb. Äktenskapet varade i 20 år. Hon tog en filosofie kandidatexamen i Stockholm 1962 och var ansvarig utgivare för den litterära tidskriften *Rondo* mellan 1962 och 1964. Vidare arbetade hon som litteraturkritiker i *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* och i *Aftonbladet* under åren 1960 till 1968 samt i *Expressen* 1977 till 1978.\n\nSiv Arbs poetiska bana tog sin början 1959, då hon debuterade med diktsamlingen *Växt mot vinden*. Hennes litterära produktion innefattar flera ytterligare diktsamlingar, exempelvis *Kollisioner*, 1967, *Burspråk*, 1971, *Under bara himlen*, 1978, och *Minnets knivar*, 2001. I sin poesi bearbetar hon ofta känslor av ångest och utanförskap samt separationen från och förlusten av sina föräldrar. Vägen genom en svår men enligt henne själv nödvändig depression gestaltas i diktsamlingen *Dikter i mörker och ljus*, 1975. Hennes litterära stil kan beskrivas som nyenkel, men utan den motivsfär som gärna kopplas till den så kallade diskbänksrealismen.\n\nSiv Arb verkade även som översättare. Hon översatte Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes och Doris Lessing och introducerade dem för en svensk publik. Dessutom var hon konstnär och hade 1994 en utställning på Nationalgalleriet i Gamla stan i Stockholm. I boken *Växelbruk*, 1977, blandar hon poesi med översättningar, kritik, dagboksanteckningar och bilder. Även flera andra av hennes verk innehåller bilder, framför allt i collageform. År 1960 utkom hon med en bok om [](Harriet Löwenhjelm), *Lek, liv och längtan: studier i Harriet Löwenhjelms liv och författarskap baserade på hennes läsning av Sören Kierkegaard*. Inte för inte kallade Siv Arb sig själv för ”litteraturens hjälpgumma”.\n\nSiv Arb blev liksom många andra svenska poeter starkt politiskt inriktad under 1960-talet. Hon var socialist, feminist och kärnkraftsmotståndare. Under 1970-talet gjorde hon delvis upp räkningen med det tidigare decenniets hårda krav på politiskt engagemang. Hon beskrev kravet som ”terror” och menade att konsten inte kan underkastas den typen av regleringar.\n\nSiv Arb avled i Stockholm 2015, 83 år gammal.",
      "text_eng": "Siv Arb was a poet, a literary critic, a translator, and an editor. She was also one of the founders of Författarcentrum (Writers’ Centre) in 1967 and one of the founders of Författarförlaget (authors’ publishing house), along with the annual Poetry day in Stockholm.\n\nSiv Arb was born in Gothenburg in 1931. Her father died the week before she was born and was buried on the day of her birth. She grew up in various homes, sometimes with relatives, and sometimes in children’s homes or foster homes. She started studying at Sigtuna adult education college in 1950. She married Stig Arb, an editor of cultural news, in 1956, and their marriage lasted for 20 years. She sat her Bachelor’s degree in Stockholm in 1962. From 1962 to 1964 she was the responsible publisher for the literary journal *Rondo*. She also worked as a literary critic for *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* and for *Aftonbladet* during the years 1960-1968, and later for *Expressen* from 1977 to 1978.\n\nSiv Arb began her career as a poet in 1959 when her first collection of poems, entitled *Växt mot vinden*, was published. Her output comprises several more collections, such as *Kollisioner*, 1967, *Burspråk*, 1971, *Under bara himlen*, 1978, and *Minnets knivar*, 2001. She often used her poems to work through feelings of anxiety and alienation, as well as the separation from and the loss of her parents. Her 1975 collection entitled *Dikter i mörker och ljus* recounts her journey through a difficult but, according to her, necessary depression. Her literary style can be described as straightforward, but without the usual motifs which tend to be connected with so-called kitchen sink realism.\n\nSiv Arb also worked as a translator. She translated Sylvia Plath, Ted Hughes, and Doris Lessing, thereby bringing these writers to Swedish audiences. Furthermore, she was an artist and in 1994 she held an exhibition at the National Gallery in Gamla stan in Stockholm. Her book, *Växelbruk*, 1977, is a mix of poetry and translations, reviews, diary entries, and pictures. Several of her other works include images, mainly in collage format. In 1960 she released a book on Harriet Löwenhjelm, called *Lek, liv och längtan: studier i Harriet Löwenhjelms liv och författarskap baserade på hennes läsning av Sören Kierkegaard*. There was a reason why Siv Arb referred to herself as a “literary all-rounder”.\n\nSiv Arb, like many other Swedish poets, became strongly politicised during the 1960s. She was a socialist, a feminist, and campaigned against nuclear power. During the 1970s she somewhat counterbalanced the previous decade’s hard demands for political engagement. She described those demands as “terror” and believed that art should not be forced to submit to those kinds of rules.\n\nSiv Arb died in Stockholm in 2015, aged 83.",
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          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
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          "description": "Jonsson, Cecilia, *Pionjärvolontärerna: en internationell generation i en föränderlig tid*, Makadam, Göteborg, 2015",
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      "subtitle": "Lärare, biståndsarbetare, grundare av Svalorna",
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      "text": "Dagny Arbman var pionjär inom internationellt solidaritetsarbete och drivande i föreningen Svalorna. Hon grundade och drev Svalornas Indiensektion.\n\nDagny Arbman föddes i Söderhamn år 1908. Hon var dotter till författaren Tullia och diplomingenjör Hjalmar Ljungh. År 1932 gifte hon sig med Holger Arbman som var professor i arkeologi. Paret fick två döttrar. Familjen var protestanter, men Dagny Arbman konverterade till katolicismen på 1940-talet.\n\nDagny Arbman hade en filosofie kandidatexamen och var textillärare till yrket. Hon var bland annat verksam som textillärare på Handarbetets Vänner och som författare och översättare. År 1950 utgavs hennes bok *Gobelänger och andra vävda tapeter* och hon översatte bland annat flera verk som handlade om Indien och hjälparbetet där från franska till svenska.\n\nTillsammans med väninnan och kollegan [](Suzanne Sandberg) grundade Dagny Arbman den ideella, religiöst och politiskt obundna föreningen Svalorna år 1959. Svalorna riktade in sig på att driva projekt i fattiga länder i syfte att arbeta för och med lokalbefolkningen för att förbättra deras levnadsvillkor. Arbetet skedde med svenska ungdomar som skickades på ett par års oavlönad volontärtjänst i Indiens och Perus slumområden. Där arbetade de med att starta och driva projekt inom sjukvård, barnomsorg, grundutbildning och yrkesverkstäder. Svalorna bildades samtidigt som en del av den svenska Emmaus-rörelsen. Inspiration fick man vid ett besök av den franske katolska prästen Abbé Pierre som i slutet av 1940-talet grundat Emmaus i Frankrike. Dagny Arbman besökte Indien under 1950-talet och hon tog år 1962 initiativet till Svalornas verksamhet där. Suzanne Sandberg ansvarade för volontärerna och verksamheten i Peru och Dagny Arbman för arbetet och verksamheten i Indien. Indiensektionen kom senare också att omfatta internationellt utvecklingsarbete i Bangladesh. År 1962 skickades de första volontärerna till Indien och arbetade då främst i stadsdelen Cherian Nagar i norra utkanten av Madras (idag Chennai). Mellan åren 1962 och 1977 var Dagny Arbman ordförande i Svalornas Indien-Bangladeshsektion. Under några år i början av 1970-talet representerade hon Indien i den då nystartade samordnande organisationen Emmaus International (EI). Dagny Arbman var aktiv i Svalorna Indien-Bangladeshsektionen som hedersordförande fram till sin död.\n\nUnder 1970-talet var Dagny Arbman också en av grundarna av Moder Teresas organisation Missionaries of Charity och arbetade aktivt i föreningen. Tillsammans med föreningen Svalorna mottog hon medalj från Albert Schweitzer-stiftelsen för sina humanitära insatser.\n\nDagny Arbman dog i Lund 1997.",
      "text_eng": "Dagny Arbman was a pioneer in international solidarity work and a driving force in Svalorna (The Swallows). She founded and ran Svalorna’s India section.\n\nDagny Arbman was born in Söderhamn in 1908. She was the daughter of the author Tullia and the engineer Hjalmar Ljungh. In 1932 she married Holger Arbman, who was a professor of archaeology. The couple had three daughters together. The family followed the Protestant faith but in the 1940s Dagny Arbman converted to Catholicism.\n\nDagny Arbman had a Bachelor of Arts and was a textiles teacher by profession. She also worked as a textile instructor at Handarbetets Vänner (Friends of Handicrafts) and was an author and translator. Her book *Gobelänger och andra vävda tapeter* was published in 1950 and she also translated several works on India and aid work in India from French into Swedish.\n\nIn 1959 Dagny Arbman founded the religiously and politically neutral non-profit association Svalorna together with her friend and colleague [](Suzanne Sandberg). Svalorna focused on running projects in less developed countries, with the aim of working on behalf of and with the local populations in order to improve their living conditions. The work was carried out by Swedish youths, who were sent out for a couple of years’ unpaid voluntary service in the slums of India and Peru. There they set up and ran projects on improving the health service, childcare and basic education as well as career development workshops. Svalorna was established as part of the Swedish Emmaus-movement, which had been inspired by a visit from a French Catholic priest, Abbé Pierre, who had founded Emmaus in France in the late 1940s. Dagny Arbman had visited India in the 1950s, and in 1960 she initiated Svalorna’s activities there. Suzanne Sandberg was responsible for the volunteers and their activities in Peru while Dagny Arbman was responsible for the Indian section. Later, the India section would also encompass Bangladesh. In 1962 the first volunteers went off to India and largely worked in the Cherian Nagar area in the northern outskirts of Madras (today Chennai). Between 1962 and 1977 Dagny Arbman was the chair of the Svalorna India-Bangladesh section. In the early 1970s she represented India in the then newly-established coordinating organisation Emmaus International. Dagny Arbman was active in the Svalorna India-Bangladesh section as honorary chair right up until her death.\n\nDuring the 1970s Dagny Arbman was also one of the founders of Mother Theresa’s organisation Missionaries of Charity, where she was also an active member. She and the Svalorna association received a medal from the Albert Schweitzer trust in recognition of her humanitarian work.\n\nDagny Arbman died in Lund in 1997.",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18782"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Ulrica Arfvidsson",
          "description_eng": "By Ulrica Arfvidsson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/7746033"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Ulrica Arfvidsson",
          "description_eng": "About Ulrica Arfvidsson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/3282609"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "Kulturhistoria"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "Cultural history"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2019-10-10T11:44:17",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 67,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1734-04-19",
            "date": "1734-04-19"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hovförsamlingen",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1801-08-31",
            "date": "1801-08-31"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Jakob och Johannes församling ",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Anna /Ulrica/",
        "lastname": "Arfvidsson",
        "sortname": "Arfvidsson"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Spåkvinna",
          "detail": "Spåkvinna",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1780-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1790-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lindborg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1734-04-19",
            "date": "1734-04-19"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1801-08-31",
            "date": "1801-08-31"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ulrica Arfvidsson, porträtt av Lorens Pasch d.y. (Nordiska museet)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/arfvidsson.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1771",
            "date": "1771"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Catharina",
          "lastname": "Burgin",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1738-09-12",
            "date": "1738-09-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Eric",
          "lastname": "Lindborg",
          "occupation": "Vaktmästare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1729-10-14",
            "date": "1729-10-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1729-11-28",
            "date": "1729-11-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Catharina",
          "lastname": "Lindborg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1731-03-29",
            "date": "1731-03-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Greta",
          "lastname": "Lindborg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1733-02-10",
            "date": "1733-02-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Lisa",
          "lastname": "Lindborg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1737-11-10",
            "date": "1737-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Lindborg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Berg, P. G. & Stålberg, Wilhelmina (red.), *Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Elektronisk resurs]*, P. G. Berg, Stockholm, 1864-1866",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forsstrand, Carl, *Spåkvinnor och trollkarlar: minnen och anteckningar från Gustaf III:es Stockholm*, Geber, Stockholm, 1913",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hafström, Adolf Gerhard, ’Mamsell Arfvidsson: nya data ur den ryktbara spåkvinnans liv’, *Personhistorisk tidskrift*, 1927:1/2",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tegnér, Elof, Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz, Adlerbeth, Gudmund Jöran & Schröderheim, Elis (red.), *Från tredje Gustafs dagar: anteckningar och minnen*, Beijer, Stockholm, 1892",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wallis, Ernst [Bernhard Elias], ’Spåkvinnan mamsell Arfvidsson’, *Ord och bild*, 1914(23):6, s. 321-328",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/ordochbild/1914/0357.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Spåkvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Fortune teller",
      "text": "Ulrica Arfvidsson var en spåkvinna som var verksam i Stockholm under andra hälften av\n1700-talet. Hon var känd som mamsell Arfvidsson och sägs ha förutspått Gustav III att han\nskulle bli mördad. \n\nUlrica Arfvidsson föddes i Stockholm 1734, som dotter till vaktmästaren vid\nGeneralförrådskassan Erik Lindborg och dennes hustru Anna Katarina Burgin. Namnet\nArfvidsson tog hon efter sin styvfar, kocken Arvid Arfvidsson. Uppväxten tycks ha varit\nrelativt välbärgad och hennes far efterlämnade en större boksamling. Styvfadern kom senare\natt bli kunglig mästerkock. Ulrica Arfvidsson hade det således gott ställt och en viss\nutbildning. Hon växte upp i kontakt med hovet.\n\nNär Ulrica Arfvidsson inledde sin spådomsbana är inte känt, men från och med 1780-talet\nomnämns hon i flera memoarer, dagböcker och brev. Hon spådde i såväl händer som kort,\nmen framför allt spådde hon i kaffesump. Detta var på modet bland de stockholmska\nspåkvinnorna, som också gick under benämningen ”kaffe-pytissor”. Ulrica Arfvidsson ska ha\nhaft ett väl utbyggt kontaktnät av spioner, vilket troligen bidrog till ryktet att hon aldrig\nspådde fel.\n\nUlrica Arfvidsson hade två pigor i sin tjänst, där den ena, vars namn var Adrottja, sannolikt\nockså bidrog till Ulrica Arfvidssons rykte. Vid sin död beskrevs hon som ”piga från Marocko,\nturkinna här döpt”. Hur hon hamnat hos Ulrica Arfvidsson är höljt i dunkel, första gången hon\nnämns är 1775. Hon sägs ha varit ”slavinna”.\n\nI 1780 års mantalslängd uppges att Ulrica Arfvidsson skattade för överflöd, vilket bekräftar\natt hon vid det här laget var en känd och framgångsrik spåkvinna. Bland dem som uppges ha\nbesökt Ulrica Arfvidsson kan nämnas Carl August Ehrensvärd, hertig Karl och [](Magdalena Rudenschöld).\n\nMest prominent bland de återkommande besökarna var dock Gustav III, som ska ha fått\nspådomar som kunde tolkas som förvarningar om att han skulle bli mördad. Bland annat sägs\nhan vid ett tillfälle ha blivit spådd att han skulle akta sig för den herre han mötte samma kväll\nsom bar värja, ”han traktar efter ert lif”. Strax därefter ska kungen ha mött en av\nkonspiratörerna, Adolph Ludvig Ribbing, med en värja. Enligt en annan uppgift skulle han\nakta sig för den förste han mötte i röd väst – och strax därefter mötte kungen samme Ribbing\niförd röd väst. Här finns dock också en uppgift om att Ribbing hört att kungen varnats för en\nman i röd frack, och därefter låtit sy upp en sådan för att injaga skräck i kungen. Att\nkungen blivit spådd om sin död har senare figurerat i flera romaner och operor som skildrar\nkungamordet. \n\nUnder 1780-talet tycks Ulrica Arfvidssons verksamhet ha väckt en del anstöt. Hon flyttade\nfrån de burgna kvarter där hon tidigare bott till mer påvra områden och polismästare\nLiljensparre utfärdade ett förbud för mamsell Arfvidsson att \"vidare uppenbara tillkommande\nöden\". Förbudet finns dock bara nämnt i ett brev och tycks aldrig ha vunnit laga kraft, kanske\npå grund av att Ulrica Arfvidsson hade mäktiga beskyddare.\n\nMot senare delen av livet klingade karriären som spåkvinna av och år 1800 beskrevs Ulrica\nArfvidsson som ”orkeslös och utfattig”. Hon dog i Stockholm år 1801.",
      "text_eng": "Ulrica Arfvidsson was a fortune-teller who was active in Stockholm during the second half of the eighteenth century. She was known as Mamsell Arfvidsson and is said to have forewarned King Gustav III about his own murder.\n\nUlrica Arfvidsson was born in Stockholm in 1734 as the daughter of a caretaker of the royal palace, Erik Lindborg, and his wife Anna Katarina Burgin. She took the surname of her stepfather, a chef named Arvid Arfvidsson. She appears to have enjoyed a financially rather comfortable childhood. Her father left a sizable book collection on his death. Her stepfather later became the royal head chef. Ulrica Arfvidsson thus came from a well-to-do background and was educated to a degree. She grew up in the environs of the royal court.\n\nIt is not clear exactly when Ulrica Arfvidsson began her fortune-telling career but her name appears in several memoirs, dairies and letters from the 1780s onwards. She could read palms and cards, but she mainly read coffee grounds. This had become trendy amongst Stockholm’s fortune-tellers, who were also known as “kaffe-pytissor” (coffee readers). Ulrica Arfvidsson was said to have a well-developed network of spies, which probably contributed to the rumours that she was never wrong in her predictions.\n\nUlrica Arfvidsson had two maidservants. One of these, named Adrottja, probably also contributed to Arfvidsson’s reputation. On her death Adrottja was descried as a “maid from Morocco, a Turkish woman baptised here”. How she ended up in Ulrica Arfvidsson’s service remains a mystery, although she was said to have been a slave. The first time she is mentioned is in 1775.\n\nThe tax census for 1780 reveals that Ulrica Arfvidsson was taxed due to her affluence, confirming that she was already a well-known and successful fortune-teller. Those who were said to have visited her included Carl August Ehrensvärd, Duke Karl and [](Magdalena Rudenschöld).\n\nKing Gustav III was, however, the most eminent of her recurrent visitors. He was said to have been given readings which could be interpreted as warnings that he was about to be murdered. At one point he was apparently informed that he should beware a gentleman he would meet who bore a dagger as he “seeks to take your life”. Shortly thereafter the king is said to have met one of the men who turned out to be a conspirator against him, Adolph Ludvig Ribbing, who was carrying a dagger. According to another account the king was to beware the first man he met wearing a red vest – and shortly thereafter he met the same Ribbing wearing a red vest. There is also an account that tells how Ribbing, after learning that the king had been warned about a man in a red coat, had a red coat made for himself in order to intentionally scare the king. These predictions of the king’s death have appeared in several novels and operas about the king’s murder.\n\nUlrica Arfvidsson’s activities during the 1780s apparently incurred considerable offence. She moved from the affluent quarter where she was living to a poorer area, where the police super intendent Liljensparre banned Mamsell Arfvidsson from further fortune-telling. However, this ban is only mentioned in one letter and appears never to have been enforced, perhaps because Ulrica Arfvidsson had powerful protectors.\n\nTowards the end of her life Ulrica Arfvidsson’s career as a fortune-teller dried up and in 1800 she is described as “listless and penniless”. She died in Stockholm in 1801.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "UlricaArfvidsson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eva Helen",
          "lastname": "Ulvros"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Michel",
          "lastname": "Fokine",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Mauritz",
          "lastname": "Stiller",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Rolf",
          "lastname": "de Maré",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jean",
          "lastname": "Börlin",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Serge",
          "lastname": "Lifar",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Häger",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Hirsch",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": "Jacobs folkskola, Nicolai folkskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dansutbildning",
          "institution": "Kungliga Teaterns Balettskola (numera Kungliga Svenska balettskolan)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Danslektioner för Michel Fokine",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Utbildning till skulptör",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Carina Ari",
          "description_eng": "About Carina Ari",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Carina+Ari)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andhé, Stefan, 'Carina Ari: drottning av dansen - och finansen', *Månadsjournalen*, 1985:3, s. 42-47",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Näslund, Erik, 'Carina Ari', *Dance Research*, 2010(7):2, s. 70-80",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olsson, Cecilia, 'Operan hyllar Carina Ari', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1997-05-22",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sörenson, Carl, 'Carina Ari' [fotografier av dansaren och koreografen], *Danstidningen*, 1997:5, s. 6-9",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000081282994",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Dansare",
        "Koreografer",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Skulptur",
        "Balett"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Dancers",
        "Choreographers",
        "Artists",
        "Sculpture"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T10:32:49",
      "libris_uri": [
        "sq468bvb08kshh9"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 73,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1897-04-14",
            "date": "1897-04-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Johannes församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1970-12-24",
            "date": "1970-12-24"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": -34.6076,
              "lon": -58.4371
            },
            "place": "Buenos Aires, Argentina"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Maria Karina (/Carina/) Viktoria",
        "lastname": "Ari",
        "sortname": "Ari"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Dansare",
          "detail": "Dansare, Stockholm, Köpenhamn,  Paris, Alger, övriga Europa",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Koreograf",
          "detail": "Koreograf, Köpenhamn, Stockholm, Paris, Alger",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skulptör",
          "detail": "Skulptör, Buenos Aires, Paris, Stockholm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Grundare, donator",
          "name": "Carina Ari-fonden",
          "type": "Stiftelse",
          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Jansson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Carina Ari de Moltzer",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 36.753768,
              "lon": 3.058756
            },
            "place": "Alger, Algeriet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1939"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": -34.6076,
              "lon": -58.4371
            },
            "place": "Buenos Aires, Argentina"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1855-06-27",
            "date": "1855-06-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-04-23",
            "date": "1913-04-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Emma Maria",
          "lastname": "Danielsdotter Sundberg",
          "occupation": "Grönsakshandlare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-11-05",
            "date": "1858-11-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-01-18",
            "date": "1939-01-18"
          },
          "firstname": "August",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "occupation": "Järnarbetare, verkmästare, montör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Jansson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-09-17",
            "date": "1880-09-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1965-02-14",
            "date": "1965-02-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Desiré-Émile",
          "lastname": "Inghelbrecht",
          "occupation": "Dirigent,kapellmästare,  operachef, tonsättare",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "firstname": "Jan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "lastname": "Moltzer",
          "occupation": "Företagsledare, likörföretaget Bols",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Näslund, Erik, *Carina Ari: ett lysande liv*, Interpublishing, Stockholm, 1984",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rootzén, Kajsa, *Den svenska baletten: från Stiernhielm till Brita Appelgren*, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, 1945",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjögren, Margareta, *Skandinavisk balett*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska baletten i Paris 1920-1925: [Ballets suédois] : Dansmuseet 3 mars-20 augusti 1995*, Dansmuseet, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carina Ari stiftelserna",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://carinaari.se/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Dansare, koreograf, skulptör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Dancer, choreographer, sculptor",
      "text": "Maria Karina Viktoria Ari var en känd dansös, koreograf och skulptör.\n\nCarina Ari föddes i Stockholm den 14 april 1897. Föräldrarna var August Jansson och Emma Maria Danielsdotter Sundberg. Fadern arbetade omväxlande som järnarbetare, verkmästare och montör och var ofta på resande fot. Moderns brorsdotter Elsa hade också sitt hem i familjen. August Janssons frånvaro bidrog till att modern ofta hade en annan man i hemmet, ”farbror Johansson”, som Carina Ari ibland misstänkte var hennes riktige far. \n\nCarina Ari levde sina första nio år i en lägenhet på Smala Gränd 13 A, ett då fattigt område. År 1906 separerade föräldrarna och Carina Ari och hennes mor flyttade till Gamla stan. Modern försörjde dem med en liten grönsaksbutik, och Carina Ari fick tidigt hjälpa till med arbetet. Hon sålde grönsaker och blombuketter ute på stan och fick ibland även ta hand om butiken eftersom modern ofta var sjuk. Trots dubbelarbetet klarade Carina Ari folkskolan bra.\n\nCarina Ari närde en dröm om att bli dansös efter att ha sett ett foto på några balettflickor, och hon kom in på Kungliga Teaterns Balettskola 1906, vid nio års ålder. Det blev långa dagar med skolgång, arbete i butiken och danslektioner. Dessutom deltog baletteleverna vissa kvällar i operaföreställningarna, vilket innebar lite inkomster. Under sin utbildning fick Carina Ari tillfälle att ta lektioner för den kände ryske dansaren och koreografen Michel Fokine, som befann sig i Stockholm för gästspel 1913–1914.\n\nCarina Aris mor dog 1913 och fadern var sedan länge borta ur bilden. 16 år gammal blev Carina Ari anställd som dansös vid Kungliga Teatern. Det var möjligt för en del dansare att dryga ut sina magra inkomster genom att delta i filminspelningar, och Carina Ari var med i Mauritz Stillers *Balettprimadonnan*, 1916. Carina Ari var emellertid fast besluten att vidareutveckla sitt konstnärsskap, och trots att hon blivit utnämnd till solist sade hon upp sig från Kungliga Operan 1918. Michel Fokine och hans hustru hade flytt från revolutionen i Ryssland och slagit sig ner i Köpenhamn samma år där de öppnade dansskola. Carina Ari lämnade Kungliga Operan i och med säsongen 1918–1919, och det blev ett lyckat gästspel för den svenska Operabaletten på Det Ny Teater i Köpenhamn. Man framförde ett Fokineprogram bestående av *Sylfiderna* och *Scheherazade*. De svenska dansarna gjorde succé och gästspelet fick förlängas. Även året innan hade Carina Ari varit på ett framgångsrikt gästspel i Köpenhamn.\n\nCarina Ari stannade kvar i Köpenhamn när de övriga dansarna återvände norrut. Hon började ta lektioner för Michel Fokine som undervisade privat i sitt hem. Han tog dock rejält betalt, men Carina Ari lyckades beveka Axel Hirsch, en förmögen mecenat som gärna gynnade teater och balett att ge henne ett lån på 5 000 kronor. Michel Fokine var mycket krävande men Carina Ari lärde sig oerhört mycket av honom. ”Han krävde att varje liten övning skulle vara ett skulpturalt mästerverk”, minns hon, och fortsatte: ”Hos Fokine lärde jag mig arbeta koreografiskt, och det öppnade dansrikets portar för mig.”\n\nHösten 1919 återvände Carina Ari till Stockholm, där hon för sin försörjning började undervisa, bland annat i sällskapssdans. Året därpå blev hon tillfrågad av Mauritz Stiller om hon ville dansa huvudrollen i hans film *Erotikon*, hon skulle passa perfekt med sitt mörka, exotiska utseende. Carina Ari erbjöd sig också att göra koreografin till rollen, och framhöll: ”Jag har betyg från Fokine att jag är en begåvad koreograf.”\n\nÅr 1920 begav sig Carina Ari tillsammans med flera andra svenska dansare från Kungliga Operan iväg till Paris, under konstsamlaren och entreprenören Rolf de Marés ledning. Han kallade truppen Svenska Baletten (Les Ballets suédois) och dansarna hade fått kontrakt på tre år. Carina Ari blev premiärdansös 1921 och fick stor uppmärksamhet i sina olika roller. Gruppens koreograf Jean Börlin presenterade ett varierande program i olika stilarter. Carina Ari hade ett brett register, från grunden tränad i klassisk stil, som sedan vidareutvecklats av Fokine med ett nytt formspråk av mjuka, böjliga rörelser för armarna och överkroppen. En av Svenska balettens mest uppskattade verk var *De fåvitska jungfrurna*, en frisk humoresk i svensk folklig stil med koreografi och kostymer av Einar Nerman och musik av Kurt Atterberg. Carina Ari firade sin allra största triumf i verket *Anitras dans*, komponerad av Jean Börlin, till musik av Edvard Grieg. Svenska Baletten gjorde flera framgångsrika turnéer, både i Frankrike, Spanien, Belgien, Tyskland, Ungern, Italien, England och i Österrike. Man gjorde också gästspel i Danmark och Sverige 1922.\n\nEfter tre år med Svenska Baletten lämnade Carina Ari truppen 1923. Hon återvände till Stockholm och gjorde koreografier till barndansuppvisningen på Barnens dag på stadion i september. Samma uppdrag fick hon 1929 och 1930. År 1925 gifte sig Carina Ari med Desiré-Émile Inghelbrecht. Han hade varit dirigent på Théâtres des Champs Elysées och hade knutits till Svenska Baletten 1920. År 1924 blev han musikchef på Opéra-Comique i Paris. Carina Ari skapade åtta danser, *Scènes dansées*, för Opéra-Comique och dansade dem själv 1925 till stor orkester under makens ledning. Danserna gjorde stor succé och hon framförde dem även på turnéer i Frankrike, Sverige och i flera andra länder i Europa. Carina Ari beskrevs av Parispressen som ”en av vår tids yppersta, själfullaste och originellaste danskonstnärinnor”.\n\nSommaren 1927 fick Carina Ari hedersuppdraget att komponera en balett för ett jubileum i Presidentpalatset, och resultatet blev *Ode à la Rose*. Året därpå fick hon erbjudandet att sätta upp en balett på Stora Operan i Paris, nationalscenen. Carina Ari tillhör därmed den ytterst exklusiva skara kvinnliga koreografer som satt upp en balett där. Hon dansade själv ”Blå bergens dotter” vid urpremiären på sin balett *Månstrålen*, som hon kallade ”ett koreografiskt poem”, till musik av Gabriel Fauré. Det var första gången en svensk dansös uppträdde på Parisoperan sedan Marie Taglionis dagar under förra delen av 1800-talet. Carina Ari dansade även huvudrollen då baletten återuppsattes 1934.\n\nÅr 1930 engagerades Carina Ari som balettchef, och maken som operachef, vid Operan i Alger. Maken lämnade snart sin befattning efter att ha råkat i konflikt med de tongivande, konservativa kretsarna där, medan däremot Carina Ari stannade längre. Hon hade kontrakterat en del dansare från Köpenhamn, och hon skapade sex nya baletter samt ny koreografi till repertoarens operor. Därefter återvände hon till Paris där hon och hennes make fick fasta tjänster på Opéra-Comique 1932. De stannade inte så länge där, och i mitten av 1930-talet var Carina Ari tillbaka i Stockholm där flera av hennes baletter sattes upp 1935–1938.\n\nChefen för Parisbaletten, Serge Lifar, planerade 1938 att skapa en balett baserad på Bibelns *Höga Visan*, *Le Cantique des Cantiques*, en modern balett med både klassiska steg och inslag av fridans. Carina Ari blev Serge Lifars danspartner, och baletten har kallats för hans märkligaste verk. Carina Aris sista framträdande som dansös kom att bli på Opéra-Comique. I mars 1939, vid 42 års ålder, framförde hon där sina *Scènes dansées* för sista gången.\n\nLite senare reste Carina Ari till kurorten Aix-le-Bains. Hennes äktenskap var på väg mot skilsmässa sedan hennes make inlett en relation med en annan kvinna, och hon behövde vila upp sig. Där träffade hon holländaren Jan Moltzer, arvinge till likörföretaget Bols och mångmiljonär. Innan andra världskriget bröt ut flyttade han sin företagsverksamhet till Buenos Aires i Argentina. Carina Ari och Jan Moltzer gifte sig 1942 och flyttade till Buenos Aires. Äktenskapet blev lyckligt, men Jan Moltzer avled hastigt 1951. En stor del av hans förmögenhet tillföll Carina Ari, mest i form av aktier i Bolsföretagen.\n\nEfter danskarriären inledde Carina Ari sin bana som skulptör. Hon studerade bland annat i New York, och blev skicklig i att göra porträttlika byster. Hennes byst av Dag Hammarskjöld finns i FN i New York, och ännu en byst av honom är placerad i Uppsala. Hennes porträttkonst finns också representerad vid Nationalmuseum i Stockholm. Carina Ari stannade i parets vackra hem i Buenos Aires, men behöll också sin ateljévåning i Paris och hälsade regelbundet på i Stockholm. Carina Ari hade inga barn, och i slutet av hennes liv inrättades en stiftelse som hennes universalarvinge, Carina Ari Stiftelserna. Dess syfte är att ge stipendier åt unga lovande dansare för fortsatt förkovran, att stödja äldre dansare särskilt vid sjukdom, samt att främja forskning inom danskonstens område. År 1961 började stipendierna att delas ut. År 1963 grundades Carina Aris Minnesfond. Carina Ari donerade även medel för Carina Ari Biblioteket, som idag är norra Europas största forskningsbibliotek för dans. Det instiftades 1969. En förtjänstmedalj präglades också som ges till personer som ”hedrat svensk danskonst”, den så kallade Carina Ari Medaljen.\n\nHösten 1970 drabbades Carina Ari av ett lårbensbrott som inte ville läka, på grund av hennes diabetes och allmänt försvagade hälsa. På julaftons morgon 1970 avled Carina Ari, och hon ligger begravd vid maken Jan Moltzers sida på Westveld kyrkogård utanför Haarlem i Nederländerna.",
      "text_eng": "Carina Ari was a well-known dancer, choreographer and sculptor.  \n\nCarina Ari was born in Stockholm on 14 April 1897. Her parents were Emma Maria Danielsdotter Sundberg and August Jansson. Her father worked variously as an ironworker, foreman and fitter, spending much of his time travelling. Her maternal uncle’s daughter Elsa also lived with the family. August Jansson’s absence contributed to her mother’s often having another man in the home, “Uncle Johansson”, who Carina sometimes suspected was her real father. \n\nCarina Ari lived her first ten years in a flat at Smala Gränd 13A, in a poor part of Stockholm. In 1906, her parents separated and Carina Ari and her mother moved to the Old Town (Gamla stan). Her mother supported them by keeping in a little greengrocer’s, and Carina Ari had to help her by working there from an early age. She sold vegetables and bunches of flowers out in town and sometimes even had to look after the shop since her mother was often ill. Despite having work and school to cope with, Carina Ari left elementary school with good results.  \n\nCarina Ari nourished the dream of becoming a ballet dancer after having seen photos of some ballerinas, and she was accepted by the Royal Theatre Ballet School (Kungliga Teaterns Balettskola) in 1906, at the age of nine. Her days were long, what with school, working in the shop and dancing classes. Ballet school pupils also had to participate in opera performances some evenings, which meant a small income. During her training, Carina Ari had the opportunity of having lessons with the famous Russian dancer and choreographer Michel Fokine, who was in Stockholm for a guest appearance in 1913–1914.  \n\nCarina Ari’s mother died in 1913 and her father had long since disappeared. At the age of 16, Carina Ari was appointed as a dancer at the Royal Theatre. It was possible for some dancers to increase their small incomes by taking parts in films, and Carina Ari took part in Mauritz Stiller’s *Balettprimadonnan* in 1916. Carina Ari was however absolutely determined to develop her artistry further, and despite being appointed as a soloist, she resigned from the Royal Opera in 1918. Michel Fokine and his wife had fled from the revolution in Russia and settled down in Copenhagen that same year, where they also opened a ballet school. Carina Ari left the Royal Opera during the season of 1918–1919, when the Swedish Opera Ballet gave successful guest performances at Det Ny Teater in Copenhagen. They performed a Fokine programme consisting of *Les Sylphides* and *Scheherazade*. The Swedish dancers made a great success and the visit had to be prolonged. The year before, Carina Ari had also enjoyed successful guest performances in Copenhagen.  \n\nCarina Ari remained in Copenhagen when the other dancers returned north. She started having lessons with Michel Fokine who taught privately in his home. His fee was no joke, but Carina Ari succeeded in persuading Axel Hirsch, a wealthy ballet patron who was happy to benefit theatre and ballet, to give her a loan of 5,000 kronor. Michel Fokine was very demanding but Carina Ari learned a tremendous amount from him: “He demanded that each little exercise should be a sculptural masterpiece”, she recalled, and continued: “With Fokine I learned to work choreographically, and that opened the portals of the realm of dance for me.” \n\nIn the autumn of 1919, Carina Ari returned to Stockholm, where she started teaching to earn her living, amongst other things, ballroom dancing. The year after, she was asked by Mauritz Stiller if she would like to dance the main role in his film *Erotikon*, since she would suit it perfectly with her dark, exotic appearance. Carina Ari also offered to do the choreography for the role and asserted: “I have a testimonial from Fokine that I am a gifted choreographer.”  \n\nIn 1920, Carina Ari and a number of other Swedish dancers from the Royal Opera travelled down to Paris, under the leadership of the art collector and entrepreneur Rolf de Maré. He called the troupe Les Ballets Suédois and the dancers had three-year contracts. Carina Ari became the prima ballerina in 1921 and received great attention for her various roles. The troupe’s choreographer Jean Börlin presented a varied programme in different styles. Carina Ari had a broad register, basically trained in the classical style that was later developed by Fokine with a new language of gentle, flexible movements for the arms and upper body. One of Les Ballets Suédois’ most acclaimed works was *De fåvitska jungfrurna*, a fresh humoresque in Swedish folk style, with choreography and costumes by Einar Nerman and music by Kurt Atterberg. Carina Ari celebrated her greatest triumph of all in the work *Anitras dans*, created by Jean Börlin with music by Edvard Grieg. Les Ballets Suédois completed several successful tours, in France, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Italy, England and Austria. They also toured Denmark and Sweden in 1922. \n\nAfter three years with Les Ballets Suédois, Carina Ari left the troupe in 1923. She returned to Stockholm and created choreographies for a children’s performance on Children’s Day (Barnens dag) at Stockholm Stadion in September. She had the same assignment in 1929 and 1930. In 1925, Carina Ari married Desiré-Émile Inghelbrecht. He had been a conductor at the Théâtres des Champs Elysées and had been invited to join Les Ballets Suédois in 1920. In 1924, he became maitre de chapelle at the Opéra-Comique in Paris. Carina Ari created eight dances, *Scènes dansées*, for the Opéra-Comique and danced them herself in 1925 with a large orchestra under the leadership of her husband. The dances were a great success and she also performed them on tours of France, Sweden and several other countries in Europe. Carina Ari was described in the Paris newspapers as “one of the finest, most soulful and original dance artists of our time”. \n\nIn the summer of 1927, Carina Ari was given the honour of creating a ballet for a jubilee at the presidential palace, and the result was *Ode à la Rose*. The year after, she was offered the opportunity of setting up a ballet at l’Opéra de Paris, the national stage. Carina Ari belongs thereby to the highly exclusive group of women choreographers to set up a ballet there. She herself danced in the première of her ballet *Rayon de lune*, that she called “a choreographic poem”, with music by Gabriel Fauré. It was the first time a Swedish ballerina performed at the Paris opera since the days of Marie Taglioni during the first half of the 1800s. Carina Ari also danced the main role when the ballet was again set up in 1934. \n\nIn 1930, Carina Ari was appointed as director of ballet and her husband as opera director at the opera in Algiers. Her husband soon left his appointment after having landed in a conflict with the influential but conservative circles there. Carina Ari stayed on there for a longer time. She had contracted a number of dancers from Copenhagen, and she created six new ballets and new choreography for the operas in the repertoire. After that she returned to Paris where she and her husband were offered permanent employment at the Opéra-Comique in 1932. They did not remain there for very long, and in the mid-1930s, Carina Ari was back in Stockholm where several of her ballets were produced in 1935–1938.  \n\nThe director of the Paris ballet, Serge Lifar, planned in 1938 to create a ballet based on the biblical *Song of Songs*, *Le Cantique des Cantiques*, a modern ballet with both classical steps and elements of free dance. Carina Ari became Serge Lifar’s dance partner, and the ballet has been called his strangest work. Carina Ari’s final appearance as a ballerina was at the Opéra-Comique. In March 1939, at the age of 42, she performed her own *Scènes dansées* for the last time. \n\nSometime later, Carina Ari visited the spa at Aix-les-Bains. Her marriage was heading for divorce since her husband had started a relationship with another woman, and she needed to rest. There she met the Dutchman Jan Moltzer, the heir to the liqueur company Bols and a multimillionaire. Before the second world war broke out, he moved his company to Buenos Aires in Argentina. Carina Ari and Jan Moltzer were married in 1942 and moved to Buenos Aires. The marriage was happy, but Jan Moltzer died suddenly in 1951. Carina Ari inherited a great part of his fortune, mostly in the form of shares in the Bols company.  \n\nAfter her dance career had ended, Carina Ari started on her path as a sculptor. She studied in New York among other places, and became skilled at making portrait-like busts. Her bust of Dag Hammarskjöld stands in the United Nations Building in New York, and another bust of him stands in Uppsala. Her portrait art is also represented at the National Museum in Stockholm. Carina Ari remained in the couple’s beautiful home in Buenos Aires, but kept on her atelier apartment in Paris and regularly visited Stockholm as well. Carina Ari had no children, and at the end of her life, she started a foundation as her universal heir, the Carina Ari Memorial Foundation. Its aims are to award scholarships to young, promising dancers for their continued education, to support older dancers especially in case of ill health, and to promote research in the field of dance. In 1961, the scholarships started being awarded. Carina Ari donated funds to a Carina Ari Library as well, today northern Europe’s most extensive research library on dance. It was inaugurated in 1969. A medal for good service was also minted, to be awarded to persons who had “honoured Swedish dance”, the so-called Carina Ari Medal. \n\nIn the autumn of 1970, Carina Ari suffered a fracture of her femur, which refused to heal on account of her diabetes, and generally weakened health. Carina Ari died on the morning of Christmas Eve 1970. She lies buried beside her husband Jan Moltzer in the Netherlands.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "name": "Arleman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mika",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
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            "date": "1917"
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            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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            "date": "1984"
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-12-20",
            "date": "1881-12-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-11-07",
            "date": "1971-11-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Arleman, född Julin",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-09-26",
            "date": "1880-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1956-08-24",
            "date": "1956-08-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Hjalmar Knut",
          "lastname": "Arleman",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, grafiker, lutsångare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-04-03",
            "date": "1918-04-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2020-01-09",
            "date": "2020-01-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Gunnar",
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            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "lastname": "Larsson-Leander",
          "occupation": "professor, astronom",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1947-04-28",
            "date": "1947-04-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Per Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Leander",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1951-06-07",
            "date": "1951-06-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anne-Marie",
          "lastname": "Leander, gift Leander Touati",
          "occupation": "Professor, konsthistoriker",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
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          "description": "Marika Arleman. Moderna museet (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "https://sis.modernamuseet.se/search/Arleman?filter=peopleFilter%3A5035#filters"
        },
        {
          "description": "Marika Arleman-Leander. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "http://collection.nationalmuseum.se/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=22418&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Marika Arleman-Leander', *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=15327"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Marika Arleman-Leander', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marika_Arleman-Leander"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska konstnärer: biografisk handbok*, Uppsala, 1980, S. 30 (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/svekonst80/0030.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 1950-02-12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hjalmar Arleman. Rackstadshistoriskt (Hämtad 2020-11-19)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://historiebloggen.rackstadkvarnforening.se/wp/2014/07/19/hjalmar-arleman/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär, tecknare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist, illustrator",
      "text": "Marika Arleman-Leander var textilkonstnär, tecknare och akvarellmålare, som bland annat utförde botaniskt korrekta blomstermotiv.\n\nEdla Anna Marika Arleman-Leander föddes 1917 i Stockholm. Hennes far var konstnären Hjalmar Arleman som också var lutsångare och modern, Anna Arleman, var författare. Tillsammans författade och illustrerade föräldrarna sagoböcker till sin dotter. *Pappas och Mikas underbara resa* och *Mikas marknadsresa* kom 1924 och *Prinsessan som tappade sin krona* 1927.\n\nMarika Arleman-Leander växte upp med konst och musik. Pappa Hjalmar sjöng ofta och gärna och bildade 1936 tillsammans med bland andra Evert Taube Samfundet Visans Vänner. Samma år började Marika Arleman-Leander sin utbildning till textilkonstnär på Högre konstindustriskolan (nuvarande Konstfack) i Stockholm. Där lärde hon sig väva och knyppla, rita mönster och färga garn. På sommarloven arbetade hon på Hemslöjden i Växjö, på Libraria Konsthantverk AB, en ateljé för kyrkotextilier, eller samlade in växter för kommande färgningar.\n\nMarika Arleman-Leander utexaminerades som mönsterritare 1939, samtidigt med kurskamraten [](Marianne Richter). Hon älskade speciellt vitsömsbroderi och tyckte om att ägna sig åt blomsterstudier. Hon fick stipendier genom Hans Oskar och Amalia Rundqvists fond och kunde göra studieresor till Italien, Frankrike och Schweiz. Under 1942 deltog Marika Arleman-Leander med en bonad på linne i flera rosa nyanser i en utställning om svenskt konsthantverk och hemslöjd kallad Svensk Form i Köpenhamn. Andra konstnärer som deltog med textila verk var Signe Asplund, [](Hildegard Dinclau), [](Elsa Gullberg) och [](Barbro Nilsson).\n\nMarika Arleman-Leander utbildades också vid Konsthögskolans etsarskola (Kungliga Konsthögskolan) i Stockholm under åren 1942 till 1944. Då Bromma konsert- och föreläsningsförening anordnade en utställning med Brommakonstnärer 1943 bidrog Marika Arleman-Leander med ”lustiga och smakfulla” applikationsbroderier. Hennes far Hjalmar visade teckningar och [](Sigrid Hjertén) målningar.\n\nNär den årliga teckningstävlingen Unga Tecknare arrangerades 1944 på Nationalmuseum besökte kronprins Gustaf Adolf utställningen och köpte då bland andra blad Marika Arlemans *Bygata på Öland*. Senare införlivade han *Det vita rummet*, *Allé*, *Bergsklyfta* och ett par blomstermotiv i sina samlingar. De är alla tecknade med utsökt tunn tusch på papper och blommotiven är så verklighetstrogna att de skulle kunna ingå i en botanisk flora. Vid en utställning anordnad av Hyresgästernas sparkasse- och byggnadsföretag (nuvarande HSB) ställde Marika Arleman-Leander även ut etsningar.\n\nUnder fredsåret 1945 visade Marika Arleman-Leander några mattor på utställningen Vår standard på Liljevalchs. I november samma år gifte hon sig med astronomen Gunnar Larsson-Leander. Tillsammans fick de sonen Per och dottern Anne-Marie. Så småningom flyttade familjen från Stockholm till Lund.\n\nNordiska Kompaniets Ljusgård var 1950 platsen för en utställning av handarbeten med mönster komponerade av förutvarande och dåvarande elever på Konstfack. Marika Arleman-Leanders bidrag var *Krukväxter*, en kudde sydd i vitt garn på naturfärgat tyg inramat av en smal bård. Hon hade även med tevagnsduken *Endast myrgång*. Vid en draperitävling, ordnad av Hantverkarnas gille, blev Marika Arleman-Leanders bidrag prisbelönat.\n\nSvensk Hemslöjd hade visning av mönsterbladsserier på Ekströms Konstsalong vid Kungsträdgården 1952. Ett flertal textilkonstnärer hade medverkat till den färgsprakande serien och några av dem var Marika Arleman-Leander, Barbro Nilsson och Ingrid Skerfe-Nilsson. Utställningen invigdes av prinsessan Sibylla. Eivor Fisher gav samma år ut boken *Svensk broderikonst* med bland annat mönsterblad att kopiera från. Konstnärer bakom mönstren var exempelvis [](Kaisa Melanton), [](Randi Fisher), Ann Mari Forsberg, Marika Arleman-Leander och hennes gamla studiekamrat Marianne Richter.\n\nMarika Arleman-Leander medverkade i ett stort antal samlingsutställningar i Stockholm, Göteborg, Uppsala och Köpenhamn. Hon är representerad vid Nationalmuseum med de tre etsningarna *Romeo och Julia*, *Insyn* och *Högsommarbäck*. Genom testamente donerade kung Gustaf VI Adolf 1974 sina av Marika Arleman-Leander inköpta blad till Moderna Museet där hon även är representerad med penn- och penselteckningen *Midsommarblomster*. Om hennes senare år i livet är föga känt.\n\nMarika Arleman-Leander avled 1984. Hon har sin sista viloplats i minneslunden på Lunds norra kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Marika Arleman-Leander was a textile artist, designer and watercolour painter who among other things executed botanically correct flower motifs. \n\nEdla Anna Marika Arleman-Leander was born in 1917 in Stockholm. Her mother was the author Anna Arleman and her father was the artist Hjalmar Arleman who was also a lute-player and singer. Together her parents wrote and illustrated storybooks for their daughter: *Pappas och Mikas underbara resa* and *Mikas marknadsresa* in 1924 and *Prinsessan som tappade sin krona* in 1927. \n\nMarika Arleman-Leander grew up with art and music. Her father Hjalmar loved singing and performing and in 1936 he and Evert Taube among others started the singers’ association Samfundet Visans Vänner. The same year, Marika Arleman-Leander started her training as a textile artist at the art college Högre konstindustriskolan (now Konstfack) in Stockholm. There she learned to weave and make lace, design patterns and dye yarn. In the summer holidays, she worked at the association Hemslöjden in Växjö, at Libraria Konsthantverk AB, an atelier for church textiles, or collected plants for future sessions of dyeing. \n\nMarika Arleman-Leander qualified as a pattern designer in 1939, the same year as her classmate [](Marianne Richter). She especially loved a special kind of Swedish embroidery used on the cuffs of folk costumes and she enjoyed spending her time studying flowers. She was awarded scholarships from the Hans Oskar and Amalia Rundqvist fund and was enabled to make study trips to Italy, France and Switzerland. In 1942, Marika Arleman-Leander participated in an exhibition of Swedish arts and handicrafts called Svensk Form in Copenhagen. Her entry was a hanging tapestry on linen in several shades of pink. Other artists participating with textile works were Signe Asplund, [](Hildegard Dinclau), [](Elsa Gullberg) and [](Barbro Nilsson). \n\nMarika Arleman-Leander also trained at the art college Konsthögskolan’s school of etching in Stockholm in 1942–1944. When the Bromma concert and lecture society organised an exhibition with med Bromma artists in 1943, Marika Arleman-Leander contributed some “amusing and tasteful” application embroideries. Her father Hjalmar showed drawings and [](Sigrid Hjertén) showed paintings.\n \nWhen the annual drawing competition Unga Tecknare was arranged in 1944 at Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf visited the exhibition and purchased among other pictures Marika Arleman’s *Bygata på Öland*. Later he included *Det vita rummet*, *Allé*, *Bergsklyfta* and a couple of flower motifs in his collections. They are all drawn with exquisitely fine ink on paper and the flower motifs are so true to life that they could be included in a professional botanical flora. At an exhibition organised by the company Hyresgästernas sparkasse- och byggnadsföretag (now HSB), Marika Arleman-Leander also exhibited etchings.\n \nDuring the year of the peace in 1945, Marika Arleman-Leander showed some rugs at the exhibition Vår standard at the Liljevalch art gallery. In November the same year, she married the astronomer Gunnar Larsson-Leander. Together they had a son, Per, and a daughter, Anne-Marie. Eventually the family moved from Stockholm to Lund.\n \nThe Nordiska Kompaniets Ljusgård was in 1950 the place for an exhibition of handicrafts with patterns composed by former and current students at Konstfack. Marika Arleman-Leander’s contribution was *Krukväxter*, a cushion sewn in white yarn on naturally coloured fabric framed with a narrow edging. She also presented the tea trolley cloth *Endast myrgång*. At a drapery competition organised by the guild Hantverkarnas gille, Marika Arleman-Leander’s contribution was awarded a prize. \nThe national association Svensk Hemslöjd had a show of pattern sheet series at the art gallery Ekströms Konstsalong near Kungsträdgården in Stockholm in 1952. Several textile artists had contributed to the highly colourful series, three of them being Marika Arleman-Leander, Barbro Nilsson and Ingrid Skerfe-Nilsson. The exhibition was opened by Princess Sibylla. Eivor Fisher published a book about Swedish embroidery the same year entitled *Svensk broderikonst*, with among other things pattern sheets to copy. The artists behind the patterns were for example [](Kaisa Melanton), [](Randi Fisher), Ann Mari Forsberg, Marika Arleman-Leander and her old student comrade Marianne Richter.\n \nMarika Arleman-Leander participated in a great number of group exhibitions in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Uppsala and Copenhagen. She is represented at the Nationalmuseum with three etchings: *Romeo och Julia*, *Insyn* and *Högsommarbäck*. In his will, King Gustaf VI Adolf donated in 1974 the art works he had purchased from Marika Arleman-Leander to Moderna Museet where she is also represented by the pen and brush work *Midsommarblomster*. \n\nAbout her later years in life almost nothing is known. Marika Arleman-Leander died in 1984. She has her final resting place in the memorial garden at the Northern Cemetery in Lund.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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        {
          "description": "Elise Arnberg: Korrespondens. Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-11-13)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/resultList.jsf?faces-redirect=true&includeViewParams=true&query=elise%20arnberg&searchType=EXTENDED&dswid=-6028"
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          "description": "’Elise Arnberg’ [Nekrolog], *Sydsvenska Dagbladet*, 1891-09-09",
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          "description": "Elise Arnberg. Porträttfynd, Rötter (Hämtad 2021-02-26)",
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        },
        {
          "description": "’Elise Arnberg Talén’, *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2020-11-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=21469"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hildebrand, Albin & Kruse, John (red.), *Svenskt porträttgalleri 20 Arkitekter, bildhuggare, målare, tecknare, grafiker, mönsterritare och konstindustrialister*, Tullberg, Stockholm, 1901 (Hämtad 2021-03-11)",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/spg/20/0028.html"
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        {
          "description": "Elise Arnberg. Finlands Nationalgalleri (Hämtad 2021-02-26)",
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          "url": "https://www.kansallisgalleria.fi/sv/search?authors[]=Elise%20Arnberg&searchTerms[]=elise%20arnberg"
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1818-10-03",
            "date": "1818-10-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1877-09-21",
            "date": "1877-09-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Rosalia Fredrika, kallad Rosalie,",
          "lastname": "Talén",
          "occupation": "Mamsell",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1820-09-13",
            "date": "1820-09-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1898-06-04",
            "date": "1898-06-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Euphrosyne Josefine",
          "lastname": "Talén",
          "occupation": "Sömmerska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1810-04-27",
            "date": "1810-04-27"
          },
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            "date": "1866-04-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Thure",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1859",
            "date": "1859"
          },
          "lastname": "Arnberg",
          "occupation": "Fotograf, inspektor, bruksförvaltare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1860-02-02",
            "date": "1860-02-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1883-01-26",
            "date": "1883-01-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Esther Elisabeth Louise",
          "lastname": "Arnberg",
          "occupation": "Mamsell, sångare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861-08-20",
            "date": "1861-08-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-03-22",
            "date": "1933-03-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Richard Magnus",
          "lastname": "Arnberg",
          "occupation": "Korrespondent, disponent",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-01-19",
            "date": "1863-01-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1882-12-21",
            "date": "1882-12-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Elma Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Arnberg",
          "occupation": "Mamsell, student",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1864-09-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1926-04-17",
            "date": "1926-04-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Edvard Albert",
          "lastname": "Arnberg",
          "occupation": "Operasångare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Arnberg, Elise (1826 - 1891)’, *KulturNav* (Hämtad 2021-02-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://kulturnav.org/53d0caf1-e9bb-472e-a467-dcbed7fb7e63"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Elise Arnberg’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-11-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Arnberg"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergin, Christer, *Fotografer i Dalarna, Dalarnes fornminnes- och hembygdsförbund i samarbete med Dalarnas museum*, Falun, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johanson, Bernhard, *Fotografregister 1860-1920* [1 CD-ROM], Bernhard Johanson, Gävle, 2009",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elise Arnberg. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2020-11-13)",
          "type": "Museum"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elise Arnberg (1826-1891). DigitaltMuseum (Hämtad 2021-02-26)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "https://digitaltmuseum.org/021035591560/arnberg-elise-1826-1891"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stockholms slott, Nordiska museet, Kulturen i Lund, Norrköpings konstmuseum, Västergötlands museum, Länsmuseet Gävleborg, Falu kommun, Dalarnas museum",
          "type": "Museum"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, fotograf, miniatyrmålare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, photographer, miniature painter",
      "text": "Elise Arnberg var miniatyrmålare och fotograf. Hon kom från en konstnärskrets som kände av nedgången i sitt ordinarie yrke när fotografin började erövra Sverige och kundkretsen minskade.\n\nElise Arnberg föddes 1826 i Stockholm och döptes till Elisabeth Zenaide Leonarda. Hon var dotter till ciselören Eric Talén och hans hustru Henrica (Henriette) Engelbrecht i Stockholm. Elise Arnberg studerade konst för konstnären och professorn vid Konstakademien August Malmström och konstnären och grafikern Anders Lundquist på dennes välbesökta ritskola. Hon deltog under den här tiden i utställningar med Stockholms Konstförening. Elise Arnberg ägnade sig huvudsakligen åt miniatyrmåleri på elfenben. Hon arbetade också i akvarell, gouache och pastell. Elise Arnbergs broder Wladimir Apollonius Talén blev också konstnär, verksam i USA.\n\nI maj 1858 annonserade Elise Arnberg att hon under vistelse i Hedemora målade porträtt i både olja och akvarell. Hon annonserade igen i september samma år, men då tänkte hon leda en teckningskurs i Falun om minst tio elever anmälde sitt intresse. Om hon fick några uppdrag är inte känt. Under den här tiden träffade hon bruksförvaltaren Thure Arnberg och de gifte sig i mars 1859 i Korsnäs. Han hade en tid varit i Kalifornien och bland annat verkat som fotograf där och återvänt till Falun 1855. Enligt en källa arbetade han som fotograf i Falun mellan åren 1857–1866. Thure Arnberg hade köpt en fastighet i hörnet av Södra Mariegatan och Slaggatan och där öppnade han fotoateljé. Det finns visserligen några visitkortsbilder med trycket ”Th. Arnberg Fahlun” men om det var han som drev ateljén är inte klarlagt. Det var nog snarare så att det var Elise Arnberg som stod bakom kameran. Det finns fotografier med trycket ”Elise Arnbergs Fotografiska Atelier i Fahlun”. Elise Arnberg var verksam under samma tidsperiod som maken, och hon höll på en kort tid efter hans död 1866. Elise Arnberg kom att bli en av de första fast boende fotograferna i Falun och den första kvinnan som utövade yrket i staden.\n\nÅr 1867 flyttade Elise Arnberg tillsammans med sina barn tillbaka till Stockholm där hon ansåg sig ha bättre möjlighet att försörja sig och de fyra barnen. Hon öppnade en fotoateljé på Regeringsgatan 28 i Stockholm där hon hade verksamhet från 1867 till 1891. Samtidigt fortsatte hon med sitt miniatyrmåleri. Hon kompletterade sina färdigheter med att lära sig porslinsmålning på Gustavsbergs porslinsfabrik. Den konstnärliga ådran gick vidare till två av de fyra barnen. De två flickorna var konstnärligt begåvade men de drabbades av epidemier och dog unga. Den äldsta flickan Esther var redan erkänd sångare och elev vid Stockholms musikkonservatorium medan den yngre dottern Elma var seminarieelev när hon gick bort. Sonen Edvard var operasångare och sånglärare och den andre sonen Richard blev disponent för Kvarnby kritbruk i Malmö.\n\nElise Arnberg målade kungafamiljen och det finns 13 miniatyrer i elfenben föreställande några av kungahusets medlemmar. Hennes verk finns att beskåda bland annat på Stockholms slott, 58 miniatyrmålningar på Nationalmuseum och målningar och fotografier på Nordiska museet i Stockholm, Kulturen i Lund, Norrköpings Konstmuseum, Västergötlands museum och Länsmuseet Gävleborg. Dessutom har Falu porträttsamling sju porträtt av Elise Arnberg men då signerade med hennes flicknamn Elise Talén. I privat ägo finns dessutom två miniatyrmålningar. Dalarnas museum har också fotografier tagna av Elise Arnberg, bland annat en tidig exteriörbild från Södra Mariegatan och en från Falu gruva.\n\nElise Arnberg avled 1891 i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Elise Arnberg was a painter of miniatures and a photographer. She belonged to a circle of artists who experienced the decline in their usual profession when photography started to conquer Sweden and their circle of clients diminished. \n\nElise Arnberg was born Elisabeth Zenaide Leonarda in 1826. She was the daughter of Henrica (Henriette) Engelbrecht and her husband Eric Talén, a metal chaser, in Stockholm. Elise Arnberg studied art with the artist August Malmström who was also a professor at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts and with the artist and graphic designer Anders Lundquist at his popular design school. During her student period, she participated in exhibitions organised by the Stockholms Konstförening. Elise Arnberg dedicated herself mainly to painting miniatures on ivory. She also worked in watercolours, gouache and pastels. Elise Arnberg’s brother Wladimir Apollonius Talén also became an artist, working in the USA.\n \nIn May 1858, Elise Arnberg advertised that during a visit to Hedemora she would be painting portraits in both oils and watercolours. She advertised again in September the same year, but then it was for a drawing course that she was thinking of leading in Falun if at least ten pupils were interested. Whether or not she had any such assignments is unknown. During that period, she met works manager Thure Arnberg and they were married in March 1859 in Korsnäs. He had spent some time in California, among other things working there as a photographer and returning to Falun in 1855. According to one source, he was working as a photographer in Falun in 1857–1866. Thure Arnberg had bought a property where he opened a photography atelier. Visiting cards exist with the name “Th. Arnberg Fahlun” printed on them, but whether or not it was he who ran the atelier is not clear. It was probably Elise Arnberg who stood behind the camera. Photographs with the words “Elise Arnbergs Fotografiska Atelier i Fahlun” printed on them still exist. Elise Arnberg was active during the same period as her husband, and she continued a short time after his death in 1866 as well. Elise Arnberg was one of the first photographers resident in Falun and the first woman to practise that profession in the town. \n\nIn 1867, Elise Arnberg and her children moved back to Stockholm where she considered that she had better prospects for supporting herself and her four children. She opened a photography atelier at Regeringsgatan 28 in central Stockholm where she had her enterprise in 1867–1891. Simultaneously, she continued with her miniatures. She complemented her skills with porcelain painting for the Gustavsberg porcelain factory. The artistic vein was inherited by two of her four children. The two girls were artistically gifted but they were struck down during epidemics and died young. The elder girl, Esther, was already a recognised singer and student at the Stockholm music conservatory while the younger daughter, Elma, was a student at a teacher training college when she died. One son, Edvard, was an opera singer and voice teacher and the other son, Richard, became the managing director at Kvarnby chalk works in Malmö.\n \nElise Arnberg painted the royal family and there are 13 miniatures in ivory showing some members of the royal house. Her work is on display at among other places Stockholm Castle. 58 miniatures can also be seen at the National Museum and other paintings and photographs at Nordiska museet in Stockholm, Kulturen in Lund, Norrköpings Konstmuseum, Västergötlands museum and Länsmuseet Gävleborg. The Falu portrait collection also has seven portraits by Elise Arnberg though signed in her maiden name, Elise Talén. Two miniatures are in private ownership. Dalarnas Museum also has photographs taken by Elise Arnberg, among others an early exterior view from Södra Mariegatan and one from the Falun mines. \n\nElise Arnberg died in 1891 in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Falun|60.60646|15.6355"
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Av Maj Arnell",
          "description_eng": "By Maj Arnell",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Maj+Arnell)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        {
          "description": "Om Maj Arnell",
          "description_eng": "About Maj Arnell",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Maj+Arnell)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ahnoff, Lisbeth, 'Ett ovanligt långt och rikt konstnärsliv', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2005-07-09",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berglund, Karin, 'Djärva drag med pensel', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1992-01-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Boëthius, Lena, 'Maj Arnell: konstnärsporträttet', *Vi mänskor*, 1997:4, s. 30-31",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hopen, Sylvia, 'Ett liv med penseln i handen', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2000-05-14",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lesslie, Marianne, 'Nu har tiden spelat ut sin roll' [intervju med Maj Arnell], *Göteborgs-Posten*, 1998-04-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "Melin, Inger, 'Maj Arnell - konstens primadonna', *Borås Tidning*, 2000-12-09",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Notini, Anja & Axlund, Björn, 'Maj Arnell: måleri som doftade blommor och kvinnlighet', *Dagens Nyheter*, 2005-07-12",
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          "description": "Vogel, Viveka, 'Maj Arnell stiger ur skuggan', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 1995-03-27",
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        {
          "description": "Maj Arnell (1910 - 2005). Moderna museet (Hämtad 2021-05-18)",
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      ],
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          "lastname": "Arnell",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Boëthius, Lena, Fredlund, Björn & Nyberg, Gudrun, *En ny frihet: sjutton konstnärer*, Carlssons, Stockholm, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Edwards, Folke, Bauman, Olle & Ahnoff, Lisbet, *Maj Arnell*, Raster, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Flensburg, Birgitta, 'Maj Arnell', *Hundrade och en Göteborgskvinnor*,  Riksarkivet, Landsarkivet i Göteborg, Göteborg, 2018, S. 65-68",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Maj Arnell anses vara en av de sista målarna som arbetade i den göteborgska koloristtraditionen. Genom att hon använde koloriten som främsta gestaltningsmedel framstår hennes till synes enkla vardagsscener som skimrande färgpoem.\n\nMaj Arnell föddes den 30 april 1910 i Göteborg som dotter till bokhållaren och sedermera disponenten Robert Valdemar Nilsson och modern Vilhelmina Robinsson. Tillsammans med föräldrarna och äldre brodern Sven Rolf Gunnar växte hon upp på Stampgatan 62 i Göteborg. Efter avslutad flickskola flyttade hon till Stockholm för att gå en tillskärarutbildning. Vid hemkomsten till Göteborg blev hon tillskärare vid textilfabriken Gårda Fabriker, där hon även ritade klädmodeller.\n\nI början av 1930-talet träffade hon sin blivande make, civilingenjören Helge Arnell. Hon lämnade sitt arbete i samband med giftermålet 1933 och fick tre barn: Marie Louise, Per Erik och Ann Elisabeth.\n\nUnder en depressiv tid under småbarnsåren började Maj Arnell att måla. Maken gav henne sitt fulla stöd i saken och ordnade med ett arbetsrum utanför hemmet samt privatlektioner för konstnärerna Folke Andréasson och Knut Irwe. Båda skapade, åtminstone till en början, i göteborgskoloristernas anda. År 1939 blev Maj Arnell efter ansökan antagen till Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola (nuvarande Konsthögskolan Valand). Då hon under sin tid på konstskolan, från 1940 till 1945, var mor till tre små barn, kunde hon enbart genomföra sina studier med hjälp av maken och “tant Blenda”. När Maj Arnell var på skolan tog de hand om barnen. Maj Arnells hem har beskrivits som en samlingspunkt för konstnärsvännerna från Valand. Bland hennes kamrater fanns målare som Olle Skagerfors och Alf Lindberg, Bengt Kristensson, Gudrun Arninge, Tullan Fink, Carl-Erik Hammarén, Isabella Laurell, Bængt Dimming och Tore Ahnoff.\n\nSom för många andra Göteborgskonstnärer var den franska samlingen på Göteborgs konstmuseum en viktig inspirationskälla för Maj Arnell. Främst Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne och Maurice de Vlaminck nämnde hon själv som inspiratörer, inte minst under krigsåren, när konstlivet i Göteborg blev mera isolerat från omvärlden. Förutom vid Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola studerade hon även vid Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi i Köpenhamn 1953, och gjorde studieresor till Italien, Frankrike, Belgien och Holland.\n\nNär Maj Arnell läste på Valand fanns den informella grupp som gick under namnet Göteborgskoloristerna i praktiken knappt kvar. Nils Nilsson hade dock tillträtt tjänsten som lärare och föreståndare vid Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola 1938 och var från 1940 till 1945 Maj Arnells lärare och således hennes direkta förbindelse till Göteborgskoloristerna. Maj Arnell har många gånger uttryckt sin uppskattning för Nils Nilsson och hans undervisning; såväl för den kritik han gav, som för de lärdomarna han stod för. Maj Arnells konstnärliga produktion har ofta beskrivits just som en efterföljd av Göteborgskoloristerna. Även hon använde färgen som ett väsentligt gestaltningsmedel. Samtidigt var hennes konstnärliga uttryck inte homogent, utan skiftade karaktär ett flertal gånger. Hon debuterade med ljusa verk på samlingsutställningen Unga Göteborgare arrangerad av galleriet God Konst på Lorensbergs konstsalong. I slutet av 1940-talet kom hon dock att byta mot en mörkare palett, vilket till exempel hennes tavla *Båtar på stranden*, 1951, vittnar om. Enligt konstnären själv hade hon under perioden som nyexaminerad en önskan om att befria sig från färgen och att göra något annat. Hon återgick senare till ett ljusare måleri, där hon komponerade sina verk med en lättsam framtoning och en klarhet i komposition och koloriten.\n\nBland de samtida svenska konstnärer som var betydelsefulla för hennes skapande nämnde hon Ragnar Sandberg, Evert Lundquist och Alf Lindberg. Särskilt Alf Lindberg var en viktig vän sedan elevtiden på Valand och de två väsensskilda konstnärerna kom att stå varandra mycket nära under 1960- och 1970-talen. Inspirationen de två emellan har beskrivits som ömsesidig, men Maj Arnell nämnde att Alf Lindberg, till hennes förtret, ofta brukade framhävas som den kreativa parten när deras konstnärliga kamratskap i utställningssammanhang tematiserades.\n\nFrån 1950-talet till 1990-talet ställde Maj Arnell ut sin konst många gånger på olika gallerier runtom i landet, till exempel på Galleri Gummessons, Galerie Blanche, Lilla galleriet och Galleri Axlund i Stockholm, samt på Galerie Holm i Malmö. I hemstaden Göteborg visades hennes målningar ofta på sonen Per Arnells Galleri Aveny på Teatergatan, där även en minnesutställning anordnades år 2006. På Göteborgs konsthall deltog hon i utställningarna Fem målarinnor, 1957, och Maj Arnell, Frithiof Berglund, Olle Pettersson, 1990. År 1975, vid 65 års ålder, visades den första separatutställningen med Maj Arnells verk hos vännen Gustaf Engwall på Galerie Blanche i Stockholm. Det stora nationella genombrottet skedde dock ytterligare 20 år senare, 1995, då Maj Arnells måleri från 1980- och 1990-talen ställdes ut på Prins Eugens Waldemarsudde och gjorde hennes verk kända för en bredare svensk publik.\n\nDet är uttrycket i hennes sena verk från 1980- och 1990-talen som mest förknippas med Maj Arnells konstnärskap. Dessa målningar utmärker sig genom sina ljusa, ibland närmast transparenta färger, ofta lagda i form av tydligt avskilda färgfält och den klara, tunna penselteckningen som skildrar motivets primära former. Sättet på vilket hon antyder föremål och figurer med hjälp av sköra och flyktiga konturlinjer och ett finkänsligt spel med milda, vänliga färger kom att bli hennes signatur. Hon byter mellan en mera expressiv penselduktus och laserande färgskuggor som låter de underliggande färgerna skimra igenom. Färgbehandlingen och det fragila linjespelet i hennes kompositioner bidrar till en drömsk känsla, där miljöerna befinner sig i ett svävande och stämningsfullt tillstånd. Maj Arnell skapade återkommande konstverk inom genrerna stilleben, landskap och figurmåleri och titlarna på dessa förefaller repetitiva. På ett rakt och sakligt sätt talar titeln om för betraktaren vad verket föreställer: *Interiör*, *Saker och ting*, *Mångt och mycket*, *Stolen*, *Komposition på bord*, *Gamla gårdar* eller *Natur* är typiska titlar på Arnells alster.\n\nMaj Arnell hade två hemmiljöer som var betydelsefulla för henne och som försåg henne med trivseln, som var ett essentiellt behov för skapandet. Den ena var familjens hem på Teatergatan i centrala Göteborg, den andra ett gammalt torp som flyttades från Västergötland till Brevik på Tjörn, där hon vistades från och med 1960-talet. Medan hon i sitt stadshem mest målade stilleben och figurmåleri, skapade hon många landskapsmålningar på Tjörn. Dessa visar naturen och gamla gårdar vilka hon gestaltade utifrån en liknande samlande idé som hon tillämpade i sina stilleben där hon till exempel ordnade ting på ett bord.\n\nMaj Arnell målade upp i hög ålder. Från 1940 till sin död 2005 skapade hon ett mångtal stilleben, landskap, porträtt och figurmåleri. Hon arbetade idogt och förnyade sitt konstnärliga uttryck under hela sitt långa verksamma liv. Hon dog 95 år gammal och är begravd på Kvibergs kyrkogård i Göteborg. Maj Arnell är idag bland annat representerad i samlingarna vid Nationalmuseum och Moderna Museet i Stockholm samt Göteborgs konstmuseum, Malmö konstmuseum och Borås konstmuseum.",
      "text_eng": "Maj Arnell is considered to be one of the last painters working in the Gothenburg colourist tradition. Through the use of colour as her main mode of expression, her apparently simple everyday scenes appear as lustrous colour poems.  \n\nMaj Arnell was born on 30 April 1910 in Gothenburg, the daughter of Robert Valdemar Nilsson, an accountant and later works manager, and Vilhelmina Robinsson. She grew up at Stampgatan 62 in Gothenburg with her parents and older brother Sven Rolf Gunnar Nilsson. After leaving her girls’ school she moved to Stockholm to train as a cutter. Upon returning to Gothenburg, she became a cutter at the textile factory Gårda Fabriker, where she also designed clothing models.  \n\nAt the beginning of the 1930s, she met her husband-to-be Helge Arnell, a civil engineer. She left her job when she married in 1933. The couple had three children: Marie Louise, Per Erik and Ann Elisabeth.  \n\nDuring a depression while her children were small, Maj Arnell started to paint. Her husband gave her his full support and organised a workroom outside their home as well as private lessons for the artists Folke Andréasson and Knut Irwe. Both were working in the Gothenburg colourist spirit, at least to start with. In 1939, Maj Arnell’s application was accepted to the art school in Gothenburg (Göteborgs Musei rit- och målarskola), now Valand Academy. Since she was the mother of three small children during her time at the art school, from 1940 to 1945, she was only able to complete her studies with the help of her husband and “Auntie Blenda”. When Maj Arnell was at the school, they looked after the children. Maj Arnell’s home has been described as the gathering place for her artist friends from Valand. Among her comrades were painters like Olle Skagerfors and Alf Lindberg, Bengt Kristensson, Gudrun Arninge, Tullan Fink, Carl-Erik Hammarén, Isabella Laurell, Bængt Dimming and Tore Ahnoff. \n\nAs for many other Gothenburg artists, the French collection at the Gothenburg Art Museum was an important source of inspiration for Maj Arnell. Pierre Bonnard, Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne and Maurice de Vlaminck were, according to her, her main inspirations, not least during the war years when Gothenburg became more isolated from the world around. She also studied at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1953, and undertook study trips to Italy, France, Belgium and Holland. \n\nWhen Maj Arnell studied at Valand, the informal group known as the Gothenburg Colourists barely existed any longer in practice. Nils Nilsson had however been appointed as teacher and principal at the art school in 1938 and was from 1940 until 1945 Maj Arnell’s teacher and thus her direct connection with the Gothenburg colourists. Maj Arnell has many times expressed her appreciation of Nils Nilsson and his teaching, as much for the criticism he gave as for the learning he imparted. Maj Arnell’s artistic production has often been described as following in the footsteps of the Gothenburg Colourists. She also used colour as an intrinsic mode of expression. At the same time, her artistic expression was not homogeneous, but changed character several times. She made her debut with bright works in the exhibition Unga Göteborgare (Young Gothenburgers) arranged by the gallery God Konst at the Lorensberg art salon. At the end of the 1940s, she changed to a darker palette to which her work *Båtar på stranden* from 1951 bears witness, for example. According to the artist herself, during the period after her examination, she had the desire to free herself from colour and to do something else. She later returned to brighter painting in which she composed her works with a light appearance and a clarity of composition and colouring.  \n\nAmong the contemporary artists she found significant for her creativity, she mentioned Ragnar Sandberg, Evert Lundquist and Alf Lindberg. Especially Alf Lindberg remained an important friend from her student days at Valand and the two essentially different artists came to be very close during the 1960s and 1970s. The inspiration between them has however been described as mutual, although Maj Arnell mentioned that Alf Lindberg, to her annoyance, often used to be pointed out as the creative part when their artistic comradeship was thematised in exhibition contexts. \n\nFrom the 1950s until the 1990s, Maj Arnell exhibited her art many times at various galleries around the country, for example Galleri Gummessons, Galerie Blanche, Lilla galleriet and Galleri Axlund in Stockholm, and Galerie Holm in Malmö. In her home town Gothenburg, her paintings were often shown at her son Per Arnell’s Galleri Aveny in Teatergatan, at which a memorial exhibition was also arranged in 2006. At the Göteborgs Konsthall, she participated in the exhibitions Fem målarinnor in 1957, and Maj Arnell, Frithiof Berglund, Olle Pettersson in 1990. In 1975, at the age of 65, the first separate exhibition with works by Maj Arnell was held by her friend Gustaf Engwall at Galerie Blanche in Stockholm. Her major national break-through came 20 years later, however, in 1995, when Maj Arnell’s painting from the 1980s and 1990s was exhibited at Prins Eugen’s Waldemarsudde, which made her work accessible to a wider Swedish public.  \n\nIt is the expression in her later works from the 1980s and 1990s that is most associated with Maj Arnell’s artistry. These paintings are characterised by their bright, sometimes almost transparent colours, often in the form of distinctly separated fields of colour and the clear, thin brushwork that depicts the primary forms of the motif. The way in which she suggested objects and figures with the help of fragile and evanescent outlines and a delicate play with mild, kindly colours came to be her signature. She changed between a more expressive brushwork and translucent colour shadings that allow the underlying colours to glimmer through. The colour treatment and the fine play of lines in her compositions contribute to a dreamlike feeling, in which settings seem to be in a floating and ethereal state. Maj Arnell created recurrent art works within the genres still life, landscape and figure painting and their titles appear repetitive. In a straightforward and factual manner, the title tells the beholder what the work is showing: *Interiör*, *Saker och ting*, *Mångt och mycket*, *Stolen*, *Komposition på bord*, *Gamla gårdar* and *Natur* are typical titles when it comes to Maj Arnell’s works.  \n\nMaj Arnell had two home settings that were significant for her and that provided her with the well-being that was an essential need for her creativity. One was the family’s home at Teatergatan in central Gothenburg, and the other was an old croft that had been moved from the province of Västergötland to Brevik on the island of Tjörn, where she stayed on and off from the 1960s. While she mostly produced still life works and figure paintings in town, she painted many landscapes on Tjörn. These show nature and old farms based on a similar overarching idea as that she used for her still life works, in which she had for example arranged objects on a table.  \n\nMaj Arnell continued painting well up into her old age. From 1940 until her death in 2005, she created a multitude of still life works, landscapes, portraits and figure paintings. She worked industriously and renewed her artistic expression during the whole of her productive life. She died at the age of 95 and is buried at the Kviberg Cemetery in Gothenburg. Arnell is currently represented among other places at the National Museum and Moderna Museet in Stockholm as well as at the Gothenburg Museum of Art, the Malmö Art Museum and the Borås Art Museum.",
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-12-03",
            "date": "1862-12-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1889-11-22",
            "date": "1889-11-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Hildur Alice Ingegärd",
          "lastname": "Arnoldson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-05-31",
            "date": "1872-05-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-03-10",
            "date": "1939-03-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Johan",
          "lastname": "Arnoldson",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-07-17",
            "date": "1870-07-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1877-01-10",
            "date": "1877-01-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Oscar Hans",
          "lastname": "Arnoldson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864",
            "date": "1864"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1925-10-05",
            "date": "1925-10-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Alfred",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "lastname": "Fischhof",
          "occupation": "Impressario",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-09-17",
            "date": "1889-09-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-02-28",
            "date": "1980-02-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingegerd Louise, kallad Inga,",
          "lastname": "Fischhof",
          "occupation": "Sångare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Josephson, Magnus, ’Sigrid Arnoldson’, *Ord och bild*, 1897, s. 478-480",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/ordochbild/1897/0530.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Sigrid Arnoldson in memoriam’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1943-02-08",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Norlind, Tobias, *Allmänt musiklexikon*, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, 1912-1916",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vretblad, P., ’Sigrid Arnoldson-Fischof’, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (Hämtad 2020-05-29)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/18828"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Operasångare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Opera singer",
      "text": "Sigrid Arnoldson var på 1800-talet omtalad som den tredje ”näktergalen från Norden”, efter [](Jenny Lind) och [Christina Nilsson](0000 0000 7142 8865). Hon var den enda av de tre som dokumenterade sin sång på grammofon.\n\nSigrid Taube Marie Arnoldson föddes 1861 i Hedvig Eleonora församling i Stockholm. Hennes far var operasångaren och tenoren Carl Oscar Arnoldson och hennes mor var Fredrika Dorotea, född Dag, från Karlskrona.\nHennes första sånglärare var hennes far. Efter hans tragiska självmord år 1881, fortsatte hon sina studier för faderns sånglärare, den stridbare Fritz Arlberg, som efter ett år ansåg henne mogen för att uppträda offentligt. Detta skedde i Dalarö i augusti 1882 och i november samma år medverkade hon tillsammans med tre etablerade operasångare i en konsert på Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien, där hon bland annat framförde operaarior ur *Kung Karls jakt* av Fredrik Pacius, *Hertig Magnus och sjöjungfrun* av Ivar Hallström och *Figaros bröllop* av Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.\n\nHösten 1883 anordnade Arlberg en turné med Sigrid Arnoldson till ett antal större badorter och västkuststäder. Innan året var slut hade hon fått en mecenat i Arlbergs äldre lärarkollega, Isidor Dannström. Han var villig att bekosta hennes vidareutbildning hos mezzosopranen Désirée Artôt, som just hade avslutat sin karriär för att etablera sig som sångpedagog i Berlin, dit Sigrid Arnoldson reste för att stanna i två år. Hos Artôt studerade hon in Rosina i *Barberaren i Sevilla*, Violetta i *La Traviata* och Marie i *Regementets dotter*. Tillsammans med sin lärare och hennes make, den spanske opera buffa-sångaren Mariano Padilla y Ramos, företog de tre tillsammans en konsertresa våren 1885 till Wien, Budapest och Prag, på vars sommarteater hon gjorde sin sceniska debut som Rosina.\n\nRedan hösten 1885 fick hon göra bekantskap med en betydelsefull kontaktperson när han var i Stockholm, den judisk-mähriske operaimpressarion Maurice Strakosch, som i september 1885 arrangerade tre konserter i Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien för sin svenska protegé, Christina Nilsson. Efter att ha provsjungit för Strakosch fick Sigrid Arnoldson omedelbart ett sexårskontrakt med ovanligt högt gage, och med det synnerligen generösa villkoret att i lugn och ro få avsluta sina studier för madame Artôt. Den 3 oktober anställdes Sigrid Arnoldson av Krolloperan i Berlin och den 18 oktober eklaterades hennes förlovning med den svenske konstnären Isak Gudmund Åkermark, som studerade måleri vid Akademie der Künste i Berlin. Uppenbarligen utvecklades inte alliansen; enligt en notis i *Svenska Dagbladet* den 12 december 1887 ämnade hon då gifta sig med en av Maurice Strakoschs söner, Robert Strakosch, som även han var impressario. Ändå blev det inte han som fick hennes hand utan en systerson till Maurice Strakosch, impressarion Alfred Fischhof, som hon gifte sig med 1888. Följande år föddes deras enda barn, som döptes till Ingegerd Louise.\n\nSigrid Arnoldsons parisiska debut, som Mignon, ägde rum i december 1887 då hon sjöng på Opéra Comiques interimistiska scen. Detta efter att hon i september, vid tre konserter arrangerade av Maurice Strakosch, för svensk publik hade levererat några smakbitar av sina nyförvärvade färdigheter hos madame Artôt. Bland de sex inslag som hon bjöd på vid varje konsert ingick duetter ur Rossinis *Barberaren i Sevilla* och Donizettis *Don Pasquale* med Artôts, enligt kritikerna ”åldrige”, make Mariano Padilla y Ramos, samt den obligatoriska visan ”14 år tror jag visst att jag var”. Dessutom arior av Mozart, Rossini, Meyerbeer och Saint-Saëns. Den ene av de båda pianisterna, Hjalmar Meissner, fick beröm för sitt ackompanjemang medan den andre, son till tonsättaren Luigi Aditi, tråkade ut publiken med sina virtuosa bravurstycken.\n\nÅr 1891 tilldelades Sigrid Arnoldson medaljen Litteris et Artibus. Tidigare samma år hade hon spelat tre kvällar i Göteborg på Stora Teatern, som just då var uthyrd till August Lindberg. Han tvingades ta dubbla biljettpriser för hennes framträdanden som Rosina i *Barberaren i Sevilla*, Mignon och Violetta i *La traviata*. Därefter följde nio framträdanden på Kungliga Teatern, uppdelade i två perioder. Det följande året 1892 gästspelade hon endast i Göteborg, där hennes Mignon på Stora Teatern mottogs med jubel.\n\nNär hon 1897 medverkade vid Oskar II:s 25-årsjubileum utnämndes hon av kungen till hovsångerska samtidigt som hon återigen tilldelades medaljen Litteris et Artibus, denna gång med briljanterad krona. I gengäld utökade hon sitt gästspel på Stockholmsoperan till elva framträdanden. Vid Sigrid Arnoldsons tredje gästspel på Stockholmsoperan, 1902, minskade hon antalet framträdanden till sju och nästa gång, 1905, till fem och åter fem år 1911. Vid sitt sjätte stockholmsgästspel, 1913, sjöng hon bara två kvällar och vid sjunde och sista, 1916, bara en: Carmen, en roll som hon sammanlagt gjorde fyra gånger i Stockholm.\n\nVid 54 års ålder hade Sigrid Arnoldson således bakom sig sammanlagt fyra föreställningar på Stora Teatern i Göteborg och fyrtio föreställningar på Stockholmsoperan i tio olika roller. Den som hon oftast gjorde var titelrollen i *Mignon* av Ambroise Thomas. Titelrollen i *Lakmé* av Leo Delibes gjorde hon endast under sina fyra novemberkvällar 1891 och Rosina i Barberaren i Sevilla en gång i Göteborg och en gång i Stockholm. Endast vid ett tillfälle fick stockholmarna höra hennes Nedda i Leoncavallos *Pajazzo* och hennes Marie i Donizettis *Regementets dotter* som hon presenterade tillsammans en afton 1911. Fyra gånger sjöng hon Julia i Gounods *Romeo och Julia* och fem gånger Margareta i Gounods *Faust*, och lika många gånger Violetta i Verdis *La Traviata*, förutom en gång i Göteborg 1891.\n\nVid besöket i Stockholm 1909 beviljades hon audiens hos Gustav V men sjöng inte på Stockholmsoperan, utan nöjde sig med två konserter tillsammans med pianisten Georg Adler på Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien. Förutom Stenhammar, Sjögren och Dannström sjöng hon sånger av Robert Fischhof, Schumann, Wolf, Grieg samt arior av Mozart och Verdi. Den 24 februari 1910 blev hon invald i Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien som utländsk ledamot nummer 223.\n\nÄven efter att maken år 1925 vid 71 års ålder avlidit av slaganfall fortsatte hon att hålla deras hem öppet för gästande och i Wien bosatta musiker, ända till ödesåret 1938, då Hitler slagartat ändrade villkoren för hennes judiska familj, icke minst för deras dotter vars far varit jude. Sigrid Arnoldsons återvändande till Sverige skedde stegvis. Den 27 mars 1938 överflyttade Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien henne till kategorin svenska ledamöter, där hon blev ledamot nr 624. Rätten att åter få bli svensk medborgare beviljades hon av konungen vid konseljen den 9 december 1938 och den 30 januari 1939 återvände hon till Stockholm, där hon flyttade in på Sibyllegatan 18.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson var nu 77 år och hade bara kvar ett syskon i livet, brodern Nils Johan som emellertid dog samma år. Deras syster, skådespelerskan Fredrik Charlotta Arnoldson, hade dött redan 1904 och deras mor hade avlidit på Danvikshem 1927, kort före sin 90-årsdag. Kvar i livet hade hon bara sin femtioåriga dotter, som fortfarande befann sig i Wien och som svävade i livsfara liksom alla hennes judiska släktingar. På något sätt lyckades Sigrid Arnoldson hämta hem henne och i mantalsförteckningen 1940 noterades dottern Ingegerd Louise Fischhof för ”hemgöromål”. Hon skulle till sin död 1980 sporadiskt framträda som sångare under namnet Inga Fischhof-Arnoldson.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson avled i Stockholm 1943. Hennes stoft vilar i kolumbariet för Norra krematoriet, invid Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Sigrid Arnoldson was referred to as the third “nightingale of the North” during the 1800s, a successor to [](Jenny Lind) and [](Christina Nilsson). She was the only one of the three to make gramophone recordings of her songs.\n\nSigrid Taube Marie Arnoldson was born into Hedvig Eleonora congregation in Stockholm in 1861. Her father, Carl Oscar Arnoldson, was a tenor and an opera singer, and her mother was Fredrika Dorotea, née Dag, who hailed from Karlskrona. Sigrid Arnoldson’s first singing teacher was her father. After he tragically committed suicide in 1881 she continued taking instruction through lessons with her father’s singing teacher, the controversial baritone Fritz Arlberg. He believed she was mature enough to begin performing in public following a year of giving her lessons. Sigrid Arnoldson’s first performance was held in Dalarö in August 1882. In November that year she sang, along with three established opera singers, at a concert held at Kungliga Musikaliska akademien (the Royal Swedish Academy of Music) where her repertoire included arias from *King Charles' Hunt* by Fredrik Pacius, *Hertig Magnus och sjöjungfrun* by Ivar Hallström, and *The Marriage of Figaro* by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.\n\nArlberg organised a tour for Sigrid Arnoldson in the autumn of 1883 which took in a number of larger bathing resorts and towns on the west coast of Sweden. Isidor Dannström, Arlberg’s older teaching colleague, became Sigrid Arnoldson’s patron before the year was out. Dannström willingly paid for Sigrid Arnoldson to continue her training with the mezzo-soprana Désirée Artôt. The latter had just brought her singing career to a close and was establishing herself as a singing teacher in Berlin. Sigrid Arnoldson spent two years in that German city taking lessons. Under Artôt’s guidance she learned the part of Rosina in *The Barber of Seville*, Violetta in *La Traviata*, and Marie in *La Fille du Régiment*. In the spring of 1885 Sigrid Arnoldson, along with her singing instructor and the instructor’s husband Mariano Padilla y Ramos, a Spanish opera buffa singer, undertook a concert tour. It took them to Vienna, Budapest, and Prague, where she made her public debut in the role of Rosina, performing in the summer theatres of the aforenoted cities.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson met Maurice Strakosch, a Jewish-Moravian opera impresario, by the autumn of 1885 already when Strakosch was in Stockholm. He had arranged three concerts at Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien in September 1885 on behalf of his protegée, Christina Nilsson. Following an audition with Strakosch Sigrid Arnoldson was immediately given a six-year contract at an unusually high salary and which generously allowed her to complete her studies with Madame Artôt at her ease. On 3 October Sigrid Arnoldson was hired by the Berlin Krollopera and on 18 October she announced her engagement to the Swedish artist Isak Gudmund Åkermark. At the time he was studying painting at Akademie der Künste in Berlin. However, their union was never formalised. On 12 December 1887 an announcement in the *Svenska Dagbladet* newspaper stated that Sigrid Arnoldson intended to marry Robert Strakosch, one of Maurice Strakosch’s sons who was also an impresario. Nevertheless, when Sigrid Arnoldson finally did marry in 1888 it was in fact to Alfred Fischhof, Maurice Strakosch’s nephew, yet another impresario. The next year their one and only child, a daughter, was born and she was baptised Ingegerd Louise.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson’s Parisian debut, singing the part of Mignon, took place in December 1887 at the Opéra Comique’s interim stage. This was after three concerts arranged by Maurice Strakosch in September had given Swedish audiences exposure to some samples of Sigrid Arnoldson’s newly developed skills taught by Madame Artôt. The six-piece repertoire she performed at each concert included duets from Rossini’s *The Barber of Seville* and Donizetti’s *Don Pasquale*, with Artôt’s elderly (according to reviewers) husband Mariano Padilla y Ramos , as well as the obligatory song called “14 år tror jag visst att jag var”. The other pieces were arias by Mozart, Rossini, Meyerbeer, and Saint-Saëns. One of the two pianists to accompany her, Hjalmar Meissner, was lauded for his playing whilst the other, the son of the composer Luigi Aditi, apparently bored the audiences with his virtuoso bravura-style playing.\n\nIn 1891 Sigrid Arnoldson was awarded the Litteris et Artibus medal. Previously that same year she had performed for three nights at Gothenburg’s Stora Teatern, at that time rented by August Lindberg. He was forced to take double entry fees for her appearances as Rosina in *The Barber of Seville*, Mignon, and Violetta in *La Traviata*. She then gave nine performances at Kungliga Teatern, during two separate periods. The next year, 1892, Sigrid Arnoldson made only one guest appearance, in Gothenburg, and her rendition of Mignon at Stora Teatern was received to great jubilation.\n\nWhen Sigrid Arnoldson performed at King Oscar II’s 25-year jubilee concert in 1897 the king appointed her royal court singer and once again awarded her the Litteris et Artibus medal, this time adorned by a crown bedecked in glittering gemstones. In return she increased the number of her guest appearances at the Stockholm Opera to eleven sets of performances. At Sigrid Arnoldson’s third guest appearance at the Opera in 1902 she reduced her performances to seven, and the next time, in 1905, she again reduced the number to five, and in 1911 again to five. At her sixth guest appearance in Stockholm in 1913 Sigrid Arnoldson only sang on two nights. On her seventh and final appearance in 1916 she only sang once, performing the role of Carmen – a role she performed four times in total in Stockholm.\n\nBy the time she was 54 years old Sigrid Arnoldson thus had completed four sets of performances at Stora Teatern in Gothenburg and forty at the Stockholm Opera, singing ten different roles. Her most frequently performed role was that of Mignon from the eponymous opera by Ambroise Thomas. She only performed the title role in Leo Delibes’ *Lakmé* during four November nights in 1891, whilst Rosina from *The Barber of Seville* was only performed once in Gothenburg and once in Stockholm. Similarly, the Stockholm audiences only ever heard her once sing the part of Nedda in Leoncavallo’s *Pajazzo* as well as her rendition of Marie in Donizetti’s *La Fille du Régiment*, both of which were performed one night in 1911. She sang the part of Julia in Gounod’s *Romeo and Juliet* four times, Margareta in Gounod’s *Faust* five times, and Violetta in Verdi’s *La Traviata* five times, as well as once in Gothenburg.\n\nDuring her 1909 visit to Stockholm she was granted an audience with King Gustav V but did not perform at the Stockholm Opera that time, settling for two concerts at Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien, accompanied by the pianist Georg Adler. In addition to Stenhammar, Sjögren, and Dannström she also sang songs by Robert Fischhof, Schumann, Wolf, Grieg, as well as arias by Mozart and Verdi. On 24 February 1910 she was elected into Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien as a foreign member, at number 223.\n\nHer husband died in 1925, aged 71, following a stroke. Sigrid Arnoldson, nevertheless, kept her home open to visitors and to musicians resident in Vienna, right up until the ominous year of 1938 when Hitler suddenly altered the situation for her Jewish family, particularly given that her husband had also been a Jew. Sigrid Arnoldson’s return to Sweden occurred in stages. On 27 March 1938 Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien transferred her foreign membership to a domestic one and she became member number 624 of the academy. The king authorised the restitution of her Swedish citizenship on 9 December 1938 and on 30 January 1939 she finally returned to Stockholm where she settled at Sibyllegatan 18.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson was at this point 77 years old. Only one of her siblings was still alive, her brother Nils Johan, although he sadly died that same year. Their sister, the actress Fredrik Charlotta Arnoldson, had already passed away in 1904 and their mother had died at Danvikshem in 1927, shortly before she would have turned 90. Thus, Sigrid Arnoldson’s sole remaining family was her 50-year-old daughter, who had stayed behind in Vienna and along with all her Jewish relatives lived in fear of losing their lives. Somehow Sigrid Arnoldson managed to bring her daughter home to Sweden and the 1940 census records list her daughter, Ingegerd Louise Fischhof, as working in the home, “hemgöromål”. Her daughter intermittently performed as a singer under the name of Inga Fischhof-Arnoldson until her death in 1980.\n\nSigrid Arnoldson died in Stockholm in 1943. Her remains lie at Columbarium of Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Stina Aronsons efterlämnade papper. Handskrifter, Uppsala universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-02-17)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-11789"
        },
        {
          "description": "Adolfsson, Eva, 'Ödelandet, kvinnan och skriften: Stina Aronson och författarauktoriteten', *Feministisk bruksanvisning* / redigerad av Claudia Lindén och Ulrika Milles., S. 117-142, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Adolfsson, Eva, 'Ödelandets skrift: Stina Aronson',* I gränsland*., S. 300-314, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Broomans, Petra, *"Jag vill vara mig själv": Stina Aronson (1892-1956), ett litteraturhistoriskt öde : kvinnliga författare i svensk litteraturhistorieskrivning - en metalitteraturhistorisk studie*, Rijksuniversiteit, Diss. Groningen : Rijksuniv., Groningen, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Graeske, Caroline, *Bortom ödelandet: en studie i Stina Aronsons författarskap*, B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, Diss. Uppsala : Univ., 2003, Eslöv, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hörnström, Marianne, 'De fattigas rikedomar: drag i Stina Aronsons författarskap tecknade utifrån Sång till polstjärnan', *Flyktlinjer* / utgivare: Ulf I. Eriksson., S. 90-109, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nilsson Skåve, Åsa, *Den befriade sången: Stina Aronsons berättarkonst*, Växjö University Press, Diss. Växjö : Växjö universitet, 2007,Växjö, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://lnu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A204868&dswid=-2703"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rasmusson, Margit, *Lång väg hem: en bok om Stina Aronson*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1968",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Witt-Brattström, Ebba, 'Gräva sig ut med bordskniv: modernisternas skrivande kvinnor', BLM : Bonniers litterära magasin., 56(1987):6, s. 378-385, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
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      "text": "Stina Aronson var en framstående svensk modernistisk författare, som genomgående gestaltade kvinnors och andra utsatta gruppers situationer i sina verk.\n\nStina Aronson, född Ester Kristina Andersson, var dotter till biskop Olof Bergqvist och pigan Maria Andersson. Hon föddes utom äktenskapet. De första sju åren bodde hon hos fosterfamiljen Ekblom i Petterslund utanför Uppsala. Fostermodern, som liksom modern arbetade som piga, tvingades emellertid att lämna tillbaka barnet då fosterpappan, som var slaktare och garvare, hamnade i fängelse för dråp. Stina Aronson flyttade då hem till sin biologiska mor och den fyra år äldre systern Elisabeth på Svartbäcksgatan i Uppsala. \n\nStina Aronsons biologiska föräldrar var båda värmlänningar och de träffades under faderns studietid i Uppsala. Tillsammans fick de två barn utom äktenskapet. Deras relation var dock kortvarig. Året efter Stina Aronsons födelse gifte sig fadern med fabrikörsdottern Hanna Norbäck. Först som vuxen kunde Stina Aronson uppta kontakten med sin far.\n\nTrots fattiga uppväxtförhållanden fick Stina Aronson möjlighet att utbilda sig. En student som modern städade åt såg till att både Stina Aronson och hennes syster fick läsa vid Lundellska skolan i Uppsala. Stina Aronson gick även på folkskollärarinneseminariet i Stockholm 1913-1914. \n\nEfter sin gymnasieexamen förlovade sig Stina Aronson med Gösta Hjorth, bror till Bror Hjorth, men förlovningen bröts hastigt under hans militärtjänstgöring. Kontakten med Bror Hjorth upprätthölls emellertid livet ut. Hon hälsade också på honom när han vistades i Paris. Bror Hjorth lär ha lånat Stina Aronsons drag i några av sina skulpturer och konstverk. Han har också gjort den byst av Stina Aronson som står vid entrén till Uppsala stadsbibliotek.\n\nNär Stina Aronson var klar med studierna började hon arbeta som folkskollärare, bland annat i Ställdalen i Örebro län och i Slite på Gotland. Här gifte hon sig 1918 med bataljonsläkare Anders Aronson, en medicinare som hon hade kommit i kontakt med under sin gymnasietid i Uppsala. I samband med giftermålet började hon kalla sig för Stina Aronson. Hon slutade arbeta som folkskollärare och ägnade sig åt att skriva, något som hon börjat med redan under sin tid som lärare.  \n\nKort efter giftermålet flyttade paret Aronson till sanatoriet i Sandträsk utanför Boden, där maken fick tjänst som överläkare. Från Sandträsk flyttade de 1926 till Hällnäs i Västerbotten och därefter till Östersund 1929, där de stannade till makens död 1936.  Paret Aronson fick aldrig några egna barn men de tog under en kort tid hand om två fosterbarn. Efter makens död flyttade Stina Aronson tillbaka till Uppsala där levde hon fram till sin död 1956. Det var också i Uppsala som hon skapade de litterära verken om Norrbotten och Tornedalen, vilka hon är mest känd för. \n\nStina Aronsons litterära genombrott kom sent, först efter 25 års skrivande. I hennes produktion finns en stor bredd och variation. Hon rör sig med stor lyhördhet genom olika litterära strömningar och trender, men trots brokigheten finns också en kontinuitet. Stina Aronson står alltid på de svagas sida och hon väljer ofta att skildra utsatta och maktlösa människor, som inte alltid har en plats i offentliga sammanhang, de osedda och förbisedda.\n\nRedan i debutboken *En bok om goda grannar*, 1921, som beskriver en småstadsmiljö på ett idylliskt humoristiskt sätt, finns de udda och förbisedda karaktärerna. Liksom många samtida författare valde Stina Aronson att ansluta sig till en idyllisk, borgerlig intimistisk estetik under tjugotalet och även hennes två nästkommande böcker, *Slumpens myndling*, 1922, och *Jag ger vika*, 1923, skildrar småstaden och dess utsatta invånare på ett komiskt sätt, men med en allvarlig underton. Kritikerna hävdade emellertid att det saknades originalitet och egenart.\n\nUnder senare hälften av tjugotalet och i början av trettiotalet lämnade Stina Aronson den idylliska estetiken för att i stället närma sig modernismens uttrycksformer. Hon stod nu i kontakt med Artur Lundkvist och kretsen kring Fem unga och började söka nya vägar och pröva olika litterära genrer, såsom lyrik och dramatik. Hon publicerade sig nu under pseudonymerna Sara Sand och Mimmi Palm.  \n\nGemensamt för verken som utkommer under sent tjugotal och tidigt trettiotal är att de alla innehåller en stark könsproblematik där man och kvinna ställs mot varandra, språkligt och socialt. Kvinnan framställs som en oförstådd, diskriminerad varelse, en anomali, som försöker skapa sig nya livsrum. Det är också under denna period som *Två herrar blev nöjda* och dramat *Syskonbädd*, båda under pseudonymen Sara Sand, tillkommer. Det mest omtalade verket från denna tid är dock *Feberboken: (stoffet till en roman)*, 1931, skriven under pseudonymen Mimmi Palm. Denna roman bygger delvis på en autentisk brevväxling med Artur Lundkvist. \n\nUnder hela tjugotalet och trettiotalet stod Stina Aronson även i kontakt med författarna Ulla Bjerne och kritikern Olle Holmberg. Med dessa diskuterade hon konst, litteratur och kvinnors rättigheter.\n\nÅr 1935 publicerades romanen *Medaljen över Jenny*, en historia med vilken Stina Aronson vann Natur och Kulturs yrkesromanpris 1935. Även denna roman handlar om de förbisedda och i den ställs frågor om kvinnors rätt till arbete och yrkeskarriär. I likhet med andra kvinnliga författare verksamma under trettiotalet skildrar också Stina Aronson systerskap, kvinnovärldar och utopiska kvinnokollektiv. Om systerskapet handlar *Byar under fjäll*, 1937. Här skildrar Stina Aronson två rödakorssystrars arbete under en resa i Härjedalen. Det var i denna roman som hon för första gången på ett utförligt sätt beskrev det norrländska landskapet och människor i en ödebygd. Redan under trettiotalet var alltså Stina Aronson på väg mot det som hon själv skulle komma att kalla ”ödelandet”, men framgångarna fick vänta ännu ett tag då en roman om en oäkting, som hon arbetat med i många år, *Gossen på Tröskeln*, 1942, kom emellan.\n\nFörst i mitten av fyrtiotalet kom det stora erkännandet från kritikerkåren. Det var också nu som hon publicerade sina stilistiskt mest fullgångna verk, vilka alla handlar om människor som lever i marginalen i ödebygden: *Hitom himlen*, 1946, *Sång till Polstjärnan*, 1948, *Kantele*, 1950, *Den fjärde vägen*, 1950, och *Sanningslandet*, 1952. I dessa sena verk möter läsaren, liksom tidigare, en allvetande berättare, men språket är mer koncentrerat och berättaren låter fler stämmor träda fram i texten. Språket skiftar mellan det orala, talade byspråket och huvudkulturens skriftspråk och här finns inslag även av finska.\n\nDen bok som Stina Aronson blivit mest känd för är *Hitom himlen*, romanen om den laestadianska änkan Emma Niskanpää och hennes son John. Tillsammans bor de i ett pörte i den fiktiva byn Mäntyjärvi i Tornedalen och som läsare får vi följa deras vardag i takt med landskapets och naturens skiftningar. I denna roman gestaltar Stina Aronson ett flerspråkigt samhälle och en mångkulturell samvaro långt innan begrepp som dessa existerade och hennes text får politisk sprängkraft då hon i grunden problematiserar maktfrågor som rör över- och underordning, centrum och periferi. \n\nStina Aronson blev ledamot i Samfundet De Nio 1949 och 1956 fick hon De Nios stora pris. Andra utmärkelser är Tidningen Vi:s litteraturpris 1947 och Svenska Dagbladets litteraturpris 1948.\n\nStina Aronsson dog i Uppsala 1956 och begravdes på Kristinehamns kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Stina Aronson was an eminent Swedish modernist author who portrayed the experiences of women and other vulnerable groups in society.\n\nStina Aronson, born Ester Kristina Andersson, was the daughter of bishop Olof Bergqvist and the maid Maria Andersson. She was born out of wedlock. For the first seven years of her life, she lived with a foster family called Ekblom in Petterslund near Uppsala. Her foster mother, who, like her biological mother, worked as a maid, was forced to return Stina when her foster father, a butcher and gravedigger, was sent to prison for murder. Stina Aronson then moved back to her biological mother and her four years older sister, Elisabeth, to Svartbäcksgatan in Uppsala.\n\nStina Aronson’s biological parents were both from Värmland and had met each other when her father studied at Uppsala. They had two children together, both out of wedlock. Their relationship was, however, short-lived. The year after Stina was born, her father married the daughter of a manufacturer, Hanna Norbäck. Stina did not reconnect with her father until she was an adult.\n\nDespite her poor background, Stina Aronson was able to gain an education. Her mother cleaned for a student who enabled both Stina and her sister to attend the Lundell school in Uppsala. Stina also attended teacher training school in Stockholm from 1913 to 1914.\n\nAfter graduating, Stina became engaged to Gösta Hjorth, the brother of Bror Hjorth, but the engagement ended quickly due to Gösta being called up for military service. However, Stina stayed in contact with Bror throughout her life. She even visited him when he lived in Paris. Bror probably modelled some of his sculptures and artwork on Stina’s features. He also sculpted a bust of Stina, which can be seen at the entrance of Uppsala city library.\n\nWhen Stina had completed her studies, she began to work as a schoolteacher at Ställdalen in Örebro and Slite on Gotland, amongst other places. In Gotland she married the army doctor Anders Aronson in 1918. He was a medic whom she already had met during her high school years in Uppsala. Stina began to use the name Stina Aronson after her marriage. She stopped working as a schoolteacher and turned to writing, which she had already begun to do while teaching.\n\nShortly after the wedding, the couple moved to the Sandträsk sanatorium just outside Boden where Anders was appointed chief physician. In 1926 they moved to Hällnäs in Västerbotten, and finally in 1929 they moved to Östersund, where they remained until Anders’ death in 1936. They didn’t have any children of their own but they briefly cared for two foster children. After her husband’s death Stina moved back to Uppsala, where she remained until her death in 1956. It was in Uppsala that she composed the literary works for which she is most famous, on Norrbotten and Tornedalen.\n\nStina Aronson’s literary breakthrough came late in life, after she had already been writing for 25 years. Her output is of great depth and variation and crosses over several distinct literary movements and trends, while also providing a certain continuity. Throughout her writing Aronson takes the side of the weak and often chooses to portray vulnerable and powerless people, those who are hidden from the public eye, the unseen and overlooked.\n\nHer first book, *En Bok om Goda Grannar*, a humorous take on an idyllic small town environment published in 1921, contains unusual and overlooked characters. Like many contemporary authors, Aronson chose to adopt the 1920s idyllic, bourgeois intimiste aesthetic, and her next two books, *Slumpens Myndling*, 1922, and *Jag Ger Vika*, 1923, comically portray small town life and its vulnerable inhabitants, albeit with a serious undertone. The critics, however, felt that these works were unoriginal and lacked individuality.\n\nDuring the second half of the 1920s and the early 1930s, Stina Aronson moved on from the aesthetic of the idyll and approached the modernist form of expression. She was now in contact with Artur Lundkvist and the social circle of De Fem Unga (the Five Young Ones) and began to explore new forms and try out different literary genres, such as lyricism and drama. She now published under the pseudonyms Sara Sand and Mimmi Palm.\n\nThe common thread in Stina’s work of the late 1920s and early 1930s is the focus on gender issues, placing man and woman in opposition to each other, both literally and socially. Women are portrayed as misunderstood and discriminated against, an anomaly seeking to create new living spaces. It is during this period that *Två herrar blev nöjda* and the drama *Syskonbädd* were written, both under the pseudonym Sara Sand. The most famous work from this era is *Feberboken. Stoffet till en roman* published in 1931 under the pseudonym Mimmi Palm. This novel is partly based on genuine correspondence with Artur Lundkvist.\n\nThroughout the 1920s and 1930s Stina Aronson was also in contact with the author Ulla Bjerne and the critic Olle Holmberg, discussing issues such as art, literature and women’s rights.\n\nIn 1935 the novel *Medaljen över Jenny* was published, for which Stina Aronson won Natur och Kultur’s vocational novel prize the same year. Like earlier works, this novel focuses on the marginalized and examines women’s right to work and to a career. Similar to other female authors writing in the 1930s, Stina Aronson portrays sisterhood, the female perspective and utopian female collectives. Sisterhood is also a core theme in *Byar och fjäll*, 1937, a tale about the work of two Red Cross nurses travelling in Härjedalen. This was the first novel where Stina in detail described the Norrland landscape and the inhabitants of a desolate place. Aronson had thus already in the 1930s begun her journey toward what she would later call “the wasteland”. Before continuing on this journey she published a novel about an illegitimate child, which she had been working on for several years, entitled *Gossen på Tröskeln*, 1942.\n\nIt was not until the mid-1940s that Stina began to receive critical recognition. This coincided with the publication of her most stylistically complete works, all of which concern marginal people living in desolate places: *Hitom himlen*, 1946, *Sång till Polstjärnan*, 1948, *Kantele*, 1950, *Den fjärde vägen*, 1950, and *Sanningslandet*, 1952.\n\nIn these later works the reader, as before, meets an all-knowing narrator, but the language is now more focused and the narrator more often gives way to other voices than previously. The language moves between the oral, spoken language of the town and the high-register written language, and even traces of Finnish can be found.\n\nStina Aronson’s most famous book is *Hitom himlen*, a novel portraying the widow Emma Niskanpää and her son John. They live in a hut in the fictional town of Mäntjyjärvi in Tornedalen and the readers follow their daily lives in pace with the changing landscape and nature. Here Aronson portrays a multilingual society and a multicultural co-existence long before these concepts existed. The novel has an explosively political character as Aronson fundamentally challenges issues of power pertaining to domination and subordination, centre and periphery.\n\nStina Aronson became a board member of Samfundet De Nio (The Nine society) in 1949 and in 1956 she was awarded De Nio’s Stora (great) prize. Her other awards include *Tidningen Vi*’s literature prize in 1947 and *Svenska Dagbladet’s* literature prize in 1948.\nStina Aronson died in Uppsala in 1956 and is buried in the cemetery in Kristinehamn.",
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        {
          "description": "Jägerung, Siv, *Mer än en hatt: halmslöjden på Dal*, Bengtsforstraktens fornminnes- och hembygdsfören., Bengtsfors, 1995",
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      "subtitle": "Konsthantverkare, halmslöjdare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, handicrafter, straw crafter",
      "text": "Beda Aronsson-Galle var halmslöjdskonstnär. Hon skapade livfulla och berättande halmskulpturer. I pressen kallades hon ”halmens okrönta drottning” och ”en döderhultare i halm”.\n\nBeda Aronsson-Galle föddes 1891 i Ärtemarks socken i norra Dalsland. Hennes föräldrar var hemmansägaren Andreas Galle och hans hustru Katarina. Beda Aronsson-Galle var yngst i en syskonskara på sex barn. Hon växte upp med tillverkningen av halmhattar som i hennes barn- och ungdom var en väl etablerad hemindustri i Ärtemark. Det gjordes halmhattar i nästan varje hem och hattarna fungerade som betalningsmedel i flera handelsbodar. Beda Aronsson-Galle lärde sig fläta av sin mor, som själv lärt sig fläta i fyraårsåldern och sedan höll på med hantverket livet ut. Modern blev nästan 104 år och kom att fläta i 100 år.\n\nFör Beda Aronsson-Galle var halmslöjden mer än en sysselsättning för att få biinkomster, den var ett uttrycksmedel. Hon gifte sig med skomakaren Axel Aronsson och de fick fyra barn. Som maka och mor gjorde hon halmhattar i olika modeller och tomtar, änglar och kottar till julen. Under en tid arbetade hon för Ärtemarks hemslöjdsförening, men kände sig aldrig riktigt tillfreds med att göra deras i hennes tycke ”stela och raka tomtar”. Så småningom frångick hon hemslöjdens krav på att halmarbeten i första hand skulle vara fasta och hållbara och började göra uttrycksfulla figurer. Med tiden växte gestalterna till detaljrika grupper som beskrev hela händelseförlopp.\n\n”För skicklighet i handarbete” fick Beda Aronsson-Galle 1945 Älvsborgs läns norra slöjdförenings diplom. Sitt genombrott fick hon sommaren 1946 vid den stora utställningen Bengtsforsexpo. Bland utställarna fanns Konst & Halmslöjd, Galle & Suttner, som bland annat sålde halmslöjd av Beda Aronsson-Galle och konst av Dalslandskonstnärer. En av konstnärerna var Beda Aronsson-Galles son Algot Galle.\n\nVid utställningen väckte Beda Aronsson-Galles slöjd stor uppmärksamhet. Hennes ögonblicksbilder var ett helt nytt grepp. Särskilt uppmärksammades tre grupper som åskådliggjorde bygdens tradition av halmhattstillverkning. Grupperna visade halmens väg från åkern till försäljningsartikel. Den första gruppen beskrev hur råghalmen skars, togs upp och bands i kärvar, nästa skildrade tröskning med handslaga samt rensning och flätning och tredje gruppen visade försäljningen av halmhattar på torget i närbelägna norska Fredrikshald (Halden), där många tusentals Ärtemarkshattar såldes under hemindustrins epok.\n\nFirman Galle & Suttner övergick efter något år helt i familjen Galles ägo och bytte namn till Ärtingeslöjd. Beda Aronsson-Galles hem blev nu både verkstad och kontor. Kontrakt skrevs med odlare av råghalm och varje höst hämtades flera traktorlass med halm hos bönder i Ärtemark. Under vintern förvandlades halmen till ett brett sortiment av halmartiklar. Här gjordes hattar i olika modeller, strandskor, torgkassar, figurer och grupper. Det vävdes också bordslöpare med inslag av halm.\n\nSom störst var verksamheten från slutet av 1940-talet till omkring 1960. Produktionen av hattar uppgick i början av 1950-talet till 10 000 under en säsong. Tomtar gjordes i ett 40-tal modeller. Halmslöjden såldes genom resande i hela Sverige och stora mängder gick också på export till Amerika. Förutom Beda Aronsson-Galle och hennes familj engagerade Ärtingeslöjd ett 60-tal lantbrukarfruar som gjorde halmdetaljer vid sidan av arbetet på gårdarna. Detaljerna monterade Beda Aronsson-Galle sedan ihop till grupper.\n\nHon arbetade spontant utan skisser och mallar. Genom sitt fönster såg hon kanotister glida förbi på sjön Lelång och strax formade hon paddlande semesterfirare. Med glimten i ögat fångade hon bilden av det äkta paret i 1950-talets Sverige, kvinnan står vid spisen och mannen sitter i fåtöljen och läser tidningen.\n\nEn del av Beda Aronsson-Galles efterlämnade produktion kan ses vid friluftsmuseet\nGammelgården i Bengtsfors. Där varvas konsertpianister, röda kräftor och djungelteman med\nmotiv från det gamla bondesamhället i helg och söcken. Där finns karlar som plöjer och arbetar\ni smedjan, kvinnor som bereder lin, väver och spinner, slädfärder, bondbröllop och dans kring\nmidsommarstången.\n\nI sin villa fortsatte Beda Aronsson-Galle att göra halmskulpturer tills hon var 90 år. Hon blev\nkänd långt utanför Sveriges gränser och fick träffa många kända personer. När kung Carl XVI\nGustaf 1975 reste genom Dalsland överlämnade Beda Aronsson-Galle en halmgrupp till\nkungen. År 1970 fick hon Dalslandsmedaljen.\n\nBeda Aronsson-Galle avled 1986 och vilar på Ärtemarks kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Beda Aronsson-Galle was an artist who crafted straw into lively and story-telling straw sculptures. She was called by the press ”The uncrowned queen of straw” among other epithets. \n\nBeda Aronsson-Galle was born in 1891 in Ärtemark parish in the province of Dalsland. Her parents were Andreas Galle, a yeoman, and his wife Katarina. Beda Aronsson-Galle was the youngest of six children. She grew up with the making of straw hats, a well-established home industry in Ärtemark when she was a child and young person. Straw hats were made in almost every home and hats were currency in many of the small shops there. Beda Aronsson-Galle learned braiding from her mother, who herself had learnt the art at the age of four and continued with it all her life. Her mother lived until she was almost 104 years old and had thus braided for almost 100 years. Beda Aronsson-Galle married the shoemaker Axel Aronsson and they had four children.\n\nFor Beda Aronsson-Galle, straw art was more than just a way of earning extra income, it was a means of expression. Working at home as wife and mother, she made straw hats in various models as well as Christmas decorations. For a time, she worked at the Ärtemark home crafts association, but never felt truly at ease with making what she felt were their ”stiff and starchy Christmas gnomes”. She gradually abandoned the association’s demand that straw objects should first and foremost be solid and long-lasting, and started making expressive figures. In time, these figures grew into detailed groups describing whole sequences of events.\n\n”For skill in her craft”, Beda Aronsson-Galle received in 1945 a diploma from the Älvsborg county northern crafts association. She had her breakthrough in the summer of 1946 at the great exhibition Bengtsforsexpo. Among the exhibitors was the firm Konst & Halmslöjd, Galle & Suttner, who sold among other things straw art by Beda Aronsson-Galle and other works by artists from Dalsland including Beda Aronsson-Galle’s son Algot Galle. \n\nAt this exhibition, Beda Aronsson-Galle’s craftswork won much attention. Her snapshots in straw were a completely new concept. Three groups received special notice, displaying as they did the district’s tradition of straw hat manufacturing. The groups showed the path of the straw from the fields to the shop shelves. The first group showed how the straw was harvested, collected and bound into sheaves. The second showed how it was threshed by hand as well as the cleaning and braiding, and the third group showed the sale of straw hats in the square at the neighbouring town of Norwegian Fredrikshald (nowadays Halden), where many thousands of Ärtemark hats were sold during that epoch of home industry. \n\nThe firm Galle & Suttner was taken over after a year or so by the Galle family and changed its name to Ärtingeslöjd. Beda Aronsson-Galle’s home now accommodated both a workshop and an office. Contracts were signed with farmers growing rye straw and every autumn several tractor loads of straw were fetched from farms in Ärtemark. During the winter, the straw was transformed into a broad assortment of straw objects: hats of various models, beach shoes, shopping baskets, figures and groups. Table runners were also woven with straw elements. \n\nThe enterprise was at its greatest from the end of the 1940s until about 1960. The production of hats reached 10,000 per season in the early 1950s. Christmas gnomes were produced in about 40 versions. Straw crafts were sold by travellers throughout Sweden and great quantities were exported to America. Apart from Beda Aronsson-Galle and her family, Ärtingeslöjd employed about 60 farmers’ wives who made straw details in their spare time after their farm work. The details were put together later by Beda Aronsson-Galle to make groups. \n\nShe worked spontaneously without sketches or patterns. Through her window, she saw canoeists gliding past along Lake Lelång and soon she was making paddling holidaymakers. With a twinkle in her eye, she captured the image of a married couple in the Sweden of the 1950s, the woman standing at her stove and the man sitting in his armchair reading the newspaper. \n\nSome of Beda Aronsson-Galle’s works can still be seen at the open-air museum Gammelgården in Bengtsfors, with a mixture of concert pianists, red crayfish, jungle and motifs from the old farming community at all seasons: men ploughing and working in the smithy, women preparing flax, weaving and spinning, sledge rides, farm weddings, and dance around the midsummer maypole. \n\nIn her house, Beda Aronsson-Galle continued to make straw sculptures until she was 90 years old. She became famous far beyond Sweden’s borders and got to meet many well-known people. When King Carl XVI Gustaf travelled through Dalsland in 1975, Beda Aronsson-Galle presented him with a straw group. In 1970 she was awarded the Dalsland Medal.\n \nBeda Aronsson-Galle died in 1986. She rests in the Ärtemark Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
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            "date": "1882-03-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Augusta Sofia",
          "lastname": "Arosenius, född Dahlberg",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1809-07-11",
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          "firstname": "Jakob Fredrik Neikter",
          "lastname": "Arosenius",
          "occupation": "Överstelöjtnant, topograf, krigsarkivarie, tecknare",
          "type": "Far",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-04-30",
            "date": "1867-04-30"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1959-11-04",
            "date": "1959-11-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Edvard Herman Neikter",
          "lastname": "Arosenius",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Konsthantverkare, översättare, psalmförfattare"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869-09-06",
            "date": "1869-09-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Fredrika",
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            "comment": "1959-05-29",
            "date": "1959-05-29"
          },
          "lastname": "Arosenius",
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        }
      ],
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Louise Arosenius', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2020-05-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttarlexikon/artiklar/Louise_Arosenius"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Louise Arosenius', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-05-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Arosenius"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bird, Robert Montgomery, *Jibbenainosay: Roland Forrester och hans kusin Edits underbara äventyr bland Nordamerikas indianer*, Bille, Stockholm, 1912",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne, Arne, *Berättelse*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1908",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bullen, Frank T., *Kaskelotten: en hvalfångares världsomsegling*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1902",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Caine, Hall, *Den förlorade sonen*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1904",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carroll, Lewis, *Alices äfventyr i sagolandet*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1898",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carroll, Lewis, *Bakom spegeln och hvad Alice fann där*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1899",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Chateaubriand, François René, *Atala: berättelse*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1905",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ernst, Otto, *Asmus Sempers ungdomsland: ett barns roman*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1907",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hansen, Erik, *Arnaluk: En berättelse från Grönland*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hill, Headon, *Lord och förbrytare*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1912",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Keller, Gottfried, *Sju legender*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1898",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kingsley, Charles, *Flodbarnen: en saga för andra barn*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1901",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Meyer, Conrad Ferdinand, *Noveller*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1900",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Scheffel, Joseph Victor von, *Ekkehard: berättelse från det tionde århundradet*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1905",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Weyman, Stanley John, *Lord Shrewsbury*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1899",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Viebig, Clara, *Den slumrande hären: roman*, Hierta, Stockholm, 1904",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Översättare, språklärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Translator, language teacher",
      "text": "Louise Arosenius var lärare i svenska och främmande språk samt under sin tid en framstående översättare från engelska och tyska till svenska.\n\nSofia Lovisa Arosenius, kallad Louise, föddes 1865 i Stockholm. Hon var dotter till överstelöjtnanten och topografen Jacob Fredrik Neikter Arosenius och dennes hustru Augusta, född Dahlberg. Louise Arosenius var det äldsta barnet och hade två syskon. Familjen bodde i Stockholm på adresser vid Slottsbacken och nära Humlegården.\n\nÅr 1885 avlade hon examen vid Högre lärarinneseminariet i Stockholm. Därefter arbetade hon under en tid som privatlärare i Norrköping. Louise Arosenius anställdes år 1888 vid Fischerströmska skolan (nuvarande Fischerströmska gymnasiet) i Karlskrona, där hon arbetade fram till 1892.\n\nÅter i Stockholm tjänstgjorde Louise Arosenius som privatlärare i familjer, men arbetade också vid Östermalms högre läroverk (nuvarande Östra Real), Normalskolan för flickor, Kungsholmens läroverk för flickor, Folkskoleseminariet samt vid Svenska Arbetsgivareföreningens statistiska byrå. Hon undervisade främst i svenska, men hade också goda kunskaper i främmande språk, bland annat tack vare studier i Hannover 1891 och vid universitetet i Jena 1902.\n\nLouise Arosenius debuterade som översättare 1898 med Gottfried Kellers *Sju legender* och Lewis Carrolls *Alices äfventyr i sagolandet*. Året därpå kom uppföljaren till den senare: *Bakom spegeln och hvad Alice fann där*. Därtill utarbetade hon tillsammans med kollegan [](Walborg Hedberg) den biografiska uppslagsboken *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden*, 1914.\n\nI sin översättning av *Alices äfventyr i sagolandet* bevarade Louise Arosenius originalets styckesindelning noga, strök dock kapitelrubrikerna, och hon tycks också ha ansträngt sig för att återskapa originaltextens långa, ibland okonventionellt sammanfogade meningar. Emellanåt tycks detta ändå ha varit för svårt, och hon prioriterade då det lekfulla tonfallet framför den syntaktiska troheten. Det strategiska valet verkar ha stått mellan antingen en mer komplicerad struktur med inskjutna bisatser, vilket hade givit ett mer formellt tonfall, eller en syntaktiskt enklare struktur med uppdelade meningar och större möjligheter att hålla liv i det lekfulla tonfallet. Vid syntaktiskt mer invecklade meningar valde Louise Arosenius alltså den senare vägen. Som det verkar gjordes dock dessa ingrepp — paradoxalt nog — just för att bevara originalets fabulerande lekfullhet, och givet tidens ofta lite strama litterära svenska var beslutet kanske rimligt.\n\nI det stora hela lyckades Louise Arosenius åstadkomma två för sin tid lyckade översättningar av Lewis Carrolls två böcker, de var muntra och infallsrika, om än mer reserverade än ursprungstexterna. De kom dock inte att tryckas om — möjligen försvann de i den ström av svensk och översatt skönlitteratur för unga som under dessa år pumpades ut i billighetsserien Norstedt & Söners Ungdomsbibliotek, i vilka de ingick.\n\nLouise Arosenius översatte ytterligare ett tiotal titlar för samma serie, bland dem François-René de Chateaubriands *Atala*, 1905, och Bjørnstjerne Bjørnsons *Arne*, 1908, romaner som inte var förkortade eller på andra sätt tillrättalagda för ungdomen. Nämnvärd är även Otto Ernsts *Asmus Sempers ungdomsland*, 1907, som var en ganska krävande läsning för unga, men trots det översattes i sin helhet. Om den boken skrev *Folkbiblioteksbladet* 1908: \n\n>”Översättningen är förträfflig. Louise Arosenius kan ej endast läsa tyska, utan hon kan också skriva svenska. Genom införlivandet av *Asmus Sempers ungdomsland* med den svenska ungdomslitteraturen har det tillförts denna en klenod av sällsam och betagande glans.”\n\nFör vuxna översatte Arosenius bland annat Hall Caines populära *Den förlorade sonen*, som gick i ständiga omtryck i årtionden efter förstautgåvan 1904.\n\nLouise Arosenius avled i Stockholm 1946, 81 år gammal. Hon ligger begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Louise Arosenius was a writer, a teacher of Swedish and foreign languages, and a prominent translator from English and German into Swedish. \n\nSofia Lovisa Arosenius, known as Louise, was born in Stockholm in 1865. She was the daughter of Colonel Jacob Fredrik Neikter Arosenius, who was also a topographer, and his wife Augusta, née Dahlberg. Louise Arosenius was the eldest child in the family which numbered three children. The family lived in Stockholm, at two addresses near Slottsbacken and Humlegården. \n\nLouise Arosenius graduated from Högre lärarinneseminariet (advanced female teacher-training programme) in Stockholm in 1885. She then spent some time working as a private tutor in Norrköping. In 1888 she became employed at Fischerströmska skolan (now known as Fischerströmska gymnasiet; high school) in Karlskrona, where she worked until 1892. \n\nOnce back in Stockholm Louise Arosenius found work as a private tutor for various families but she was also employed at Östermalms högre läroverk (now Östra Real), at Normalskolan för flickor (girls’ school), at Kungsholmens läroverk för flickor (girls’ school), at Folkskoleseminariet (public school teacher training programme) and at Svenska Arbetsgivareföreningens statistiska byrå (Swedish Employers’ association bureau of statistics). Although she mainly taught Swedish she was also accomplished in other languages, partly as a result of studying in Hannover in 1891 and at the university of Jena in 1902. \n\nLouise Arosenius’ first translated works were published in 1898. These were Gottfried Keller’s *Sju legender* and Lewis Carroll’s *Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland*. The next year she published a translation of the sequel, *Alice Through the Looking Glass*. Further, she and her colleague [](Walborg Hedberg) produced *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden*, a biographical reference work which was published in 1914. \n\nLouise Arosenius’ translation of *Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland* carefully retained the original’s chapter divisions albeit she removed the chapter titles and she appears to have gone to great efforts to retain the long and often unconventional run-on sentences of the original. When this sometimes outfoxed her she then prioritised a playful tone above reproducing the syntax. The choice apparently lay between either a more complex structure with inserted sub-clauses, which would have resulted in a more formal tone, or resorting to a syntactically simpler structure with shorter sentences, offering greater chances of retaining the playful tone. Louise Arosenius adopted the latter approach when it came to the syntax of more complex sentences. It seems, however, that this choice – paradoxically enough – was made precisely to retain the wondrous playfulness of the original, and given the frequently somewhat strict nature of literary Swedish it was probably the most appropriate choice. \n\nBy and large Louise Arosenius was able to produce well-received – at the time – translations of Lewis Carroll’s two books which were cheerful and ingenious if somewhat more reserved than the original texts. However, they were never reprinted – perhaps they were swallowed up in the stream of Swedish and translated literature for young people which was being pumped out at this time in the affordable Norstedt & Söners Ungdomsbibliotek series, within which they were included. \n\nLouise Arosenius translated another ten titles for that same series, including François-René de Chateaubriand’s *Atala* in 1905 and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson’s *Arne* in 1908. These were unbowdlerised novels that were left in the original for young audiences. A notable example is Otto Ernst’s *Asmus Sempers ungdomsland*, from 1907, a rather demanding read for young people which was nevertheless translated in its entirety. The *Folkbiblioteksbladet* newspaper had this to say on that book in 1908: \n\n>“This is a splendid translation. Louise Arosenius is not just able to read German but she can also write in Swedish. The addition of *Asmus Sempers ungdomsland* into the corpus of Swedish books for young readers a rare and captivating treasure has been introduced.” \n\nLouise Arosenius also produced translations of works for a mature readership, such as Hall Caine’s popular *The Prodigal Son*, which was continuously re-issued in the decades following its first release in 1904. \n\nLouise Arosenius died in Stockholm in 1946 at the age of 81. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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        {
          "description": "Ågren, Britt, ’Hon lärde oss se vardagens skatter’, *Dagens Nyheter* 1980-02-09",
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        },
        {
          "description": "’Lilly Arrhenius’. *Svensk filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2019-10-29)",
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        {
          "name": "Anne Sofie Berg",
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-12-13",
            "date": "1880-12-13"
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1906-11-12"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-10-06",
            "date": "1972-10-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Georg Henrik",
          "lastname": "Arrhenius",
          "occupation": "Kanslichef",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-06-15",
            "date": "1909-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1985-08-24",
            "date": "1985-08-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Turinna Margareta",
          "lastname": "Arrhenius",
          "occupation": "Ekonomiföreståndare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "firstname": "Margaretha",
          "lastname": "Arrhenius",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-11-01",
            "date": "1915-11-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1992-02-02",
            "date": "1992-02-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Edit Turinna Ewa Maria",
          "lastname": "Arrhenius",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-11-19",
            "date": "1903-11-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1994-01-01",
            "date": "1994-01-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Nils Tagesson",
          "lastname": "Beyer",
          "occupation": "Journalist, författare",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Katarina",
          "lastname": "Ljungholm",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1860-2017 Swedish death index 1860-2017*, Version 7.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, 2018",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok*. 1985, Norstedt, Stockholm",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemardet/1985/0068.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Morgonbris* [Elektronisk resurs], Kvinnornas fackförbund, Stockholm, 1904-1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/05/"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Tidevarvet* [Elektronisk resurs], Tidevarvet, Stockholm, 1923-1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/08/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Älvdals och Nyeds domsagas kanslis arkiv Ö b vol. 1, Värmlandsarkivet (Hämtad 2019-11-29)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/nad?Sokord=%C3%84lvdals+och+Nyeds+domsagas&EndastDigitaliserat=false&BegransaPaTitelEllerNamn=false&lk=Ladda+kategorier&AvanceradSok=False&typAvLista=Standard&page=1&postid=Arkis+8639A99D-5C12-4742-B07C-CD95AF55FD9C&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, debattör, bosättningskonsulent",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, debater, residency consultant",
      "text": "Lilly Arrhenius Beyer var författare och debattör, starkt engagerad i sociala bostads- och konsumentfrågor, samt funktionär i kooperationen och i Stockholms stad.\n\nLilly Arrhenius föddes i Karlstad år 1904 som dotter till landssekreteraren Georg Samuelson och gymnastikdirektör Karin Arrhenius. Hon var äldst i en syskonskara på fem barn. År 1930 gifte hon sig med journalisten Nils Beyer. Paret bosatte sig i Stockholm och fick en dotter, Katarina, född 1937. \n\nUnder 1930-talet utbildade sig Lilly Arrhenius Beyer till socionom. Vid sidan om arbetet som prisombud i Stockholms kristidsnämnd under krigsåren deltog hon flitigt i diskussionerna kring tidens brännande sociala frågor och var i likhet med [](Alva Myrdal) en stark förespråkare för funktionalismen och etablerandet av bostadskooperativ. För Lilly Arrhenius Beyer låg fokus på kvinnors situation i hemmet och hennes utgångspunkt var att det var kvinnor som drabbades hårdast av dåliga bostadsförhållanden. Hon ville se en inriktning av bostadsbyggandet mot kollektivboende ”i stil med vad som göres i Ryssland”. Hon förespråkade kollektiv matlagning och tvättinrättning samt barnkrubbor och lekstugor för de äldre barnen. Hon framhöll att hustrur härigenom skulle kunna befrias från de mest tyngande uppgifterna inom hemmet, och kunna ägna sig åt det verkliga familjelivet under de tider hon var ledig. Hon såg också bostadskooperativen som en möjlighet att skapa hem för ensamma mödrar.\n\nI sitt arbete som bosättningskonsulent under slutet av 1940-talet och i stort sett hela 1950-talet hade Lilly Arrhenius Beyer stor inblick i bostadsfrågorna men också andra sociala och konsumentinriktade frågor engagerade. Hennes debattartiklar i framförallt *Tidevarvet* men även *Morgonbris* rubricerades ofta provokativt, exempelvis ”Skapa nyttighet åt alla! Intimare samverkan mellan slöjdföreningen och arbetarkvinnorna!” och ”Matens värde – och kvinnans. Fabriksmaten revolutionerande!”\n\nI anslutning till en utställning kring den tyska konstnären och skulptören Käthe Kollwitz kvinnoporträtt betonade hon att det var konstnärens uppgift att forma de mänskliga ideal som den socialt verksamma medborgaren sedan hade att tillämpa på sitt område. Även som konstrecensent lade hon tonvikten på kvinnans ställning i samhället. Hon framhöll exempelvis den kommunistanslutne konstnären Albin Amelin som ett föredöme med hans avbildande av kvinnor som levt kvalfulla och tunga liv. Enligt Lilly Arrhenius Beyer redovisade Amelin kvinnornas liv på ett ärligt sätt i deras ansikten. Hon kunde också vara vass i sina omdömen. I en recension av en utställning 1930 med akademiledamoten Albert Engströms teckningar av det svenska folket konstaterade hon att några moderna sociala problem inte existerade i hans värld och att de hånfullt avtecknade rösträttskvinnorna knappast kunde ha existerat under det nittonde århundradet. I Engströms tecknade värld framstod som kvinnors enda uppgift att ”lyda sina äkta män, föda barn och vara ljuva”.\n\nLilly Arrhenius Beyers många böcker om hemmet och om heminredning hade också som utgångspunkt den ömsesidiga påverkan mellan människan och den byggda miljön. I *Det levande hemmet: en handbok om heminredning och hemtrivsel*, 1952, illustrerade hon sin text med fantasieggande svartvita fotografier i motsats till de vackra inredningsskrifterna med färgfoton. Hon kallade också boken en handbok till en programserie i radio om heminredning och hemtrivsel.\n\nUnder pseudonymen Anne Sofie Berg skrev hon ett par böcker om att bli blind vid vuxen ålder, vilket var något som hon själv fick uppleva. Hon ville med böckerna väcka förståelse för de blindas situation, men samtidigt visa hur en stor olycka som den att mista synen kunde väcka nya krafter till liv hos en människa. Samtidigt beskrev hon i böckerna saknaden efter allt hon förlorat, inte minst att kunna följa konsumentdebatten i det framväxande välfärdssamhället.\n\nLilly Arrhenius Beyer avled 1993 i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Lilly Arrhenius Beyer was an author and a debater who was heavily involved in social housing matters and consumer issues. She was also active in the Cooperative association and in Stockholm town council. \n\nLilly Arrhenius Beyer was born in Karlstad in 1904. Her father was Georg Samuelson, who served as ‘landssekreterare’ (an official of the county office), and Karin Arrhenius, who was a physical education instructor. Lilly Arrhenius Beyer was the eldest of five siblings. In 1930 she married Nils Beyer, a journalist. The couple settled in Stockholm where their daughter, Katrina, was born in 1937.  \n\nDuring the 1930s Lilly Arrhenius Beyer trained as a social worker. Further to her efforts as a price regulator for the Stockholm wartime crisis board she also frequently engaged in the ongoing debates on contemporary burning social issues and, like [](Alva Myrdal), she was a strong proponent of the concept of functionalism and of the establishment of housing cooperatives. Lilly Arrhenius Beyer felt that the focus should lie on women’s roles within the home, believing that it was women who were hardest hit by poor housing. She wanted to see housing policies aimed at cooperative living “along the lines of what is being done in Russia”. She championed collective food preparation and washing facilities as well as children’s nurseries and play areas for older children. She claimed that all these aspects would free women from the most draining chores within the home and thus allow them to devote themselves to actual family life in their spare time. Lilly Arrhenius Beyer also viewed housing cooperatives as a means of providing accommodation for single mothers. \n\nFrom the late 1940s onwards and throughout most of the 1950s Lilly Arrhenius Beyer’s work as a housing consultant gave her extensive insight into housing matters. However, she was also engaged in other social and consumer issues. Her polemical articles, mostly published in *Tidevarvet* but also in *Morgonbris*, often had provocative headlines, such as “Skapa nyttighet åt alla! Intimare samverkan mellan slöjdföreningen och arbetarkvinnorna!” (Create universal utility! Closer collaboration between the handicrafts association and working women!) and “Matens värde – och kvinnans. Fabriksmaten revolutionerande!” (The value of food – and of women. Prepared meals are revolutionary!). \n\nIn response to an exhibition of the German artist and sculptor Käthe Kollwitz Lilly Arrhenius Beyer emphasised her belief that artists were duty-bound to represent human ideals which socially active citizens could then benefit from in their localities. When working as a reviewer of the arts she put the emphasis on women’s place within society. She championed, for example, Albin Amelin, a pro-Communist artist, as a role model due to his portrayal of women who had lived challenging and hard-going lives. In Lilly Arrhenius Beyer’s opinion Amelin summarised these women’s lives in an honest fashion in their faces. Lilly Arrhenius Beyer could also be harsh in her judgements. When reviewing a 1930 exhibition of Albert Engström's (who was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Art) drawings of Swedish people she claimed that the world he depicted in his work was devoid of modern social problems and that the contemptuously portrayed suffragettes would hardly have existed during the nineteenth century. Engström’s illustrated world revealed that the sole role of women was to “obey their husbands, have children, and be delightful”. \n\nLilly Arrhenius Beyer’s many books on home life and home furnishings were also based on the concept of the mutual influence of humans on the constructed environment. In her *Det levande hemmet: en handbok om heminredning och hemtrivsel*, from 1952, the illustrations accompanying her text were suggestive black-and-white photographs in contrast to the beautiful colour photography of other interior design publications. She also referred to her book as a handbook for a series of radio programmes on home furnishings and a happy home life. \n\nShe also published a couple of books under the pseudonym of Anne Sofie Berg which discussed becoming blind at a mature age, something she herself experienced. She sought to arouse compassion for the blind through her books whilst also revealing that a great misfortune, such a losing your sight, could awaken new forces in a person. Her books also describe mourning everything she had lost, not least the ability to keep up with the polemics surrounding consumer issues in the emerging welfare state. \n\nLilly Arrhenius Beyer died in Stockholm in 1993.",
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        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "description": "Apotekselev",
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          "description": "Agnes Hildegard Arvidson, apotekare, Norsjö. Företagsarkivet i Westerbotten (Hämtad 2017-11-09)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
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          "url": "http://foretagsarkivet.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Agnes-Hildegard-Arvidson.pdf"
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        {
          "description": "Agnes Arvidson. *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-11-09)",
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            "date": "1875-03-26"
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840",
            "date": "1840"
          },
          "death": {
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          "firstname": "Bengta, kallad Betty,",
          "lastname": "Carlsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-10-21",
            "date": "1850-10-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-03-02",
            "date": "1918-03-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid Ossian",
          "lastname": "Larsson Arvidson",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1865-12-02",
            "date": "1865-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1937-01-21",
            "date": "1937-01-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid Elvira Augusta",
          "lastname": "Bergström, senare Bergström Mörk",
          "occupation": "Tjänarinna",
          "type": "Fostersyster",
          "type_eng": "Foster sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1877-11-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1959-07-20",
            "date": "1959-07-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Gustaf Arvid",
          "lastname": "Arvidson",
          "occupation": "Sjökapten",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-06-05",
            "date": "1883-06-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1968-04-22",
            "date": "1968-04-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Inez Alfa Alexia",
          "lastname": "Arvidson",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stanfors, Maria & Öberg, Klas, 'Apotek som arbetsmarknad: institutionell förändring och feminisering av apotek i Sverige', *Historisk tidskrift* (Stockholm)., 2007(127):2, s. [225]-245, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Kvinnan på apotekarebanan', *Idun*, 1903:38. s. 506",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Apotekare, apoteksföreståndare, farmaceutisk pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pharmacist, pharmacy owner, pharmaceutical pioneer",
      "text": "Agnes Arvidson var Sveriges första kvinna med apotekarexamen och därtill den första kvinnan som förestod ett apotek med eget privilegiebrev.\n\nAgnes Arvidson föddes 1875 och växte upp i en medelklassfamilj i Malmö. Hennes far var\nlärare, dels vid Navigationsskolan i Malmö, dels privatlärare. Uppgifter om Agnes Arvidssons\nuppväxtförhållanden är knapphändiga.\n\nAgnes Arvidson tjänstgjorde som apotekselev i hemstaden vid apoteket Lejonet mellan 1894\noch 1897. Hon blev farmacie kandidat vid apoteket i Ronneby där hon avlade examen år 1897, och var verksam fram till 1901. Agnes Arvidson studerade därefter vid Farmaceutiska institutet i Stockholm. Hennes roll som föregångare ska ses mot en historisk bakgrund som innebar att kvinnor år 1891 fick samma rätt som män att tjänstgöra på svenska apotek. Året därpå, 1892, fick kvinnor tillträde till farmaceututbildningen. De tre första som antogs avbröt emellertid utbildningen så Märtha Leth blev första kvinnan i Sverige att avlägga farmacie kandidatexamen i januari 1897. Senare samma år tog också Agnes Arvidsson farmacie kandidatexamen. År 1901 fick Farmaceutiska institutet i Stockholm nya stadgar vilket möjliggjorde vidare studier för Agnes Arvidson, som avlade apotekarexamen den 17 september 1903 och därmed blev Sveriges första kvinna med en sådan examen. Detta uppmärksammades sex år senare i samband med ett jubileum som dokumenterades i tidskrifterna *Dagny* och *Idun*. I artiklar med rubriken ”Kvinnan på apotekarbanan” diskuteras hur den svenska kvinnans verksamhetsfält kommit att vidgas till att omfatta även vetenskapligt arbete. På en bild porträtteras samtliga 30 kvinnor med farmaceutexamen, inklusive Agnes Arvidson som fick motta blommor och hyllningar för sina studieframgångar. \n\nEfter genomgången apotekarutbildning och examen började Agnes Arvidsons karriär vilken\ninnebar ett omfattande flyttande över landet. Hon startade sin bana som apotekare i\nHudiksvall 1903 och fortsatte sen till Säter, Delsbo, Årjäng, Svedala, Oskarshamn,\nLjusdal/Hudiksvall, Uddeholm samt till apoteket Hjorten i Norrköping där hon var verksam 1920–1928.\n\nÅr 1928 blev Agnes Arvidson privat apotekare i Norsjö och blev därmed första kvinna i\nSverige som förestod ett apotek med eget privilegiebrev. Tidigare hade kvinnor både förestått\napotek och varit apoteksinnehavare, men på andra villkor, bland annat hade de kunnat ärva\napoteksinnehavarprivilegiet efter sin make för att på så sätt fortsätta driften. Från och med 1928 blev yrkesutövandet ett privilegium även för kvinnor och ett nytt fält på arbetsmarknaden öppnades således. Detta lade grunden till en förändrad könskodning av apotekaryrket och fler kvinnor sökte sig till apoteken. Agnes Arvidson förestod apoteket i Norsjö fram till år 1933, då hon genom så kallad transport blev privat apotekare med privilegiebrev i Mellerud. Hon verkade där till 1942 och stannade på orten till sin död.\n\nAgnes Arvidson var, som många andra högutbildade kvinnor med yrkesutövande ambitioner\nkring förra sekelskiftet, ogift. De stod i hög grad inför ett val mellan antingen karriär\neller familj. Detta kom gradvis att förändras över 1900-talet. I samband med att apoteksnäringen förstatligades på 1970-talet blev apoteksanställda statligt anställda med vad\nsom ofta kallas familjevänliga arbetsvillkor. Samtidigt hade apoteksnäringen förändrats och\nblivit alltmer serviceorienterad. Apotekaryrket, inklusive chefskapet, blev därmed ett yrke för\nmånga kvinnor.\n\nAgnes Arvidson dog i Mellerud 1962.",
      "text_eng": "Agnes Arvidson was the first woman in Sweden to gain a Master’s degree in pharmacy and also the first woman in Sweden to run a pharmacy with her own charter.\n\nAgnes Arvidson was born in 1875. She grew up in a middle-class family in Malmö. Her father was a teacher who taught both at the Navigation school in Malmö and as a private tutor. Information on Agnes Arvidsson’s early life and childhood is sparse.\n\nFrom 1894 to 1897 Agnes Arvidson served as an apprentice pharmacist at the Lejon pharmacy in her hometown. She then began to study for her Bachelor’s degree in pharmaceutical studies at the Ronneby pharmacy, sat her exam there in 1897 and continued working there until 1901. Agnes Arvidson then went on to study at Farmaceutiska institutet (Pharmaceutical Institute) in Stockholm. Her role as a forerunner must be viewed against the historical background; women only gained the right to work at pharmacies in Sweden in 1891. The following year, in 1892, women began to be admitted into pharmaceutical studies. The first three women who were enrolled suspended their studies, so Märtha Leth became the first woman in Sweden to qualify for a Bachelor’s degree in pharmaceutical studies in January 1897. This was the same year that Agnes Arvidson qualified. In 1901 Farmaceutiska institutet enacted new statutes, which enabled Agnes Arvidson to continue her studies. She gained her Master’s degree in pharmacy on 17 September 1903, thereby becoming the first woman in Sweden to hold this degree. This achievement was commemorated six years later with a jubilee ceremony, which was documented in both *Dagny* and *Idun*. They printed articles with headlines such as “The woman on the pharmaceutical career path” discussing how the scope of employment opportunities for Swedish women had expanded to include scientific work. A picture showed all 30 Swedish women with a Master’s degree in pharmacy – including Agnes Arvidson. She was presented with flowers and accolades for her academic success.\n\nHaving completed her training Agnes Arvidson set out on her career path, which entailed extensive travel across Sweden. She began working in Hudiksvall in 1903, and continued in Säter, Delsbo, Årjäng, Svedala, Oskarshamn, Ljusdall/Hudiksvall, Uddeholm and at the Hjort pharmacy in Norrköping, where she worked from 1920-1928.\n\nIn 1928 Agnes Arvidson became a private pharmacist in Norsjö, thereby becoming the first woman in Sweden to own and run a pharmacy with her own charter. Although women had previously managed and even owned pharmacies this had always come about through different circumstances, such as inheriting the right to a pharmacy through a late husband in order to continue the business. From 1928 onwards women also gained the legal right to exercise the profession outright, opening yet another career option for Swedish women. This paved the way to changing the gender coding in pharmaceutics and led to an increase in women seeking to enter the profession. Agnes Arvidson ran her pharmacy in Norsjö until 1933 when she moved her business to Mellerud. She was active there until 1942 and remained in the area until her death.\n\nLike many of the well-educated women who had ambitions of becoming career women at the turn of the twentieth century Agnes Arvidson was single. At the time it was necessary to choose between having a career or a family. This gradually changed during the course of the twentieth century. Pharmacies became nationalised in the 1970s and those who worked in pharmacies became civil servants, which entailed what is often termed family-friendly working conditions. At the same time the sphere of pharmaceutics had changed and become far more service-oriented. The pharmaceutical career, including the role of head pharmacists, thus became an appealing career path for many women.\n\nAgnes Arvidson died in Mellerud in 1962.",
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          "description_eng": "Lillemor Arvidsson, 2003. Photo: Susanne Sandström (Scanpix/TT)",
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            "comment": "1911-09-06",
            "date": "1911-09-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-11-28",
            "date": "1991-11-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Elin Maria",
          "lastname": "Arvidsson",
          "occupation": "Städare och diskare vid hotell",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-08-16",
            "date": "1910-08-16"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1993-09-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav Valfrid",
          "lastname": "Arvidsson",
          "occupation": "Gjutare, lokal ordförande för Metall",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gull",
          "lastname": "Arvidsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Lennart",
          "lastname": "Arvidsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
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            "date": "1930"
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          "death": {
            "comment": ""
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          "from": {
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      "subtitle": "Facklig ledare, politiker, landshövding",
      "subtitle_eng": "Trade union leader, politician, county governor",
      "text": "Lillemor Arvidsson var först att såsom kvinna vara ordförande i ett LO-förbund, Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet (SKAF), under åren 1988—1995, och hon var landshövding i Gotlands län 1998—2004.\n\nLillemor Arvidsson föddes 1943 i Skara som dotter till Gustav och Elin Arvidsson. Fadern var gjutare, men var polioskadad och rullstolsbunden under många år, medan modern städade och diskade på ett hotell i Uddevalla. Båda föräldrarna var aktiva socialdemokrater. Modern Elin fick värkar under förstamajtåget 1943, vilket ledde till att Lillemor Arvidsson föddes på kvällen den 1 maj.\n\nSom tonåring arbetade Lillemor Arvidsson som vårdbiträde på lasarettet i Uddevalla. Hon utbildade sig senare till undersköterska, och började samtidigt engagera sig fackligt. År 1972 anställdes hon av Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet som studieombudsman. Tio år senare utsågs hon till ombudsman, och ett år senare till andre ordförande i förbundet. Den högsta posten nådde hon 1988, då hon blev förbundets första kvinnliga ordförande, tillika den första kvinnliga ordföranden bland alla LO-förbund och den första kvinnan i LO:s styrelse.\n\nOrdförandeposten vanns efter en inflammerad personstrid med sittande ordföranden Sigvard Marjasin. En del män motsatte sig att en kvinna skulle utses till ordförande. Kritiken byggde på att Lillemor Arvidsson inte hade erfarenhet av löneförhandlingar och att hon som kvinna överhuvudtaget skulle få svårt att klara uppdraget. En ofta upprepad fråga som enligt Lillemor Arvidsson hon och andra kvinnor fick, var om de hade ”is i magen”, en fråga som enligt henne var otänkbar att ställa till en man.\n\nFörväntningarna på den första kvinna som valts till ordförande i ett LO-förbund var höga och Lillemor Arvidsson insåg att utnämningen av henne innebar att kongressen markerat att de ville ha ett annorlunda ledarskap. Hon var också medveten om att många kvinnor satte sitt hopp till henne om att hon skulle föra fram kvinnospecifika frågor. Lillemor Arvidsson vurmade under sitt ordförandeskap särskilt för rätten till heltid och att särskilda kvinnopotter infördes i avtalsförhandlingarna.\n\nLillemor Arvidsson engagerade sig också i politiken och blev 1990 invald i Socialdemokraternas partistyrelse, men avgick redan året därpå. Skälet var 1991 års avtalsrörelse. Förhandlingarna var i slutskedet, och Kommunal hade flaggat med strejkvapnet samtidigt som regeringen aviserade ett förslag om att införa allmänt strejkstopp, med hänsyn till den djupa ekonomiska kris som Sverige då befann sig i. Som enda ordförande i ett LO- förbund vägrade Lillemor Arvidsson att ställa sig bakom regeringens förslag och såg ett godkännande av förslaget som en allvarlig inskränkning i de fackliga organisationernas handlingsutrymme. Efter ett stormigt möte hos arbetsmarknadsminister Mona Sahlin lämnade Lillemor Arvidsson partistyrelsen, men hennes motstånd spred sig snabbt bland andra fackliga företrädare och regeringen tvingades backa från förslaget om strejkstopp. För Lillemor Arvidsson var det helt ofattbart att en socialdemokratisk regering skulle bedriva så hård politik mot en stor löntagargrupp med så många kvinnor och lågavlönade.\n\nÅr 1995 lämnade hon uppdraget som ordförande i Kommunal på grund av utbrändhet. Under några år kom Lillemor Arvidsson att sitta i olika styrelser, bland annat för högskolan i Växjö och för Statens maritima muséer. Hon var också ledamot i analysgruppen 1997 om myndigheternas agerande i samband med Estoniakatastrofen.\n\nPå sitt eget 50-årskalas 1993 mötte Lillemor Arvidsson norrmannen Fritjof Ekelund som var administrativ chef vid den norska motsvarigheten till Kommunalarbetareförbundet. De blev särbor och hon var tillfredsställd med lösningen. Ingen av dem behövde därigenom välja mellan Norge och Sverige.\n\nÅr 1998 utnämndes Lillemor Arvidsson till landshövding i Gotlands län, en post hon behöll till 2004. Under sina sex år som landshövding var hon särskilt engagerad i frågan att få reguljära kommunikationer vintertid till och från fastlandet.\n\nLillemor Arvidsson avled i cancer 2012 i sitt hem i Stockholm. Hon blev 69 år gammal. I eftermälet om henne återkommer uttryck som varm, spontan, stor integritet, ärlig och folkkär. Hon sågs av många som en storasyster för hela Kommunal och som den som förde upp kvinnofrågorna på dagordningen. Hon ligger begravd på Ramneröds kyrkogård i Uddevalla.",
      "text_eng": "Lillemor Arvidsson was the first woman who, from 1988 to 1995, held the position of chair within the LO (Swedish Trade Union Confederation) for Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet (SKAF) (the Swedish Municipal Workers’ Union). She also served as county governor of Gotland county from 1998-2004. \n\nLillemor Arvidsson was born in Skara in 1943. She was the daughter of Gustav and Elin Arvidsson. Her father was a caster, who had been wheelchair-bound for many years after suffering from polio. Her mother worked as a cleaner and dishwasher at a hotel in Uddevalla. Both of them were active within the Social Democratic party. Indeed, Elin went into labour during the First of May parade in 1943, and as a result Lillemor Arvidsson was born in the evening of 1 May that year. \n\nWhen she was a teenager Lillemor Arvidsson worked as a care assistant at Uddevalla hospital. She later trained as an assistant nurse and also became actively engaged with the union. In 1972 Svenska Kommunalarbetareförbundet appointed her as their educational ombudsman. Ten years later she became their official ombudsman and one year later she held the position of deputy chair of the organisation. The highest post she held within SKAF was as its chair, in 1988. She was not only the first woman to do so but also the first female chair within all the LO associations and the first woman to be a member of the LO executive.  \n\nShe gained the post of chair following a contentious personal struggle with the sitting chair, Sigvard Marjasin. A number of men opposed the appointment of a woman as chair with their main point of criticism being that Lillemor Arvidsson had no experience of wage negotiations and that in general, as a woman, she would find it hard to perform her duties. According to Lillemor Arvidsson she and other women were often faced with the question of whether they had “nerves of steel”, a question she believed would never be posed to a man. \n\nHigh expectations were placed on the first female chair within the LO and Lillemor Arvidsson realised that her appointment reflected the congress’s desire for a new form of leadership. She was also aware that many women were placing their hopes in her to bring issues specific to women to the fore. In her role as chair Lillemor Arvidsson worked enthusiastically on behalf of fulltime working rights and that special funds to create equal pay for female workers were introduced during negotiations. \n\nLillemor Arvidsson was also politically active. In 1990 she was elected onto the Social Democratic party executive, albeit she resigned the very next year in response to the 1991 wage negotiations. These talks had been in their final stages and SKAF had threatened a strike just as the government – faced with the deep economic crisis currently affecting Sweden – released a proposal to introduce a general ban on strikes. Lillemor Arvidsson was the only chair of an LO association who refused to support the government’s proposal. She viewed any support for it as posing a serious restriction on the trade union’s room to manoeuvre. Following a stormy meeting with Mona Sahlin, minister of employment, Lillemor Arvidsson resigned from the Social Democratic party executive. Opposition to the government plans spread quickly among other trade union leaders and the government was forced to withdraw the strike-ban proposal. It was entirely incomprehensible to Lillemor Arvidsson that a Social Democratic party government would force such harsh policies against a major group of workers which included so many women and employees on low pay. \n\nIn 1995 she resigned her post as chair of SKAF due to work-related burnout. Lillemor Arvidsson then spent several years serving on various boards, including that of the Växjö high school and that of the state-run maritime museums. She was also, in 1997, a member of the investigative committee which looked into the government’s response to the Estonia ferry disaster. \n\nLillemor Arvidsson met the Norwegian Fritjof Ekelund at her own 50th birthday party in 1993. Fritjof was the administrative head of the Norwegian equivalent of SKAF. The pair entered into a relationship in which they lived separately. She found this satisfying as it meant that neither of them had to choose between Sweden and Norway. \n\nLillemor Arvidsson was appointed governor of Gotland county in 1998 and she remained in post until 2004. During her six years as county governor she was particularly involved in the issue of establishing regular wintertime commuter services to and from the Swedish mainland. \n\nLillemor Arvidsson died at the age of 69 of cancer in 2012. She was at home in Stockholm. Her obituaries frequently noted her warmth, spontaneity, great integrity, honesty and popularity. Many considered her to be a kind of big sister to SKAF, one who placed women’s issues on the agenda. She is buried at Ramneröd cemetery in Uddevalla.",
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            "date": "1936"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Arwidsson, född Jacobsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "firstname": "Ivar",
          "lastname": "Arwidsson",
          "occupation": "Docent, Zoologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "firstname": "Thorsten",
          "lastname": "Arwidsson",
          "occupation": "Botaniker",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik",
          "lastname": "Arwidsson",
          "occupation": "Agronom",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Greta Arwidssons arkiv. ATA/Riksantikvarieämbetet (Hämtad 2018-01-15)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?ValdSortering=A_O&PageSize=100&Sokord=Adolph+Ivar+Arwidsson&EndastDigitaliserat=False&AvanceradSok=True&page=40&postid=Arkis+6a769064-dfc4-465b-a487-144eff3d552b&s=Siv"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pettersson, Ann-Marie (red.), *Kvinnfolki: en helt annan historia*, Gotlands museum, Visby, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Almgren, Bertil, 'Greta Arwidsson.', *Kungl. Vitterhets historie och antikvitetsakademiens årsbok.*, 1999, s. 31-34, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg, Gösta & Lamm, Jan Peder, 'Greta Arwidsson 85 år', *Fornvännen (Print).*, 1991(86), s. 91-97, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Grönwall, Linda, 'Greta Arwidssons arkeologiska kvarlåtenskap vid institutionen i Stockholm.', *Fornvännen (Print).*, 2002(97):4, s. [281]-287, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Arkeolog, landsantikvarie, professor",
      "subtitle_eng": "Archaeologist, county custodian of antiquities, professor",
      "text": "Greta Arwidsson var arkeolog. Hon var den första svenska kvinnliga landsantikvarien liksom den första kvinnan att vara professor i nordisk och jämförande fornkunskap.\n\nGreta Arwidsson föddes 1906 i Uppsala. Hennes far Ivar Arwidsson var anställd som docent vid Zoologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet. Hans kunskaper om fiske och fiskarter var kända och uppskattade i hela Norden. Han gjorde för Nordiska museets räkning ett stort antal uppteckningar om äldre fiskeredskap och fiskemetoder. Även Greta Arwidssons mor Anna Arwidsson var engagerad i uppteckningarna. Föräldrarna dog 1936 med några få månaders mellanrum. Modern hade länge varit sjuklig och Greta Arwidsson har berättat hur hon redan som skolflicka fick ta ansvar för hushållet, som förutom modern och fadern bestod av två bröder.\n\nGreta Arwidssons föräldrar var aktivt engagerade i kulturhistorisk verksamhet. Hennes egna framtidsplaner efter studentexamen var dock till en början att bli lärare, inte arkeolog. Först efter det att hon tagit examen som filosofie magister 1930 började hon studera nordisk fornkunskap, där hennes lärare var professor Sune Lindqvist. Hon blev engagerad i Lindqvists seminarieutgrävningar av båtgravfältet vid Valsgärde. Att döma av hennes dagböcker fick hon en mer ledande roll i Valsgärdeutgrävningarna 1931, efter att sannolikt ha deltagit tidigare som elev. Hon kom särskilt att intressera sig för att finna metoder för att kunna lyfta upp föremålen ur jorden utan att de ytterligare fragmenterades. Med hjälp av paraffin, som smälter och blir flytande vid 40 grader, som penslades på de gasbindor som man omgav föremålen med, skapade man stadgade preparat som lätt kunde lyftas ur jorden.\n\nSom ämne för sin doktorsavhandling valde Greta Arwidsson att bearbeta ornamentiken som prydde vapnen och sköldarna i de båtgravar hon varit med om att gräva ut. Sedan länge hade djurornamentiken använts som ett kronologiskt instrument. Greta Arwidsson följde denna praxis, men med sitt sinne för systematik gjorde hon en finare uppdelning av vad hon kallade Vendelstilarna än den som tidigare redovisats av Bernhard Salin. Liksom Salin uppfattade hon dessa stilar som kronologiskt följande på varandra, där stil A tillhör folkvandringstid, stil B till D vendeltid, medan stil E och F hörde till övergången till vikingatid. Redovisningen av dessa stilar sker i hennes doktorsavhandling *Valsgärdestudien. 1, Vendelstile : Email und Glas im 7.-8. Jahrhundert*, som utkom 1942, nära nog samtidigt som hennes bearbetning av båtgraven Valsgärde 6. I anslutning till avhandlingsarbetet gjorde hon 1938–1939 en omfattande studieresa i Västeuropa, där hon besökte museer i Tyskland, Holland, Belgien, England och Frankrike. Resan utfördes under åren före andra världskrigets utbrott och runt om i Europa rådde en omfattande politisk spänning. Med hänsyn till det politiska läget och den begränsade tid som hennes studieresa omfattade kan man inte annat än imponeras över att hon i museerna fann ett så stort jämförelsematerial med anknytning till hennes eget material. Senare tiders forskning har också bekräftat hennes hypotes, att frankerna i Rhenområdet har haft en stor betydelse för utvecklingen av det nordiska fyndmaterialet.\n\nDisputationen gjorde att Greta Arwidsson blev docent och hon fortsatte de närmaste åren att verka vid den arkeologiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet. Då tjänsten som förste antikvarie på Statens historiska museum ledigförklarades 1946 sökte hon den och placerades i första förslagsrummet. Detta överklagades av hennes medsökande, docenten Wilhelm Holmqvist, som åberopade sin långa tjänstgöring vid samma museum. Då Greta Arwidsson samtidigt också sökt den ledigförklarade tjänsten som landsantikvarie och chef för Gotlands fornsal valde hon att anta det uppdraget i stället.\n\nGreta Arwidsson tog sig an de nya uppgifterna som landsantikvarie med stor energi. Till skillnad från sina företrädare bosatte hon sig på Gotland. I hennes uppgifter som kulturminnesvårdare ingick bland annat Visby ringmur som höll på att förfalla. Hon tog därför kontakt med bankdirektören Tage Cervin som hade goda ekonomiska förutsättningar att donera medel för arkeologiska utgrävningar och restaurering av ringmuren. Hon engagerade sig starkt för byggnadsminnesvården på Gotland. Men även om byggnadsvården, inte minst de många kyrkorna, upptog stora delar av hennes arbetstid var det alltjämt fornvården som låg henne närmast om hjärtat. Tillsammans med fornsalens vaktmästare, Einar Johansson, inspekterade hon hotade fornlämningar. Under de tio år hon verkade på Gotland blev hon känd och respekterad över hela ön. Hon kallades i folkmun för Forngreta.\n\nNär professuren i nordisk fornkunskap vid Stockholms högskola ledigförklarades 1954 sökte Greta Arwidsson denna tjänst. Efter ett överklagande utnämndes hon till professor vid Stockholms högskola.\n\nTill en början blev Greta Arwidssons seminarieutgrävning förlagd till Gotland, där hon avslutade sin tidigare påbörjade undersökning av det mellanneolitiska gravfältet vid Ihre i Hangvar. Efter att Ihreutgrävningen avslutats blev seminariets fältarbeten förlagda till Lovön i Mälaren. På Lovön bodde fiosofie licentiat [](Berit Wallenberg) och Greta Arwidsson lyckades få henne att donera medel för utgrävningarna på ön, som fortsatte att vara platsen för institutionens seminarieutgrävningar långt efter att Greta Arwidsson blivit pensionerad. Utgrävningarna förlades först till gravfältet Viken på Lovön. Här påträffades bland annat en kammargrav med förgyllda rembeslag och prydnadsknapp. Greta Arwidsson publicerade två uppsatser om den märkliga kammargraven, som delvis plundrats redan i forntiden.\n\nPå Stockholms högskola blev man snabbt medveten om Greta Arwidssons stora administrativa kapacitet. Hon blev humanistiska fakultetens dekanus och engagerades i många kommittéer, inte minst i samband med att högskolan blev universitet 1960, och planerna att bilda ett samlat campusområde ute i Frescati tog form. Samtidigt upplevde hennes ämne Nordisk fornkunskap en starkt ökad tillströmning av studerande, från en handfull nybörjare i slutet av 1950-talet till över 100 år 1968. Därjämte lyckades hon att till institutionen knyta osteologen Nils Gustaf Gejvall som fick en rådsforskartjänst. År 1967 fick hon genom en donation från Gustaf VI Adolf tillgång till ett forskningslaboratorium i en stallbyggnad vid Ulriksdals slott. Greta Arwidssons intresse för den tvärvetenskapliga sidan av arkeologiämnet kan man notera redan i hennes första publikation från Valsgärde där hennes far gjorde bestämningar av de påträffade djurbenen. Efter hennes pensionering 1973 var det också tack vare hennes engagemang som det arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet kunde inrättas vid Stockholms universitet 1976.\n\nGreta Arwidsson fick inte de stora möjligheterna till fri forskning i sin universitetstjänst som hon kanske hade föreställt sig. Detta tog hon igen vid sin pensionering, då hon inte bara fullbordade sina Valsgärdestudier genom att ge ut en bok om fynden i Valsgärde 7, 1977, utan även sammanfattade sina studier i ett par populärvetenskapliga uppsatser. I några andra uppsatser tog hon upp fynd som framkommit under hennes Gotlandstid och tillsammans med Gösta Berg publicerade hon en bok om det stora smedfyndet från Mästermyr på Gotland. Ett nytt stort projekt som hon också tog sig an var publiceringen av bearbetningen av gravfynden från Birka. En sådan analys var efterfrågad inom vikingatidsforskningen och Greta Arwidsson lät nu samla in dylika enskilda föremålsanalyser, ofta framlagda som studentuppsatser vid skilda universitet. Tillsammans med författarna bearbetade hon texterna så att de kunde tryckas. Denna bearbetning, där hon också själv författade ett stort antal fyndanalyser, fyllde tre volymer, där den sista utkom 1989.\n\nGreta Arwidsson var den första svenska kvinnliga landsantikvarien, den första kvinnliga professorn i ämnet arkeologi i Sverige och även den första kvinna som valdes in i Vitterhetsakademien. Därigenom har hon kommit att spela stor roll som förebild för kvinnliga arkeologer. Hennes internationella betydelse inom ämnet arkeologi framgår av att hon 1954 blev medlem av Det Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab, 1974 medlem av Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries och 1978 medlem av Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI).\n\nGreta Arwidsson gifte sig aldrig och fick heller inga barn. Hon avled 1998, 92 år gammal, och är begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Uppsala.",
      "text_eng": "Greta Arwidsson was an archaeologist. She was the first female Swedish county archivist as well as the first woman to become a professor of Nordic and comparative archaeology.\n\nGreta Arwidsson was born in Uppsala in 1906. Her father Ivar Arwidsson worked as a docent at the Uppsala University Zoology Department. His expertise in fish and fish types was known and valued throughout the Nordic countries. Nordiska museet paid him to research ancient fishing implements and methods. Greta Arwidsson’s mother, Anna Arwidsson, was also involved in these discoveries. Both her parents died in 1936 just a few months apart. Her mother had been ill for a long time and Greta Arwidsson has revealed that already as a schoolchild she was placed in charge of the household. She had two brothers.\n\nGreta Arwidsson’s parents were actively involved in cultural-historical activities. After obtaining her school-leaving certificate, her own plans for the future were initially becoming a teacher rather than an archaeologist. It was not until she had gained her Bachelor’s degree in 1930 that she began to study Nordic archaeology, under Professor Sune Lindqvist. She participated in Lindqvist’s field archaeology at the boat burial near Valsgärde. According to her diary entries she was given a more prominent role in the Valsgärde digs in 1931, having previously presumably participated as a student. She became particularly interested in discovering a way to raise items out of the ground without further damaging them. She used paraffin, which melts and becomes liquid at 40 degrees C, which she brushed onto the gauze wrapping around a given item, thus creating a solid solution which could easily be lifted out of the ground.\n\nFor her dissertation Greta Arwidsson chose to work on the ornamentation which embellished the weapons and shields of the boat burials she had helped to excavate. Animal motifs had long been used as a means to determine chronology. Greta Arwidsson maintained this practise but used her talent for systematic organisation to create a more refined division of what she termed the Vendel styles than those previously provided by Bernhard Salin. She, like Salin, perceived the styles to be chronological in their emergence, where style A belongs to the nomadic period, whilst styles B through D represent the Vendel era, and style E and F represented the transitional period leading up to the Viking period. She summarised these styles in her dissertation entitled *Vendelstile, Emalj und Gla*s, which was published in 1942 almost simultaneously with her work on the Valsgärde boat burial nr.6. In connection with her dissertation studies she also undertook an extensive study tour of Western Europe from 1938 to 1939, visiting museums in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain and France. This was just before the outbreak of the Second World War and there was widespread political tension throughout Europe. Given the political situation, and the limited time she had, one can only be impressed by her success in finding so much comparative material in these museums which related to her own material. Her thesis has been confirmed by subsequent research, namely that the Franks in the Rhine region were of great significance to the development of Nordic archaeological items.\n\nOnce Greta Arwidsson had earned her degree she became a docent and spent the ensuing years working at the Department of Archaeology at Uppsala University. When the position of chief archivist at the Statens historiska museum became available in 1946 she applied for it and became the primary candidate. However, one of her fellow applicants, docent Wilhelm Holmqvist, appealed this decision, listing his many years’ service at the same museum. As Greta Arwidsson was also applying for the available post of county archivist and head of Gotland archaeological collection at the same time she chose the latter.\n\nGreta Arwidsson performed her new duties as county archivist with great enthusiasm. In a marked difference from her predecessors she actually settled in Gotland. Her duties as guardian of cultural heritage included Visby city wall, which was in a ruinous state. She approached bank director Tage Cervin, who was financially in a position to donate funds for archaeological digs at and restoration work on the wall. She was heavily involved in protecting historical buildings on Gotland. Even though this work, particularly on the many churches on the island, took up most of her working days, it was always archaeological concerns which remained her dearest interest. She and Einar Johansson, the superintendent of the archaeological collection, inspected historical remains that were threatened. During her ten years of employment in Gotland she became well known and respected across the entire island. Her local nickname was “Forngreta”.\n\nWhen the chair of Nordic archaeology at Stockholm College (later University) became available in 1954 Greta Arwidsson submitted an application. Following an appeal she was appointed professor at Stockholm College.\n\nInitially Greta Arwidsson’s field archaeology was located in Gotland where she completed the study she had previously begun into the mid-eolithic burial site at Ihre in Hangvar. Once that dig was finished, fieldwork moved to Lovön in the Mälare lake. [](Berit Wallenberg), who had a licentiate degree, lived on Lovön and Greta Arwidsson was able to persuade her to fund excavations on the island. The island remained the department’s field archaeology site long after Greta Arwidsson had retired. The digs initially focused on the Viken burial field on Lovön, where a chambered grave was found containing gold-embossed straps and decorative buttons. Greta Arwidsson published two essays on this remarkable chambered grave, which had been partly plundered in ancient times.\n\nStockholm College soon became aware of Greta Arwidsson’s great administrative talents. She became the dean of faculty for the humanities and sat on many committees, particularly in relation to the transformation of the college into a university in 1960 and as the plans to construct a specific campus in Frescati took shape. The subject of Nordic archaeology experienced a sudden surge of interest from students, increasing from a mere handful of beginners at the end of the 1950s to over 100 in 1968. She also managed to secure Nils Gustaf Gejvall, the osteologist, as a colleague at her department and he became an advisory researcher. In 1967 a donation from King Gustaf VI Adolf enabled the establishment of a research laboratory at Ulriksdal Castle stables. Greta Arwidsson’s interest in this other side of archaeology is already apparent in her first publication on Valsgärde, in which her father determined the nature of the discovered animal bones. After she retired in 1973 it was also thanks to her work that the archaeological research laboratory was established at Stockholm University in 1976.\n\nGreta Arwidsson never had the major opportunities for unrestricted research as part of her university employment which she may have hoped for. She returned to this after retirement, at which point she completed her Valsgärd studies by publishing a new volume on the finds in Valsgärde 7 in 1977, and by summarising her studies in a couple of popular science essays. She covered finds which had been made during her time in Gotland in other essays, and in collaboration with Gösta Berg she published a book on the major discovery of a forge at Mästermyr on Gotland. She also took on the major project of publishing a reworking of the grave finds on Birka. This kind of analysis was in high demand within the sphere of Viking research and Greta Arwidsson collected all the separate analyses of the finds, which were often student essays submitted to various universities. She reworked the texts together with the original authors to produce publishable material. This work, which included a lot of analyses of finds which she herself authored, filled three volumes, of which the final one was published in 1989.\n\nGreta Arwidsson was the first female Swedish county archivist, the first female professor in the field of archaeology in Sweden, and also the first woman to be elected into Vitterhetsakademien (The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities). She thus played a major role as figurehead for female archaeologists. Her international significance within archaeology is evident from her 1954 membership in Kongelige Nordiske Oldskriftselskab, her 1974 membership of the Honorary Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries, and her 1978 membership of Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.\n\nGreta Arwidsson never married and didn’t have any children. She died in 1998, aged 92. She is buried at the Old Cemetery in Uppsala.",
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            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Adjunkt, historia och svenska, Rudbeckianska gymnasiet",
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            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1993",
            "date": "1993"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "1962–1963 ledamot, gymnasieutredningen, 1962–1965 dramakonsulent, Skolöverstyrelsen",
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            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommittéledamot",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Kulturnämndens råd, representant för de sceniska konsterna",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Scenskolelärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.676097",
              "lon": "12.568337"
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 68.427,
              "lon": 27.41319999999996
            },
            "place": "Vasa, Finland"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.604981",
              "lon": "13.003822"
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-11-23",
            "date": "1884-11-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950–03–21"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingegerd Ida Axelina, kallad Inga,",
          "lastname": "Aschan, född Petersson-Tideström",
          "occupation": "Pianist",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-02-17",
            "date": "1884-02-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1973-07-31",
            "date": "1973-07-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Willand",
          "lastname": "Aschan",
          "occupation": "Jurist, regeringsråd",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-09-13",
            "date": "1915-09-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1924-10-10",
            "date": "1924-10-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils-Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Aschan",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-03-19",
            "date": "1920-03-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-08-29",
            "date": "2001-08-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Aschan, gift Ringborg",
          "occupation": "Lantmästare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1953-01-01",
            "date": "1953-01-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gabriel Willand",
          "lastname": "Aschan Zürcher",
          "occupation": "Sångare, låtskrivare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Mannerheim, Augustin & Mannheimer, Brita, 'Ingegerd Aschan' [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 2006-07-06",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ingegerd Aschan', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-11-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingegerd_Aschan"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Willand Aschan', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-11-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willand_Aschan"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Erik Aschan', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-11-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Aschan"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Röstskådespelare, regissör, lärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Voice actor, director, teacher",
      "text": "Ingegerd Aschan gjorde stora och breda insatser inom skolans och teaterns värld.\n\nIngegerd Aschan föddes i Stockholm 1917, som dotter till regeringsrådet Willand Aschan och pianisten Inga Aschan. Hennes utbildning var från början en blandning av det akademiska, det pedagogiska och det konstnärliga, något som också kom att prägla hela hennes långa yrkesliv. Hon avlade studentexamen år 1936 vid Nya Elementarläroverket för flickor, vilket säkert var viktigt för hennes verksamhet i traditionellt manliga yrken. Efter att ha gått på Det Kongelige Teaters elevskola i Köpenhamn 1941–1942, och avlagt en filosofie magisterexamen i Uppsala, där hon också ägnade sig åt revy, kom hon in på Kungliga Dramatiska Teaterns regilinje som enda kvinna 1948–1950.\n\nÅren 1950–1951 var Ingegerd Aschan såväl teaterchef som skådespelare och regissör vid Wasa Teater i Finland. Hon arbetade också på Riksteatern och Radioteatern. Hon var särskilt uppskattad för sin röstbehandling. Så var hon också en framstående recitatris. Kritikern Per- Erik Wahlund såg henne som en radioskådespelare, då hon var ”svårplacerad” på scenen. Möjligen var hon för lång och för kraftfull för teaterns trånga kvinnoideal. Sina största framgångar hade hon också i roller som Jeanne d’Arc och Medea, storslagna normbryterskor.\n\nSom adjunkt i svenska och historia på Rudbeckianska gymnasiet i Västerås kom Ingegerd Aschan att få stor och varaktig betydelse, inte minst som konstnärlig ledare och regissör för läroverksteatern, där skådespelare som Etienne Glaser och Anna Wallander lärde sig grunderna, fast förankrade i studier av klassiska texter. Stor insats gjorde hon också som ledamot av gymnasieutredningen 1962–1963 och som dramakonsulent vid Skolöverstyrelsen 1962–1965. Åren 1971–1975 ägnade hon sig åt forskarutbildning i drama vid Lunds universitet.\n\nIngegerd Aschan avled i Linköping 2006.",
      "text_eng": "Ingegerd Aschan contributed significantly and extensively to the spheres of education and theatre.\n\nIngegerd Aschan was born in Stockholm in 1917. She was the daughter of Willand Aschan, a justice of the supreme administrative court, and the pianist Inga Aschan. Ingegerd Aschan’s education combined academic, pedagogic, and artistic elements, all of which informed her long professional life. She gained a school-leaving certificate in 1936 from Nya Elementarläroverket för flickor, which certainly played an important role for her employment in what were seen as traditionally male professions. She attended Det Kongelige Teaters elevskola (the Royal Danish Theatre school) in Copenhagen from 1941 to 1942, and then gained her Master of Arts in Uppsala, where she also participated in revue shows. From 1948 to 1950 she was the sole woman to attend the Kungliga Dramatiska Teater (Royal Swedish Dramatic Theatre) directors’ training programme.\n\nFrom 1950 to 1951 Ingegerd Aschan managed the Wasa Teater in Finland as well as working there as an actor and director. She also worked at Riksteatern and Radioteatern. She was particularly appreciated for her use of voice and she was a distinguished reciter. The reviewer Per-Erik Wahlund considered her to be a radio actor as he described her as “hard to place” on the stage. Perhaps she was too tall and too physically powerful for the times’ narrow feminine theatrical ideal. Ingegerd Aschan’s greatest success came through playing roles such as Jeanne d’Arc and Medea, both of whom where epic norm breakers.\n\nIngegerd Aschan made a significant and lasting impact as teacher of Swedish language and history at the Rudbeck high school in Västerås. Part of this included her role as artistic leader and director of the school theatre where actors such as Etienne Glaser and Anna Wallander learned the ropes, gaining a solid grounding in classical texts. Ingegerd Aschan also made a significant social contribution through her role as a member of the high school commission from 1962 to 1963 and as a consultant at Skolöverstyrelsen (national school board) from 1962 to 1965. She spent the period of 1971 to 1975 undertaking research studies in drama at Lund University.\n\nIngegerd Aschan died in Linköping in 2006.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "IngegerdAschan",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Linköping|58.410807|15.621373",
        "Västerås|59.6099|16.544809",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Malmö|55.604981|13.003822",
        "Köpenhamn, Danmark|55.676097|12.568337",
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      ]
    },
    {
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        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Sjöberg"
        }
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          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Berg, P. G. & Stålberg, Wilhelmina (red.), *Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor*, P. G. Berg, Stockholm, 1864-1866",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/0028.html"
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        {
          "description": "’Margareta von Ascheberg’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-05-21)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_von_Ascheberg"
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          "description": "Aulin, Casten, *Christelig lik-predikan öfwer the helige Guds ord, som stå tecknade uti Johannis uppenbarelse-boks 14. cap. v.13. tå kongl. maj:ts tro-man och öfwerstes ... Kjell Christopher Barnekovs efterlåtne encke-fru ... Margareta von Ascheberg,: fru til Tosterup och Ugerup, som efter högprislig dygdewandel, uti en helig och christelig beredelse, slöt sina wälsignade dagar uppå sin sätesgård Witskjöfle then 26. octob. 1753, sedermera til thes andelösa lekamen, uti en hög-adelig : och högtförnäm församling, jordfästes uti Witskjöfle kyrcka, then 13. decemb. samma åhr, enfaldeligen framstäld af Casten Aulin ...* Lund, 1759. Tryckt hos directeuren Carl Gustav Berling., Lund, 1759",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Von Ascheberg nr 23, Adelsvapen-Wiki (Hämtad 2021-05-21)",
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          "url": "https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Von_Ascheberg_nr_23"
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        {
          "description": "Om Margareta von Ascheberg",
          "description_eng": "About Margareta von Ascheberg",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Margareta+von+Ascheberg)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "Margareta von Ascheberg avbildad i Personhistorisk tidskrift 1902:2. Konstnär okänd",
          "description_eng": "Margareta von Ascheberg depicted in Personhistorisk tidskrift 1902:2. Artist unknown",
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            "date": "1632-03-26"
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            "date": "1690-06-09"
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          "lastname": "von Ascheberg",
          "occupation": "Överstelöjtnant",
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          },
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            "date": "1738-02-04"
          },
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          "lastname": "von Ascheberg",
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          "type_eng": "Sister"
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            "date": "1654-07-06"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1677-04-14"
          },
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          "lastname": "von Ascheberg",
          "occupation": "Ryttmästare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1656-05-10",
            "date": "1656-05-10"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1686-09-02"
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          "firstname": "Anna Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "von Ascheberg",
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          "type_eng": "Sister"
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1659-09-13"
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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            "date": "1663-09-13"
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            "date": "1720-08-01"
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            "date": "1663-12-13"
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            "date": "1700-12-19"
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            "date": "1694"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1762",
            "date": "1762"
          },
          "firstname": "Christian",
          "lastname": "Barnekow",
          "occupation": "Friherre, generallöjtnant, landshövding",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
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        {
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            "date": "1772"
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          "lastname": "Barnekow",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1696-11-20",
            "date": "1696-11-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1755",
            "date": "1755"
          },
          "firstname": "Magdalena Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Barnekow",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1698-10-24",
            "date": "1698-10-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1699-02-04",
            "date": "1699-02-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto Magnus",
          "lastname": "Barnekow",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1700-04-30",
            "date": "1700-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1771-12-01",
            "date": "1771-12-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita",
          "lastname": "Barnekow",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Margaretha Ascheberg, von’, urn:sbl:18867, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Gunnar Carlquist.) (Hämtad 2021-06-09)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/artikel/18867"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Margaretha von Ascheberg’, *Personhistorisk tidskrift*, 1902:2, s. 116-119",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Platen, Sigrid, ’Ett blad ur Margareta von Aschebergs lefnadshistoria’, *Personhistorisk tidskrift*, 1912:1, s.  56-64",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "De la Gardieska arkivet : Codices. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2021-06-08)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-70969"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Godsägare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Property owner",
      "text": "Margaretha von Ascheberg var godsägare vid sekelskiftet 1700. I sin makes ställe satte hon upp ett regemente och förvaltade vidsträckta egendomar.\n\nMargaretha von Ascheberg föddes 1671 som nummer tolv i en stor syskonskara. Under det 40 år långa äktenskapet mellan Rutger von Ascheberg och grevinnan Magdalena Elenora von Besseck föddes sammanlagt 25 barn, men nio dog redan i samband med födseln. Endast fem av syskonen överlevde sina föräldrar, däribland Margaretha von Ascheberg. Fadern, som var militär, liksom modern hörde till äldre adelssläkter med vitt förgrenade släktband i Europa. Rutger von Aschebergs militära duglighet, bland annat i 1670-talets krig i Skåne, lade grund för höga ämbeten i kungens tjänst. Som generalguvernör i de nyligen erövrade landskapen Skåne, Blekinge och Halland, samt i Göteborg fick han ansvaret för återbyggnadsarbetet efter kriget.\n\nMed tanke på föräldrarnas höga samhällspositioner bör Margaretha von Ascheberg ha fått en adekvat utbildning i privat regi. Som 19-åring gifte hon sig i Malmö med den adlige officeren Kjell Christoffer Barnekow, vars adliga och militära släktsammanhang liknande hennes eget. Det nygifta paret hade sitt säte på slottet i Vittskövle i Kristianstad, men makens militära engagemang i pommerska kavalleriet innebar ständiga fälttåg. Likt flera av sina gelikar följde Margaretha von Ascheberg med på fälttågen; parets andra barn föddes under pågående kampanj i Bryssel. Sammanlagt blev det fem barn, varav ett dog i späd ålder. Äktenskapet blev emellertid kortvarigt. I samband med nordiska krigets utbrott var maken på väg hem för att slutföra arbetet med det regemente han enligt fördrag med kronan var skyldig att sätta upp på egen bekostnad, ’Skånska Stånds- eller Prästdragonerna’. Tanken var att samla ihop trupperna och snabbt ansluta regementet på andra sidan Östersjön. I Kalmar drabbades han emellertid av feber och avled mycket plötsligt i december 1700.\n\nMargaretha von Ascheberg var 29 år då hon blev änka med fyra minderåriga barn. Vid sidan om bestyren för begravning blev det hon som fick fullfölja mönstringen av regementet. Fördraget hade visserligen ingåtts på villkor att i händelse av dödsfall skulle överstens arvingar inte behöva fullfölja avtalet. I denna tro avrapporterade Margaretha von Ascheberg till kungen hur långt arbetet fortskridit och att hon var redo att lämna över till en militär. Hon skrev också suppliker där hon anhöll om att slippa såväl arbetet som den höga kostnaden. Suppliken möttes emellertid med avslag och Margaretha von Ascheberg tvingades därmed fullfölja sin makes uppdrag. Överste Buchwaldt, som efterträdde Kjell Kristoffer Barnekow i det militära, rapporterade till kungen att värvningen gick långsamt eftersom Margaretha von Ascheberg av sparsamhetsskäl ville avvakta tills ”Michaelis, då folk går af tjänsten, i beräkning att få några lösdrifvare till dragoner” (*Personhistorisk tidskrift* 1912:1). Hon genomförde dock värvningen till belåtenhet, även om hästarna inte befanns så goda som önskvärt. Utöver hästar och manskap var det även Margaretha von Aschebergs sak att ombesörja utrustning och klädsel för var och en av dragonerna. Det var både tidsödande och kostsamt. Först våren 1702 var regementet om 200 dragoner redo för avmarsch.\n\nEfter iordningställandet av regementet väntade andra uppgifter. Egendomarna under Vittskövle slott hade tidigare skötts av förvaltare men kom nu att handhas direkt av Margaretha von Ascheberg. Hon initierade planteringar, och byggde hospital och skolor vid sina egendomar. På feodalt manér förenade hon omsorger med kärva förmaningar. I äldre litteratur omskrivs hon som en riktig husmor för sina underlydande. Godsförvaltningen lyckades henne dock mycket väl och när Margaretha von Ascheberg gick ur tiden värderade bouppteckningen efter henne enbart lösöret till drygt 70 000 daler silvermynt, en mycket stor summa.\n\nMargaretha von Ascheberg avled i oktober 1753.",
      "text_eng": "Margaretha von Ascheberg was a landowner around the turn of the century 1700. In her husband’s place, she started a regiment and administered vast estates. \n\nMargaretha von Ascheberg was born in 1671, the twelfth child in a large group of siblings. During the marriage of 40 years between Rutger von Ascheberg and Countess Magdalena Elenora von Besseck, 25 children were born, although nine did not survive their birth. Only five of the siblings survived their parents, among them Margaretha von Ascheberg. Her father, who was a military man, and her mother belonged to old aristocratic families with widely branching family ties in Europe. Rutger von Ascheberg’s military competence, demonstrated in the 1670s war in Skåne among other places, laid the foundation for a high office in the king’s service. As governor general in the recently conquered provinces of Skåne, Blekinge, Halland and Gothenburg, he had responsibility for their rebuilding after the war. \n\nConsidering her parents’ high social status, Margaretha von Ascheberg must have received adequate private education. She married Kjell Christoffer Barnekow, an aristocrat and officer in Malmö when she was 19. His aristocratic and military family resembled her own. The newly-marrieds had their seat at the castle in Vittskövle in Kristianstad, but her husband’s military duties in the Pomeranian cavalry involved continual campaigns. Like several of her equals, Margaretha von Ascheberg accompanied her husband on the campaigns; the couple’s second child was born during the ongoing campaign in Brussels. They had five children altogether, of whom one died in infancy. The marriage was however brief. At the outbreak of the Nordic wars, her husband was on his way home to complete his work with the regiment he was, according to a pact with the crown, compelled to set up at his own cost: ‘Skånska Stånds- eller Prästdragonerna’. The idea was to gather troops together and quickly connect with other regiments on the other shore of the Baltic. In Kalmar he was however struck down by a fever and he died very suddenly in December 1700.\n \nMargaretha von Ascheberg was 29 when she was widowed, with four small children. Apart from all the business of the funeral, she had to complete the mustering of the regiment. The pact had however been entered into with the reservation that in case of death, the heirs should not need to follow the agreement. In this belief, Margaretha von Ascheberg reported to the king how far the work had come and that she was ready to hand over the assignment to a military officer. She also wrote a supplication in which she begged to be freed from both the work and the high costs. The supplication unfortunately met with rejection and Margaretha von Ascheberg was compelled to complete her husband’s assignment. Colonel Buchwaldt, who succeeded Kjell Kristoffer Barnekow in the military, reported to the king that mustering was slow since Margaretha von Ascheberg for reasons of thrift wanted to wait until “Michaelis, when people leave their jobs, with the aim of recruiting some vagabonds as soldiers” (*Personhistorisk tidskrift* 1912:1). She carried the recruitment through satisfactorily, even though the horses were not found to be as good as was desirable. Apart from horses and men, it was also Margaretha von Ascheberg’s business to find equipment and clothing for each and every one of the soldiers. That was both time-consuming and costly. It was first in the spring of 1702 that the regiment with 200 dragoons was ready to march off. \n\nAfter organising the regiment, other assignments waited. The estates under Vittskövle Castle had previously been taken care of by bailiffs, but they were now handled directly by Margaretha von Ascheberg. She initiated plantations and built hospitals and schools on her estates. In the feudal manner, she united care with harsh exhortations. In older literature, she is described as a real matron for her subjects. She was very successful at managing the estates and when Margaretha von Ascheberg died, the goods and chattels in her estate alone were valued at over 70,000 silver dollars, a very considerable sum.\n \nMargaretha von Ascheberg died in October 1753.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "MargaretavonAscheberg0",
      "viaf_id": "6321152563118115560003"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Flensburg"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "description": "Silvermedalj, Världsutställningen, Paris",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "description": "Slöjdföreningens skolas plakett",
          "type": "Plakett",
          "type_eng": "Plaquette"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1985",
            "date": "1985"
          },
          "description": "Göteborgs stads Honnörsstipendium",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Dagmar",
          "lastname": "Gundesen",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Inga",
          "lastname": "Wedel",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Maud",
          "lastname": "Fredin Fredholm",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Jancke-Björk",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Utbildning till textilkonstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "institution": "Slöjdföreningens skola (nuvarande Högskolan för design och konsthantverk, HDK)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Long pile rug, Axevalla hemslöjd Karna Asker-Ericson. Röhsska museum (Hämtad 2020-04-02)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://emp-web-35.zetcom.ch/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=26649&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Karna Asker",
          "description_eng": "By Karna Asker",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Asker%2c+Karna)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Textilkonst",
        "Formgivare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
        "Artists",
        "Textile arts"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-18T16:21:42",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 91,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1897-06-02",
            "date": "1897-06-02"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1989-03-27",
            "date": "1989-03-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Härlanda församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Karna/ Lucie",
        "lastname": "Asker",
        "sortname": "Asker"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Textilkonstnär",
          "detail": "Textilkonstnär, formgivare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, fr o m 1935 huvudlärare i textil, Slöjdföreningens skola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen Göteborgs konsthantverkare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Ericson",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Karne Lucie",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1989",
            "date": "1989"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Karna Asker. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 – beskuren)",
          "description_eng": "Karna Asker. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0 – cropped)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Asker_Karna_SVPA.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-04-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-05-17",
            "date": "1876-05-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938-07-19",
            "date": "1938-07-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Betzy Katarina",
          "lastname": "Asker, född Simonsen",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-12-28",
            "date": "1868-12-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-12-27",
            "date": "1962-12-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnus",
          "lastname": "Asker",
          "occupation": "Möbelsnickare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-06-23",
            "date": "1900-06-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966-05-05",
            "date": "1966-05-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Berta Katrine",
          "lastname": "Asker",
          "occupation": "Kontorist",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-02-26",
            "date": "1906-02-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-04-12",
            "date": "1983-04-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Betty Magna",
          "lastname": "Asker, gift Kylberg",
          "occupation": "Textilkonstnär, lärare, Slöjdföreningens skola",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1879-10-07",
            "date": "1879-10-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1958-01-22",
            "date": "1958-01-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigfrid",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "lastname": "Ericson",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt, rektor, Slöjdföreningens skola",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Asker, Karna', *Västsvenska kvinnor och hem*, Göteborg, 1946, S. 11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asker, Karna & Olson, Svea, *Prydnadssöm. 1*, Skriv- & ritboks-ab., Arlöv, 1939",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asker, Karna, Ericson, Sigfrid & Kylberg, Betty, *Textilmönsterkomposition vid Slöjdföreningens skola. Dagmar Gundersens metod*, Göteborg, 1944",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Danielsson, Sofia, 'Textilkonsten', *Konsten 1915-1950, Signums svenska konsthistoria*, S. 368-369",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericsson, Anne-Marie, 'Att bidra till helheten', *Svenska textilier*, Lund, 1994, S. 105, 107, 109,113, 128",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericsson, Anne-Marie, *M/S Kungsholms inredning. Mästerverk i svensk art deco*, 2005, S.18, 72, 73, 145, 146, 152",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericsson, Anne-Marie, *Svenskt 1920-tal: konsthantverk och konstindustri*, Arlöv, 1984, S.16",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericson, Sigfrid, *Slöjdföreningens skola 1848-1948: skolans historia genom hundra år*, Skolan för bokindustri, Göteborg, 1948",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hovstadius, Barbro, 'Nyttokonst och konstvävnader', *Svenska textilier*, Lund, 1964, S. 174-175",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Munthe. Gustaf, 'M/S Kungsholm', *Svenska slöjdföreningens tidskrift*, 1929(25), s.11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Munthe, Gustaf, 'Axevalla-Varnhemslöjd', *Form*, 1932(28), s. 228-232",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ståhlbrant, Monica, *Ava-flossa 1929:  studier av en matta komponerad av Karna Asker*, [C-uppsats], Institutionen för konstvetenskap,Uppsala universitet, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wettergren-Behm, Anna, 'Ny textil slöjd på Göteborgsutställningen', *Svenska slöjdföreningens tidskrift*, 1923(19), s. 114-124",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Asker-Ericson, Karna', *Lexikon för konst*, Stockholm, 1957, S. 45",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Asker-Eriksson, Karna', *Nationalencyklopedin*, Höganäs, 1989, S. 27",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Eriksson, Marianne, 'Textilkonsten', *Konsten 1950-1975', Signums svenska konsthistoria*, S. 293",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sigfrid Erisons dagbok 1910-1947. Konstindustriskolan, Region-och stadsarkivet Göteborg.",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "The Swedish Rug Blog. Textiles to Complement Churches: Karna Asker-Ericson",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://theswedishrugblog.wordpress.com/2019/05/31/textiles-to-complement-churches-karna-asker-ericson-part-2-of-2/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär, lärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist, teacher",
      "text": "Karna Asker var pionjär inom svensk modern textilkonst.\n\nKarna Asker föddes 1897 i Köpenhamn, som äldsta dotter till skånske möbelsnickaren Magnus Asker och hans norska hustru Betsy Katarina Simonsen. Familjen flyttade senare till Göteborg.\n\nKarna Asker började som femtonåring den grundläggande fyraåriga textilutbildningen vid Slöjdföreningens skola, nuvarande Högskolan för design och konsthantverk (HDK), och gick därefter ytterligare två år på skolans högre utbildning. Hon hade mycket goda betyg och belönades årligen för sina studier. Hennes lärare i mönsterritning, Dagmar Gundersen, lät eleverna studera färg och form i naturen och sedan fick fantasin flöda i skapandet av nya mönster. Denna undervisningsmetod fördes vidare av Karna Asker som 1920 började som lärarvikarie vid Slöjdföreningens skola. Hon tog 1922 hand om mönsterritningen och 1930 blev hon föreståndare för skolans expedition. Från 1935 fram till sin pensionering var hon huvudlärare vid den högre skolan och undervisade i textilkomposition, batik och konstsöm. Batik blev något av en specialitet för skolan. Under hennes ledning utvecklades både teknik och motiv. En av eleverna var [Maud Fredin Fredholm](0000 0000 7118 6851) som så småningom gjorde sig ett namn med bland annat batikmönstrade kläder.\n\nKarna Askers långa lärarverksamhet präglades av stort tekniskt kunnande och en kräsen textiluppfattning. Hon hade inflytande på generationer av textilkonstnärer och var inspektör för Göteborgs och Bohus läns landstings ambulerande hemslöjdskurser. Hon medverkade i tillkomsten av läroböckerna *Prydnadssöm 1*, 1939, och *Textilmönsterkomposition vid Slöjdföreningens skola*, 1944.\n\nKarna Askers konstnärliga gärning, framförallt hennes mattor, har rönt stor uppskattning. I avdelningen för konsthantverk och konstindustri på den framgångsrika Jubileumsutställningen i Göteborg 1923 dominerades en av salarna av en matta som hade ett tydligt modernistiskt anslag. Det var en stor bohuslänsk finnvävnad i svart och vitt komponerad av Karna Asker och vävd av Göteborgs och Bohusläns hemslöjdsförening i Uddevalla. Det nya var hur hon hopade motiven, de väl tilltagna måtten och den medvetna monumentala hållningen. År 1925 deltog hon i världsutställningen (Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes) i Paris. Utställningen blev en stor framgång för svensk konstindustri och svenskt konsthantverk, och Karna Asker fick silverpris för en broderad sjal.\n\nGenom Karna Asker nådde Axevalla Konstslöjd i Varnhem, som startade 1925, snabbt konstnärlig framgång. Karna Asker komponerade den största delen av Axevallas mattor de första åren. Färgerna var mörka och kraftfulla och mattorna hade, trots samhörighet med textil allmogekonst, en modern hållning. Tack vare henne fick Axevalla Konstslöjd det prestigefyllda uppdraget att förse Svenska Amerika Liniens lyxfartyg M/S Kungsholm med mattor. Karna Asker formgav mattor till lyxhytterna, vilka utfördes i Ava-flossa med ett enkelt upprepningsmönster mot en brun eller röd bakgrund. Ava-flossan, en förenklad form av flossa, hade utvecklats av Axevalla Konstslöjd för att rationalisera mattvävandet och för att mattorna bättre skulle passa in i den nya moderna tiden. Hennes formspråk var radikalt och experimentellt och mattorna till bibliotek och rökrum väckte uppmärksamhet. En av mattorna, som tycktes inspirerad av himmel och hav, väckte särskild uppskattning. Vågor, vinklar, uddar, stjärnor, regnbågar, böljor mot blå eller havsgröna ytor i en klar och kraftfull komposition av närmast kubistisk karaktär. Flera av mattorna visades på Röhsska konstslöjdmuseet (nuvarande Röhsska museet) innan M/S Kungsholm i november 1928 seglade ut på sin jungfrufärd till New York med en av den tidens mest genomarbetade inredningar — ”en triumf för svensk smak och konstskicklighet”. Andra textila inslag på M/S Kungsholm var gjorda av [](Elsa Gullberg), [](Märta Afzelius), av Handarbetets vänner med bland andra [](Carin Wästberg), samt av [](Märta Måås-Fjetterström) som levererade mattor från sin verkstad i Båstad.\n\nRöhsska konstslöjdmuseet visade 1929 en textilutställning i vilken tre mattor i Ava-flossa komponerade av Karna Asker ingick. En av dem köptes in till museet. Det var en mellanblå matta med tvärgående linjer, olika breda i rött och brunt, samt ett ljusare inslag av liggande staplar vilket gav en effekt av djupverkan. Inför Stockholmsutställningen 1930 deltog Karna Asker i bildandet av Föreningen Konsthantverkare i Göteborg och ställde ut museimattan i föreningens monter på utställningen. Hennes mattor visades även av Axevalla Konstslöjd, och Nordiska Kompaniet exponerade hennes möbeltyger. Textilutställningen med alster från Slöjdföreningens skola arrangerades av henne. På Svenska Mässan i Göteborg året därpå visades mattor från Axevalla Konstslöjd komponerade av Karna Asker, hennes syster Betty Kylberg och Inga Wedel.\n\nKarna Asker gjorde offentliga verk till två av arkitekten Sigfrid Ericsons kyrkor i Göteborg. Till Johannebergskyrkan komponerade hon 1940 ett antependium och en textil bonad i applikation med fritt broderi i silke, linne och ylle. De bibliska motiven var *Såningsmannen*, *Det stora fiskafänget* och *Såsom hjorten trängta till vattenbäckar, så trängtar min själ efter dig, o Gud*. Den berättande bonaden är utförd i klara färger med stiliserade figurer och prunkade växtlighet. Det praktiska arbetet utfördes av tio av hennes elever vars initialer finns broderade på verket. I denna kyrka gifte sig Karna Asker 1954 med Sigfrid Ericson, före detta rektor för Slöjdföreningens skola. Till Masthuggskyrkan formgav hon 1954 en kormatta i varma färger med brandgult som dominerande färg.\n\nTill hennes femtioårsdag samlade kamrater samt lärare och elever vid Slöjdskolan in pengar till en stipendiefond i Karna Askers namn. När Karna Asker slutade som lärare vid skolan 1957 mottog hon, som första kvinna, skolans plakett för att hon i hög grad främjat skolans intressen. År 1985 tilldelades hon Göteborgs stads Honnörsstipendium.\n\nKarna Asker avled 1989 vid 91 års ålder, och begravdes på Östra kyrkogården i Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Karna Asker was a pioneer of Swedish modern textile art. \n\nKarna Asker was born in 1897 in Copenhagen, the eldest daughter of the Swedish furniture-maker Magnus Asker and his Norwegian wife Betsy Katarina Simonsen. The family moved later to Gothenburg.  \n\nKarna Asker began the basic four-year textile training course at Slöjdföreningens Skola, nowadays HDK-Valand, Academy of Art and Design in Gothenburg, and followed up with a further two years doing the school’s higher course. She had very good marks and was rewarded each year for her studies. Her teacher of pattern design, Dagmar Gundersen, let the students study colour and form in the natural world and then allow their imaginations to flow freely in the creation of new designs. This teaching method was transmitted by Karna Asker, who in 1920 started as a temporary teacher at Slöjdföreningens Skola. In 1922 she was responsible for pattern design and in 1930 she became the school’s office manager. From 1935 until her retirement, she was the head teacher on the higher course teaching textile composition, batik and decorative needlework. Batik became something of a speciality for the school. Under her leadership, both the techniques and the motifs were developed. One of her students was [Maud Fredin Fredholm](0000 0000 7118 6851) who gradually made herself a name with, among other things, her batik-patterned clothes.  \n\nKarna Asker’s long teaching career was characterised by extensive technical knowledge and a highly selective textile perception. She was influential over generations of textile artists and was the inspector for the Gothenburg and Bohus County’s ambulatory domestic art courses. She collaborated in the production of the textbooks *Prydnadssöm 1* in 1939 and *Textilmönsterkomposition vid Slöjdföreningens skola* in 1944. \n\nKarna Asker’s artistic production, above all her rugs, have met with great appreciation. In the arts and crafts section at the successful *Jubilee Exhibition* in Gothenburg in 1923, one of the halls was dominated by a carpet with a distinctly modernistic touch. It was a huge Bohus County double weave in black and white composed by Karna Asker and woven by the Gothenburg and Bohus county non-profit arts and crafts society in Uddevalla. The novelty was how she heaped up the motifs, with generous measurements and a consciously monumental deportment. In 1925, she participated in the world exhibition Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris. The exhibition was a great success for Swedish industrial art and Swedish handicrafts, and Karna Asker was awarded a silver medal for an embroidered shawl.  \n\nThrough Karna Asker, Axevalla Konstslöjd in Varnhem, started in 1925, soon achieved success. Karna Asker composed most of the Axevalla carpets the first years. The colours were dark and powerful and the rugs had a modern bearing, despite their affinity to textile peasant art. Thanks to her, Axevalla Konstslöjd was given the prestigious assignment of furnishing the Swedish America Line’s luxury vessel M/S Kungsholm with carpets. Karna Asker designed the carpets for the luxury cabins. They were made of Ava cut pile with a simple repetitive pattern against a brown or red background. Ava cut pile, a simplified form of pile, had been developed by Axevalla Konstslöjd to rationalise carpet-weaving and so that the carpets would better suit the new modern era. Karna Asker’s form language was radical and experimental and her carpets for the libraries and smoking-rooms aroused attention. One of the carpets, seemingly inspired by the oceans and heavens, awoke special appreciation. Waves, crannies, promontories, stars, rainbows, and undulations featured against blue or sea-green surfaces in a clear-cut and powerful composition of almost cubist character. Several of the carpets were displayed at the Röhsska arts and crafts museum, nowadays the Röhsska Museum, before the M/S Kungsholm sailed from Gothenburg on her maiden voyage to New York in November 1928, with one of the most elaborate furnishings of the age — “a triumph of Swedish taste and artistic skills”. Other textile elements aboard M/S Kungsholm were made by [](Elsa Gullberg), [](Märta Afzelius), the society Handarbetets vänner with among others [](Carin Wästberg), and also by [](Märta Måås-Fjetterström) who delivered carpets from her workshop in Båstad. \n\nRöhsska konstslöjdmuseet held a textile exhibition in 1929 in which three Ava cut pile carpets composed by Karna Asker were included. One of them was purchased by the museum. It was a moderately dark blue carpet with transverse lines of various breadths in brown and red, as well as a lighter element of recumbent stacks which gave an impression of depth. Karna Asker participated in starting the Gothenburg association Föreningen Konsthantverkare before the Stockholm Exhibition in 1930, and she exhibited the museum carpet in the association’s showcase at the Exhibition. Her carpets were also exhibited by Axevalla Konstslöjd, and the quality department store Nordiska Kompaniet (NK) exhibited her furniture textiles. A textile exhibition with work from Slöjdföreningens skola was arranged by her. At the Swedish Trade Fair (Svenska Mässan) in Gothenburg the following year, carpets were displayed from Axevalla Konstslöjd composed by Karna Asker, her sister Betty Kylberg and Inga Wedel. \n\nKarna Asker produced public creations for two of the architect Sigfrid Ericson’s churches in Gothenburg. For Johanneberg Church in 1940, she composed an antependium and a wall hanging with textile application and free embroidery in silk, linen and wool. The biblical motifs were *Såningsmannen*, *Det stora fiskafänget* and *Såsom hjorten trängta till vattenbäckar, så trängtar min själ efter dig, o Gud*. This narrative hanging was executed in lucid colours with stylised figures and prodigious vegetation. The practical work was carried out by ten of her students whose initials can be seen embroidered into the fabric. Karna Asker married Sigfrid Ericson in this church in 1954. He was the former principal of Slöjdföreningens Skola. For the Masthugget Church, she designed a carpet for the chancel in 1954, with warm colours dominated by orange.  \n\nKarna Asker’s fiftieth birthday was celebrated by her friends and the teachers and students at the Slöjdskolan with the institution of a scholarship fund in Karna Asker’s name. When she retired from teaching at the school in 1957, she received the school’s plaque, as the first woman ever, for promoting the school’s interests to such a great degree. In 1985, she was awarded the Gothenburg City Honours Prize. \n\nKarna Asker died in 1989 at 91 years of age. She lies buried at the Eastern Cemetery in Gothenburg.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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            "date": "1947-11-10"
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          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Catharina",
          "lastname": "Gunnarsdotter Asklin",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Harnesk, Paul (red.), *Vem är vem?. 2, Svealand utom Stor-Stockholm*, 2. uppl., Bokförlaget Vem är vem, Stockholm, 1964",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0043.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Sara Bergh [Dödsannons]', *Svenska Dagbladet* 1958-02-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Eivor Asklin [Nekrolog]', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1994-09-05, s. 19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Eivor Asklin [Nekrolog]', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1994-09-10, s. D6",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'I vimlet', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1969-09-28, s. 17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Olle Bergdahl [Nekrolog]', *Borås tidning*, 2016-02-29, s. 14",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Nya i SLK kansli', *Den svenska lottan: kvartalstidskrift för Sveriges lottaföreningar*, 1962:9, s 29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": " ’På nya befattningar’, *Den svenska lottan: kvartalstidskrift för Sveriges lottaföreningar*, 1967:2, s. 8",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Riksstämmans guldmedaljörer', *Lottanytt: medlemstidskrift för Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer*, 1972:2, s. 6",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Stig H:son Ericson serafimerriddare', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1972-11-12, s. 11 ",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Vigselannons', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1938-04-24, s. A18",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": " ’I vimlet’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1969-09-28, s. 17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Generalsekreterare, Sveriges lottakårer",
      "subtitle_eng": "Secretary-General, Sveriges lottakårer",
      "text": "Eivor Asklin var en central person inom Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer, främst i sin roll\nsom riksförbundets generalsekreterare under åren 1967–1972.\n\nEivor Asklin föddes 1913 i en apotekarfamilj i Stockholm och utbildade sig vid Normalskolan\nför flickor – en övningsskola för Högre lärarinneseminariet. Hon tog examen 1930. Året\ndärpå studerade hon vid Collège féminin de Bouffémont, en internatskola i Paris där\nsamhällselitens döttrar övades i franska språket, lärde sig att konversera och föra sig i sociala\nsammanhang. År 1938 gifte hon sig med dåvarande kaptenen vid Svenska flygvapnet Gunnar\nAsklin, son till grevinnan Louise Lewenhaupt och marin- och provinsialläkaren Victor\nAsklin. Tillsammans fick de tre barn: Christer och Catharina, samt fostersonen Olle Bergdahl,\nsom kom till familjen Asklin som krigsbarn från Finland under andra världskriget.\n\nÅr 1947 blev Eivor Asklin medlem i Uppsala flyglottakår, en lokalavdelning till Upplands\nlottaförbund. Flyglottakåren samlade försvarsfrivilliga kvinnor i Uppsalaområdet för\nuppgifter inom bland annat luftförsvar, förplägnad, sjukvård och telefoni för flygvapnet. Hon\nförblev engagerad i flyglottakåren i ett drygt decennium och innehade bland annat poster som\nförplägnadschef, chef för sociala detaljen och vice kårchef. Samtidigt tjänstegrensutbildade\nhon sig och tjänstgjorde vid flygvapen- och eskaderövningar. Hon var även chefslotta vid\nolika militära lottaskolor. Eivor Asklin gick därefter vidare till posten som\nförbundssekreterare vid Upplands lottaförbund varifrån hon 1962 rekryterades till\nriksförbundets förbundskansli som informationschef. I samband med detta beskrevs hon i\nmedlemstidskriften *Lottanytt* som ”en kunnig, energisk och glad lotta som har begåvats\nmed två ovärderliga egenskaper, nämligen förmågan att få kontakt och att sprida trevnad i\narbetskretsen”. När hon i mars 1967 efterträdde [Berit Berg von Linde](Berit Berg) som riksförbundets\ngeneralsekreterare konstaterade samma tidskrift att Eivor Asklin inte behövde någon närmare\npresentation eftersom ”hon är känd både inom och långt utanför SLK [Sveriges lottakårer]”.\n\nI sin roll som generalsekreterare var Eivor Asklin administrativ chef över personalen på\nförbundskansliet och arbetade nära rikslottachefen.\n\nEivor Asklin innehade posten som generalsekreterare fram till 1972. För sina bidrag till\nlottarörelsen tilldelades hon detta år bland annat Sveriges lottakårers kungliga förtjänstmedalj i guld samt Kungliga Vasaorden.\n\nEfter det att hon lämnat lottarörelsen fortsatte Eivor Asklin sitt föreningsengagemang dels i\nFredrika-Bremer-Förbundets Ängelholmskrets, där hon var ordförande mellan åren 1975 och\n1976, dels i Ängelholms konstförening och Uplands Konstförening. Hon var sekreterare\ni den förra mellan åren 1975 och 1978 och i den senare från 1983 och fram till sin död.\n\nEivor Asklin dog i Uppsala 1994.",
      "text_eng": "Eivor Asklin was an important figure within Svenska Lottakåren (Swedish Women’s Voluntary Defence Service), particularly in her role as Secretary-General of the association during the years 1967-1972.\n\nEivor Asklin was born in 1913 into a pharmacist’s family in Stockholm and received her education at the Normal school for girls, a preparatory school for teacher training. She graduated in 1930. The following year she attended the Collège Féminin de Bouffémont, a boarding school in Paris, where the daughters of the elite went to perfect their French, as well as learning the art of conversation and how to comport themselves in social situations. In 1938 she married Gunnar Asklin, then Captain in the Swedish Air Force and son of Countess Louise Lewenhaupt and naval and district physician Victor Asklin. They had three children together: Christer and Catharina, and their foster son Olle Bergdahl. The latter joined the Asklin family as a Finnish child refugee during the Second World War.\n\nIn 1947 Eivor Asklin joined the Uppsala section of the Flyglottakår (Women’s Voluntary Air Corps), a local division of the Uppland Women’s Voluntary Defence Service. The Flyglottakår brought together female defence volunteers in the Uppsala region to inform them on air defence as well as catering, medical care and telephony for the air force. Eivor Asklin was active in the Flyglottakår for over a decade and held various posts including head of catering, head of entertainment, and deputy-director of the corps. At the same time she also undertook further training within the corps and participated in air defence and squadron exercises. Further, she was head “lotta” at various military schools for girls. Eivor Asklin subsequently went on to become association secretary for the Uppland “lotta” service, and in 1962 she was recruited to the national association’s head office as director of information. In connection with this appointment she was described in the members’ magazine *Lottanytt* as “a knowledgeable, energetic and happy lotta who is gifted with two invaluable features, namely the ability to reach out to people and to spread happiness in the work environment”. When she, in March 1967, succeeded [Berit Berg von Linde](Berit Berg) as the national association secretary-general, *Lottanytt* asserted that Eivor Asklin needed no introduction given that “she is known both within and far beyond SLK [the Swedish Women’s Voluntary Defence Service]”.\n\nIn her role as secretary-general Eivor Asklin served as administrative head of personnel at the national office and worked closely with the national “lotta” leader.\n\nEivor Asklin held the post of secretary-general until 1972. She was awarded the Swedish “lotta” corps’ Royal Gold Medal of honour along with the Royal Order of the Vasa for her services to the “lotta” movement.\n\nAfter having left the “lotta” movement, Eivor Asklin continued her voluntary commitment by joining the Fredrika Bremer Association circle in Ängelholm, for which she was the president 1975-1976, and by joining the Ängelholm Art Association and the Uppland Art Association. She was secretary of the former between 1975 and 1978 and of the latter from 1983 until her death.\n\nEivor Asklin died in Uppsala in 1994.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "EivorAsklin",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Ängelholm|56.245748|12.863881",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Louise",
          "lastname": "Lönnroth"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elise",
          "lastname": "Ottesen-Jensen",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Tora",
          "lastname": "Dahl",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Maj",
          "lastname": "Ödman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Torsten",
          "lastname": "Wickbom",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ture",
          "lastname": "Arvidsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Olof",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz,",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "institution": "Röda korsets sjuksköterskeskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "type": "Högskola"
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "institution": "Florence Nightingale International Foundation",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Lis Asklund",
          "description_eng": "By Lis Asklund",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "https://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Lis+Asklund)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Lis Asklund",
          "description_eng": "About Lis Asklund",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "https://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Lis+Asklund)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000078611128",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Kuratorer",
        "Rådgivningsspalter",
        "Sexualupplysning",
        "Abortfrågan",
        "Sjuksköterskor",
        "Programledare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Curators",
        "Advice columns",
        "Sex education",
        "Abortion debate",
        "Nurses",
        "TV presenters"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-19T13:52:21",
      "libris_uri": [
        "53hkn60p37492zl"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 92,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1913-03-23",
            "date": "1913-03-23"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lidingö församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.36296",
              "lon": "18.1468"
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2006-01-12",
            "date": "2006-01-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Högalids församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Louise (/Lis/) Viveka Ulrika",
        "lastname": "Asklund",
        "sortname": "Asklund"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Kurator",
          "detail": "Sjukhuskurator på S.t Görans sjukhus",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kurator",
          "detail": "Kurator på Riksförbundet för sexuell upplysning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kurator",
          "detail": "Kurator på Stockholms stads rådgivningsbyrå för sexualfrågor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Programledare",
          "detail": "Programledare för radioprogrammet *Människor emellan*, sexualupplysningsprogram för skolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Reporter",
          "detail": "Reporter på TV1 för bland annat programmen *”Fokus*”, *”Gammal i Sverige*”, *”Människa i närbild*”, *”Sveriges Magasin*”, *”I stället för sjukhus: Fountain House*",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Initiativtagare, ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "name": "Stiftelsen Fountain House",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Stiftelse",
          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lagercrantz",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.36296",
              "lon": "18.1468"
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": ""
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-09-21",
            "date": "1885-09-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-10-02",
            "date": "1972-10-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Agnes Elvine Margareta",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz, född Hamilton",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-06-10",
            "date": "1883-06-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1977-06-24",
            "date": "1977-06-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik Gustafsson",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "occupation": "Bankdirektör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-12-12",
            "date": "1908-12-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-05-01",
            "date": "1980-05-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Elvine Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz, gift Lönnroth",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-03-10",
            "date": "1911-03-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002-07-23",
            "date": "2002-07-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Gustaf Hugo",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "occupation": "Chefredaktör, författare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-12-04",
            "date": "1914-12-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1934-10-03",
            "date": "1934-10-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Agnes Charlotta, kallad Lotty,",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-11-14",
            "date": "1917-11-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2003-11-23",
            "date": "2003-11-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Rutger Herman Carlsson",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "occupation": "Läkare, professor",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1939-12-05",
            "date": "1939-12-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2015-02-22",
            "date": "2015-02-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Dika Jacquette Hèléne",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz, gift Eckersley",
          "occupation": "Bokdesigner",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942-12-14",
            "date": "1942-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid Thomas Lave",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "occupation": "Journalist, författare, VD Sveriges Riksradio",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942-12-14",
            "date": "1942-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-11-16",
            "date": "1964-11-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Carl Malcolm",
          "lastname": "Lagercrantz",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-06-20",
            "date": "1908-06-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-11-06",
            "date": "1980-11-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Erik Josef",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "lastname": "Asklund",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-02-14",
            "date": "1918-02-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1999-05-12",
            "date": "1999-05-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Rune",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "lastname": "Eriks",
          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1988",
            "date": "1988"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1946-12-08",
            "date": "1946-12-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Malin Birgitta Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Asklund, gift Strand",
          "occupation": "Förskollärare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1951-01-04",
            "date": "1951-01-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Kjell Jonas Manne",
          "lastname": "Asklund",
          "occupation": "Åkare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Lis Asklunds samling. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2018-02-28)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=lis+asklund&EndastDigitaliserat=false&AvanceradSok=False&page=1&postid=Arkis+6E5A7BD8-885F-49D2-A779-74FFDA7B36BD&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis & Lundberg, Willy Maria, *Havandeskap, samhällets hjälp, abort: Folkskrift i abortfrågan*, Medicinalstyr., Stockholm, 1947",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *Människor emellan: radioprogram om samlevnadsproblem*, Sveriges radio, Stockholm, 1957",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis & Wickbom, Torsten, *Brytningstid: en bok om ungdom och samlevnad*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1959",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *Som vårt eget...: en bok för adoptivföräldrar*, Direktionen över Allmänna barnhuset, Stockholm, 1960",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis & Ödman, Maj (red.), *Föräldraboken: utgiven under medverkan av Sveriges främsta experter i barnuppfostrings- och familjefrågor till alla föräldrars hjälp*, Bernce, Malmö, 1963",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis & Wickbom, Torsten, *Vad är det som händer?: sexualkunskap för grundskolans femte och sjätte årskurs och motsvarande stadier*, Sveriges radio, Stockholm, 1963",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis & Wickbom, Torsten, *Vägen till mognad: en bok för ungdom om samlevnad*, Sveriges radio, Stockholm, 1966",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *"Dom sitter och dom ligger": angående vården på ålderdomshemmen*, Sveriges radio, Stockholm, 1967",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *Människa i närbild: [13 intervjuer]*, Askild & Kärnekull, Stockholm, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *Samtal är arbete: en liten bok för dig som arbetar inom den slutna sjukvården*, Spri, Stockholm, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Asklund, Lis, *Uppbrott*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1986",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Kurator, programledare, samlevnadsrådgivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Almoner, radio & television presenter, sexual educator",
      "text": "Lis Asklund var en av Sveriges första sjukhuskuratorer och arbetade främst med rådgivning i sexual- och abortfrågor. Hon var även verksam som programledare i radio och TV och ledde bland annat radioprogrammet *Människor emellan*.\n\nLis Asklund föddes 1913 och kom från den adliga familjen Lagercrantz. Fadern, ursprungligen marinofficer, startade en bränntorvsfabrik i Falköpingstrakten på 1910-talet men blev 1926 direktör för Stockholms läns brandstodsbolag och senare sparbanksdirektör. Modern Agnes var född Hamilton. De fick tillsammans fem barn, bland dem författaren Olof Lagercrantz. Lis Asklund har skildrat sin barndom som dyster. Fadern var sträng och allvarlig. Modern led av upprepade depressioner, vilket på 1930-talet resulterade i en permanent mentalsjukhusvistelse. Lis Asklund tog som äldsta hemmavarande dotter mycket ansvar, bland annat för sitt yngsta syskon. Hon sågs som familjens duktiga och praktiska person. Efter flytten till Stockholm tog hon med goda betyg studenten vid Wallinska skolan. Fadern kom så småningom att gifta om sig och fick ytterligare tre barn, av vilka halvbrodern Arvid Lagercrantz kom att stå Lis Asklund särskilt nära.\n\nFadern ansåg att hans döttrar skulle ges lika god yrkesutbildning som sönerna. Lis Asklund tvekade mellan social- och sjukvård och genomgick Röda korsets sjuksköterskeskola 1933– 1936. Skolans elevhem på Sabbatsbergs sjukhus såg hon som en kombination av ”kloster och militärförläggning”. Efter vistelsen fick hon ett erbjudande från Svensk Sjuksköterskeförening om en ettårig internationell påbyggnadskurs vid Florence Nightingale International Foundation i London, där hon läste sociologi, socialpolitik, psykologi, etik, filosofi och hälsovård. Utbildningen omfattade också praktik, som för Lis Asklunds del innebar skötsel av långtidssjuka som vårdades i hemmet i East End. Den fattigdom, som hon upplevde där, hade hon dittills aldrig sett.\n\nEfter hemkomsten fick Lis Asklund 1938 en av Sveriges två första sjukhuskuratorstjänster och började arbeta på S:t Görans respektive Åsö sjukhus. Verksamheten utvecklades snabbt och fler tjänster inrättades snart. År 1938 hade hon också träffat författaren Erik Asklund. De gifte sig 1940 och i deras umgängeskrets fanns flera författare och konstnärer, som Ivar Lo Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg och [](Tora Dahl), som blev en viktig vän till Lis Asklund.\n\nÅr 1940 kontaktades Lis Asklund av [](Elise Ottesen-Jensen) som bad henne att starta en kuratorsverksamhet på Riksförbundet för sexuell upplysning (RFSU) för abortsökande kvinnor. Det var ett obetalt kvällsarbete som Lis Asklund kom att utföra vid sidan av sin sjukhuskuratorstjänst. Sedan 1938 gällde en mycket sträng abortlag. Arbetet gick bland annat ut på att få kvinnor att välja bort illegal abort som utfördes av kvacksalvare och som riskerade kvinnornas liv. Lis Asklund kom att bli sakkunnig i Befolkningsutredningens abortkommission och senare även i 1950 års abortutredning. Hon arbetade för lättnader i abortlagstiftningen. År 1942 erbjöds hon att, även här på kvällstid, tillsammans med en kollega starta Stockholms stads rådgivningsbyrå för sexualfrågor, där abortsökande togs emot.\n\nVerksamheten ifrågasattes från kristet håll och flera gynekologer vägrade att utföra de få aborter som rådgivningsbyrån lyckats få Medicinalstyrelsen att bevilja. Rådgivningsbyråns arbete växte snabbt och fler tjänster inrättades. Man hade även preventivmedelsrådgivning och tog upp samlevnadsfrågor. År 1946 kom en ny lag som tillät abort på socialmedicinska indikationer vilket ökade möjligheterna till legal abort. Därefter fick 50 procent av de sökande abort beviljad. Först 1975 lagstiftades om fri abort till och med graviditetsvecka 18. Lis Asklund lämnade 1949 sin kuratorstjänst och arbetade därefter halvtid som förste kurator på rådgivningsbyrån. Hon och Erik Asklund hade då fått dottern Malin 1946. Sonen Jonas föddes 1951.\n\nÅr 1956 erbjöds Lis Asklund att leda ett radioprogram, en ”brevlåda”, som kom att kallas *Människor emellan*, vilket sändes en gång i veckan året runt med uppehåll för sommarmånaderna. På radion kom hon att stanna till 1968. I programmet besvarade hon lyssnarbrev, som gällde sociala men framför allt personliga problem. 80 procent av breven kom från kvinnor och det kom cirka 100 brev i veckan. Programmen fick många lyssnare, i genomsnitt 700 000 varje sändning.\n\nSamtidigt som Lis Asklund arbetade med *Människor emellan* gjorde hon även andra radioprogram. Bland annat ”wallraffade” hon på polikliniker angående de långa väntetiderna där. Resultatet blev att man införde tidsbeställning. Stort genomslag gjorde 1959 hennes reportage om Eugeniahemmet i Stockholm, som var en centralanstalt för mycket svårt rörelsehindrade barn från hela Sverige. Reportaget visade att där rådde en grym kristen disciplin med gudstjänsttvång och straffliggning i flera dagar för bagateller. Till en början fick hon kungahuset, riksdagen, tre överstyrelser och Eugeniahemmets styrelse emot sig och det kom påtryckningar om att stoppa programmet. En utredning 1961 bekräftade dock hennes uppgifter. Många föräldrar och barn var tacksamma för hennes avslöjanden och hemmet avvecklades under 1960-talet. År 1965 var hon med och initierade och deltog i en landsomfattande Röda Fjädern-insamling i TV. Resultatet blev byggandet av 300 handikappanpassade bostäder.\n\nLis Asklund skrev också böcker, dels en bok för adoptivföräldrar, *Som vårt eget...*, dels flera böcker tillsammans med Torsten Wickbom om sexualkunskap och samlevnad för skolungdom, till exempel *Brytningstid*, *Vägen till mognad* och *Vad är det som händer?*. Böckerna för ungdom tillkom i samband med de skolradioprogram om sexualkunskap som hon gjorde tillsammans med Torsten Wickbom efter det att sexualundervisning i skolorna blivit obligatoriskt. Även här kom kritik från kyrkligt håll och från Lewi Pethrus, Pingströrelsens ledare. Programmen uppmärksammades även internationellt. Lis Asklund var själv kritisk mot de så kallade sexradikalerna på 1960-talet (Kristina Ahlmark Michanek, Joachim Israel, Hans Nestius, [](Barbro Backberger) och [](Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan)), som hon ansåg skilde ut sexuallivet som något speciellt utanför annan samlevnad. Hon menade att dessa tog upp samlagsteknik och pornografi utan att tala om hänsyn, ömhet och kärlek medan de i sin tur såg Lis Asklund och Torsten Wickbom som bakåtsträvare. Boken *Dom sitter och dom ligger* från 1967 bygger på brev från pensionärer på ålderdomshem och vittnar om patienters kontaktlöshet och understimulering inom vården. År 1981 följde boken *Samtal är arbete*, riktad till personal inom den slutna sjukvården och som uppmärksammar patienternas behov av mänsklig kontakt.\n\nÅr 1968 gick Lis Asklund över till TV1 och blev reporter för samhällsprogrammet *Fokus*. Hennes specialitet blev socialreportage och hon rapporterade bland annat om människor som fastnat i byråkratin och om ålderdomshem, mentalsjukhus och fängelser. Efter *Fokus* gjorde hon på 1970-talet programmen *Gammal i Sverige* tillsammans med Gunnar Arvidson. Hon rapporterade om det första servicehuset i Sverige, i Örebro, och hon gjorde en serie intervjuer med personer huvudsakligen uppvuxna i norrländsk glesbygd, *Människa i närbild*, som också blev en bok. I programmet *Sveriges Magasin* gjorde hon ytterligare reportage från Norrland, exempelvis följde hon en distriktssköterskas arbete i Karesuando.\n\nLis Asklunds stora intresse var människor och hon stod gärna på barrikaderna och stred för ”den lilla människans” rätt gentemot auktoritär byråkrati. Hennes sista stora engagemang gällde psykvården, som hon själv hade upplevt på nära håll i sin egen familjehistoria. År 1977 gjorde hon sitt sista reportage före pensionen. Det handlade om Fountain House-rörelsen i New York. Ett Fountain House är en klubb för människor som tidigare varit mentalpatienter, där de får meningsfulla arbetsuppgifter som att städa, handla och laga mat, sköta kontorsarbete, reception, telefonväxel och arbeta i exempelvis en butik för begagnade kläder. TV-reportaget ledde till att man med Lis Asklund som en av initiativtagarna öppnade ett Fontänhus i Stockholm med Riksförbundet för social och mental hälsa som huvudman. Huset invigdes 1980 och Lis Asklund var dess första styrelseordförande. Därefter har flera Fontänhus tillkommit i Sverige. Lis Asklunds stora intresse för sociala frågor kombinerat med stor handlingskraft och oförtrutet nätverkande gav ännu en gång resultat.\n\nÅr 1980 skilde Lis Asklund sig från Erik Asklund och levde sedan några år med författaren Gustaf Rune Eriks. Hon skildrar sitt liv i boken *Uppbrott*, som kom 1986.\n\nLis Asklund avled i Stockholm 2006. Hon vilar i minneslunden på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Lis Asklund was one of the first hospital almoners in Sweden who mainly advised on sexual health and abortion issues. She also worked as a presenter on both radio and TV and was for instance in charge of the radio programme called *Människor emellan*.\n\nLis Asklund was born in 1913. She was a member of the noble Lagercrantz family. Her father, a former naval officer, ran a peat factory in the Falköping area in the 1910s, but in 1926 he became a director of Stockholm county’s fire insurance company and later a director of a savings bank. Her mother Agnes was a Hamilton by birth. Her parents had five children together, one of which grew up to be the author Olof Lagercrantz. Lis Asklund has described her childhood as glum. Her father was strict and very serious. Her mother suffered from recurring depression, and in the 1930s this led to fulltime hospitalisation. Lis Asklund, as the eldest stay-at-home child, became responsible for most household matters, including for her younger siblings. She was considered to be the clever and practical member of the family. After moving to Stockholm she gained her school-leaving certificate at the Wallin school, earning good marks. Her father remarried and had yet another three children, of which Arvid Lagercrantz became particularly close to Lis Asklund.\n\nLis Asklund’s father ensured that his daughters had equal career training options to his sons. She vacillated between social work and healthcare and from 1933 to 1936 she trained as a nurse with the Red Cross. She viewed the accommodation centre for the school at Sabbatsberg hospital as a cross between a “convent and a military institution”. She was subsequently invited by Svensk Sjuksköterskeförening (Swedish Nurses’ Association) to attend a one-year international continuation course with the Florence Nightingale International Foundation in London. There she studied sociology, socio-politics, psychology, ethics, philosophy, and healthcare. The training included practical experience, which in Lis Asklund’s case meant looking after long-term patients who were cared for at home in the East End of London. This was the first time she had ever been exposed to this extent of poverty.\n\nOnce Lis Asklund had returned home in 1938 she was appointed one of at the time only two hospital almoner positions in Sweden and she began working first at St. Göran’s and then Åsö hospitals. This role quickly developed and several new posts were soon set up. Lis Asklund also met the author Erik Asklund in 1938 and they married in 1940. Their social circle comprised several authors and artists, such as Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, and [](Tora Dahl), who became an important friend of Lis Asklund.\n\nIn 1940 Lis Asklund was approached by [](Elise Ottesen Jensen) who asked her to set up a welfare office at the Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning (RFSU, Swedish Association for Sexuality Education) aimed at women seeking abortions. This was an unpaid evening job that Lis Asklund took on alongside her day job as hospital almoner. Since 1938 extremely strict abortion laws had been in place in Sweden. Her work focused on getting women to avoid having illegal abortions performed by quack doctors which placed the women’s lives at risk. Lis Asklund served as an expert for the census enquiry’s commission on abortion and also subsequently in the 1950 abortion enquiry. She campaigned for a relaxation of the abortion laws. In 1942 she and a colleague were invited to establish the Stockholm city advice centre on sexual matters, once again to be run as a evening job, where women seeking abortions could be received. \n\nThese efforts were contested by Christians and several gynaecologists refused to perform the very few abortions which the office managed to gain permission for from the Medical Board. However, the remit of the advisory office rapidly expanded and came to include more posts. Contraception advice and information on cohabitation were also provided. In 1946 a new law was introduced which allowed abortion on socio-medical grounds, and this led to an increase in opportunities for legal abortion. Subsequently about half of those seeking abortion had their requests approved. It was not until 1975 that abortion became a matter of free choice up to the 18th week of pregnancy. Lis Asklund retired from her post as almoner in 1949 and then worked part-time as the first welfare officer at the advice office. She and Erik Asklund had had a daughter, named Malin, in 1946. Their son, Jonas, was born in 1951. \n\nIn 1956 Lis Asklund was invited to lead a “listeners’ letters” radio programme which came to be called *Människor emellan* and aired weekly all year round, except for during the summer months. Lis Asklund worked on the radio until 1968. In the programme she answered written listener questions about social and mainly personal problems. 80 percent of the letters were written by women and approximately 100 letter were received each week. The programme had a sizable following, with each episode averaging an audience of 700,000 listeners.\n\nWhilst working on *Människor emellan* Lis Asklund also worked on other radio programmes. She visited policlinics, for example, to investigate the long waiting times that people were subjected to there. This resulted in the introduction of set appointments. Her 1959 report on the Eugeniahem in Stockholm, which was a central institution for severely handicapped children from all over the country, had a major impact. Her report revealed the harsh Christian discipline that was meted out with mandatory church attendance and punishment through enforced bed rest for small misdemeanours. Initially Lis Asklund had the royal household, the parliament, three national boards and the board of the Eugeniahem against her revelatory programmes and she was pressured to stop making them. In 1961, however, her findings were confirmed by an enquiry. Many parents and children were grateful for her revelations and the home was closed down during the 1960s. In 1965 Lis Asklund helped to set up and participated in the national Röda Fjäder fundraiser on TV. The fundraiser enabled the building of 300 homes adapted to the needs of handicapped people.\n\nLis Asklund also wrote books, including a book for parents looking to adopt, entitled *Som vårt eget…*, and several books co-authored with Torsten Wickbom on sex education and living together aimed at school teenagers, such as *Brytningstid*, *Vägen till mognad*, and *Vad är det som hander*. These youth books appeared in conjunction with school radio programmes on sex education, which she made, again with Torsten Wickbom, once sex education at school had become mandatory. Once again she was subject to opposition from the church and from Lewi Pethrus, leader of the Swedish Pentecostal Movement. These programmes also gained international attention. Lis Asklund was herself critical of the so-called “sex radicals” of the 1960s (Kristina Ahlmark Michanek, Joachim Israel, Hans Nestius, [](Barbro Backberger) and [](Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan)). She believed that they isolated sex as something extraordinary which lay beyond the sphere of cohabitation. She felt they recklessly promoted sexual techniques and pornography without considerations of tenderness and love. They in turn viewed Lis Asklund and Torsten Wickbom as reactionary. In a different field, her book *Dom sitter och dom ligger*, 1967, is based on letters from pensioners living in elderly care homes and reveals the lack of contact and stimulation in the care they received. She released her book *Samtal är arbete* in 1981 which was directed at staff treating institutionalised patients and highlights these patients’ need for human contact. \n\nIn 1968 Lis Asklund transferred to TV work and became a reporter for the lifestyle programme *Fokus*. Her specialism was reporting on social issues and this included reporting on people who had become caught in bureaucratic traps as well as investigations of homes for the elderly, mental health facilities, and prisons. In the 1970s she moved on to do a programme called *Gammal i Sverige*, together with Gunnar Arvidson. She reported on Sweden’s first sheltered housing, in Örebro, and she did a series of interviews with people who mainly had grown up in rural Norrland, called *Människa i närbild*, which was later turned into a book. She presented further reports from Norrland in the programme *Sveriges Magasin*, including an account of the work of a district nurse in Karesuando.\n\nLis Asklund’s main interest was people and she was happy to man the barricades on behalf of the rights of the “little man” in the face of authoritarian bureaucracy. Her final area of activism was in the sphere of psychiatric care, which she herself had experienced first-hand in her own family. In 1977 she completed her last report before she retired. This was on the Fountain House movement in New York. A Fountain House is a club for former psychiatric patients, where they are given meaningful jobs such as cleaning, shopping and preparing food, running an office, reception work, telephone exchange, and working in second-hand shops, for example. This report led to the opening of a Fontänhus in Stockholm, with Lis Asklund as one of the prime catalysts behind it, and with the Riksförbund för social och mental hälsa (Swedish National Association for Social and Mental Health) as the main employer. The house was formally opened in 1980 and Lis Asklund served as the first chair of the board. Since then several Fontänhus have opened in Sweden. Lis Asklund’s great concern for social issues, combined with her talent for dealing with them and her tireless networking once again delivered results.\n\nLis Asklund divorced Erik Asklund in 1980 and then spent a few years living with the author Gustaf Rune Eriks. She wrote about her life in her book *Uppbrot*, which was published in 1986.\n\nLis Asklund died in Stockholm in 2006. She rests in the memorial garden of The Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm.",
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1726-04-08",
            "date": "1726-04-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1811-05-06",
            "date": "1811-05-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Beata",
          "lastname": "Nordman, gift Basilier",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Eric",
          "lastname": "Nordman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Swanström, André, *Separatistledare i 1700-talets Österbotten*, Åbo Akademis förlag, Diss. Åbo : Åbo Akademi, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Väckelsekristen ledare, mystiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Christian revivalist leader, mystic",
      "text": "Catharina Asplund var en framstående ledare inom radikalpietistiska väckelsekretsar i 1700-talets Österbotten.\n\nSäkra uppgifter saknas om Catharina Asplunds härkomst och födelseår. Vid ett förhör den 28 januari 1759 meddelade hon att hon var 70 år gammal, vilket innebär att hon var född ca 1689. Catharina Asplund var gift med länsmannen i Nykarleby, Lorentz Nordman. Kriget och den ryska invasionen år 1713 ledde till att många österbottningar flydde västerut över Bottniska viken. Denna flykt kom också att innebära en tydlig vändpunkt i Catharina Asplunds liv. Enligt egen utsago hade hon själv flytt till Söderhamn och vistats på västra sidan av Bottniska viken i nio år. Där hade hon haft tillfälle att lyssna till dramatiska och profetiska predikningar av kyrkoherden Olof Montén och komministern Olof Faxén. Således hade Catharina Asplund mottagit religiösa intryck som hon själv betraktade som betydelsefulla för sin fortsatta utveckling.\n\nCatharina Asplunds genombrott som väckelseledare skedde år 1736. Hennes religiösa åsikter hade orsakat svårigheter i äktenskapet, men då Lorentz Norman dog följande år hade Catharina Asplund som änka full ekonomisk självständighet och möjlighet att obehindrat axla ledarskap i den radikalpietistiska miljön. Catharina Asplunds radikalpietism manifesterades i nattvardsvägran och kritik mot prästerskapet. Enligt hennes ideal var församlingen och dess nattvardsgemenskap endast till för sanna troende. Prästerna skulle leva såsom de lärde, och sakramenten fick förvaltas endast av gudaktiga präster. Då Catharina Asplund upplevde att församlingen i Nykarleby inte levde upp till dessa ideal valde hon att avskilja sig från församlingslivet och att utöva sin religion i hemmets och naturens stillhet. Som mystiker ansåg hon att själens inre umgänge med Gud var viktigare än religionens yttre former. Omedelbara gudomliga uppenbarelser hörde också till den teologi som Catharina Asplund förespråkade.\n\nDen radikalpietistiska väckelserörelsen benämndes redan från början som separatism. Det handlade om separation från kyrkan, det vill säga en rörelse som stod i strid med det rådande enhetssamhället i vilket det kyrkliga och det sociala integrerades under den renläriga lutherdomens kontroll. I det gamla enhetssamhället sågs enhet i religionen som en garanti för statens välfärd. Separatismen innebar en avsöndring från denna enhet och den upplevdes därmed som ett hot mot den rådande samhällsordningen. Rörelsen ledde till omfattande rättsprocesser i vilka separatisterna nödgades försvara sina åsikter inför både världsliga och kyrkliga myndigheter.\n\nBland Catharina Asplunds inspirationskällor och radikalpietistiska kontakter finner man bröderna Jakob och Erik Eriksson som landsförvisades från Sverige år 1734. Då bröderna Eriksson fick tillåtelse att återvända till riket bildade de ett slutet radikalpietistiskt samfund på Värmdö. Från denna krets kom Catharina Asplunds svärson, fåruppfödaren och tobaksodlaren Friedrich Basilier, vars ankomst till Nykarleby innebar ett krafttillskott för de lokala radikalpietisterna. Livet på Catharina Asplunds gård Drakabacka var tidvis präglat av familjekonflikter. Sonen Eric Nordman lämnade väckelsen och flyttade redan före svågern Friedrich Basiliers ankomst. Dottern Beata följde sin mors och makes åsikter. Catharina Asplund råkade dock i konflikt med sin svärson och det slutade med att svärmor och svärson inte kunde tåla varandra.\n\nI umgängeskretsen kring Catharina Asplund läste man utöver Bibeln böcker av Johann Arndt, Thomas a Kempis och Thomas Bromley. Pietisternas egen sångbok *Mose och Lambsens Wisor* brukades också. I Catharina Asplunds hem samlades hennes anhängare till konventiklar som var förbjudna vid denna tid. Allt tyder på att Catharina Asplund hade ett omfattande kontaktnät bland likasinnade radikalpietister och att hennes lärouppfattningar var i linje med de allmänna uppfattningarna inom denna riktning.\n\nSom andlig ledare valde Catharina Asplund att utmana det lokala prästerskapet i öppen konflikt. Som kulmen på en långdragen process beskrev domkapitlet i sitt betänkande år 1758 Catharina Asplund som en ”incorrigibel” separatist och rekommenderade att hon skulle landsförvisas i enlighet med den stränga religionslagstiftningens paragrafer. Utöver de teologiska fördömandena attackerade prästerna även Catharina Asplunds karaktär. Hon beskrevs som en sniken och egennyttig människa som kännetecknades av sinnets arghet och nästans förtal. Catharina Asplund sparade inte heller på orden. Hon beskyllde prästerna för högfärd, vällust, girighet och förföljelse. De ömsesidiga beskyllningarna berättar förmodligen mera om konfliktens intensitet än om de involverade parternas faktiska egenskaper. Hovrätten valde slutligen en mildare linje, och någon landsförvisningsdom avkunnades inte. Hovrätten banade således väg för en ny och tolerantare syn på religiösa dissidenter.\n\nCatharina Asplunds ledarskap kännetecknades av kontinuitet. Hon var den ledande separatisten i Nykarleby under hela perioden mellan 1736 till 1758. Efter det sistnämnda året började rörelsen långsamt tyna bort. Som en höjdpunkt på Catharina Asplunds karriär som ledare för separatisterna i Nykarleby kan man peka på hennes försvarstal som omnämns i konsistoriets betänkande år 1758. I detta tal framträdde hon som en ledargestalt för hela den separatistiska rörelsen i Österbotten.\n\nSäkra uppgifter om Catharina Asplunds död saknas. Hon finns inte införd i Nykarleby församlings förteckning över döda och begravda. I församlingens kommunionbok för åren 1762–1767 har hon antecknats som död. I kommunionboken finns inga anteckningar om att hon skulle ha deltagit i församlingslivet. Catharina Asplund höll uppenbarligen fast vid sin övertygelse in i det sista, och det är möjligt att hon inte fick en kyrklig begravning.",
      "text_eng": "Catharina Asplund was a prominent leader active within the radical pietist revivalist circles in eighteenth-century Österbotten.\n\nWe have no definitive information on Catharina Asplund’s background and year of birth. During an interrogation on 28 January 1759 she stated that she was 70 years old. This implies that she was born circa 1689. Catharina Asplund was married to Lorentz Nordman, sheriff of Nykarleby. Many Österbotten residents were compelled by war and the subsequent Russian invasion of 1713 to flee westwards across the Gulf of Bothnia. This flight led to a significant turn in Catharina Asplund’s life. According to her own account she made her way to Söderhamn and then spent nine years living on the western side of the Gulf of Bothnia. There she had experienced the dramatic and prophetic preachings of Olof Montén and his curate Olof Faxén. Catharina Asplund had thereby absorbed religious impressions which she considered to be significant to her own religouis development.\n\nCatharina Asplund made her breakthrough appearance as a leader of the revivalists in 1736. Her religious views had generated marital strife for her but the next year her husband died. Now Catharina Asplund was financially independent and all obstacles which had prevented her from assuming a leading position within the radical pietist milieu were removed. Catharina Asplund’s radical pietism manifested itself in her refusal to take communion and in her criticism of the clergy. In her ideal world the congregation and communion should only be available to true believers. Priests should lead their lives according to their teachings and the sacrament should only be given by Godly priests. Catharina Asplund felt that the Nykarleby congregation did not live up to these ideals and so she opted to disassociate herself from parish life and to practise her religion in the stillness of her own home and in nature. As a mystic she believed that the relationship between the soul and God was more important than external expressions of religion. Direct divine apparitions also formed part of the theology that Catharina Asplund espoused.\n\nThe radical-pietist revivalist movement was labelled as a separatist movement from its inception. It represented a separation from the church, namely, it was a movement which opposed the dominant united society within which church and society were integrated under the control of pure Lutheran doctrine. The united society of old viewed religious conformity as a guarantor of the state’s welfare. Breaking away from this unitary conformity was considered a form of separatism and was thus perceived as a threat to the dominant social construct. The movement led to extensive legal proceedings during which the ‘separatists’ were required to defend their views not just before secular but also church authorities.\n\nCatharina Asplund’s sources of inspiration and radical pietist contacts included the brothers Jakob and Erik Eriksson, who had been banished from Sweden in 1734. When the Eriksson brothers were permitted to return to the kingdom they set up a closed radical pietist community in Värmdö. Catharina Asplund’s son-in-law Friedrich Basilier came from this community. He was a sheep-breeder and tobacco-grower. His arrival in Nykarleby represented a forceful contribution to the local radical pietists. Life at Catharina Asplund’s farm of Drakabacka sometimes witnessed family disputes. Her son Eric Nordman left the movement and had already departed from the farm before the arrival of Friedrich Basilier, who subsequently became his brother-in-law. Catharina Asplund’s daughter Beata shared her mother’s and her husband’s religious views. Despit this, Catharina Asplund still fell out with her son-in-law, and in the end the two of them could not tolerate each other. \n\nWithin Catharina Asplund’s social circle not only was the Bible studied but so too were books by Johann Arndt, Thomas à Kempis, and Thomas Bromley. The pietists also had their own songbook, entitled *Mose och Lambsens Wisor*. Followers would meet at Catharina Asplund’s home for conventicles, which at that time were prohibited. By all accounts Catharina Asplund’s contact network was extensive, involving similarly-minded radical pietists and her teachings were aligned with the general concepts of that movement.\n\nAs a spiritual leader Catharina Asplund opted to challenge the local clergy in public disputes. At the peak of the long-drawn out process in 1758 the cathedral chapter described Catharina Asplund as an “incorrigible” separatist, recommending that she should be banished from Sweden in accordance with the kingdom’s strict religious laws. Further to the theological judgements the clergy also attacked Catharina Asplund’s character. She was described as a grasping and self-serving individual who was defined by her anger and quasi-slanderous claims. Catharina Asplund did not hold back. She accused the clergy of being haughty, lascivious, greedy, and persecutors. The mutual accusations reveal more about the intensity of the disagreement than about the actual characteristics of the people involved. The Supreme Court eventually decided to take a softer line and opted not to banish Catharina Asplund, thereby laying the grounds for a new and more tolerant view of religious dissidents.\n\nCatharina Asplund’s leadership was marked by its longevity. She was the leading separatist in Nykarleby throughout the 1736–1758 period. After 1758 the movement slowly began to recede. The peak of Catharina Asplund’s career as a leader of this group in Nykarleby can be seen as her defensive speech noted in the consistory records of 1758. There she appeared as a figurehead leader for the whole separatist movement throughout Österbotten.\n\nThere is no definitive information on Catharina Asplund’s death. She is not listed in the Nykarleby congregational list of the dead and buried. The congregation’s communion book for the years of 1762–1767 list her as deceased. There is no evidence in the communion book that she participated in congregation activities. Catharina Asplund apparently stayed true to her convictions to the end and it is likely that she was not given a Christian burial.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "CatharinaAsplund",
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        "Söderhamn|61.305576|17.06281",
        "Nykarleby, Finland|63.522222|22.530556"
      ]
    },
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      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Beatrice",
          "lastname": "Christensen Sköld"
        }
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      "awards": [
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          "date": {
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      "education": [
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          "institution": "Widellska flickskolan, privatskola",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "type": "Flickskola"
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        {
          "description": "Lärarutbildning, specialisering mot naturvetenskap",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
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          "institution": "Högre lärarinneseminariet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
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          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Examensfria kurser i biologi, kemi, fysik och matematik",
          "institution": "Stockholms högskola",
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            },
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      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Maria Aspman",
          "description_eng": "By Maria Aspman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "https://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(maria+aspman)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Maria Aspman",
          "description_eng": "About Maria Aspman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "https://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(maria+aspman)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        "1900-talet",
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        "Rösträtt",
        "Skolledare",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Hälsofrågor",
        "Pedagogik"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Adult education",
        "Teachers",
        "Women's movement",
        "Suffrage",
        "School directors",
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        "Health issues"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-22T11:38:39",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 78,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1865-03-10",
            "date": "1865-03-10"
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          "place": {
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        {
          "description": "Lärare",
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            "pin": {
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            "place": "Apelryd"
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            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Utredare",
          "detail": "Utredningsarbete på uppdrag av Stockholms folkskoledirektion",
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          "place": {
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            "date": "1903"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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            "date": "1903"
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          "name": "Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR)",
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            "date": "1921"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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            "date": "1917"
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          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
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          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
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            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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      "portrait": [
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          "description": "Maria Aspman avbildad inför hennes 65-årsdag i Idun, 1930. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (beskuren, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Maria Aspman shortly before her 65th birthday. Idun, 1930, photographer unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (cropped, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
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            "date": "1830"
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            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Ulrika Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Aspman, född Forsgren",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1832-10-12"
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          "lastname": "Aspman, tidigare Asp",
          "occupation": "Handelsträdgårdsmästare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1868-11-01"
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            "date": "1936-01-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Aspman, gift Bernstam",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-12-10",
            "date": "1856-12-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-03-04",
            "date": "1949-03-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Karolina Olivia",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Widerström",
          "occupation": "Läkare, sexualupplysare, folkbildare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "type": "Partner",
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        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Christensen Sköld, Beatrice, *Vetenskap och pedagogik: Maria Aspman och Karolina Widerström som folkbildare*, 2, rev. uppl., Kvinnliga akademikers förening, [Stockholm], 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervjuer med doktor Nils-Erik Landell",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, rektor, folkbildare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school principal, educator",
      "text": "Maria Aspman gjorde banbrytande insatser på pedagogikens område i början av 1900-talet.\nHon hörde till samma reformpedagogiska grupp som [](Anna Sandström) och Edvard Palmgren.\n\nMaria Aspman föddes i Stockholm 1865 och växte upp tillsammans med fadern och modern,\nBernhard och Charlotta Aspman, samt systern Sigrid. Fadern var handelsträdgårdsmästare och\nhade troligen sin handelsträdgård i det som numera kallas Vasastaden i Stockholm. Det tycks\nha varit paret Aspmans ambition att döttrarna skulle få en god utbildning. Sin första skolgång\nfick de i Widellska flickskolan, en privat småskola i Stockholm som låg nära familjen\nAspmans dåvarande bostad vid Norrmalmstorg. Efter småskolan skrevs flickorna in på\nStatens normalskola, vilken var knuten till Högre lärarinneseminariet i Stockholm. \nMaria\nAspman kom, liksom sin syster, så småningom in på seminariet där hon specialiserade sig på\nnaturvetenskapliga ämnen. Hon blev klar med utbildningen 1886 och fick redan höstterminen\nsamma år anställning vid Klara folkskola i Stockholm. Där stannade hon till år 1920. Hon\nfördjupade sig i de naturvetenskapliga ämnena biologi, kemi, fysik och matematik vid\nexamensfria kurser på Stockholms högskola. Tidvis undervisade hon också vid Åhlinska skolan, där hon var kollega med Anna Sandström. För åskådningsundervisningen byggde hon ett\nskåp, ”aspmanska skåpet”, som innehöll exempel på olika preparat, mineraler, uppstoppade\ndjur med mera, vilket kom att användas i folkskolans undervisning och vann pris vid en\nvärldsutställning i St. Louis, USA, år 1904.\n\nMaria Aspman gjorde tillsammans med [](Kerstin Hesselgren) utredningar om flickors\nyrkesutbildning på uppdrag av Stockholms folkskoledirektion, vilket resulterade i att\nStockholms högre folkskola för kvinnlig utbildning inrättades. Åren 1920–1929 var hon rektor\nför skolan. Hon var dessutom rektor för Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundets folkhögskolor 1917–1939.\n\nPå sin fritid ägnade sig Maria Aspman åt föreningslivet. Den första förening hon blev medlem\ni var Svenska dräktreformföreningen, som bland annat hade som mål att avskaffa korsetter\noch snörliv. Det var i denna förening hon träffade sin livskamrat [](Karolina Widerström),\nSveriges första kvinnliga legitimerade läkare, som hon sedan bodde tillsammans med i 25 år.\nMaria Aspman var också aktiv medlem av Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. Liksom Karolina\nWiderström var hon även mycket engagerad i Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt\n(LKPR).\n\nTillsammans med Karolina Widerström ägnade Maria Aspman många somrar åt att fortbilda\nlärare i naturvetenskapliga ämnen. De ansåg båda att ämnet hygien borde bli en obligatorisk\ndel av undervisningen i naturlära. För att öka sina kunskaper om medicinsk hygien genomgick\nMaria Aspman år 1910 en kurs i bakteriologi vid Karolinska Institutet. Den nya kunskapen\ngjorde det möjligt för henne att undervisa i hälsolära, vilket var ett ämne som introducerats\nvid Stockholms flickskolor av Karolina Widerström vid sekelskiftet 1900. Så småningom kom\nämnet hälsolära också att bli ett obligatoriskt ämne i folkskolan.\n\nMaria Aspman dog i bröstcancer 1944 och begravdes på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.\nHon testamenterade en stor del av sina ekonomiska tillgångar till en fond som förvaltas av\nFredrika-Bremer-Förbundet och där avkastningen går till stipendier till kvinnor som utbildats i\ntextila hantverk.",
      "text_eng": "Maria Aspman made seminal contributions to the world of pedagogy in the beginning of the twentieth century. She belonged to the pedagogical reform group which included [](Anna Sandström) and Edvard Palmgren.\n\nMaria Aspman was born in Stockholm in 1865. Her parents were Bernhard and Charlotta Aspman. She also had a sister named Sigrid. Bernhard Aspman managed a garden centre which probably lay in the area of Stockholm now known as Vasastaden. It seems that the Aspmans aspired for their daughters to gain a thorough education. The girls began their schooling at the Widell girls’ school, a private junior school in Stockholm near Normalmstorg, not too far from where the Aspmans were living at the time. The girls then attended Statens normalskola (a public school), which was associated with the Högre lärarinneseminarie (advanced teacher training programme) in Stockholm. Both Maria Aspman and her sister subsequently enrolled in the teacher training programme, where Maria Aspman specialised in the natural sciences. She completed her training in 1886 and in the autumn of that year she began working at Klara folkskola in Stockholm, where she remained until 1920. Maria Aspman took non-graduate courses at Stockholm College (later University) to further her knowledge in the natural sciences biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. She created a cupboard known as the “Aspman cupboard” for use in teaching demonstrations. The cupboard contained examples of various types of solutions, minerals, and mounted animals amongst other things, and cupboards like these were used as part of teaching in elementary school. The concept even won a prize at the 1904 World’s Fair in St. Louis, USA.\n\nOn behalf of the Stockholm folkskoledirektion (elementary school authority) Maria Aspman and [](Kerstin Hesselgren) made enquiries into career training for girls. This led to the establishment of Stockholm’s “högre folkskola för kvinnlig utbildning” (advanced elementary school for female education). Maria Aspman served as the principal of that school from 1920 to 1929. She was also the principal of the Fredrika Bremer Association’s adult colleges from 1917 to 1939.\n\nMaria Aspman devoted her spare time to various societies. The first association she joined was Svenska dräktreformföreningen (underwear reform association of Sweden), which sought to replace corsets and stays. Through this association she met the person who became her life companion, namely [](Karolina Widerström), who was the first officially qualified female doctor in Sweden. The couple lived together for 25 years. Maria Aspman was also an active member of the Fredrika Bremer Association. She and Karolina Widerström were both very involved in Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR, National Association for Women’s Suffrage).\n\nMaria Aspman and Karolina Widerström spent many summers training teachers in the natural sciences. They both believed that hygiene needed to become a required subject within the study of nature. In order to improve her knowledge of medical hygiene Maria Aspman took a course in bacteriology at the Karolinska Institut (Caroline institute) in 1910. With her newly-gained expertise Maria Aspman was able to teach health education, a subject which Karolina Widerström had introduced into the girls’ school curriculum in Stockholm at the turn of the twentieth century. It was not long before health education also became a required subject within elementary schools.\n\nMaria Aspman died of breast cancer in 1944. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna. She bequeathed a significant portion of her financial assets to a trust which is managed by the Fredrika Bremer Association. The income generated by the trust goes to women trained in the textile arts.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MariaAspman",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Love",
          "lastname": "Jönsson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "description": "Guldmedalj, Milanotriennalen",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "description": "Guldmedalj, California State Fair, USA",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Anna-Lisa",
          "lastname": "Thomson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Vicke",
          "lastname": "Lindstrand",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Hushållsskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "institution": "Slöjdföreningens skola (nuvarande Högskolan för design och konsthantverk, HDK-Valand)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterberg. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2021-02-25)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://collection.nationalmuseum.se/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=3369&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterberg. Röhsska museum (Hämtad 2021-02-25)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "http://emp-web-35.zetcom.ch/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=30139&viewType=detailView"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterberg. Upplandsmuseet (Hämtad 2021-02-25)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://digitaltmuseum.se/search/?q=Atterberg%2C+Ingrid&aq=owner%3F%3A%22S-UM%22"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterberg. Victoria and Albert Museum (Hämtad 2021-02-25)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?id_person=A23193"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johansson, Britt-Inger, 'Konsten', *Tillsammans*, Sidorna 76-99, 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holkers, Märta, 'Ingrid Atterberg & Mari Simmulson: de skapade 50-talets vardagskonst för dagens samlare', *Antik & auktion*, 1997:3, s. 46-51",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "2000-talet",
        "Formgivare",
        "Keramiker",
        "Konstnärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century",
        "Artists",
        "Potters"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2022-09-05T13:21:33",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 87,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1920-05-11",
            "date": "1920-05-11"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Härnösands församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 62.63227,
              "lon": 17.940871
            },
            "place": "Härnösand"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2008-03-27",
            "date": "2008-03-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Helga Trefaldighets församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Ingrid/ Magdalena",
        "lastname": "Atterberg",
        "sortname": "Atterberg"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, keramiker, Upsala-Ekeby",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, keramiker, Mancioli Natale",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 43.7332,
              "lon": 11.0209
            },
            "place": "Montelupo Fiorentino, Italien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, Alsterfors glasbruk",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, keramiker, egen ateljé",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2008",
            "date": "2008"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Uppsala Konstnärsklubb",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Uplands Konstförening",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, styrelseledamot fr o m 1962",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges Konsthantverkare och Industriformgivare (KIF, nuvarande KRO)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Atterberg-Göransson",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Abg",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 62.63227,
              "lon": 17.940871
            },
            "place": "Härnösand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.70887,
              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2008",
            "date": "2008"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterberg. Fotograf och år okänt (Upplandsmuseet)",
          "description_eng": "Ingrid Atterberg. Photographer and year unknown (Upplandsmuseet)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Atterberg_Ingrid.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-02-25",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-06-21",
            "date": "1885-06-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-12-14",
            "date": "1964-12-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Gertrud Magdalena",
          "lastname": "Atterberg, född Cederberg",
          "occupation": "Kanslibiträde, Kungl. Telegrafverket",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1886-10-19",
            "date": "1886-10-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-12-30",
            "date": "1933-12-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav Edvin",
          "lastname": "Atterberg",
          "occupation": "Radiotelegrafkommisarie",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-05-08",
            "date": "1914-05-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-03-05",
            "date": "1991-03-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Åke Edvin",
          "lastname": "Atterberg",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör, direktör, Svenska Radio AB",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-10-02",
            "date": "1915-10-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2007-02-02",
            "date": "2007-02-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita",
          "lastname": "Atterberg, gift Ahnoff",
          "occupation": "Fil mag, språklärare, konstnär",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1922-05-21",
            "date": "1922-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-11-01",
            "date": "1983-11-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Atterberg, gift Syrén",
          "occupation": "Postgirot, Telegrafstyrelsen, Tipstjänst",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-02-24",
            "date": "1924-02-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000-08-23",
            "date": "2000-08-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Atterberg",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör, flygare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-01-20",
            "date": "1900-01-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1985-11-30",
            "date": "1985-11-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Viking Richard",
          "lastname": "Göransson",
          "occupation": "Länsarkitekt",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1947-02-20",
            "date": "1947-02-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Monica",
          "lastname": "Atterberg-Göransson",
          "occupation": "Journalist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Atterbergs egna anteckningar",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Keramiker, formgivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Ceramist, designer",
      "text": "Ingrid Atterberg var ledande formgivare inom den modernistiska rörelsen i Sverige. Hon formgav keramik som fick stor spridning i folkhemmet.\n\nIngrid Atterberg föddes i Härnösand 1920 och växte upp i Göteborg. Fadern var radiotelegrafkommissarie vid Kungl. Telegrafverket, där även modern arbetade. Ingrid Atterberg, som var det tredje barnet i en skara om fem, valde liksom sin syster Brita (gift Ahnoff) den konstnärliga banan. Efter studier vid Slöjdföreningens skola, idag en del av HDK-Valand, Högskolan för konst och design vid Göteborgs universitet, omkring 1940-1942 med keramik som huvudämne, drev Ingrid Atterberg under en kortare period egen verkstad i Göteborg. Därefter flyttade hon till Uppsala 1944 då hon anställdes som formgivare vid keramikfabriken Upsala-Ekeby AB. På fabriken blev hon kollega med bland andra [](Anna-Lisa Thomson) och Vicke Lindstrand, som tillträtt som konstnärlig ledare 1942.\n\nRedan i början av 1900-talet hade keramikindustrin i Sverige fått sina första kvinnliga formgivare. Men Ingrid Atterberg och hennes kvinnliga generationskollegor som debuterade kring seklets mitt tillhörde fortfarande en pionjärskara. De konstnärliga ledarna vid fabrikerna var i regel män, och samma gällde för de tekniska cheferna, försäljningscheferna och många andra ledande tjänster. Även om fabrikerna gärna anställde kvinnliga formgivare, fick dessa inte alltid gehör för sina idéer och ofta inte fullt erkännande för sina insatser. Ingrid Atterberg kunde i personliga samtal senare i livet ge drastiska beskrivningar av villkoren för henne och de andra kvinnliga formgivarna på Upsala-Ekeby på 1940- och 1950-talet.\n\nMed Vicke Lindstrand, 1940-talets konstnärlige ledare på fabriken, hade Ingrid Atterberg emellertid ett mycket bra samarbete och hon fick som nyanställd formgivare stort utrymme att förnya fabrikens produktion. En särskild avdelning inrättades för hennes så kallade verkstadsgods, som drejades och dekorerades för hand. Tillverkningssättet låg i tiden; flera svenska keramikfabriker satsade under 1940-talet på en ökad hantverksmässig produktion.\n\nIngrid Atterberg, som tagit gesällbrev i drejning, hade en gedigen keramisk kunskap och behärskade även glasyrkemi och bränningsteknik vilket var relativt ovanligt bland keramikindustrins formgivare. På Upsala-Ekeby kom hon att stå bakom flera tekniska innovationer som fick stor betydelse. Bland annat lät hon färga in fabrikens vanliga rödlera med manganoxid vilket gav den en mörkare färg. Denna så kallade svartlera användes flitigt under 1950-talet då det var populärt att lämna delar av kärlen oglaserade och den mörka leran effektfullt kunde kontrasteras mot vita eller färgade glasyrer. Ingrid Atterberg tog också fram sintergodset, ett högbränt lergods som tekniskt och konstnärligt liknar stengodset. Hon rationaliserade även tillverkningen av chamotterat gods. Ingrid Atterbergs metod var att chamotten (små korn av krossad bränd lera) blandades med uppslammad lera och påfördes med ett metallsken efter drejningen i stället för att blandas i drejleran vilket tidigare varit gängse och slitit hårt på drejarnas händer.\n\nI sin tidiga produktion på 1940-talet arbetade Ingrid Atterberg ofta med stiliserade blomstermotiv, men övergick snart till abstrakta dekorer som stod det samtida måleriet nära. Under 1950-talet skapade hon flera modellserier som idag framstår som modernistiska klassiker, som *Grafika*, *Negro* och *Mimosa*. Typiskt för hennes formgivning är spänstiga, ibland asymmetriska former och omsorgsfullt ristade, skurna eller målade dekorer. Vid sidan av produktionen vid Upsala-Ekeby tillverkades modeller av Ingrid Atterberg även vid Karlskrona Porslinsfabrik och Gefle Porslinsfabrik som båda ingick i samma industrikoncern. Hon är idag mest känd för sin kärlkeramik med serier av vaser och skålar, men formgav också hushållsgods och utförde flera keramiska verk för offentlig miljö, bland annat en stor figurativ kakelvägg för badhuset i Timrå 1956. Hon kom också att utföra offentliga utsmyckningar utomlands, till exempel ett flertal väggdekorationer till hus i samhället Tegelen i Limburgprovinsen i Nederländerna och emaljmåleri i entrén till Pharmacia Laboratories, Piscataway township, New Jersey, USA.\n\nIngrid Atterberg var bekymrad över industriformgivarnas ställning och arbetade aktivt för att förbättra den, både genom att själv ställa krav på sin arbetsgivare och genom organisering. Hon var aktiv vid bildandet av Sveriges konsthantverkare och industriformgivare (KIF),\n1961 och valdes in i föreningens styrelse året därpå. Andra keramiska formgivare i styrelsen var Stig Lindberg (Gustavsbergs porslinsfabrik) och [](Marianne Westman) (Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik).\n\nÅr 1963 sade Ingrid Atterberg upp sig från Upsala-Ekeby, missnöjd med fabrikens utveckling. Hon upplevde att konstnärerna hade fått se sitt handlingsutrymme inskränkas och var irriterad över fabriksledningens försök att mekanisera produktionen, vilket bland annat inbegrep att tidsstudiemän anlitades och att modeller som ursprungligen formgivits för att drejas i stället skulle formgjutas. Ingrid Atterberg, som redan under 1950-talet haft uppdrag för glasbruken Alsterfors och Målerås och den italienska keramikfabriken Mancioli Natale i Montelupo utanför Florens, arbetade som frilansformgivare under ett par år men inrättade 1969 en egen keramikverkstad i en tillbyggnad till familjens radhus i Uppsala. Arkitekt till hus och verkstad var hennes make Viking Göransson, som bland annat arbetat för Gunnar Asplund inför Stockholmsutställningen 1930 och var länsarkitekt i Uppsala län 1944–1956.\n\nI den egna verkstaden arbetade Ingrid Atterberg huvudsakligen med drejat lergods glaserat i starka färger som rött, orange och lila. Till skillnad från på Upsala-Ekeby arbetade hon nu sällan med ristade eller skurna dekorer, utan fokuserade på glasyrernas uttryckskraft. Glasyrerna hade ofta sofistikerade, flerskiktade krackelyrmönster som framträdde först efter flera ombränningar. Ingrid Atterberg var verksam fram till mitten av 00-talet och visade sin keramik i ett stort antal utställningar i Sverige och utlandet.\n\nIngrid Atterberg avled 2008 och är begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Ludvika.",
      "text_eng": "Ingrid Atterberg was a leading designer within the Swedish modernist movement. She produced ceramic work which found wide distribution within “folkhemmet”, the distinctly Social Democratic expression of the Swedish welfare state.\n\nIngrid Atterberg was born in Härnösand in 1920 and spent her childhood in Gothenburg. Her father was head of a radiotelegraph section within Kungliga Telegrafverket (national telecommunications agency) where her mother was also employed. Ingrid Atterberg, the third of five children in the family, followed her sister Brita – later married as Ahnoff – down the artistic route. From 1940–1942 she attended Slöjdföreningens skola, today known as a part of HDK-Valand - Academy of Art and Design at the University of Gothenburg, where her main subject was ceramics. Ingrid Atterberg briefly ran her own workshop in Gothenburg. She then moved to Uppsala in 1944 where she was employed as a designer for Upsala-Ekeby AB ceramics factory. Her colleagues there included [](Anna-Lisa Thomson) and Vicke Lindstrand, the latter of whom had been appointed as artistic director in 1942.\n\nAlthough the Swedish ceramics industry had appointed its first female designer in the early 1900s, Ingrid Atterberg and her fellow female colleagues who joined the industry almost half a century later nevertheless still belonged to a pioneering cohort. The position of artistic director still tended to be filled by a man, as was the position of technical manager, sales manager and many other managerial posts. Although factories were keen to hire female designers these women did not often find reception for their ideas and their efforts did not often gain full recognition. Later on, Ingrid Atterberg sometimes provided dramatic descriptions of the conditions which she and her fellow female designers endured as workers at Upsala-Ekeby during the 1940s and 1950s.\n\nMeanwhile, Ingrid Atterberg benefited from a very good working relationship with Vicke Lindstrand, the aforenoted artistic director at the factory during the 1940s. As a newly-employed designer Ingrid Atterberg was given a lot of space to revitalise the output at the factory. A special section was set up for her so-called workshop products, turned and decorated by hand. This method of working reflected a general trend: several Swedish ceramics factories focused on increasingly hand-made items.\n\nIngrid Atterberg, who had a journeyman’s certificate in turning, was a thoroughly accomplished potter who had also mastered the chemistry of glazing and firing techniques, quite unusual skills amongst the majority of ceramic designers. She was behind several technological innovations introduced at Upsala-Ekeby which proved to be very significant. For example, she added manganese oxide to the usual red-coloured clay used at the factory in order to darken the colour. This so-called ‘black clay’ was heavily used during the 1950s when it became popular to leave parts of the products unglazed, allowing the darker clay to create an effective contrast to the white or coloured glazing. Ingrid Atterberg also produced a series of items called ‘Sintergods’, a highly-fired clay product which technically and artistically resembles stoneware. Ingrid Atterberg’s method involved mixing the chamottes (small grains of crushed fired clay) with muddy clay, to which a metallic sheen was applied after turning the clay, in contrast to the prevailing earlier method of mixing it in with the turned clay which was particularly harsh on the turners’ hands.\n\nIngrid Atterberg’s early 1940s output often involved using stylised flower designs, but she soon began to use abstract designs which were more reflective of contemporary painting styles. During the 1950s she created several series of models which are now considered to be classics of modernism, such as *Grafika*, *Negro*, and *Mimosa*. Her designs are typically elastic, sometimes asymmetric shapes with decorations that are etched, carved, or painted with great care. In addition to her output at Upsala-Ekeby Ingrid Atterberg also produced work at Karlskrona Porslinsfabrik (porcelain factory) and Gefle Porslinsfabrik, both of which belonged to the same industrial group. Today Ingrid Atterberg is best known for her series of ceramic receptacles, including vases and bowls, although she also designed household items and produced several ceramic pieces for public spaces, including a large decorated tiled wall for Timrå swimming baths in 1956. She also produced public works abroad, such as several wall decorations for Tegelen community housing in the Limburg province of The Netherlands and an enamel painting for the entrance hall at Pharmacia Laboratories in Piscataway township, New Jersey, USA.\n\nIngrid Atterberg was concerned about the rights of industrial designers and worked actively to improve their working conditions both by placing demands on her employers and through organised activities. She was actively involved in setting up Sveriges konsthantverkare och industriformgivare (KIF, Swedish applied art producers and industrial designers) association in 1961 and the following year she was elected onto the association board. Other board members included Stig Lindberg (Gustavsbergs porslinsfabrik), and [](Marianne Westman) (Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik).\n\nIn 1963 Ingrid Atterberg resigned from her job at Upsala-Ekeby having become disillusioned with the way the factory was going. She felt that the artists who worked there had seen their room for manoeuvre being successively reduced and she was dismayed that the factory hierarchy was seeking to mechanise production, which included the hiring of time-management specialists and that items originally designed to be turned by hand were instead to be die cast. Ingrid Atterberg, who had already produced work for Alsterfors and Målerås glassworks during the 1950s and the Italian ceramics factory Mancioli Natale in Montelupo near Florence, spent a few years working freelance before establishing her own pottery in 1969, located in an extension at the family house in Uppsala. Her husband, Viking Göransson, served as architect for both their house and the extension. He had previously worked for Gunnar Asplund ahead of the 1930 Stockholm Exhibition and had served as county architect for Uppsala county from 1944–1956.\n\nAt her workshop Ingrid Atterberg mainly produced hand-turned items that were glazed in vibrant reds, oranges and purples. In contrast to her previous job at Upsala-Ekeby she rarely created etched or carved decorations but focused instead on the expressive form of the glazing which often produced sophisticated, multi-layered, craquelure-type patterns. These only appeared after several firings. Ingrid Atterberg was active up to the mid-1990s and displayed her ceramics at a great number of exhibitions in both Sweden and abroad.\n\nIngrid Atterberg died in 2008 and is buried at Gamla kyrkogården (the old cemetery) in Ludvika.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "IngridAtterberg"
    },
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          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Åkerström"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
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          "description": "Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana",
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          "description": "Av Ebba Atterbom",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(ebba+atterbom)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fogelklou, Emilia, 'Franciskus små blomster', *Tidevarvet*, 1924(2):48, s. 4, 5 (Hämtad 2019-12-03)",
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          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/digtid/08/1924/tidevarvet1924_48.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schwartz, Cecilia, 'From Nuoro to Nobel: the impact of multiple mediatorship on Grazia Deledda's movement within the literary semi-periphery', *Perspectives: studies in translation theory and practice*, 2018(26):4, s. 526-542 (Hämtad 2019-12-03)",
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          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1080/0907676X.2018.1439979"
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        {
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Lagerlöf, Selma, *Du lär mig att bli fri: Selma Lagerlöf skriver till Sophie Elkan*, Bonnier i samarbete med Selma Lagerlöf-sällsk., Stockholm, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Leffler, Amanda, 'Augusta Atterbom, född Tigerschiöld', *Idun*, 1899:97, s. 1-2",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Mjöberg, Josua, 'Ebba Atterbom in memoriam', *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfartstidning*, 1961-08-28",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olofsson, Tommy, 'Attabom, attabom, attabombomboom! : om Ebba Atterbom och James Joyce och den tidigaste svenska Joycekritiken', *Joyce i Sverige*, S. 15-45,1986",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Runnquist, Åke, 'Besök hos en gammal dam', *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*, 1959:10, s. 836",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ulvros, Eva Helen, *Sophie Elkan: hennes liv och vänskapen med Selma Lagerlöf*, Historiska media, Lund, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Furuland, Gunnel, 'Ebba Atterbom, 1868-1961', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2019-12-03)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttarlexikon/artiklar/Ebba_Atterbom"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svensk-Italienska föreningen, *Ebba Atterbom, 1868-1961: en levnadsteckning* (Hämtad 2019-12-03)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.svensk-italienska.se/ebba-atterbom/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åkerström, Ulla, *Italienskan vid Göteborgs högskola och Göteborgs universitet. En historik (1928-2012)*, CKM förlag, under utgivning.",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Översättare, språklärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Translator, language teacher",
      "text": "Ebba Atterbom var lärare i italienska och översättare. Hon var först med att översätta James Joyce till svenska.\n\nEbba Atterbom föddes 1868 och var dotter till Ernst Atterbom och Augusta Tigerschiöld. Hon var näst äldst i en syskonskara på sju. Hennes far var ingenjör och major samt son till den berömde skalden P. D. A. Atterbom. Efter att ha bott på olika ställen i Sverige flyttade familjen 1879 till Göteborg där de blev bofasta. Ebba Atterboms mor var intresserad av uppfostringsfrågor och uppfostrade sina döttrar att ta eget ansvar. De fick gå i Nya elementarläroverket för flickor i Göteborg.\n\nI ungdomsåren bodde Ebba Atterbom, tillsammans med sin familj, granne med familjen Salomon, dit dottern Sophie, gift Elkan, återkommit efter att ha blivit en ung änka och förlorat sitt enda barn. Den glada och gästvänliga familjen Atterbom blev ett stort stöd för [](Sophie Elkan) i hennes sorg. Vänskapen höll i sig och Sophie Elkan och Ebba Atterbom gjorde resor tillsammans. Ebba Atterbom skrev också ofta rent Sophie Elkans manuskript samt språkgranskade dem. Vänskapen med Sophie Elkan ledde också till bekantskap med [](Selma Lagerlöf). Under 1890-talet vistades den språkbegåvade Ebba Atterbom flera år i Florens, Italien, där hon lärde sig språket flytande. Hon gjorde under årens lopp många resor till Italien, ofta i sällskap med damer som önskade ledsagas dit.\n\nEbba Atterbom började ge lektioner i italienska och inledde på 1890-talet sin verksamhet som översättare, ovanligt nog från svenska till italienska. Hon översatte noveller av Sophie Elkan, sagor av [](Helena Nyblom), romanen *Margit* av Anna Tengström, 1899, samt *Briljantsmycket* av Per Hallström 1901.\n\nÅr 1907 flyttade Ebba Atterbom tillsammans med sin far, som blivit änkling, till Kungälv. Där verkade Selma Lagerlöfs bror Daniel Lagerlöf som stadsläkare och i perioder bodde syskonens faster där. Tidvis anlitades Ebba Atterbom som sällskap åt syskonen Lagerlöfs faster. När fadern dog 1924 bodde Ebba Atterbom kvar i Kungälv, där hon var folkbokförd fram till 1937 då hon flyttade tillbaka till Göteborg.\n\nÅr 1909 fick Vilhelm Lundström, professor i klassiska språk vid Göteborgs högskola, tillstånd att förlägga delar av undervisningen till Rom och studentgruppen fick gratislektioner i italienska av Ebba Atterbom som förberedelse. År 1925 var Ebba Atterbom, vid sidan av Vilhelm Lundström, [](Anna Ahrenberg) och andra italienvänner, en av grundarna av den Svensk-italienska föreningen i Göteborg. Ebba Atterbom utsågs vid det första mötet till vice sekreterare i föreningen och hon var en flitig deltagare i dess livaktiga verksamhet under flera decennier. När undervisningen i italienska kom igång vid Göteborgs högskola 1928 återfanns Ebba Atterbom under flera år som lärare vid sidan av lektorerna i ämnet. Hennes entusiasmerande undervisning i italienska är omvittnad.\n\nEbba Atterbom var sedan 1927 auktoriserad översättare. Hennes verksamhet som översättare var varierande och innefattade översättningar inte bara till och från italienska, utan också från engelska, norska och danska. Hon översatte texter av högst varierande slag, från äventyrsromaner och detektivhistorier till *Fioretti. Små blomster. Legender ur S. Franciskus' liv*, 1924. Bland de mer namnkunniga engelskspråkiga författarna kan nämnas H. G. Wells och Edith Wharton, samt inte minst James Joyce. Ebba Atterbom översatte år 1921 hans *Ett porträtt av författaren som ung* och de båda brevväxlade i samband med Ebba Atterboms arbete med översättningen. I sitt verk *Finnegans wake* gör Joyce en ordlek med anspelning på Ebba Atterboms efternamn. Denna avböjde dock senare att ta sig an James Joyces *Ulysses*. Av hennes översättningar från italienska kan nämnas *Musikens grammatik* av Giovanni Tronchi, 1908, det omfattande verket *Fyra böcker om arkitekturen* av Andrea Palladio, 1928, samt *Världens rosor: italienska kvinnoporträtt från renässansens och barockens dagar* av Giulio Marchetti Ferrante, 1932.\n\nI och med översättningen och bearbetningen av Aase och Kurt Kirchheiners välkända lärobok *100 lektioner i italienska*, 1938, kunde Ebba Atterbom kombinera sina erfarenheter som pedagog och översättare, i det här fallet från danska, vilket var originalets språk. Boken gavs ut i flera upplagor under de följande decennierna. Ebba Atterbom översatte och bearbetade också de båda Kirchheiners parlörer *Italiensk reseparlör*, 1938, och *Italienska i dagligt tal*, 1949.\n\nEbba Atterbom bodde under slutet av sitt liv på Gibraltargatan i Göteborg och var omtalad som en gladlynt, trevlig och elegant dam. Hon fortsatte att ge språklektioner ännu så sent som 1959 och samma år förärades hon Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà för sina insatser för det italienska språket och litteraturen i Sverige.\n\nEbba Atterbom gick bort vid en ålder av 93 år 1961. Hon är begravd i den atterbomska familjegraven på Uppsala kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Ebba Atterbom was a teacher who taught Italian and a translator. She was the first person to translate the work of James Joyce into Swedish. \n\nEbba Atterbom was born in 1868. She was the daughter of Ernst Atterbom and Augusta Tigerschiöld and was the second eldest of seven siblings. Her father was a major who was also an engineer. He was also the son of the well-known Swedish poet P.D.A. Atterbom. In 1879 Ebba Atterbom’s family, having lived in various places throughout Sweden, moved to Gothenburg where they put down roots. Ebba Atterbom’s mother took an interest in child-rearing matters and thus educated her daughters to take responsibility for themselves. They attended the Nya elementarläroverk för flickor (school for girls) in Gothenburg. \n\nEbba Atterbom spent her childhood years living next door to the Salomon family. The daughter of that family, Sophie (married as Elkan), had returned to live with them on becoming a young widow and having lost her only child. The Atterboms, who were a happy and welcoming family, provided a major source of support for [](Sophie Elkan) during her period of mourning. They formed a lasting friendship and Sophie Elkan and Ebba Atterbom went on travels together. It was also often Ebba Atterbom who not only produced fair copies of Sophie Elkan’s manuscripts but also proofread them. Through her friendship with Sophie Elkan she also became friends with [](Selma Lagerlöf). Ebba Atterbom, who was linguistically talented, spent several years in Florence, Italy during the 1890s learning Italian to fluency. Over the course of her lifetime she made many visits to Italy, often in the company of ladies who had requested a guide to that country. \n\nEbba Atterbom began to give Italian lessons whilst her work as a translator began during the 1890s. Initially – and unusually – she worked from Swedish into Italian. She translated short stories written by Sophie Elkan, stories composed by [](Helena Nyblom), the novel *Margit* by Anna Tengström, in 1899, as well as Per Hallström’s 1901 novel *Briljantsmycket*. \n\nIn 1907 Ebba Atterbom and her father, now a widower, moved to Kungälv. Selma Lagerlöf’s brother, Daniel Lagerlöf, was serving as the town doctor there and from time to time their paternal aunt would come and stay. Ebba Atterbom was sometimes called upon to keep the Lagerlöf’s aunt company. Following the death of her father in 1924 Ebba Atterbom continued living in Kungälv, remaining registered in that municipality until 1937 when she moved back to Gothenburg. \n\nVilhelm Lundström, professor of classical languages at Gothenburg college, was given permission in 1909 to locate aspects of his teaching to Rome. In preparation for this his corps of students received free Italian lessons from Ebba Atterbom. In 1925 Ebba Atterbom was a founding member, along with Vilhelm Lundström, [](Anna Ahrenberg), and other Italophiles, of Svensk-italienska Föreningen (the Swedish-Italian association) in Gothenburg. At the very first meeting of the association Ebba Atterbom was appointed vice-secretary and she was a regular participant in all the association’s activities for several decades. When Italian lessons were introduced at Gothenburg college in 1928 Ebba Atterbom’s name could be found for several years on the list of teachers. Her enthusiastic teaching style was well-known. \n\nFrom 1927 onwards Ebba Atterbom worked as an authorised translator. Her translation output was wide-ranging and included translations not just into and out of Italian but also from English, Norwegian and Danish. The texts she translated varied enormously from tales of adventure and whodunnits to *Fioretti. Små blomster. Legender ur S. Franciskus’ liv*, from 1924. The better-known English-language authors she translated include H.G. wells and Edith Wharton, as well as James Joyce. Ebba Atterbom translated Joyce’s *A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man* in 1921 and this work led to a correspondence arising between the two of them. Joyce’s book *Finnegan’s Wake* contains a play on words connected to Ebba Atterbom’s surname. Nevertheless, despite these successful collaborations, Ebba Atterbom declined to translate James Joyce’s *Ulysses*. Her translations out of Italian include *Musikens Grammatik* by Giovanni Tronchi, from 1908, the extensive work entitled *The Four Books on Architecture* by Andrea Palladio, from 1928, and *Världens rosor: italienska kvinnoporträtt från renässansens och barockens dagar*, by Giulio Marchetti Ferrante, from 1932. \n\nWhile translating and editing Aase and Kurt Kirchheiner’s well-known 1938 textbook *100 lektioner i italienska* Ebba Atterbom combined her teaching and translating experience, in this case working from the original Danish. The book was published in several editions over the course of the ensuing decades. Ebba Atterbom also translated and edited the Kirchheiners’ two phrasebooks, *Italiensk reseparlör*, from 1938, and *Italienska i dagligt tal*, from 1949. \n\nTowards the end of her life Ebba Atterbom lived at Gibraltargatan in Gothenburg and was described as a cheerful, pleasant, and elegant lady. She continued giving language lessons as late as 1959, in which year she was awarded the Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà in recognition of her efforts on behalf of the Italian language and literature in Sweden. \n\nEbba Atterbom died, aged 93, in 1961. She is buried in the Atterbom family grave at Uppsala cemetery.",
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      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eva Helen",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1773",
            "date": "1773"
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        {
          "firstname": "Gustav III, kung",
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        {
          "firstname": "Elisabeth",
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        {
          "firstname": "Caroline",
          "lastname": "Müller",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
          "firstname": "Franziska",
          "lastname": "Stading",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        },
        {
          "firstname": "Christopher Christian",
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          "type": "Kollega",
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        },
        {
          "firstname": "Francesco",
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            "place": "Tyskland"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
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      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Dahlgren, Fredrik August, *Förteckning öfver svenska skådespel uppförda på Stockholms theatrar 1737-1863 [Elektronisk resurs] : och Kongl. theatrarnes personal 1773-1863 med flera anteckningar*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1866",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/dfastothea/0450.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lovisa Augusti. *Wikipedia*. (Hämtad 2020-01-20)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovisa_Augusti"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Lovisa Augusti",
          "description_eng": "About Lovisa Augusti",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/2319662"
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      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "Sångare",
        "Skådespelare",
        "Operor"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "Singers",
        "Actors"
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      "lifespan": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Lovisa/ Sofia",
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        "sortname": "Augusti"
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Sångare, skådespelare",
          "detail": "Operasångare, skådespelare, fr o m 1773 svenska hovet och Kungliga Teatern",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1766",
            "date": "1766"
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            "comment": "1790",
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          "type": "Yrke",
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        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
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          "name": "Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien",
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        {
          "name": "Ester Salomoni",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
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        {
          "firstname": "[Uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Israël",
          "lastname": "Salomon",
          "occupation": "Musiker",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1752"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1812-12-28",
            "date": "1812-12-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Friedrich Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Salomoni",
          "occupation": "Violinist, hovkapellet",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1741"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "Ca 1790"
          },
          "firstname": "Friedrich Benedict",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1772"
          },
          "lastname": "Augusti",
          "occupation": "Violinist, hovkapellet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1790",
            "date": "1790"
          },
          "type": "Make",
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Beijer, Agne, *Drottningholms slottsteater på Lovisa Ulrikas och Gustaf III:s tid*, LiberFörlag, Stockholm, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karle, Gunhild, *Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818*, 2. uppl., [G. Karle], [Uppsala], 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Morales, Olallo & Norlind, Tobias, *Kungl. Musikaliska akademien 1771-1921: minnesskrift*, Lagerström, Stockholm, 1921",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schöldström, Birger, 'Förbiskymtande skuggor från förra seklets kvinnovärld : Fru Augusti', *Idun* 1891:41, s. 325",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Operasångare, skådespelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Opera singer, actor",
      "text": "Lovisa Sofia Augusti var operasångerska, skådespelerska och medlem av Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien.\n\nLovisa Augusti föddes som Ester Salomoni, troligen 1751 i Tyskland. Fadern hette Israël Salomon och var musiker. År 1766 kom hon till Sverige tillsammans med sin far och fjortonårige bror Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Salomoni. Sällskapet kallade sig ”comediantband” och uppträdde i Varberg det året tillsammans med stadens musiker. De gav två konserter. Lovisa Augusti sjöng italienska arior, brodern spelade fiol och fadern framställde ”allehanda slags vetenskaper å åtskilliga instrumenter”. Det berättas att Varbergs borgmästare, Johan Pyhlson, var av judisk härkomst och att han hade gett tillstånd till framträdandena. Därefter reste familjen vidare till Göteborg där Lovisa Augusti deltog som sångerska vid en konsert arrangerad av kammarmusikern Antoine Uriot, samt vid en konsert tillsammans med hovmusikern Francesco Antonio Uttini. Samma år konverterade hon till kristendomen i Göteborgs domkyrka, och fick i dopet namnen Lovisa Sofia. Hennes bror konverterade också, vid en okänd tidpunkt. Efter Göteborgsvistelsen tycks Lovisa Augusti och hennes bror ha flyttat till Kristianstad.\n\nLovisa Augusti ingick äktenskap med musikdirektören och violinisten Friedrich Benedict Augusti, möjligen från Hildesheim i Tyskland. Han hade kommit till Sverige vid två tillfällen, 1769 och 1772, i samband med bildandet av Kungliga Teaterns orkester. Gustav III planerade att inrätta en svensk opera, och behovet av skickliga musiker var stort. Det är möjligt att giftermålet mellan Lovisa Augusti och Friedrich Benedict Augusti ingicks 1772. Det finns en uppgift att Gustav III på sin Eriksgata 1773 i södra Sverige upptäckt Lovisa Augusti för att hon sjöng så vackert i uppvaktningen av kungen. En annan uppgift menar dock att det kan ha varit så att hon redan bodde i Stockholm med sin make och följde med kungen på hans Eriksgata. I vilket fall som helst så befann sig paret Augusti i Stockholm under senhösten 1773. Lovisa Augusti debuterade som sångerska i Bollhuset den 25 november 1773, då hon sjöng prologen till Christoph Willibald Glucks opera *Orfeus och Eurydike*. Åhörarna var förtjusta, och det berättas att hon ”rönte ett utomordentligt välvilligt mottagande på grund av sin fägring och sin härliga röst”. I *Dagligt Allehanda* förärades hon en hyllning på vers.\n\nFriedrich Benedict Augusti fick den 1 april 1776 ett kontrakt som anställd kammarmusiker vid hovet, men var sannolikt anställd redan tidigare. För Lovisa Augusti finns ett kontrakt också från den 1 april 1776 där det uppges att hon var anställd som sångerska vid hovet ”och Dess Svenske Theater”. Enligt en annan uppgift anställdes hon redan 1773, så det kan ha funnits ett tidigare kontrakt, kanske även för maken. Hennes lön uppgick till sextusen daler kopparmynt, samma lön som maken, och hon skulle bibehålla sin lön så länge hon förmådde uppträda. Därefter skulle hon få en pension på tretusen daler kopparmynt per år. Hon hade också rätt att använda hovets vagnar och att diktera sina egna villkor, till exempel att hennes föreställningar skulle hållas i regi av Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien. Det var ett mycket förmånligt kontrakt. Lovisa Augustis bror Carl anställdes som violinist i Hovkapellet. Lovisa Augusti uppträdde i olika operaroller direkt efter framträdandet i november 1773. År 1774 sjöng hon huvudrollen Astrild i *Silvie*, en opera i tre akter med ”fransysk musik” som framfördes vid bröllopet mellan hertig Carl och hertiginnan [Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta](0000 0004 1852 9068).\n\nLovisa Augusti har beskrivits som liten, nätt och söt och med en vacker röst som tilltalade publiken. Hennes främsta roller var som Apollo i *Orfeus och Eurydike* samt som Eurydike i samma opera, som [Anna Eriksdotter Bielke](Anna Eriksdotter) i *Gustaf Wasa* av Johann Gottlieb Naumann, som Märta Banér i *Gustaf Adolf och [](Ebba Brahe)* av Georg Joseph Vogler. Hon framträdde med framgång i *Athalie* av Racine med musik av Jean-Baptiste Moureau och sjöng huvudrollen i *Lucile* med musik av André Grétry. Lovisa Augusti var också ersättare för primadonnan [](Elisabeth Olin) när denna var sjuk eller tog ledigt för att föda barn. Från 1774 till 1786 medverkade Lovisa Augusti i ett drygt trettiotal annonserade konserter. Hennes makes namn förekommer endast i två konserter från 1782. De verkar aldrig ha uppträtt tillsammans.\n\nÄktenskapet med Friedrich Benedict Augusti förefaller inte ha varit lyckligt. I 1775 års kronoskattelängd över västra delen av Stockholm bodde de i samma hushåll där även Lovisas bror Carl bodde, samt en hushållerska, en jungfru och en tjänstegosse. Men 1780 hade de flyttat isär, då bodde maken i kvarteret Cephalus vid ena sidan av Storkyrkan, medan Lovisa Augusti bodde på andra sidan kyrkan i kvarteret Phaëton. Tillsammans med Lovisa Augusti bodde endast pigan Caisa Gynter. Inga barn finns noterade i något av hushållen.\n\nI september 1787 inträffade det remarkabla att Friedrich Benedict Augusti rymde från sin tjänst. I det årets hovräkenskaper står det: ”Herr Musicus F.B. Augusti rymt ur Riket i September månad 1787.” Tillsammans med honom rymde även violoncellisten Bror Carl Höke från Kungliga Hovkapellet. Att rymma från sin tjänst var ett allvarligt brott. Straffet var två månaders fängelse och förlust av ett halvårs lön. Augusti och Höke hann dock undan rättvisan. Friedrich Benedict Augusti kom redan i september 1787 att ge konserter i Christiania i Norge dit han tagit sin tillflykt, och han fick också framgång som omtyckt pedagog.\n\nDen 12 februari 1788 invaldes Lovisa Augusti i Musikaliska Akademien. Tillsammans med henne invaldes även operasångerskorna Caroline Müller och [](Franziska Stading). Sex år tidigare, 1782, hade den första kvinnan valts in, operasångerskan Elisabeth Olin. Lovisa Augusti stannade kvar i Stockholm men flyttade till Regeringsgatan. Hon fortsatte med konsertverksamheten och framträdde sista gången som solist vid en välgörenhetskonsert till förmån för Serafimerlasarettet den 7 mars 1790, drygt tre månader innan hon avled den 25 juni 1790, troligtvis vid 39 års ålder.",
      "text_eng": "Lovisa Augusti was an opera singer, actress and member of the Royal Academy of Music. \n\nLovisa Augusti was born as Ester Salomoni, probably in 1751 in Germany. Her father was Israël Salomon, a musician. In 1766, she arrived in Sweden with her father and fourteen-year-old brother Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Salomoni. They called themselves a “comedy band” and performed in Varberg that year together with the city musicians. They gave two concerts. Lovisa Augusti sang Italian arias, her brother played the violin and their father displayed “all kinds of accomplishments on various instruments”. It is said that Varberg’s mayor, Johan Pyhlson, was of Jewish origin and that he had given permission for the performances. After that, the family travelled on to Gothenburg where Lovisa Augusti participated as a singer at a concert arranged by the chamber musician Antoine Uriot, as well as at a concert with the court musician Francesco Antonio Uttini. The same year, she converted to christianity in Gothenburg Cathedral, and received the name Lovisa Sofia at her christening. Her brother also converted, uncertain when. After her stay in Gothenburg, Lovisa Augusti and her brother seem to have moved to Kristianstad. \n\nLovisa Augusti married Friedrich Benedict Augusti, a violinist and director of music, possibly from Hildesheim in Germany. He came to Sweden on two occasions, in 1769 and 1772, in connection with the establishment of the orchestra at the Royal Theatre. Gustav III planned on founding a Swedish opera, and the need for skilful musicians was great. It is possible that the marriage between Lovisa Augusti and Friedrich Benedict Augusti took place in 1772. There is information that Gustav III discovered Lovisa Augusti on his royal tour (Eriksgata) of southern Sweden in 1773, because she sang so beautifully when she performed in his honour. Other information states however that it may have been the case that she was already living in Stockholm with her husband and that she accompanied the king on his Eriksgata. Whichever the case, the Augusti couple were in Stockholm during the late autumn of 1773. Lovisa Augusti made her debut as a singer at Bollhuset on 25 November 1773, when she sang the Prologue to Christoph Willibald Gluck’s opera *Orpheus and Eurydice*. The audience was charmed and it was reported that she “met with an outstandingly favourable reception on account of her beauty and her delightful voice”. In the daily newspaper *Dagligt Allehanda* she was honoured with a tribute in verse. \n\nFriedrich Benedict Augusti received a contract as chamber musician at the court on 1 April 1776, but was probably already employed there earlier. For Lovisa Augusti there also exists a contract from 1 April 1776, stating that she was appointed as a singer at the court “and the Swedish Theatre Thereof”. According to other information, she had already been employed in 1773, so there may have been an earlier contract, perhaps also for her husband. Her salary was six thousand dalers in copper coins, the same as her husband’s, and she was to keep her salary for as long as she was able to perform. After that she was to receive a pension of three thousand dalers in copper coins per year. She also had the right to use the court’s coaches and to dictate her own conditions, for example that her performances should be held under the direction of the Royal Academy of Music. It was a very advantageous contract. Lovisa Augusti’s brother Carl was employed as a violinist in the Court Orchestra (Hovkapellet). Lovisa Augusti performed in various opera roles directly after her debut in November 1773. In 1774 she sang the leading role of Astrild in *Silvie*, an opera in three acts with “French music” that was performed at the wedding between Duke Karl and Duchess [Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta](0000 0004 1852 9068). \n\nLovisa Augusti has been described as small, dainty and pretty, with a lovely voice that appealed to audiences. Her most famous roles were as Apollo in *Orpheus and Eurydice* and also as Eurydice in the same opera, as [Anna Eriksdotter Bielke](Anna Eriksdotter) in *Gustaf Wasa* by Johann Gottlieb Naumann, and as Märta Banér in *Gustaf Adolf och [](Ebba Brahe)* by Georg Joseph Vogler. She performed with success in *Athalie* by Racine with music by Jean-Baptiste Moureau and sang the title role in *Lucile* with music by André Grétry. Lovisa Augusti was also the understudy for the prima donna [](Elisabeth Olin) when she was ill or took time off to give birth to her children. From 1774 until 1786, Lovisa Augusti participated in more than thirty advertised concerts. Her husband’s name only appears in two concerts from 1782. They seem never to have performed together.  \n\nThe marriage with Friedrich Benedict Augusti does not seem to have been happy. According to the 1775 tax register for western Stockholm, they shared the same household with Lovisa’s brother Carl and a housekeeper, a maid servant and a serving boy. However, in 1780 they had moved apart. Her husband lived on one side of the great church Storkyrkan, while Lovisa Augusti lived on the other side. Lovisa Augusti only had one maid servant living with her, Caisa Gynter. No children were registered in either household.  \n\nIn September 1787, a remarkable thing happened: Friedrich Benedict Augusti absconded from his appointment. In the court accounts that year is the statement: “Mr Musician F.B. Augusti fled the Kingdom in the month of September 1787.” With him also fled the violoncellist Bror Carl Höke from the Royal Court Orchestra (Kungliga Hovkapellet). Absconding from one’s appointment was a serious crime. The punishment was two months’ imprisonment and the loss of six months’ salary. Augusti and Höke escaped from justice however. Friedrich Benedict Augusti was already giving concerts in Christiania in Norway (now Oslo) in September 1787 where he had taken refuge, and he was also successful as a much appreciated teacher.  \n\nOn 12 February 1788, Lovisa Augusti was elected to be a member of the Royal Academy of Music, at the same time as the opera singers Caroline Müller and [](Franziska Stading). Six years earlier, in 1782, the first woman ever had been elected, the opera singer Elisabeth Olin. Lovisa Augusti remained in Stockholm but moved to Regeringsgatan. She continued her concert activities and appeared for the last time as a soloist at a charity concert for the benefit of the Serafimer Hospital on 7 March 1790, just over three months before she died on 25 June 1790, when she was probably 39 years of age.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "description": "Valborg Aulin, år okänt. Foto: Selma Jacobsson (1841-1899), Stockholm",
          "description_eng": "Valborg Aulin, year unknown. Photo: Selma Jacobsson (1841-1899), Stockholm",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Aulin_Valborg.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1832",
            "date": "1832"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "firstname": "Edla Walborg",
          "lastname": "Aulin, född Holmberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1826",
            "date": "1826"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869",
            "date": "1869"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Axel Alfred",
          "lastname": "Aulin",
          "occupation": "Lektor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862",
            "date": "1862"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Konrad",
          "lastname": "Aulin",
          "occupation": "Reservunderlöjtnant",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "firstname": "Tor Bernhard Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Aulin",
          "occupation": "Violinist",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "George, Cecilia, *Valborg Aulin: en tonsättarbiografi*, Stockholms univ., Musikvetenskapliga institutionen, CD-uppsats Stockholm : Univ., Musikvetenskap, Stockholm, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ternhag, Gunnar, 'Valborg Aulin (1860−1928)', *Levande mulsikarv* (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://levandemusikarv.se/composers/aulin-valborg/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Eva, *Borgerliga kvinnors musicerande i 1800-talets Sverige: [Bourgeois women musicians in 19th century Sweden]*, Univ., Diss. Göteborg : Univ., Göteborg, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Eva, *Elfrida Andrée: ett levnadsöde*, Prisma, Stockholm, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Pianist, kompositör, musikpedagog",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pianist, composer, music teacher",
      "text": "Valborg Aulin var en framstående pianist, tonsättare och pianopedagog. \n\nValborg Aulin föddes i Gävle år 1860. I samband med att fadern fick tjänst vid Högre Elementarläroverket i Stockholm 1862 flyttade familjen dit. Musicerandet var en viktig del i familjens umgängesliv och det stod tidigt klart att Valborg Aulin skulle ägna sig åt musiken. Från sex års ålder undervisades hon i piano av sin moster. Senare blev pianisten och tonsättaren Jacob Adolf Hägg hennes lärare och under åren 1873–1876 undervisades hon i harmonilära av Musikaliska akademiens inspektor, Albert Rubenson. År 1877 antogs hon som elev vid Kungl. Musikkonservatoriet och fram till 1882 studerade hon piano för en av sin tids bästa pianister, [](Hilda Thegerström), samt kontrapunkt, harmonilära och instrumentation för bland andra Ludvig Norman. Hon var den enda kvinnan som var inskriven i kompositionsklassen. Efter fem års studier lämnade hon 1882 Musikkonservatoriet. Mellan 1882 och 1885 undervisade hon privat i pianospel och harmonilära i Stockholm.\n\nVåren 1885 tilldelades Valborg Aulin Jenny Linds stipendium som innebar möjligheter till studier utomlands. Hösten 1885 inledde hon sin resa med vistelse i Köpenhamn, där hon bland annat visade upp sin *Grande sonate sérieuse pour le piano* op. 14 för musiker som Johan Svendsen och Niels W. Gade. Efter Köpenhamn fortsatte resan till Berlin och därefter till Paris där hon studerade för Benjamin Godard, Jules Massenet och Ernest Guiraud. Troligen uppträdde Valborg Aulin också som pianist i Paris. I Paris komponerade hon bland annat orkesterverket *Tableaux Parisiens* op. 15 och den lyriska sviten *Procul este!* op. 28 för sopran, blandad kör och orkester. Sannolikt gjordes även de sista ändringarna i den första stråkkvartetten i F-dur under åren i Paris. \n\nI augusti 1887 återvände Valborg Aulin till Sverige och Stockholm. Ludvig Norman hade avlidit 1885 och det innebar att den positiva grundton som funnits i recensionerna före hennes avresa nu var borta. Hon framträdde offentligt som pianist och tonsättare, men det manliga etablissemanget var kritiskt. Ett planerat framförande av hennes orkestersvit ställdes in, kort därefter framförde hon – mycket indisponerad – sin *Grande sonate sérieuse* för piano offentligt och konserten blev enligt recensenten i *Svensk Musiktidning* ett misslyckande. \n\nValborg Aulin titulerades musiklärarinna och under 1890-talet etablerade hon sig som privat lärare i pianospel. Hon bodde i Stockholm, undervisade, tonsatte och turnerade några gånger tillsammans med sin bror Tor Aulin. Hennes pianomusik avslöjar att hon var väl insatt i tidens nationalromantiska stilmedel och flera av hennes verk både för piano och sång publicerades. \n\nValborg Aulin komponerade två stråkkvartetter som tillhör hennes främsta verk. Den första i F-dur, op. 8, uruppfördes 1888 av hennes brors kvartett, den Aulinska stråkkvartetten, och recensionerna blev positiva. Den andra stråkkvartetten i e-moll, op. 17, uruppfördes av samma kvartett 1890 och även denna gång fick hon positiva recensioner. Under 1890-talet tillkom flera nya kompositioner för både kör, sång, piano och orkester. År 1896 gav hon en kompositionsafton med enbart egna verk på repertoaren och recensionerna blev både positiva och negativa. Fem år senare, 1901, gav hon åter en kompositionsafton med egna verk. Konserten gick för utsålda hus men kritiken i tidningarna blev bister.\n\nTrots att hon i Stockholm var välrenommerad som pianopedagog flyttade hon 1903 till Örebro. Hon slutade komponera, hon undervisade och umgicks med familjer i den musikintresserade överklassen. I Örebro fanns ett rikt musikliv som Valborg Aulin kom att ingå i och hon framträdde som pianist vid sällskapet Philomeles konserter och vid konserter i Nikolaikyrkan. Mellan 1914 och 1924 gav hon i februari varje år konserter som fick uppmärksamhet i staden. Till skillnad från under åren i Stockholm hade Valborg Aulin i Örebro ett stort kulturellt kapital vilket innebar att hon fram till sin död hade en framskjuten position i stadens musikliv. \n\nValborg Aulin avled 1928. Hon är begravd på Nikolai kyrkogård i Örebro.",
      "text_eng": "Valborg Aulin was an eminent pianist, composer and piano teacher.\n\nValborg Aulin was born in Gävle in 1860. When her father became employed at Högre Läroverket (the advanced educational institution) in Stockholm in 1862 the whole family moved there. Playing music was an important element of the family’s daily life and it soon became clear that Valborg Aulin would devote herself to music. She received piano lessons from her maternal aunt from the time she was six years old. Later on, the pianist and composer Jacob Adolf Hägg became her teacher and, from 1873 to 1876, she was taught harmonics by Albert Rubenson, director of the Musikaliska akademin. In 1877 she enrolled as a student at Kungl. Musikkonservatoriet where she studied the piano with [](Hilda Thegerström), one of the best contemporary pianists, as well as counterpoint, harmonics and instrumentation with Ludvig Norman, amongst others. She was the only woman to enroll in the class for composition. In 1882 she left the conservatory after completing five years of study there. She then she gave private lessons in piano and harmonics in Stockholm until 1885. \n\nIn the spring of 1885 Valborg Aulin was awarded the Jenny Lind stipend, enabling her to study abroad. In the autumn of 1885 she headed off to Copenhagen, where she performed her *Grande sonate sérieuse pour le piano* op. 14 for musicians such as Johan Svendsen and Niels W. Gade. She then continued on to Berlin and finally to Paris, where she studied with Benjamin Godard, Massenet and Ernest Guirand. Apparently Valborg Aulin also gave public piano performances in Paris. In Paris she composed pieces such as the orchestral piece *Tableaux Parisienne* op. 15 and the lyrical suite *Procul este* op. 28 for soprano, mixed choir and orchestra. It is probable that she made the last changes to her first piece for a string quartet in F-major during her time in Paris.\n\nIn August 1887 Valborg Aulin returned to Stockholm. Ludvig Norman had passed away in 1885 which meant that an important source of positive reviews was gone. Her public performances, both as a pianist and a composer, led to critical comments from the male-dominated establishment. She cancelled a planned performance of her orchestral suite. Shortly afterwards she, very unwillingly, performed her *Sonate serieuse* for piano in public. According to the music reviewer for *Svensk Musiktidning* it was a failure.\n\nValborg Aulin was known for her work as a music teacher and during the 1890s she became established as a private piano teacher. She lived in Stockholm, taught, composed and went on several tours with her brother Tor Aulin. The music she wrote for the piano reveals her enthusiasm for the contemporary national romantic style. She published several of her piano and choral pieces.\n\nValborg Aulin composed two pieces for string quartets, which belong to her most prominent works. Her brother’s quartet, the Aulin string quartet, performed her piece in F-major in 1888 to positive reviews. The same group performed her second string quartet piece in E-major in 1890 to similarly positive reviews. During the 1890s she composed new choral, solo song, piano and orchestral pieces. In 1896 she held a composer’s evening solely comprising her own pieces, for which she received both negative and positive reviews. Five years later, in 1901, she held another composer’s evening of her own works. The concert was sold out, but the press reviews were grim.\n\nDespite Valborg Aulin’s favourable reputation as a piano teacher in Stockholm she opted to move to Örebro in 1903. She stopped composing, continued to teach, and socialised among upper class families who shared her musical interests. Örebro enjoyed a rich musical social life, which Valborg Aulin became part of. She performed as a pianist at the Philomeles society concerts as well as at concerts in the Nicolai church. Between 1914 and 1924 she held annual concerts each February which were well-publicised in the town. In contrast to her years in Stockholm, Valborg Aulin had a strong cultural capital in Örebro which meant that she enjoyed a prominent position in the city’s musical life right up until her death.\n\nValborg Aulin died in 1928. She is buried in Nikolai kyrkogård (the cemetery of Saint Nicholas Church) in Örebro.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ValborgAulin",
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      "viaf_id": "9703699"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ulrika",
          "lastname": "Lagerlöf Nilsson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "description": "Hedersledamot, Östgöta studentnation, Lunds universitet",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
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      "civil_status": "Änka",
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          "firstname": "Elin",
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          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
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          "firstname": "Ernst",
          "lastname": "Fuchs",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Axel",
          "lastname": "Aurelius, sonson",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
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      "education": [
        {
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          "type": "ISNI"
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Kristendom",
        "Kulturhistoria",
        "Socialt arbete",
        "Kyrkligt arbete"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Christianity",
        "Cultural history",
        "Social work"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2024-02-08T13:23:51",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 93,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1886-10-21",
            "date": "1886-10-21"
          },
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            "pin": {
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            "place": "Herrnhut, Tyskland"
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        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1980-03-22",
            "date": "1980-03-22"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Sankt Olai församling",
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 16.192421
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Julia/ Louise Elisabet",
        "lastname": "Aurelius",
        "sortname": "Aurelius"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Husligt arbete",
          "detail": "Hushållerska, Tyska arkeologiska institutet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "31.768319",
              "lon": "35.21371"
            },
            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Representativ verksamhet",
          "detail": "Representativ verksamhet som biskopsfru",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.410807",
              "lon": "15.621373"
            },
            "place": "Linköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kyrklig verksamhet",
          "detail": "Initiativtagare till det första prästfrumötet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.410807",
              "lon": "15.621373"
            },
            "place": "Linköping"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Svenska Kvinnors Missionsförening (SKMF)",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Marx",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Herrnhut, Tyskland"
          },
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            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          }
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
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              "lat": "31.768319",
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            "place": "Jerusalem, Israel"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.410807",
              "lon": "15.621373"
            },
            "place": "Linköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.587745",
              "lon": "16.192421"
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Julia Aurelius",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-02-20_131458.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Marx, född Bosshardt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Johannes Samuel",
          "lastname": "Marx",
          "occupation": "Byggnadsråd, arkitekt",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska, förståndare för spädbarnshem för missbildade",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-05-12",
            "date": "1874-05-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-09-05",
            "date": "1935-09-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Erik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "lastname": "Aurelius",
          "occupation": "Biskop i Linköpings stift, professor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-10-15",
            "date": "1915-10-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-12-04",
            "date": "1998-12-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Bernhard Samuel, kallad Sam,",
          "lastname": "Aurelius",
          "occupation": "Präst, kyrkoherde",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-11-24",
            "date": "1918-11-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-07-30",
            "date": "2009-07-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt-Gustaf Folke",
          "lastname": "Aurelius",
          "occupation": "Präst",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Aurelius, Bengt, 'Biskop Erik Aurelius. In memoriam', *Linköpings stifts julbok*, Linköpings stiftsråd, Linköping, 1935(30), S. 168-183, 1935",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Aurelius, Julia, 'Herrnhutmissionens 200-årsjubileum. Firat i Herrnhut den 20–22 augusti 1932', *Linköpings stifts julbok*, Linköpings stiftsråd, Linköping, 1932(27), S. 134-146, 1932",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lagerlöf Nilsson, Ulrika, 'Julboken, biskopinnan och missionen. Om Julia Aurelius förhållande till herrnhutismen', *Från Sara Greta till Lilla svarta Sara : väckelsen i litteraturen och väckelsens litteratur / Anders Persson och Daniel Lindmark (red.)*, Artos, Skellefteå, S. 323-337, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johnsson, Barbro, 'Julia Aurelius', *Kalmar läns museum* (Hämtad 2018-02-20)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.kalmarlansmuseum.se/jenny-nystrom/jennys-hogtider/vinter/julia-aurelius/"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Första advent', *Kalmar läns museum* (Hämtad 2018-02-20)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.kalmarlansmuseum.se/jenny-nystrom/jennys-hogtider/vinter/forsta-advent/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervju med Bengt Gustaf Aurelius",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "'S Erik Aurelius', urn:sbl:18920, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av J. Lindblom.) (Hämtad 2018-02-20)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18920"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Prästfru, kyrkligt aktiv",
      "subtitle_eng": "Clergyman´s wife, active in church life",
      "text": "Julia Aurelius var biskopsfru i Linköpings stift under åren 1927–1935 och initiativtagare till det första prästfrumötet som Svenska kyrkan höll. Hon införde också Herrnhutstjärnan till Sverige, vilken bidrog till att seden med adventsstjärnor uppstod.\n\nJulia Aurelius föddes i Herrnhut, Tyskland, den 21 oktober 1886 i en syskonskara om fyra. Hon hade genom farmodern svensk anknytning. Fadern var arkitekt och byggnadsråd och arbetade hos den kända industrifamiljen Krupp, nära Essen. Modern dog när Julia och hennes syskon var små, och hon fick därför tidigt lära sig att sköta hushåll och ta ansvar för hemmet.\n\nBåda föräldrarna kom från herrnhutiska släkter och hemmet präglades av denna inriktnings fromhetstradition. Julia Aurelius hade fyra farbröder som arbetade utomlands, varav tre för missionen. Karl Marx var verksam som missionsläkare i Tibet, Ludwig och Ernst Marx var missionärer i Sydafrika. Farbrodern Gustaf hade tagit sin svenska mors efternamn, Dalman. Gustaf Dalman var professor och föreståndare för det tyska arkeologiska institutet i Jerusalem. Han var tillika generalkonsul i staden, som vid denna tid tillhörde det Osmanska riket.\n\nJulia Aurelius vistades under en period 1910 hos Gustaf Dalman och hans fru, för att hjälpa fastern med internatet på institutet. Under samma tid som Julia Aurelius befann sig där hade prästen och den dåvarande docenten i exegetik, Erik Aurelius, inbjudits av Gustaf Dalman för att delta i institutets verksamhet. Erik Aurelius hade alltsedan sin studietid i Leipzig i slutet av 1890-talet haft ”en faderlig vän och gynnare i professor Gustaf Dalman”. Erik Aurelius blev professor i exegetisk teologi vid Lunds universitet i augusti 1910, och så småningom kyrkoherde i Husie, Hällestad, Dalby och Bonderup.\n\nÅr 1912 gifte sig Erik och Julia Aurelius och därmed blev hon både präst- och professorsfru i Lund. I samband med flytten till Lund tog hon med sig den Herrnhutiska stjärnan som består av 17 fyrkantiga och åtta trekantiga spetsar. Dessa spetsar fästs samman med påsnitar och bildar därmed spetsiga papperskoner som sedan fästs på en metallställning. Stjärnan gjordes av elever på missionsskolan i Kleinwelka vid Bautzen och Brödraförsamlingens internat Niesky vid Görtlitz.\n\nEfter att ha bott 15 år i Lund vigdes Erik Aurelius 1927 till biskop för Linköpings stift och Julia Aurelius blev som biskopshustru stiftets första dam. Ganska snart fick biskopsparet vänner i Linköping. Bland dem fanns Nils och Elin Jacobsson. Nils Jacobsson hade varit studiekamrat med Erik Aurelius och han hade skrivit sin doktorsavhandling om herrnhutismen i Sverige.\n\nJulia Aurelius präglades på olika sätt av den herrnhutiska traditionen. Inte minst var hon påverkad av dess radikala könssyn. Kvinnors platser och positioner var både tydliga och starka, särskilt i rörelsens uppbyggnadsskede. I takt med att rörelsen formaliserades minskade också kvinnors synlighet, åtminstone i officiella sammanhang. Trots detta har kvinnors framskjutna plats i den herrnhutiska traditionen bidragit till att rörelsens kvinnor ofta präglats av självständighet. Detta kännetecknade också Julia Aurelius. Till sin personlighet var hon blyg, men i rollen som biskopsfru förväntades det att hon skulle delta i en rad officiella sammanhang. Därtill genomförde hon en rad egna åtaganden och uppgifter.\n\nBland de mest ihågkomna är hennes initiativ att tillsammans med Elin Jacobsson genomföra det första prästfrumötet som hölls i Svenska kyrkan. Under många år hade det varit självklart att biskopen i varje stift samlade stiftets präster till så kallade prästmöten. I samband med dem var det ibland möjligt att även fruarna fick delta. Men de hade saknat ett eget forum. Hustrur till kyrkans män utgjorde en oerhört viktig och obetald resurs för arbetet inom Svenska kyrkan, inte minst under 1900-talet då det blev alltmer vanligt med lekmannainriktade aktiviteter för barn, ungdomar och allmänt kyrkligt intresserade församlingsbor. Denna verksamhet byggde ofta på prästhustrurs engagemang.\n\nDet första prästfrumötet i sitt slag hölls i biskopsgården i Linköping i mars 1929. Företeelsen spred sig snart till andra stift och en rad olika prästfruföreningar kom att etableras, varav en del finns kvar än idag (2018). Numera förekommer att manliga makar till kvinnliga präster får inbjudningar att delta i prästfruföreningars verksamhet.\n\nJulia Aurelius närde ett varmt missionsintresse och hon deltog gärna i sådana aktiviteter. Bland annat skrev hon, som en av få kvinnliga skribenter i stiftens julböcker, en artikel om ”Herrnhutmissionens 200-årsjubileum: firat i Herrnhut den 20–22 augusti 1932” i *Linköpings stifts julbok*, 1932. Artikeln är en reseskildring och ger en bild av såväl herrnhutismens historia som dess betydelse för Svenska kyrkan.\n\nJulia Aurelius är inte känd för att ha varit en flitig skribent, men hon hade talang för att måla akvarell och fick som ung gå en kurs hos konstnären Fuchs. Med tiden fick Julia och Erik Aurelius sönerna Sam och Bengt Gustaf Aurelius, vilka båda blev präster. Sam Aurelius fick tillsammans med sin fru Karin sonen Carl Axel Aurelius, som var biskop i Göteborgs stift 2003–2011 och Bengt Gustaf Aurelius blev tillsammans med sin fru Gudrun förälder till Erik Aurelius, biskop Skara stift under åren 2004–2012. Båda barnbarnen till Julia Aurelius talar varmt om hennes värme, engagemang och trots blygseln hennes mod.\n\nEtt exempel på detta utgör den berättelse som sonen Bengt Gustaf delgivit om sin mor angående hennes upplevelse av krigsåren och Hitlers maktövertagande. Hon var starkt kritisk till detta och förblev inte passiv. Hon etablerade kontakt med flera tyska judar som kommit till Sverige som flyktingar och bistod dem med praktisk hjälp. Maken Erik Aurelius avled hastigt 1935, på väg till en kyrkogårdsinvigning. Från 1963 bodde Julia Aurelius i Norrköping hos sonen Bengt Gustaf och hans fru Gudrun Aurelius, som var läkare och hade egen praktik i bostaden. Julia Aurelius blev hedersledamot i Östgöta Nation i Lund, där hennes make varit inspektor och hennes söner kuratorer. Hon avled i mars 1980, 93 år gammal.\n\nJulia Aurelius vilar på kyrkogården vid Vreta Klosters kyrka, bredvid sin make.",
      "text_eng": "Julia Aurelius was the wife of the bishop in Linköping diocese (1927-1935). As such she set up the first meeting for wives of the clergy held by the Swedish church. She also introduced the Herrnhut (Moravian) star into Sweden, which eventually became a nationally traditional advent star.\n\nJulia Aurelius was born in Herrnhut, Germany on the 21 October 1886. There were four children in her family. She had Swedish connections through her paternal grandmother. Her father was an architect and a construction advisor who worked with the well-known industrial Krupp family, near Essen. Julia Aurelius’ mother died when Julia and her siblings were young which resulted in Julia running the household and being responsible for the home from an early age.\n\nBoth of Julia Aurelius’ parents had Moravian roots and their home bore influences of that pious tradition. Julia Aurelius had four paternal uncles, all of whom worked abroad, three of whom were missionaries. Karl Marx worked as a missionary doctor in Tibet, whilst Ludwig and Ernst Marx were missionaries in South Africa. Her uncle Gustaf had taken his Swedish mother’s surname of Dalman. Gustaf Dalman was a professor and ran the German archaeological institute in Jerusalem. In addition, he was the consul general for the city, which at the time was part of the Ottoman empire.\n\nJulia Aurelius spent part of 1910 with Gustaf Dalman and his wife in order to lend her uncle a hand with the boarding house at the institute. During the same period that Julia Aurelius was in Jerusalem Erik Aurelius, a priest and docent in exegetics, had been invited by Gustaf Dalman to spend time at the institute. Erik Aurelius had thought of Professor Gustaf Dalman as ‘a fatherly friend and patron’ since his time as a student in Leipzig towards the end of the 1890s. Erik Aurelius became professor of exegetic theology at Lund university in August 1910, and later a pastor in Husie, then Hällestad, Dalby, and Bonderup.\n\nErik and Julia Aurelius got married in 1912, making her in one stroke both a priest’s and a professor at Lund’s wife. When she moved to Lund she brought with her a Moravian star, consisting of 18 square and 8 triangular points. These points are fastened together to create pointy cones of paper which are then attached onto a metal frame. The stars were constructed by children who boarded at the mission school in Kleinwelka near Bautzen and at the Unity of the Brethren boarding school of Niesky at Görtlitz.\n\nAfter 15 years in Lund Erik Aurelius was appointed bishop of Linköping diocese in 1927. As the bishop’s wife Julia Aurelius became the ‘first lady’ of the diocese. The couple quickly made friends in Linköping, including Nils and Elin Jacobsson. Nils Jacobsson had been a fellow student with Erik Aurelius and he had written his doctorate on Moravianism in Sweden.\n\nJulia Aurelius was influenced by the Moravian tradition in a number of ways. She was particularly influenced by that tradition’s radical views on gender. Women’s places and their roles within the movement were both clearly and strongly apparent, particularly during the movement’s developmental phase. As the movement took formal shape women’s roles diminished, at least within official spheres. Despite this the prominent place of women in the Moravian tradition has contributed to making the women involved in it quite independent. This was also true of Julia Aurelius. Despite her shy nature, her role as bishop’s wife meant it was expected that she would participate in various official events. In addition, she performed various of her own duties and roles. She is perhaps best remembered for, along with Elin Jacobsson, holding the first meeting of clergymans’ wives within the Swedish church. For many years the bishop of every diocese held so-called ‘clergymans’ meetings’ to which every priest was summoned. The clergymans’ wives were also invited to attend but they lacked their own forum. The wives of priests provided an incredibly important and unpaid service to the Swedish Church, not least during the 1900s when activities directed at laypeople, including children, young people, and interested locals became more common. These activities were usually dependent on the involvement of clergymans’ wives.\n\nThe first of these clergymans’ wives’ meetings was held in March 1929 at the bishop’s home in Linköping. The arrangement was quickly adopted by other dioceses and various clergymans’ wives’ associations were set up, some of which are still running today (2018). It is now more common for male spouses of female priests to get invitations to these clergymans’ wives’ association functions.\n\nJulia Aurelius was keen on missionary work and willingly participated in such activities. She was one of the few women who wrote for the diocese Christmas book and she in 1932 wrote an article on “Herrnhutmissionens 200-årsjubileum. Firat i Herrnhut den 20-22 augusti 1932”, amongst other things. The article is a travelogue depicting an image of not only the history of Moravian tradition but also its importance to the Swedish Church.\n\nJulia Aurelius is not well-known as a frequent writer but she had a talent for watercolours and had, as a young child, attended a course run by the artist Fuchs. Julia and her husband Erik had a family consisting of their sons Sam and Bengt Gustaf Aurelius, both of whom went on to become priests. Sam Aurelius went on to marry Karin, and their son Carl Axel Aurelius was the bishop of Gothenburg diocese from 2003-2011, while Bengt Gustaf Aurelius and his wife Gudrun’s son, Erik Aurelius, was the bishop of Skara diocese from 2004-2012. Both of Julia Aurelius’ grandchildren fondly remember her warmth, enthusiasm and her courage, despite her shyness. An example of the above is seen in the story that Bengt Gustaf tells of his mother’s experience during the Second World War when Hitler came to power. She was fiercely critical of this and could not remain inactive. She made contact with several German Jews who had arrived in Sweden as refugees and supported them with practical assistance.\n\nHer husband Erik Aurelius died suddenly in 1935, en route to the opening of a cemetery. From 1963 onwards Julia Aurelius lived in Norrköping with her son Bengt Gustaf and his wife Gudrun. Gudrun was a doctor and had her own surgery in the house. Julia Aurelius became an honorary member of Östgöta Nation (student body) in Lund, where her husband had been an honorary chair and her sons had been counsellors. Julia Aurelius died in March 1980, aged 93.\n\nErik and Julia Aurelius are both buried at the cemetery of Vreta Abbey Church.",
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        {
          "firstname": "Carl",
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        {
          "firstname": "Carl Yngve",
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          "firstname": "Walfrid",
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          "firstname": "Bertha",
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      "education": [
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        {
          "description": "Av Signe Aurell",
          "description_eng": "By Signe Aurell",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(signe+aurell)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "Om Signe Aurell",
          "description_eng": "About Signe Aurell",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/20916388"
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        {
          "description": "’Signe Aurell’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-02-06)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_Aurell"
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          "description": "Hill, Joe, *Sånger*, 3. uppl., Fram, Stockholm, 1924 [Litteraturbanken]",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/HillJ/titlar/SangerAvJoeHill/info"
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        {
          "description": "’Signe Elisabet Aurell’, *Gravar.se* (Hämtad 2021-02-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "http://gravar.se/forsamling/osby-pastorat/osby-kyrkogard/0/n/signe-elisabet-aurell"
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          "description": "Författare",
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          "description": "Medlem, logerna "Hoppets gryning", "Gustav Adolfs minne" och "Skogskällan", svenska IOGT",
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          "name": "IOGT-NTO",
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          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
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          "description": "Signe Aurell framför sitt hus, 1919. Bild publicerad i Bokstugan 1:8, 1920. Fotograf okänd",
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      ],
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-03-24",
            "date": "1856-03-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1951-09-11",
            "date": "1951-09-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Aurell, född Nilsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-12-02",
            "date": "1853-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1936-04-22",
            "date": "1936-04-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Andreas",
          "lastname": "Aurell",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1886-08-19",
            "date": "1886-08-19"
          },
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            "date": "1967-11-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Barthold",
          "lastname": "Aurell",
          "occupation": "Snickare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891-06-30",
            "date": "1891-06-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-06-20",
            "date": "1971-06-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Nanna Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Aurell",
          "occupation": "Handelsinnehavare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1893-05-29",
            "date": "1893-05-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-03-27",
            "date": "1950-03-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Knut Albert",
          "lastname": "Aurell",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare, arrendator",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-12-16",
            "date": "1895-12-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1899-11-15",
            "date": "1899-11-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Erik Andreasson",
          "lastname": "Aurell",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1897-09-01"
          },
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            "date": "1991-08-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Viking",
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          "occupation": "Musiker",
          "type": "Bror",
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        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Aurell, Signe, *Irrbloss*, [s.n.], Minneapolis, Minn., 1919",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Cederström, B. Marcus, *In search of Signe : the life and times of a Swedish Immigrant*, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Cederström, B. Marcus, ‘Don’t mourn, educate : Signe Aurell and the Swedish-American labor press, *The Swedish-American historical quarterly*, 2016(67):2, s. 71–89",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Cederström, B. Marcus, 'En radikal rebellflicka: den svensk-amerikanska arbetarrörelsen och kristendomen i Signe Aurells noveller', *Personhistorisk tidskrift*, 2017(113):1, s. 31-48",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Heurling, Maja & Aurell, Signe, *Irrbloss: tonsatta dikter av Signe Aurell*, Kakafon, [Göteborg], 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Poet, essäförfattare, fackföreningskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Poet, essayist, unionist",
      "text": "Signe Aurell var poet och essäförfattare. Hon publicerade sig flitigt i den svensk-amerikanska arbetarpressen mellan 1915–1920, och förespråkade särskilt att USA:s tjänstekvinnor skulle ansluta sig fackligt.\n\nSigne Aurell föddes 14 februari 1889 i Gryt, som ett av sex barn till Anna och Andreas Aurell. Fadern arbetade som lärare på skolor runtom norra Skåne, där Signe Aurell skulle tillbringa en stor del av sitt liv.\n\nÅr 1906 gick Signe Aurell med i godtemplarloge nr. 558, ”Hoppets gryning”, av IOGT (nuvarande IOGT-NTO). Medlemskapet i nykterhetsföreningen var ett av de tidigaste tecknen på hennes kommande sociala engagemang. Medan hon fortfarande bodde i Sverige skulle hon komma att gå med i andra loger allteftersom hon och hennes familj flyttade runt, närmare bestämt logerna ”Gustav Adolfs minne”, 1908, och ”Skogskällan”, 1911.\n\nBara två år senare, 1913, utvandrade Signe Aurell till USA. Som många svenska immigranter korsade hon Atlanten i en tredjeklasshytt, via Liverpool till Boston, Massachusetts. Väl på plats reste hon snabbt vidare till Minneapolis, Minnesota, där hon skulle komma att tillbringa de kommande sju åren.\n\nI Minneapolis gick Signe Aurell med i en lokal godtemplarloge, ”Lincoln Lodge No. 2”. Logen kom att spela en viktig roll i hennes liv. Bland annat kom medlemmarna till hennes hjälp när Signe Aurell blev sjuk och tillbringade sin första amerikanska jul på the Swedish Hospital i Minneapolis. Sedan hon tillfrisknat innehade hon olika befattningar inom Lincoln Lodge No. 2 innan hon lämnade IOGT runt 1917.\n\nRunt mitten av 1910-talet gick Signe Aurell med i organisationen Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), vilket troligen speglar hennes skiftande fokus från nykterhetsrörelsen till arbetarrörelsen. IWW var en radikal internationell fackföreningsrörelse som bildats 1905 i Chicago, Illinois, vilken förespråkade direkt aktion och attraherade många invandrade arbetare. Signe Aurell och hennes vänner och medaktivister Carl Ahlteen, Walfrid Engdahl och Sigrid Stenberg var bara några av de många svenskar som gick med i IWW. Tillsammans med Ahlteen, Engdahl och Stenberg började Signe Aurell skriva regelbundet i *Allarm*, en svenskspråkig tidskrift publicerad av The Scandinavian Propaganda League of the IWW i Minneapolis.\n\nDet var på *Allarms* sidor som Signe Aurell först publicerade sin radikala poesi, som propagerade för arbetares rättigheter. Hennes första dikt, ”Jul”, trycktes på förstasidan av *Allarms* decembernummer 1915, tillsammans med en kolteckning av Joe Hill, den svenskfödde amerikanske fackföreningsaktivisten som hade blivit avrättad bara några veckor tidigare. I samma nummer publicerades Signe Aurells översättning av Joe Hills dikt ”Joe Hill’s Last Will”, med den svenska titeln ”Mitt testamente” (i somliga av IWW:s publikationer ”Joe Hills testamente”). Signe Aurell skulle senare i livet berätta om hur hon och hennes medaktivister utan framgång hade kämpat för Joe Hills frigivande. Men Hills avrättning avskräckte henne inte från sitt fortsatta författarskap, och hon kom att skriva två separata dikter med titeln ”Josef Hillström” för att hedra den svensk-amerikanske fackföreningskämpen. Signe Aurells poesi och essäer speglar hennes starka engagemang i arbetarrörelsen.\n\nUnder åren som följde publicerade Signe Aurell åtminstone tjugo dikter till, två essäer, två noveller och ett brev i sex olika svenskspråkiga tidskrifter i USA. Hon publicerade dessutom minst nio dikter och sin översättning av ”Joe Hill’s Last Will” i tre olika tidskrifter i Sverige.\n\nMindre än ett år efter den litterära debuten i *Allarm* skrev Signe Aurell essän ”En uppmaning”, som argumenterar för att kvinnor skall utbilda sig, organisera sig, och ansluta sig fackligt. Mot sin egen bakgrund inom husligt arbete hävdade hon att det yrkesarbete som många invandrade kvinnor ägnade sig åt som tjänarinnor var att likna vid att sälja ”sin kropp och sin själ, sin arbetskraft, sina intressen, sina tankar, sin självständighet, allt lägger arbetet beslag på”. Som medlem av IWW förespråkade Signe Aurell att man skulle gå till direkt aktion. Hennes vän Walfrid Engdahl drog sig 1961 till minnes att det var exakt vad hon hade gjort då hon, efter att ha blivit vägrad betalning av en arbetsgivare, slängde tillbaka kläderna hon nyss hade tvättat i det smutsiga tvättvattnet, gick sin väg och aldrig återvände.\n\nSigne Aurells två noveller, publicerade 1918 och 1919 i *Allarm* och *Nya Världen*, en annan svenskspråkig tidskrift publicerad i Chicago av IWW, har gemensamma religiösa teman. I båda framträder Gud som välvilligt inställd och till och med stöttande gentemot IWW och andra fackliga företrädare, vilket minner om Signe Aurells synsätt, där kristendomens och arbetarrörelsens grundsatser kompletterar varandra.\n\nI Minneapolis bodde Signe Aurell på åtminstone tolv olika adresser mellan 1913–1920, vilket illustrerar den svåra boendesituationen som väntade många invandrare i den nya världen. Vid en tidpunkt under 1917 bodde Signe Aurell ihop med sin vän Sigfrid Stenberg, hans fru och deras dotter, som Signe Aurell kallade Barbro och till vilken hon skrev en dikt, först publicerad 1919. Dikten ”Lilla Barbro” adresserar arbetarrörelsens högst reella svårigheter, men uttrycker också framtidshopp.\n\nÅr 1919 bekostade Signe Aurell själv utgivningen av sin diktsamling *Irrbloss*. Boken bestående av tjugotre dikter, somliga tidigare publicerade, sålde hon för 25 cents från sina varierande hemadresser 1919–1920. Dikterna behandlar immigrantens erfarenheter – familjen hon lämnat bakom sig, hemlängtan, hemlandet Sverige – men också arbetarrörelsen; flera berör kvinnornas roll i att förändra samhället och vikten av att bilda fackförbund. Precis som en stor del av Signe Aurells författarskap är dikterna i *Irrbloss* instruktiva till sin art, och påminner läsaren om att var och en har sin roll att spela för att skapa ett bättre samhälle.\n\nÅr 1920, kort efter att hon publicerat *Irrbloss*, flyttade Signe Aurell tillbaka till Sverige, något hon hade planerat sedan åtminstone 1918. I Sverige fortsatte hon att skriva och publicera sig, om än i långsammare takt. Hon hade med två avslutande dikter i svenska *Syndikalisten*, 1921, och ytterligare några i Chicagotidskriften *Bokstugan* mellan 1920 och 1924. Hennes tidigare arbeten, i synnerhet dikterna om Joe Hill, fortsatte länge att inkluderas i sångböcker utgivna av IWW i både Sverige och USA.\n\nEfter återkomsten till Sverige tycks Signe Aurells aktivism av okänd anledning ha falnat. Hon bodde tillsammans med sina föräldrar i Osby och tog hand om dem livet ut, samtidigt som hon ibland hjälpte till i sin syster Nannas tobaks- och pappershandel i Glimåkra. Någon gång under 1950- eller 1960-talet gav hon tillsammans med sin bror Viking ut sångboken *Signes visor*, med åtta dikter tonsatta av brodern. De utvalda dikterna tillhör inte hennes radikala arbetarpoesi från ungdomsåren i Minnesota. Trots detta inbjöds hon 1955 att ge en personlig skildring av sin fackliga aktivism i den kommunistiska stockholmstidningen *Ny Dag*. Signe Aurells sista kända publikation är ett namnlöst akrostikon (namndikt) publicerat i *Svenska Dagbladet* 5 juni 1965.\n\nSigne Aurell gifte sig aldrig och fick inga egna barn, men var på senare år mycket omtyckt bland grannskapets barn i Osby. Hon dog där den 29 april 1975, vid en ålder av 86 år. Hon ligger begravd bredvid sin bror Nils på Osby kyrkogård, men hennes gravsten har senare avlägsnats.",
      "text_eng": "Signe Aurell was a poet and essayist, widely published in the Swedish-American labour press between 1915 and 1920. She advocated specifically for the unionisation of women working in domestic service in the United States of America.\n\nBorn in 1889, in Gryt, Sweden, Signe Aurell was one of six children born to Anna and Andreas Aurell. Her father worked as a teacher at schools around northern Skåne, where Signe Aurell would spend much of her life.\n\nIn 1906, she joined lodge no. 558, “Hoppets gryning”, of the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT). Her membership in a temperance organization is one of the earliest signs of Signe Aurell’s social activism. While still living in Sweden, she would join two other lodges, “Gustav Adolfs minnen” in 1908 and “Skogskällan” in 1911, as she and her family moved around.\n\nJust two years later, in 1913, Signe Aurell moved to the United States. Like many Swedish immigrants, she crossed the Atlantic in third-class accommodations, arriving at Boston, Massachusetts via Liverpool. Once there, she quickly travelled to Minneapolis, Minnesota, where she would spend the next seven years of her life.\n\nIn Minneapolis, Signe Aurell joined a local IOGT temperance lodge, "Lincoln Lodge No. 2". That lodge would come to play an important role in her life. IOGT members came to her aid she spent her first Christmas ill at the Swedish Hospital in Minneapolis. She recovered and went on to serve in various roles in the lodge, before leaving the organization around 1917.\n\nSometime in the mid-1910s, Signe Aurell joined the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), perhaps signalling a shift in her focus from temperance to labour rights. A radical international labour union formed in 1905 in Chicago, Illinois, the IWW advocated for direct action and attracted a large number of immigrant workers. Signe Aurell, along with her friends and fellow activists Carl Ahlteen, Walfrid Engdahl, and Sigfrid Stenberg, were just a few of the many Swedes who joined the IWW. Alongside Ahlteen, Engdahl, and Stenberg, she would begin writing regularly for *Allarm*, a Swedish-language newspaper published by the Scandinavian Propaganda League of the IWW in Minneapolis.\n\nIt was in the pages of *Allarm* that Signe Aurell first published her radical poetry in support of labour rights. Her first poem, “Jul,” appeared on the front page of the December 1915 issue of *Allarm*, alongside a charcoal drawing of Joe Hill, the Swedish-born American labour activist who has been executed just a few weeks prior to publication. In that same issue, Signe Aurell published her translation of Joe Hill’s poem, “Joe Hill’s Last Will.” She later said that she and her fellow activists had advocated and fought for Hill’s freedom, to no avail. Yet Hill’s execution did not deter her, and she wrote two separate poems titled “Josef Hillström” in honour of the Swedish American labour activist. While Signe Aurell’s translation of “Joe Hill’s Last Will” has endured as “Mitt testamente” and sometimes “Joe Hills testamente” in various IWW publications, her own poems and short essays speak to her commitment to the labour movement.\n\nIn the years that followed, six different Swedish-language newspapers in the US published at least twenty additional poems written by Signe Aurell, as well as two essays, two short stories, and one letter. In addition, at least nine poems as well as her translation of “Joe Hill’s Last Will”, were published in three Swedish newspapers. \n\nLess than a year after her debut in *Allarm*, Signe Aurell wrote “En uppmaning,” an essay arguing that women should educate, organise, and unionise. Having worked as a domestic servant herself, Signe Aurell suggested that the work that many immigrant women were doing was akin to selling “your body and your soul, your labour, your interests, your thoughts, your independence”, adding “work claims everything” (“sin kropp och sin själ, sin arbetskraft, sina intressen, sina tankar, sin självständighet, allt lägger arbetet beslag på”). In addition, as an IWW member, she advocated for direct action. Her friend Walfrid Engdahl in 1961 recounted an episode where she had engaged in such action: after she had been refused payment by an employer, Signe Aurell threw the clothes she had just washed back into the dirty water, walked out, and never returned.\n\nSigne Aurell’s two short stories, published in 1918 and 1919 in *Allarm* and *Nya Världen*, a Swedish-language newspaper published by the IWW out of Chicago, shared religious themes. In them both, God is sympathetic and even supportive of the IWW and other labour activists, a reminder that for her, the tenets of Christianity complemented the labour movement.\n\nWhile living in Minneapolis, Signe Aurell had at least twelve different addresses between 1913 and 1920, which speaks to the difficult living situation that many immigrants faced in their new country. At one point, in 1917, she lived with her friend Sigfrid Stenberg along with his wife Gertrude and their child, whom Signe Aurell called Barbro. The poem “Lilla Barbro”, first published in 1919, which Signe Aurell wrote for the child, speaks to the very real difficulties of the labour movement while remaining hopeful for the future.\n\nIn 1919, Signe Aurell self-published a collection of poetry, *Irrbloss*, consisting of 23 poems, some of which had been previously published. Signe Aurell sold the book for 25 cents from the various addresses that she called home between 1919 and 1920. The book of poetry features works that speak to the immigrant experience, as she writes of the family she left behind, of homesickness, and of Sweden. It also contains themes of the labour movement; several poems speak to the role of women in changing society and the importance of unionization. Like so much of Signe Aurell’s work, *Irrbloss* features poetry that is instructive, reminding the reader that everyone has a role to play in improving society.\n\nShortly after the publication of *Irrbloss*, in 1920, Aurell moved back to Sweden, as she had planned to do since at least 1918. Upon her return, she continued writing, although her publication record slowed. Two of her final poems featured in *Syndikalisten* in Sweden in 1921, and several more appeared in *Bokstugan* between 1920 and 1924. Her previous work, especially her poems about Joe Hill, would continue to appear in IWW songbooks published both in Sweden and in the United States of America.\n\nSigne Aurell’s activism seems to have waned after her return to Sweden, although it is unclear why. She lived with her parents in Osby, taking care of them for the rest of their lives. She also did intermittent work at her sister Nanna’s tobacco and convenience store in Glimåkra. Sometime during the 1950s or 1960s, Signe Aurell, along with her brother Viking, published a songbook titled *Signes visor*, consisting of eight of her poems that Viking set to music. The songs do not address or speak to the radical labour activism of her youth in Minnesota. In 1955, however, she gave a first-person account of her labour activism to *Ny Dag*, a communist daily newspaper based in Stockholm. Her last known published work, an untitled acrostic, appeared in *Svenska Dagbladet* on June 5, 1965.\n\nSigne Aurell never married or had children of her own, but the children in her Osby neighborhood viewed her fondly in her later years. She died in Osby in 1975, at the age of 86. She was buried next to her brother Nils in the cemetery at Osby Church, although her headstone has since been removed.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Linnea",
        "lastname": "Åshede"
      },
      "url": "SigneAurell",
      "viaf_id": "73829225"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnel",
          "lastname": "Furuland"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "description": "Stipendium från Stiftelsen Anna-Lisa Thomson Till Minne",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ivar",
          "lastname": "Elvers",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
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          "institution": "Uppsala högre elementarläroverk och Gymnasium för flickor",
          "place": {
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "comment": "1929",
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          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Privata konststudier",
          "type": "Självstudier"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Carin Ax",
          "description_eng": "By Carin Ax",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(carin+ax+1915)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
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        "20th century",
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        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1915-12-26",
            "date": "1915-12-26"
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            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2006-07-31",
            "date": "2006-07-31"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
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        "firstname": "/Carin/ Ragnhild",
        "lastname": "Ax",
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          "description": "Konstnär",
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, kassör, styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
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          "name": "Upplands Konstnärsklubb",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "name": "Damsällskapet Concordia",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2005",
            "date": "2005"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Vänge Hembygdsförening",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Carina",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
      ],
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "comment": "2006",
            "date": "2006"
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      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888-03-31",
            "date": "1888-03-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1961-09-30",
            "date": "1961-09-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Ruth Ragnhild Viktoria",
          "lastname": "Nyman",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-09-19",
            "date": "1881-09-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1945-04-11",
            "date": "1945-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Johan Artur",
          "lastname": "Ax",
          "occupation": "Handelsresande",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-04-09",
            "date": "1914-04-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1993-08-01",
            "date": "1993-08-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars-Erik",
          "lastname": "Ax",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-03-16",
            "date": "1918-03-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-03-25",
            "date": "1990-03-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Kerstin Matilda",
          "lastname": "Ax",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1928-11-01",
            "date": "1928-11-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-08-30",
            "date": "2009-08-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Torsten Karl Johan",
          "lastname": "Ax",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ax, Carin , ’Min skolväg. Glimtar från ett svunnet Uppsala’, *Flickornas borg: historia och hågkomster kring en Uppsalaskola*, S. 73-77, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Burman, Carina, Johansson, Britt-Inger & Meurling, Birgitta (red.), *Tillsammans: Damsällskapet Concordia i Uppsala 100 år*, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 2019",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wahlström, Cristina, ’Carin Ax, med pensel och penna skildrade hon sin stad’, *Uppsalakvinnor*, S. 19-22, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Tecknare, grafiker, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Graphic artist, author",
      "text": "Carin Ax var tecknare, grafiker och författare, verksam i Uppsala som var hennes födelse- och hemstad hela livet.\n\nCarin Ax föddes 1915 som dotter till handelsresande Artur Ax och Ragnhild Nyman. Hon var en genuin uppsalabo och växte upp i det nybyggda hyreshuset Tripolis vid Vaksala torg öster om järnvägen, den del av lärdomsstaden som hörde arbetarna och hantverkarna till.\n\nCarin Ax mor var dotter till en bagarmästare borta i Svartbäcken. Dit flyttade familjen då Carins far börjat få ekonomiska problem ungefär i samband med att dottern konfirmerades. Artur Ax arbetade bland annat som försäljare för Lindvalls kaffefabrik. Familjen bosatte sig på Västra Järnvägsgatan i närheten av Svartbäcksgatan 38 som var morföräldrarna Carl och Hulda Nymans adress intill det gamla badhuset från 1857 vid Fyrisån. Nymanfamiljens medlemmar blev duktiga simmare, men badhuset revs 1924. Carin Ax var särskilt fäst vid sin morfar, som var frireligiös men vidsynt och en skrivande person.\n\nI tidiga tonår lämnade Carin Ax skolans värld och började arbeta. I många år var hennes arbetsplats Upsala Ekeby porslins- och keramikfabrik. Den egna konstnärliga ådran underhöll och utvecklade hon genom privata studier. Hon fick stipendier ur [](Anna-Lisa Thomson)s minnesfond, vilken inrättades efter keramikerns tidiga bortgång 1952. Troligtvis ägnade sig Carin Ax åt att dekorera porslin och keramik på Upsala Ekeby under 1930- och 1940-talen. Spår i arkiven vittnar också om att Carin Ax var en skicklig modetecknerska. Hennes arbete på Upsala Ekeby porslins- och keramikfrabrik lär ha avvecklats under 1960-talet då keramiktillverkningen alltmer utkonkurrerades av plastprodukter.\n\nPå 1950-talet började Carin Ax ta uppdrag som bokillustratör, först i barn- och ungdomsböcker, men särskilt i läromedel som hade med växtriket att göra. År 1955 var hon med i bildandet av Uppsala Konstnärsklubb och satt med i styrelsen och var kassör. Carin Ax deltog i uppbyggnaden av en grafisk verkstad vid Kålsängsgränd. Hon började alltmer arbeta med litografier, en teknik som hon lärt sig på Grafiska Sällskapets ateljé i Stockholm. Även ett samarbete med en litograf i Solna inleddes. Till att börja med sålde Carin Ax sina verk i Stockholm och de spreds i stor skala via Konstfrämjandet över hela landet. Senare ställde hon ofta ut och sålde sina Uppsala- och Upplandsmotiv på Galleri Linné på Svartbäcksgatan i Uppsala.\n\nDet mest framträdande och bestående illustrationsuppdraget gjorde Carin Ax i och med de tidskrävande illustrationerna till *Vår flora i färg. Kryptogamer* av Ivar Elvers m.fl. från 1976, ett verk som har utkommit i fem upplagor fram till 1999. Originalbilderna till *Vår okända flora*, alltså kryptogamerna, ställdes senare ut på Naturhistoriska riksmuseet. Samarbetet med Ivar Elvers fortsatte 1980 med *Lilla vårfloran* och *Lilla trädfloran*. Carin Ax hyste hela livet ett stort intresse för botanik och var mer än en amatör på området.\n\nDen inblick i läromedelsproduktionen som Carin Ax fick under 1950- och 1960-talen utvecklade hon genom att själv skriva en bredvidläsningsbok som utkom på Magnus Bergvalls förlag 1967. Den handlade om *Den indelte soldaten* och visar på hennes djupa och väldokumenterade historieintresse.\n\nDokumentationen i bild av Uppsalas och Upplands kulturmiljöer blev Carin Axs signum. Otaliga är de stadsmotiv från Uppsala som fått sina pregnanta och exakta avbildningar i hennes färglitografier. De klassiska uppsalamiljöerna har därmed räddats till eftervärlden, eftersom mycket blivit rivet och förändrat. I sina litografier avbildade hon dock inte människor – det rörde sig uteslutande om byggnader, växter och träd. Men i dagsverser och kåserier under signaturen Carina beledsagade med teckningar i *Upsala Nya Tidning* lät hon berättelser om människor träda fram.\n\nCarin Axs första separatutställning anordnades i Uppsala 1973 då hon närmade sig 60 år. Då hade hon redan deltagit i Sveriges Allmänna Konstförenings samlingsutställningar, Liljevalchs vårsalonger och grafiktriennal samt i Nationalmuseums Unga tecknare. Hon finns representerad med teckningar på Upplandsmuseet, men även i hög grad ute i kommuner och landsting som köpte in hennes verk via Statens konstråd. Riksdagshuset och universitet och forskningscentra i Japan och USA äger också verk av Carin Ax.\n\nI årsboken *Uppland* skrev Carin Ax värdefulla artiklar om sin släkts historia. Carin Ax valdes 1958 in i Damsällskapet Concordia i Uppsala. Det var ett kulturellt damsällskap grundat 1919 som samlade borgarkvinnorna under en period då de alltmer lämnade hemmafrurollen för olika yrken. Carin Axs verkningskrets blev bildkonsten där hon hade drivkraft att försörja sig, men också fick konstatera att hon valde bort giftermål för att helt kunna ägna sig åt konsten. Inom föreningslivet föreläste Carin Ax om Uppsalaämnen och annat kulturhistoriskt stoff, ofta i samarbete med kyrkoherden Kerstin Berglund. Ett exempel från 1973 är en föreläsning för Concordia om Jungfru Maria i uppländska kyrkor.\n\nUnder trettio år hade Carin Ax sitt sommarhem i Ekeby by i Vänge socken en mil väster om Uppsala. Hon bodde i Gillbergska gården, som inrymde en ateljé för hennes skapande. Givetvis forskade hon om Vänges historia och var aktiv i ortens hembygdsförening. Skriften *Ekeby by från forntid till nutid* från 1987 med Carin Axs text och teckningar visar på den grundlighet och sakliga ton som präglade hennes person. Arkivarien och folklivsforskaren Wolter Ehn, även han uppsalabo, bodde i byn och ägde stora kunskaper om allmogelivet. Ekeby by är Sveriges enda by med ringgata och medeltida tomtindelning.\n\nCarin Axs konstnärliga verk har mångfaldigats och spridits genom konstlotterier till många uppsalahem och ofta syns hennes tavlor till försäljning i stadens gallerier. Det konstnärliga uttrycket liknar den jämnåriga Reinhold Ljunggrens bilder av Trosa. Man kan ibland uppleva en viss ödslighet i bilderna av småstaden, men i ett längre tidsperspektiv kommer de kända motiven att vara värdefulla kulturhistoriska dokument som i sin exakthet vittnar om Uppsalas förändring från intim småstad till anonym storstad.\n\nCarin Ax avled 2006 och är begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Uppsala.",
      "text_eng": "Carin Ax was an illustrator, graphic designer and author, working in Uppsala where she was born and lived all her life.  \n\nCarin Ax was born in 1915 as the daughter of Artur Ax, a travelling salesman, and Ragnhild Nyman. She was a genuine Uppsala citizen, growing up in the part of the university town that belonged to the working classes and craftsmen.  \n\nCarin Ax’s mother was a baker’s daughter from the village of Svartbäcken. The family moved there when Carin’s father started having economic problems at the time of his daughter’s confirmation. Artur Ax worked as a salesman for a local coffee producer. Carin Ax was particularly close to her maternal grandfather who was nonconformist but not at all narrow-minded, and a literary person who was a writer. \n\nIn her early teens, Carin Ax left school and started work at the Upsala Ekeby porcelain and pottery factory, her workplace for many years. She developed and kept up her own artistic gifts through private studies. She was later awarded bursaries from [](Anna-Lisa Thomson)’s memorial fund, set up after the potter’s death in 1952. Carin Ax probably decorated porcelain and pottery at Upsala Ekeby during the 1930s and 1940s. Archival sources also bear witness to Carin Ax’s having been a skilful fashion designer. Her work at Upsala Ekeby porcelain and pottery factory apparently ended during the 1960s when pottery was replaced by plastic products.  \n\nIn the 1950s, Carin Ax started to accept assignments as a book illustrator, firstly for children’s and young people’s books but also for botanical textbooks. In 1955, she was one of the founders of the Uppsala Artists’ Club and a board member and cashier. Carin Ax also participated in starting a graphic art workshop. She began to concentrate more on lithographs, a technique she had learnt at the Grafiska Sällskapet atelier in Stockholm. She also began cooperating with a lithographer in Solna. Initially, Carin Ax sold her works in Stockholm and they were distributed further over the whole country via the Konstfrämjandet association. Later she often showed her work and sold her Uppsala and Uppland pictures at Galleri Linné in Uppsala. \n\nCarin Ax’s most successful and permanent illustration assignment was *Vår flora i färg. Kryptogamer* by Ivar Elvers et al from 1976, for which she did the time-consuming botanical illustrations. It was a work that was published in five editions up until 1999. The original images for *Vår okända flora*, that is, the cryptogams, were later exhibited at the Swedish Museum of Natural History in Stockholm. Her cooperation with Ivar Elvers continued in 1980 with *Lilla vårfloran* and *Lilla trädfloran*. Carin Ax harboured a great interest for botany all her life and was more than just an amateur in that field.  \n\nThe insight into textbooks gained by Carin Ax during the 1950s and 1960s was later developed through her own authorship of a companion reader published by Magnus Bergvall’s company in 1967: *Den indelte soldaten*. It was about a soldier, and shows her deep, well-documented interest in history. \n\nHer illustrative documentation of cultural settings in Uppsala and Uppland became Carin Ax’s hallmark. Innumerable city motifs from Uppsala have received intense and exact portrayals in her colour lithographs. These classical Uppsala views have thus been saved for posterity, since much has been knocked down and changed. She did not however portray people in her lithographs, only buildings, plants and trees. However, in ephemeral verses and articles in *Upsala Nya Tidning* under the signature Carina and which were accompanied by illustrations, she let stories about people come to the fore.  \n\nCarin Ax’s first separate exhibition took place in Uppsala in 1973 when she was almost 60 years of age. By then she had already participated in Sveriges Allmänna Konstförenings (the Swedish art association’s) collective exhibitions, Liljevalch’s spring salons and graphics triennial as well as the National Museum’s youth exhibition Unga tecknare. She is represented by her illustrations at the Uppland Museum and even more so out in the counties and municipalities that have purchased works via the state art board Statens konstråd. Government buildings, universities and research centres in Japan and the USA also own works by Carin Ax. \n\nIn the year book *Uppland*, Carin Ax wrote valuable articles about her family history. In 1958, she was elected as a member of the ladies’ association Damsällskapet Concordia in Uppsala. It was a cultural association founded in 1919 that gathered together middle-class women during a time when they began more and more to leave the housewife role for various professional careers. Carin Ax’s field of action was visual arts in which she had the power to support herself but she also had to admit that she chose not to marry so that she could wholly give herself to her art. She gave lectures on Uppsala themes and other cultural subjects to various societies, often in cooperation with Kerstin Berglund, a vicar. One example from 1973 is a lecture for Concordia on portrayals of the Virgin Mary in churches in Uppland. \n\nFor thirty years, Carin Ax had her summer cottage at Ekeby village about 10 kilometres west of Uppsala. She lived on the Gillbergska estate with an atelier for her artistic work. Of course she did research on local history and was active in the village history society. Thoroughness and objectivity were typical of her personal approach. The archivist and ethnologist Wolter Ehn, another Uppsala resident, also lived in the village and had extensive knowledge about local country life. Ekeby is Sweden’s only village with a circular main street and medieval land division into plots.  \n\nCarin Ax’s artistic works have been reproduced and spread to many Uppsala homes through art lotteries. Her pictures are often on sale in the city’s galleries. Her contemporary Reinhold Ljunggren, in his pictures of Trosa, has a similar artistic style to hers. There is a certain bleakness in these small town pictures, but in a longer perspective, the well-known motifs will be valuable for their historical documentation of the culture, showing with exactitude how Uppsala was transformed from an intimate small town into an anonymous big city.  \n\nCarin Ax died in 2006. She is buried in the Old Cemetery in Uppsala.",
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          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, 'På jakt efter den moder som försvann: en litterär debatt om moderskapet', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2016-10-10)",
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      "text": "Sun Axelsson var en av de mest framträdande författarna i 1970-talets boom av kvinnliga självbiografier. Hennes skildring av sin uppväxt i trädgårdsmästarvillan i Slottsskogen i Göteborg har blivit en modern klassiker.  \n\nSun Axelsson var yngsta dottern till Göteborgs stadsträdgårdsmästare Karl Edvin Axelsson och hans tyskfödda hustru Mignon. Hon växte upp i trädgårdsmästarvillan i Slottsskogen. Efter avbrutna studier i Göteborg tog hon studenten som privatist vid Enskilda gymnasiet i Stockholm 1956. Hon studerade därefter vid Stockholms högskola, blev lärare och sedermera litteraturkritiker i kulturtidskrifter som *BLM* och *Ord & Bild*, samt flera dags- och kvällstidningar som *Expressen*, *Aftonbladet* och *Stockholms-Tidningen*. 1963-1974 var hon gift med den engelske skulptören Michael Piper (1921-1997). Filmaren Stig Björkman brukar beskrivas som hennes livskamrat.\n\nSun Axelsson debuterade som författare med den naivistiska diktsamlingen *Mållös*, 1959. Hon fick sitt första genombrott tre år senare med den mycket speciella reseskildringen *Eldens vagga*, 1962. I den skildrar hon med stor intensitet och ett närmast lyriskt språk sin egen färd genom Chile i början av 1960-talet. Landet drabbar och skakar om henne med sin skönhet och sina människor. Boken är en storslagen kärleksskildring till ett land, men redan här finns den starka känsla av jagförlust och smärta som kom att genomsyra hela hennes författarskap. 1979 gjorde Sun Axelsson och Stig Björkman filmen *Gå på vattnet om du kan* med utgångspunkt i *Eldens vagga*.\n\nI de följande romanerna *Väktare*, 1963, och *Opera Komick*, 1965, skruvade Sun Axelsson upp tonen och utvecklade den svarta surrealistiska humor som också kom att bli ett kännetecken i hennes prosa. I båda dessa romaner skildrade hon livet och de mänskliga relationerna som ett fortgående rollspel, där masker tas av och på och ingenting är säkert. Människorna befinner sig som på avgrundens rand och undergången, subjektets tillintetgörelse, är hela tiden skrämmande nära. \n\nEfter giftermålet med Michael Piper i början av 1960-talet levde Sun Axelsson långa perioder på den grekiska ön Leros, där makarna köpte ett hus och slog sig ner för att förverkliga sina konstnärliga livsdrömmar. Sun Axelsson skulle senare, i den sista bok hon skrev, *Evighetens stränder*, 2001, skildra denna period som en av de lyckligaste i sitt liv. Det första litterära resultatet var dock en rasande kritisk skildring av förtrycket i juntans Grekland. Hon kallade boken *Stenar i munnen*, 1969, och publicerade den under pseudonymen Jan Olov Hedlund. Senare har hon motiverat valet att ge ut boken under manlig pseudonym med att ingen grek skulle ta en kvinna på allvar. Sun Axelssons politiska engagemang kom också till synes i hennes sammanställning av vittnesmål i boken *Terrorn i Chile*, 1974.\n\nSitt andra och verkligt stora publika genombrott fick Sun Axelsson med den självbiografiska romanen *Drömmen om ett liv*, 1978. Med den blev hon en av de ledande författarna inom 1970-talets kvinnliga självbiografiska litteraturboom. Denna bok och uppföljarna *Honungsvargar*, 1984, och *Nattens årstid*, 1989, anses allmänt som hennes främsta och ledde till både erkännande, uppmärksamhet och flera stora litterära priser.  \n\nI sina tre självbiografiska böcker porträtterar Sun Axelsson sig själv som en kärleks- och livstörstande men samtidigt värnlös och utsatt ung kvinna. Första delen skildrar hennes uppväxt i hägnet av en döende och ångestriden mor, Slottsskogens grönska och ett antal hårdhänta bröder. Vägen ut öppnas genom ungdomskärleken, poeten Lasse Söderberg, och studier i Stockholm. \n\nI andra delen, *Honungsvargar*, beskriver Sun Axelsson hur hon dras in i och blir en del av det sena 1950-talets och tidiga 1960-talets etablerade litterära kretsar med mentorer och fadersfigurer som Artur Lundkvist och Åke Janzon. Bland hennes nära vänner fanns den redan då kultförklarade författaren Pär Rådström. I kretsen ingick också namnkunniga poeter som Petter Bergman och Urban Torhamn. Den unga vackra Sun Axelsson tycks ha varit något av en musa för flera av dem. I detta sammanhang träffar hon så småningom den 25 år äldre chilenske poeten Nicanor Parra och blir djupt förälskad. \n\nTredje delen, *Nattens årstid*, utspelar sig till större delen i Chile, dit den 23-åriga Sun Axelsson rest för att förenas med sin älskade. Det visar sig emellertid att han redan har en familj och inte alls är den underbare och generöse älskare han var i Stockholm. *Nattens årstid* skildrar ett kärlekens sammanbrott av närmast helvetiska dimensioner, men samtidigt är den också en skildring av en ung kvinnas utveckling och kamp för självständighet. Hon studerar vid universitetet i Santiago de Chile och kommer i kontakt med litterära personligheter som exempelvis Pablo Neruda. Jämfört med den reseskildring som hon skrev strax efter sin vistelse i Chile är den berättelse hon skriver om landet två decennier senare betydligt svartare.\n\n*Honungsvargar* filmatiserades av Christina Olofson 1990 och dramatiserades 1997 av Dag Norgård. År 2000 gavs de tre självbiografierna ut i samlingsvolymen *Ett eget liv*. Tiden hade då hunnit ifatt genren och Sun Axelsson framställdes som en föregångare till den typ av autofiktion som var en stark litterär trend en bit in på 2000-talet. Som en fjärde och sista del av självbiografierna kan man läsa den redan nämnda *Evighetens stränder*. Samtidigt som den är en vardagsnära skildring av livet på ön Leros under junta-tiden är den också en minnesbok och hommage till den före detta maken Michael Piper och deras liv tillsammans. \n\nSun Axelssons författarskap är mycket omfattande. Hon har publicerat sig i många olika genrer, förutom diktsamlingar, romaner och självbiografier har hon även skrivit en rad fakta- och debattböcker. Hon har också skrivit flera böcker för barn. Den till flera språk översatta *Sagan om en saga*, 1987, med bilder av Sven Nordqvist tillhör de mest kända.  \n\nSun Axelsson var en kosmopolit och hon tillbringade långa perioder i Latinamerika, Paris och Grekland. I en rad böcker skildrar hon dessa länder och platser med stor kärlek. År 1990 gav hon ut den personliga Parisskildringen *Jag har en själ i Paris*, med suggestiva foton av den kände fotografen Christophe Laurentin. Hon var mycket språkkunnig och kombinerade sitt författarskap med en omfattande översättningsverksamhet. Hennes tidiga översättningar av Pablo Nerudas *Den mjuka orkanen*, 1961, och Jorge Luis Borges *Biblioteket i Babel*, 1963, kom att bli betydelsefulla inspirationskällor för unga svenska poeter. Hon har även översatt mycket grekisk poesi. I samlingsvolymen *Denna stjärna är för oss alla*, 1979, tolkar hon bland annat dikter av nationalpoeterna Jannis Ritsos och Manolis Anagnostakis.\n\nSun Axelsson avled 2011.",
      "text_eng": "Sun Axelsson was one of the most prominent authors to emerge from the 1970s explosion in women’s autobiographies. Her portrayal of her childhood spent at the head gardener’s home at the Gothenburg Slottsskogen has become a modern classic. \n\nSun Axelsson was the youngest daughter of Karl Edvin Axelsson, a head gardener in Gothenburg, and his German-born wife Mignon. Sun Axelsson grew up in the Slottsskogen head gardener’s house. Following an interrupted education in Gothenburg she gained her school-leaving certificate in Stockholm in 1956. She then attended Stockholms högskola (college), qualified as a teacher, and subsequently worked as a literary critic for cultural publications such as BLM and Ord & Bild as well as for several daily- and evening-papers, including *Expressen*, *Aftonbladet*, and *Stockholms-Tidningen*. Her marriage to the British sculptor Michael Piper (1921–1997) lasted from 1963–1974. Her life companion is usually named as Stig Björkman. \n\nSun Axelsson made her debut as a writer when she published a naïve poetry collection entitled *Mållös* in 1959. She made her first public breakthrough three years later when she released her very special travelogue called *Eldens vagga* in 1962. In it she portrayed her own travels through Chile in the early 1960s expressed with deep intensity and an almost lyrical form. The country’s beauty and the local people left her shaken and deeply impacted. Although the book is mainly a loving tribute to a country it already displays the strong sense of loss of self and pain which came to pervade her writing. In 1979 Sun Axelsson and Stig Björkman made a film called *Gå på vattnet om du kan* which was based on *Eldens vagga*. \n\nIn her next novels, *Väktare* from 1963 and *Opera Komick* from 1965, Sun Axelsson upped the tone and developed the black surrealist form of humour which went on to become a trademark of her prose. Both of these novels portray life and human relationships as a continuous role-playing in which masks are removed and donned and nothing is certain. The characters find themselves on the edge of the abyss where doom – the eradication of the subject – is always frighteningly close at hand. \n\nFollowing her marriage to Michael Piper in the early 1960s Sun Axelsson spent lengthy periods living on the Greek island of Leros where she and her husband purchased a house and settled down in order to live out their artistic dream. Later Sun Axelsson, in her final book *Evighetens stränder* from 2001, portrayed this as one of the happiest periods of her life. However, her first literary outcome from this period was actually a ferocious criticism of the oppression by the junta in Greece. She titled her book, published in 1969, *Stenar i munnen* and published it under the pseudonym of Jan Olov Hedlund. She later explained the decision to use a male pseudonym by the fact that no Greek would take the work of a woman seriously. Sun Axelsson’s political activism also emerged in her edited collection of witness statements in the 1974 book *Terrorn i Chile*. \n\nSun Axelsson’s second and really major public breakthrough came in 1978 with the publication of her autobiographical novel *Drömmen om ett liv*. She became one of the leading authors of the boom experienced during the 1970s within women’s autobiographical literature. This book and its sequels, *Honungsvargar* published in 1984 and *Nattens årstid* published in 1989, are generally seen as her best works and gained her not just recognition and attention but also several major literary prizes. \n\nSun Axelsson’s three autobiographical works portray her as thirsty for love and life whilst also being a defenceless and vulnerable young woman. The first part depicts her childhood surrounded by her dying and anxiety-prone mother, the greenery of Slottsskogen, and a number of rough brothers. Her escape appears through an early love affair with the poet Lasse Söderberg and her student years in Stockholm. \n\nIn the second part of her autobiographical trilogy, *Honungsvargar*, Sun Axelsson describes her journey towards joining one of the established literary circles which sprung up during the late 1950s and early 1960s. Her mentors and father-figures included the likes of Artur Lundkvist and Åke Janzon. Her close friends included Pär Rådström, who had already gained cult status at that time, whilst the wider social circle numbered well-known poets such as Petter Bergman and Urban Torhamn. The young and beautiful Sun Axelsson appears to have served as a sort of muse for several of these men. It was in this context that she met the 25-year older Chilean poet Nicanor Parra with whom she fell deeply in love. \n\nThe third book, *Nattens årstid*, mainly plays out in Chile to which the 23-year-old Sun Axelsson travelled in order to be with her lover. However, once there she learns that he already has a family and is not the wonderful and generous lover she got to know in Stockholm. *Nattens årstid* portrays the almost hellish collapse of a love affair whilst also showing a young woman’s development and struggle for independence. Sun Axelsson spends time studying at Santiago de Chile university where she meets literary figures such as Pablo Neruda. When you compare this book to the travelogue she wrote shortly after her first time in Chile this account from two decades later is significantly darker in tone. \n\n*Honungsvargar* was turned into a film by Christina Olofson in 1990 and adapted for the stage in 1997 by Dag Norgård. In 2000 the three autobiographical books were published as a collected edition entitled *Ett eget liv*. By then the genre had become established and Sun Axelsson was portrayed as a forerunner of the type of autofiction which became a notable literary trend in the early 2000s. The aforementioned *Evighetens stränder* can be seen as the fourth and final element in the series of autobiographical works. Whilst it is an account of everyday life on Leros during the time of the Greek junta it also serves as a memoire and homage to Sun Axelsson’s first husband Michael Piper and their life together. \n\nSun Axelsson’s written output is extensive. She published within many different genres, and further to the aforenoted poetry collections, novels, and autobiographies she also wrote a series of factual and polemical books. She additionally wrote several children’s books. One of her best known children’s books is *Sagan om en saga*, published in 1987 and translated into several languages, which comprises illustrations by Sven Nordqvist. \n\nSun Axelsson was a cosmopolitan who spent lengthy stretches of time in Latin America, Paris, and Greece. She portrays these countries and places in various books very lovingly. In 1990 she published her personal portrait of Paris entitled *Jag har en själ i Paris*, which includes emotive photographs by the well-known photographer Christophe Laurentin. Sun Axelsson was a great linguist and combined her writing with an extensive translation output. Her early translations of Pablo Neruda’s *Den mjuka orkanen*, from 1961, and Jorge Luis Borge’s *Biblioteket i Babel*, from 1963, became important sources of inspiration for young Swedish poets. She also translated a lot of Greek poetry. Her collected volume of poems entitled *Denna stjärna är för oss alla*, published in 1979, includes interpretations of poems by the likes of Jannis Ritsos and Manolis Anagnostakis. \n\nSun Axelsson died in 2011.",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Kågner, Tommy, *Väna och noggranna kvinnor: en studie av Kungliga bibliotekets kvinnliga anställda 1905-1972*, Umeå, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nordin, Jonas, 'Ett stort, välkommet och värdefullt hjälpmedel: Svensk historisk bibliografi under tretton decennier', *Biblis (Tidskrift)*, 2008/09(44), s. 81-88, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Orrghen, Anna, *Marie-Louise Bachman : en intervju*, Stockholm, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.tekniskamuseet.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/15-marie-louise-bachman.pdf"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Bibliotekarie, historiker, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Librarian, historian, pioneer",
      "text": "Marie-Louise Bachman var historiker och bibliotekarie. Hon var den första kvinna som innehade en chefstjänst vid Kungliga biblioteket. Hon stod i främsta ledet när forskningsbiblioteken datoriserades under 1970-talet och bidrog aktivt till att föra in ett internationellt perspektiv i den svenska forskningsbiblioteksvärlden.\n\nMarie-Louise Bachman föddes 1928 på Södermalm i Stockholm, och hon förblev hela sitt liv bosatt inom stadsdelen. Hon växte upp som den äldsta av två döttrar till Gerda, född Stålhammar, och Fredrik Bachman, civilingenjör med egen konsulterande ingenjörsbyrå. Från barndomshemmet fick hon med sig intresse för läsning och historia.\n\nHon genomgick Högre allmänna läroverket för flickor på Södermalm, där [](Beth Hennings) – den första kvinna som disputerade i historia vid Stockholms högskola – var rektor och där [](Aina Erlander) undervisade i matematik. Efter sin studentexamen började hon studera historia vid Stockholms högskola (nuvarande Stockholms universitet). Till en början hade hon ingen tydlig inriktning om yrkesval men hon ville inte bli lärare och som humanist valde hon biblioteksbanan.\n\nForskningsbiblioteken internutbildade vid denna tid sin personal. För högre tjänst krävdes avlagd filosofisk examen, men redan 1948, parallellt med sina högskolestudier, deltog Marie-Louise Bachman i den så kallade KB-kursen, en kortare introduktion till biblioteksarbete som Kungliga biblioteket (KB) hade börjat anordna 1946, för att rekrytera biblioteksassistenter. I en liten skrift om sina tidiga KB-minnen har Marie-Louise Bachman berättat om kursen och om de intryck hon fick. Sammanfattningsvis föreföll henne KB vid denna tid ”mycket ålderdomligt”, och det var inte heller där hon kom att börja sin biblioteksbana. Efter avlagd filosofie kandidatexamen i historia, statskunskap och slaviska språk fick hon istället 1951 anställning som biblioteksassistent vid Vitterhetsakademiens bibliotek, där hon stannade i nio år. Hon kompletterade samtidigt sin utbildning med studier i klassisk fornkunskap.\n\nUnder denna period fick Marie-Louise Bachman sina första bibliografiska uppdrag, då hon sammanställde flera bibliografier över framstående arkeologers tryckta skrifter, bibliografier som hon själv med sin lite torra humor omtalade som ”gubbografier”.\n\nHon fortsatte sina studier i historia och med professor Torvald Höjer som handledare blev hon 1960 filosofie licentiat. Licentiatavhandlingen *Studier i Kungl. Vitterhets-, historie- och antikvitetsakademiens historia* utvidgades senare och kom 1969 ut i bokform. Här fortsatte hon Henrik Schücks omfattande skildring av Vitterhetsakademiens historia där denne slutade, och den period hon behandlar är Bror Emil Hildebrands långa tid som akademiens sekreterare och riksantikvarie, 1837–1879.\n\nMed sin licentiatexamen uppfyllde Marie-Louise Bachman kraven för bibliotekarietjänst vid KB och 1960 övergick hon dit, mer eller mindre vidtalad av biblioteksrådet Sune Lindqvist och riksbibliotekarie Uno Willers. 1965 blev hon 1:e bibliotekarie. På KB pågick nu ett intensivt utvecklings- och moderniseringsskede med Uno Willers i spetsen. Han arbetade målmedvetet för att effektivisera och modernisera arbetet och inte minst för att stärka och hävda nationalbibliotekets ställning inom det nationella biblioteksväsendet.\n\nInom KB kom Marie-Louise Bachman snart att tjänstgöra inom Bibliografiska institutet (BI) och dess undersektion Centralkatalogiseringen (CK), där svenska böcker katalogiserades för såväl KB som de stora universitetsbiblioteken. I början av 1960-talet blev hon chef för CK, och därmed den första kvinna som innehade en chefstjänst vid KB. Hon kom snart in i arbetet med att utforma nya katalogregler. Planen var att de svenska forsknings- och folkbibliotekens regler skulle närma sig varandra, men biblioteksrådet Sune Lindqvist, Marie-Louise Bachman och andra framsynta personer insåg snart nödvändigheten av att istället inrikta sig på harmonisering med internationella standarder. Till sist utgick man från ”Anglo-American cataloguing rules” i *Katalogiseringsregler för svenska bibliotek*, publicerad 1983. Marie-Louise Bachman var djupt involverad i detta arbete.\n\nOmkring 1970 gjorde datatekniken på allvar sitt intåg i biblioteksvärlden och medförde kraftigt förändrade arbetssätt. Inom forskningsbiblioteksvärlden var det utvecklingen av den nationella katalogen Libris som innebar ”det stora språnget” på datoriseringens område. När systemet skulle rullas ut i början av 1970-talet kom Marie-Louise Bachman genom sin centrala position vid KB att befinna sig i frontlinjen. Etableringen tog sin rundliga tid och orsakade både problem och produktionsbortfall innan några vinster kunde hämtas hem. Datoriseringen möttes också av ett betydande motstånd bland bibliotekens medarbetare. Sina minnen från denna tid har hon behandlat i flera olika uppsatser och de dokumenterades också 2007 genom en grundlig intervju med henne inom forskningsprojektet ”Från matematikmaskin till IT”.\n\nMarie-Louise Bachman bidrog på ett konkret plan till att föra in ett internationellt perspektiv i den svenska biblioteksvärlden, det kunde gälla utveckling av gemensamma standarder och betoningen av auktoritetsarbetets betydelse. Internationella impulser fick hon främst genom International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), vars konferenser hon bevistade på olika håll i världen och i vars katalogiseringskommitté, som hon var ledamot av, hon kunde utbyta erfarenheter med kollegor från olika länder. En upplevelse var hennes besök på Library of Congress i Washington 1970, då hon kunde jämföra läget för bibliotekens datorisering i Sverige och USA. Hon träffade pionjären Henriette Avram, kvinnan bakom MARC-formatet, som tyckte att det var ambitiöst av Sverige att från start planera för katalogisering online.\n\nI Sverige arbetade Marie-Louise Bachman under många år i olika utredningar och kommittéer. I dessa samarbetade hon brett i bibliografiska frågor, även med folkbibliotekssektorn. När hon pensionerades 1995 hade hon tjänstgjort vid KB 35 år utan uppehåll, varav de sista elva åren som chef för katalogsektionen.\n\nEn betydande insats vid sidan om sitt egentliga yrkesliv gjorde Marie-Louise Bachman för Svensk historisk bibliografi (SHB). Huvudman för denna löpande förteckning över litteratur om svensk historia i vid mening var under lång tid Svenska historiska föreningen, och från 1930-talet hade det blivit en tradition att en KB-tjänsteman redigerade de årliga förteckningarna vid sidan av sin ordinarie tjänst. För detta dryga arbete utgick ett blygsamt arvode vilket Marie-Louise Bachman på äldre dagar kommenterade med en minnesvärd formulering: ”Det räckte ungefär till en vårhatt”. Hon var engagerad i arbetet med SHB i mer än tio år, och har i en värdefull uppsats berättat om hur arbetet med bibliografin gick till. När produktionen av SHB efter en längre tids stillastående skulle återupptas 1995, utsågs hon som nybliven pensionär till projektledare för den digitala versionen som nu producerades direkt i Libris. Efter ett par år drog hon sig helt tillbaka, och 2010 upphörde produktionen av SHB.\n\nSom pensionär åtog Marie-Louise Bachman sig också uppdraget att inför Vitterhetsakademiens 250-årsjubileum 2003 skriva Vitterhetsakademiens biblioteks historia. Resultatet blev en värdefull bok som skildrar samlingarnas tillkomst och människorna bakom bibliotekets utveckling. Särskilt lyfte hon fram de insatser som gjorts av två kvinnliga föregångare, [](Sigrid Leijonhufvud) och Maja Lundqvist. På äldre dagar ägnade hon även forskningsmöda åt den gustavianske ämbetsmannen och boksamlaren Schering Rosenhane med kopplingar till Vitterhetsakademien och dess bibliotek.\n \nMarie-Louise Bachman bildade aldrig egen familj, men var mycket släktintresserad. Som pensionär blev hon en engagerad släktforskare och hon sammanfattade sina resultat i en släktkrönika som trycktes i en liten upplaga.\n\nGenom målmedvetna och uthålliga arbetsinsatser och en central position kom Marie-Louise Bachman att betyda mycket för forskningsbibliotekens utveckling i det brytningsskede för hela sektorn som datoriseringen innebar. Hon skrev inga sammanhängande memoarer, men publicerade minnesbilder från sitt yrkesliv i flera olika sammanhang. I hennes personarkiv i Kungliga biblioteket förvaras de dagböcker hon förde under praktiskt taget hela sitt liv.\n\nMarie-Louise Bachman avled 2020, 91 år gammal, och hennes aska jordades vid sidan av föräldrarna i familjegraven på Sandsborgskyrkogården i Enskede.",
      "text_eng": "Marie-Louise Bachman was a historian and a librarian. She was the first woman with a senior post at the Kungliga biblioteket. She was in the first rank when the research library was digitalised during the 1970s and she contributed actively to introducing an international perspective to the Swedish research library world.\n \nMarie-Louise Bachman was born in 1928 on Södermalm in Stockholm, and she lived in that district all her life. She grew up as the elder of two daughters. Her mother was Gerda, née Stålhammar, and her father was Fredrik Bachman, a civil engineer with his own engineering consultant firm. From her childhood home came her interest in reading and history.   \n\nShe completed her schooling at the grammar school for girls on Södermalm, where [](Beth Hennings) – the first woman to take her doctorate in history at Stockholm College – was the headmistress and where [](Aina Erlander) taught mathematics. After her matriculation, she started studying history at Stockholm College (now the University of Stockholm). To start with, she had no clear direction for choosing a profession, but she did not want to be a teacher and as a humanist she chose the field of librarianship.\n \nAt that time, research libraries trained their staff internally. For higher posts, a B.A. was required but as early as 1948, parallel with her university studies, Marie-Louise Bachman participated in the so-called KB course, a shorter introduction to librarian work at Kungliga biblioteket (KB) that had started in 1946, to recruit library assistants. In a small leaflet about her early KB memories, Marie-Louise Bachman has described the course and the impressions she received. In summary, KB appeared to her at that time as “very old-fashioned”, and it was not there either that she began her career working in libraries. After completing her B.A. in history, political science and Slavic languages she was instead appointed as an assistant librarian in 1951 at the library of the Royal Academy of Letters, where she remained for nine years. She complemented her studies with further courses on classical archaeology. During this period, Marie-Louise Bachman was given her first bibliographic assignments, in which she compiled several bibliographies over eminent archaeologists’ printed writings, bibliographies that she herself with rather dry humour spoke of as “old man-ographies”. \n\nShe continued her studies in history and with Professor Torvald Höjer as her tutor, she gained her Licentiate in 1960. Her licentiate dissertation *Studier i Kungl. Vitterhets-, historie- och antikvitetsakademiens historia* was later expanded and came out in 1969 as a book. In it, she continued Henrik Schück’s comprehensive depiction of the history of the Royal Academy of Letters where Schück had ended his, and the period she writes about is Bror Emil Hildebrand’s long era as the secretary of the academy and national antiquarian, in 1837–1879.\n \nWith her licentiate degree, Marie-Louise Bachman met the requirements for a post as librarian at KB and in 1960 she continued her career there, more or less by order of library advisor Sune Lindqvist and the national librarian Uno Willers. In 1965 she was made first librarian. At KB, intensive development and modernisation was ongoing, led by Uno Willers. He worked single-mindedly to streamline and modernise the work and not least to reinforce and assert the national library’s status within the national library system. \n\nWithin KB, Marie-Louise Bachman soon started working in the bibliographical section, Bibliografiska institutet (BI), and its subsection Centralkatalogiseringen (CK), where Swedish books were catalogued for not only KB but also all the large university libraries. At the beginning of the 1960s, she was made head of CK, and thereby the first woman to hold a senior post at KB. She soon learned the work of designing new rules for cataloguing. The plan was that the Swedish research and public libraries’ rules should be more similar to each other, but library advisor Sune Lindqvist, Marie-Louise Bachman and other far-sighted persons soon realised the necessity of instead aiming at harmonising them with international standards. In the end, they used as their starting-point the “Anglo-American cataloguing rules” in their *Katalogiseringsregler för svenska bibliotek*, published in 1983. Marie-Louise Bachman was deeply involved in this work. \n\nAround 1970, computer technology made its entrance in earnest in the library world, bringing with it enormously transformed working methods. In the world of research libraries, it was the development of the national catalogue Libris that was “the great leap forward” in the field of computerisation. When the system was rolled out at the beginning of the 1970s, Marie-Louise Bachman with her central position at KB was in the front line. The establishment took its time and caused both problems and time lapses before any profits could be experienced. Computerisation also met with considerable resistance among library colleagues. Her memories of this period have been dealt with in several different essays and they were also documented in 2007 in a thoroughgoing interview with her in the research project “Från matematikmaskin till IT”. \n\nMarie-Louise Bachman contributed on a practical level by introducing an international perspective to the Swedish library world. It was a matter of developing common standards and the emphasis on the significance of authoritative work. She received international impulses mainly through the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA), in whose conferences she participated in various parts of the world, and of whose cataloguing committee she was a member. Thus she was able to exchange experiences with colleagues from several different countries. One particular experience was her visit to the Library of Congress in Washington in 1970, when she compared the situation for computerisation in Sweden and the USA. She met the pioneer Henriette Avram, the woman behind the MARC-format, who found it ambitious to plan for cataloguing online from the beginning, as Sweden was doing. \n\nIn Sweden, Marie-Louise Bachman worked for many years in various investigations and on various committees. In these, she collaborated on a broad front on bibliographical questions, even with the public libraries sector. When she retired in 1995, she had served at KB for 35 years without a break, of which the final eleven years were as the head of the cataloguing section. \n\nApart from her working life proper, Marie-Louise Bachman made contributions to Svensk historisk bibliografi (SHB). The head of that perpetually updated list of literature on Swedish history in a broad sense was for a long time the association Svenska historiska föreningen, and from the 1930s, it had become a tradition for a KB official to edit the annual lists apart from her/his ordinary work. For this hard work, a small fee was paid upon which Marie-Louise Bachman commented in her latter days with a memorable formulation: “It almost sufficed to buy a spring hat”. She was engaged in the work for SHB for more than ten years, and has in a valuable essay recounted how the work on the bibliography was carried out. When the production of SHB was to be resumed in 1995 after a longer pause, she was appointed the project leader for the digital version that was now produced directly in Libris, despite being retired. After a couple of years, she withdrew completely, and in 2010 the production of SHB came to an end.\n \nAs a pensioner, Marie-Louise Bachman took upon herself the writing of the history of the library of the Royal Academy of Letters for its 250th jubilee in 2003. The result was a valuable book describing the origins of the collections and the people behind the development of the library. In particular, she underlined the contributions made by a woman predecessor, [](Sigrid Leijonhufvud). In her old age, she spent time and energy doing research on the Gustavian official and book collector Schering Rosenhane with his links to the Royal Academy of Letters and its library.\n\nMarie-Louise Bachman never had a family of her own, but was very interested in her forebears. As a pensioner, she took up genealogy and she summarised her results in a family chronicle that was printed in a limited edition. \n\nThrough single-minded and persevering work contributions, and her central position, Marie-Louise Bachman came to mean a great deal for the development of research libraries at a time of great change for the whole sector through computerisation. She did not write any cohesive memoirs, but published memories from her working life in several different contexts. Her diaries from almost her whole life have been saved in her personal archive at Kungliga biblioteket.\n \nMarie-Louise Bachman died in 2020, at 91 years of age. Her ashes were buried with her parents in the family grave in Sandsborg Cemetery in Enskede.",
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          "name": "Sveriges Författarförbund, SFF",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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        {
          "description": "Medlem, fr o m 1975 styrelseledamot, 1973–1979 suppleant i riksdagsgruppen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "name": "Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna (VPK, nuvarande Vänsterpartiet)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        }
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      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Andersson",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
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      "places": [
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          "from": {
            "comment": ""
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Kungälv"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-12-07",
            "date": "1907-12-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001",
            "date": "2001"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Carlsson, född Feyerabend",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894-09-25",
            "date": "1894-09-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1961-04-12",
            "date": "1961-04-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Martin Carl David",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "occupation": "Föreståndare, disponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Kjell",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Birgitta",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Monika",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Carlsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1929-02-23",
            "date": "1929-02-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Thorsten",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "occupation": "Ortnamnsforskare, Uppsala universitet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Heurling, Bo (red.), *Författaren själv: ett biografiskt lexikon av och om 1189 samtida svenska författare*, Wiken, Höganäs, 1993",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0046.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ekselius, Eva, 'Dödsfall/ Barbro Backberger', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1999-03-30",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervju med nära släkting",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, journalist, samhällsdebattör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, journalist, debater",
      "text": "Barbro Backberger var en välkänd och omskriven författare, journalist och feministisk debattör.\n\nBarbro Backberger föddes 1932 och växte upp i Kungälv med fem syskon under de magra åren under andra världskriget. Fadern, som växt upp och tagit studenten i Uppsala, var först föreståndare för Systembolaget i Marstrand och sedan tjänsteman vid den stora ABC-fabriken som tillverkade sportutrustning i Kungälv. Modern var med den tidens beteckning hemmafru. Efter åren i folkskola fortsatte Barbro Backberger med flickskola och gymnasium i Uppsala, där hon bodde hos sin farbror och faster på Ärna gård. Farbrodern, som var kamrer vid Ärna flygplats, förvaltade gården och höll många hästar, vilka blev ett livslångt intresse för Barbro Backberger.\n\nEfter studentexamen fortsatte Barbro Backberger med studier i sociologi och litteraturvetenskap vid Uppsala universitet och efter fil.kand.examen tog hon sikte på en licentiatavhandling om [](Agnes von Krusenstjerna). Under studietiden träffade hon ortnamnsforskaren Thorsten Andersson och de var gifta åren 1957–1958. Efter skilsmässan från Andersson tog hon sig efternamnet Backberger. En tid arbetade hon som mentalskötare vid Ulleråkers sjukhus.\n\nÅr 1965 debuterade Barbro Backberger med diktsamlingen *Goddag, yxskaft* på Albert Bonniers Förlag, en samling upproriska och bitska feministiska dikter. Då hade hon redan under året gjort sig väl känd som skribent och debattör med artiklar i bland annat *Dagens Nyheter* om fördomar kring tonårssexualiteten och en essä i tidskriften *Ord & Bild* med titeln ”Det förkrympta kvinnoidealet”, som var en granskning av den patriarkala världsbilden i läroböcker, skönlitteratur och inte minst i den kolorerade veckopressen. Diktsamlingen fick goda omdömen och flera recensenter nämnde släktskapet med samtida poeter som [](Sonja Åkesson), [](Elsa Grave) och [](Majken Johansson). Många ansåg ändå att Barbro Backberger gjorde sig bättre i dagsjournalistikens debattformat. Liknande kommentarer skulle möta även hennes senare skönlitterära utgivningar.\n\nDebattformatet blev Barbro Backbergers signum och gjorde henne känd även utanför Sveriges gränser. På julafton 1965, samma år som hennes litterära debut, publicerade *Dagens Nyheter* hennes text ”Den heliga familjen” på kultursidan, ett ursinnigt angrepp på det borgerliga samhällets äktenskapsinstitution och kvinnosyn. Artikeln ledde till såväl hätsk debatt som stort gensvar hos den framväxande andra vågens kvinnorörelse. Under åren 1966–1968 deltog Barbro Backberger i Grupp 222, en tidig svensk nätverks- och påtryckningsgrupp i jämställdhetsfrågor, med medlemmar som [](Eva Moberg), Rita Liljeström och [](Gertrud Sigurdsen). Gruppen hade fått sitt namn efter gatunumret till den bostad i Alvik där [](Annika Baude), som 1964 tagit initiativ till gruppens möte, levde.\n\nÅr 1966 publicerade Barbro Backberger också essän ”Det förkrympta kvinnoidealet” i bokform, och hon började mer och mer framträda som offentlig debattör och föredragshållare, ofta intervjuad i dagspressen om sina ståndpunkter. Året därpå var hon med och startade den ideella föreningen Författarcentrum, samtidigt som hon var gästredaktör för *Ord & Bild*, där hon gjorde ett specialnummer om vad hon beskrev som samhällets mest missgynnade områden, mental-, kriminal- och narkomanvården. Kriminalvården skulle även fortsättningsvis bli en fråga som Barbro Backberger engagerade sig starkt i, liksom ökat bistånd till utvecklingsländerna, kampen mot ett svenskt medlemskap i EU och stopp för nya kärnvapenprov.\n\nGenom studierna i Uppsala blev Barbro Backberger bekant med [Karin Westman Berg](Karin Westman) som disputerat 1962 på en avhandling med titeln *Studier i C.J.L. Almqvists kvinnouppfattning*. När Karin Westman Berg startade det första könsrollsseminariet vid Kursverksamheten i Uppsala på hösten 1967 var Barbro Backberger en av tillskyndarna och bidrog med en föreläsning om sin egen Krusenstjerna-forskning. Den och de andra föreläsningarna gavs ut i bokform på hösten samma år, 1968, med titeln *Könsroller i litteratur från antiken till 1960-talet*; en bok som blivit en klassiker på litteraturlistorna för genusvetenskap. Ett annat märkbart resultat blev att Barbro Backberger och sju andra deltagare i seminariet bildade det feministiska nätverket Grupp 8 våren 1968.\n\nSamma år flyttade Barbro Backberger från Uppsala till Hässelby i utkanten av Stockholm. Där skrev hon kritiska artiklar om de nya förorterna som ”välfärdssamhällets koncentrationsläger”, ett begrepp hämtat från den amerikanska författaren och debattören Betty Friedans beskrivning av hemmafrusyndromet i hennes bok *The Feminine Mystique* som då kommit ut i svensk översättning. Barbro Backberger menade att samhället satsade på kommersialism och utbyggda köpcenter i stället för daghem och arbetsplatser, med deprimerade, frigida och smygalkoholiserade kvinnor som resultat. Protester mot denna negativa bild lät dock höra sig från kvinnorna i Skärholmen. År 1971 gick Barbro Backberger med i dåvarande VPK, Vänsterpartiet kommunisterna, och var under åren 1973–1979 suppleant i riksdagsgruppen, samt 1975–1980 ledamot av partistyrelsen. Därefter lämnade hon partiet som hon menade var auktoritärt och fruktade starka kvinnor.\n\nÅr 1977 gav Barbro Backberger ut den delvis självbiografiska uppväxtromanen *Inga träd växer in i himlen* som fick uppskattande recensioner och *Tidningen Vi:s* litteraturpris. Den historiska berättelsen *Sagan om grobladens rike*, 1983, och diktsamlingen *Vilda drömmars land*, 1990, för barn och ungdom rönte dock mindre uppmärksamhet.\n\nUnder 1970-talet samarbetade Barbro Backberger också med Bruksteatern, en fri teatergrupp i Malmö, med manus till två pjäser, *Fattig och dessutom kvinna*, 1975, och *Hick! Eller Mordet på ölstugan*, 1978, om en kvinnlig alkoholist. År 1981 visades hennes barnpjäs *Susanna och draken* i TV.\n\nBarbro Backberger avled i Hässelby 1999.",
      "text_eng": "Barbro Backberger was a well-known and well-publicised author, journalist, and feminist debater.\n\nBarbro Backberger was born in 1932. She grew up in Kungälv as one of six children during the lean years of the Second World War. Her father, who had grown up and attended school in Uppsala, was initially the manager of Systembolaget (state alcohol monopoly) in Marstrand, and subsequently a functionary for the ABC-factory which produced sports gear in Kungälv. Her mother fulfilled the role of what was then called a housewife. After completing her basic education, Barbro Backberger continued studying first at a girls’ school and then at a high school in Uppsala. She lived with her paternal uncle and aunt on Ärna farm. Her paternal uncle, an accountant at Ärna airport, ran the farm and kept a lot of horses, which became one of Barbro Backberger’s lifelong interests.\n\nBarbro Backberger continued studying after she had gained her school-leaving certificate, reading sociology and literary science at Uppsala University. After gaining her Bachelor’s degree she considered writing a Master’s thesis on [](Agnes von Krusenstierna). While she was at university she met the toponymist Thorsten Andersson. They entered into a short-lived marriage, which lasted from 1957 to 1958. Barbro took the surname Backberger after her divorce. For a short time she worked as a nurse within psychiatric care at Ulleråker hospital.\n\nIn 1965 Barbro Backberger made her debut with a collection of poems entitled *Goddag, yxskaft*, published by Albert Bonnier publishing house. This was a collection of riotous and sarcastic feminist poems. She had already established herself as a writer and debater through her articles on the stereotyping of teenage sexuality published in *Dagens Nyheter* and other titles. She also published an essay in the journal *Ord & Bild* entitled “Det förkrympta kvinnoidealet”, which was a critique of the patriarchal worldview as presented in textbooks, literature, and, particularly, in the coloured weekly press. Her poetry collection garnered favourable reviews and several of the reviewers noted undertones of poets such as [](Sonja Åkesson), [](Elsa Grave), and [](Majken Johansson). However, many people felt that Barbro Backberger was more talented as a debater within the format of the daily press. She would receive similar feedback on her later literary publications.\n\nThe debate format became Barbro Backberger’s trademark. Through it she gained a reputation that extended beyond Sweden. On Christmas Eve in 1965, the same year as her literary debute, *Dagens Nyheter* published a piece by her entitled “Den heliga familjen” in the paper’s cultural section. This text was an angry attack on bourgeois society’s institution of marriage and its view of women. Her piece generated both heated discussion and a wide response from the growing second wave of the women’s movement. From 1966 to 1968 Barbro Backberger was a member of Grupp 222, an early Swedish network and lobbying group for issues of gender equality. Members included [](Eva Moberg), Rita Liljeström, and [](Gertrud Sigurdsen). The group was named after the street address of the building in which [](Annika Baude), the woman who had held the first group meeting, lived.\n\nIn 1966 Barbro Backberger re-published her essay entitled “Det förkrympta kvinnoidealet”, this time in book format. She began increasingly to appear as a public debater and speaker and was often interviewed for her opinions by the daily press. The following year she helped to establish the non-profit association Författarcentrum (authors’ centre) whilst also serving as a guest editor for *Ord & Bild*. She edited a special edition of *Ord & Bild* covering what she described as society’s most disadvantaged areas, namely mental healthcare, the correctional system, and drug rehabilitation. Barbro Backberger continued working to improve the correctional system in later years and also became active in issues such as increased support for developing nations, keeping Sweden out of the EU, and a ban on further nuclear weapon testing.\n\nWhile studying in Uppsala Barbro Backberger had become acquainted with [Karin Westman Berg](Karin Westman), who had defended a doctoral thesis entitled *Studier i C J L Almqvists kvinnouppfattning* in 1962. When Karin Westman Berg set up the first seminar on gender roles at Kursverksamheten in Uppsala in the autumn of 1967, Barbro Backberger was one of the first to support it and contributed with a lecture on her own research on Krusenstjerna. In the autumn of 1968 the seminar’s lectures were published as a book called *Könsroller i litteratur från antiken till 1960-talet*. This book has become a classic on reading lists for gender studies. Another notable outcome of the programme was that Barbro Backberger and seven other participants set up the feminist network known as Grupp 8 in the spring of 1968.\n\nBarbro Backberger moved from Uppsala to Hässelby on the outskirts of Stockholm in 1968. She wrote articles criticising the new suburbs describing them as “the concentration camps of the welfare state”, using a concept she had borrowed from the American author and debater Betty Friedan. Friedan had used it when describing the housewife-syndrome in her book *The Feminine Mystique*, which had just been released in a Swedish translation. Barbro Backberger argued that society promoted commercialism and expansive shopping centres at the expense of day nurseries and work places, resulting in depressed, frigid and secretly alcoholic women. However, the women of Skärholm lashed out against this negative portrayal. In 1971 Barbro Backberger joined what was then VPK (today Vänsterpartiet), and from 1973 to 1979 she served as a substitute in the parliamentary group, whilst also serving as a member of the party executive from 1975 to 1980. She then resigned from the party citing authoritarianism and its fear of strong women as her reasons for doing so.\n\nIn 1977 Barbro Backberger released the partly autobiographical coming-of-age novel *Inga träd växer in i himlen* to very favourable reviews. It also won *Tidningen Vi*’s literary prize. In 1983 Barbro Backberger published the historical story *Sagan om grobladens rike*, and in 1990 she published another poetry collection, entitled *Vilda drömmars land*, aimed at children and young adults. Neither of these two publications garnered major attention.\n\nDuring the 1970s Barbro Backberger collaborated with Bruksteatern, an independent theatre group based in Malmö. She supplied them with two plays: *Fattig och dessutom kvinna*, 1975, and *Hick! Eller Mordet på ölstugan*, 1978, which told the story of a female alcoholic. Barbro Backberger’s children’s play *Susanna och draken* was aired on TV in 1981.\n\nBarbro Backberger died in Hässelby in 1999.",
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          "description": "Stipendium, Axelsson & Johnsons stipendiefond",
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          "description": "Olsson, Thomas, 'Monica Backströms fantasifulla, sensuella och färgstarka glas', *Konstvärlden & disajn*, 2001:4, s. 20, 22-24",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sundelius, Lidia, 'Glaskonstnärens sommarhem', *Hus & hem*, 1997:10, s. 107-110",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sunehed, Elin, 'Glasfynd i svampskogen  lär dig mer om Bodas glassvampar', *Scandinavian retro*, 2017:5, s. 50-60",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      "keyword": [
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        "Formgivare"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "21st century"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-08-06T09:12:49",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 81,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1939-05-20",
            "date": "1939-05-20"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "date": "2020-07-02"
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          "place": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Monica/ Astrid Stensdotter",
        "lastname": "Backström",
        "sortname": "Backström"
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          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, Kosta glasbruk (nuvarande Orrefors Kosta Boda)",
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            "date": "1965"
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            "place": "Emmaboda"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, Backström & Höglund AB, Vet Hut AB m fl",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Högskolan i Kalmar (Linnéuniversitet)",
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            "date": "2003"
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            "place": "Nybro"
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            "date": "2006"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "name": "Glasvärnarna",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
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      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Hultberg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
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            "place": "Kalmar"
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          "description": "Monica Backström, 2014. Foto: Eva Finder ©",
          "description_eng": "Monica Backström, 2014. Photo: Eva Finder ©",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Backstrom_Monica_Eva_Finder.jpg"
        }
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      "publication_date": "2020-09-22",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1909-05-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002-01-01",
            "date": "2002-01-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Astrid",
          "lastname": "Sampe",
          "occupation": "Formgivare, chef, NK:s textilkammare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-04-24",
            "date": "1909-04-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002-11-13",
            "date": "2002-11-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Lennart",
          "lastname": "Hultberg",
          "occupation": "Formgivare, direktör, Sten Hultbergs textiltryckeri",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942-07-18",
            "date": "1942-07-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Henrik Arnold Stenson",
          "lastname": "Sampe",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1938-03-01",
            "date": "1938-03-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Adam Eric",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "lastname": "Backström",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1932-01-31",
            "date": "1932-01-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-01-27",
            "date": "1998-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Sylvester",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "lastname": "Höglund",
          "occupation": "Glaskonstnär",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1960-11-26",
            "date": "1960-11-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Camilla Pauline Monica",
          "lastname": "Backström",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1971-11-11",
            "date": "1971-11-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Åsa Erika Monica",
          "lastname": "Höglund, tidigare Backström",
          "occupation": "Formgivare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Artéus Thor, Margareta (red), *Monica Backström: ingenting är givet. Allt är möjligt" : 2008-09 : vandringsutställning 08 Smålands konstarkiv, Värnamo ...,* Frommens förlag, Fagerhult, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Axelsson, Rune B, Artéus, Margareta, Holmér, Gunnel, Petri, Gunilla, *Monica Backström. Speglingar*, Lund, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brunius, Jan, 'Uppbrott, revolt, förnyelse: 60- och 70-talen', *Svenskt glas / Jan Brunius ....*, S. [174]-237, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Petri, Gunilla, *Monica Backström: mitt glas*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wickman, Kerstin, 'Hantverkets revansch: 1980-88', *Svenskt glas / Jan Brunius ....*, S. [238]-317, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Formgivare, glaskonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Designer, glass artist",
      "text": "Monica Backström var en framgångsrik formgivare och förnyare av svensk glaskonst.\n\nMonica Backström föddes som Monica Astrid Stensdotter Hultberg i Stockholm 1939. Hennes föräldrar var båda verksamma inom textilbranschen. Modern [](Astrid Sampe) var textilkonstnär och ledare för Nordiska Kompaniets Textilkammare från dess start 1936 till 1971. Fadern Sten Hultberg arbetade med reklam innan han startade en firma i Dalarna för handtryckta textilier.\n\nMonica Backström växte upp i ett konstnärligt hem och familjen umgicks med konstnärer, formgivare och arkitekter. Efter skolgången vid Nya Elementarskolan för flickor i Stockholm gick hon ett år på Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi i Uppsala innan hon sökte och kom in på Konstfackskolan (nuvarande Konstfack) 1959. De första åren gick hon på reklam- och bokhantverkslinjen och därefter på den nystartade linjen för metall- och industriformgivning.\n\nI samband med Boda glasbruks hundraårsjubileum utlystes en tävling för konstskolor och Monica Backström, som var en av vinnarna, for till Småland för att tillverka sitt tävlingsbidrag, en skulptur i kristall. Hon blev fascinerad av glasets möjligheter och gjorde sitt examensarbete i detta för henne nya material. År 1964 fick hon provanställning på Boda glasbruk och fick möjlighet att under några månader fritt experimentera i hyttan. Året därpå blev hon fast anställd och lämnade Stockholm nyskild, tillsammans med sin treåriga dotter. Monica Backström arbetade för glasbruket i fyrtio år.\n\nRedan första åren på Boda väckte den unga och oförfärade Monica Backström uppmärksamhet för sin glasproduktion. På Aveny Kristall i Stockholm kunde man 1967 se installationen Glasyra som hon skapade tillsammans med två arkitekter. Utställningen, som både rosades och risades, blev hennes genombrott. Det var enligt Ulf Hård av Segerstad på *Svenska Dagbladet* ”någonting alldeles ’nytt’ i svensk glaskonst”. Utställningen beskrevs ofta som ett glatt jippo med glasföremål som hade ingjutna metallföremål som nubb och gem och med mycket guld och glitter. Hon sades våga mer än till och med Erik Höglund som knutits till Boda redan 1953. I utställningen ingick även böljande fat och skålar i opalin, halvt genomskinligt färgat glas, servisen *Blomyra* med en slipad dekor av poppiga blommor samt bulliga silverskimrande föremål i så kallat fattigmanssilver, en nygammal teknik.\n\nUnder 1960-talet arbetade Monica Backström även med mode. Hon lanserade raka, kortkorta klänningar, bland annat uppsydda av grova gul- och blårandiga postsäckar. Till kläderna skapade hon även smycken. De visades i Stockholm och i hemmet i Hermanstorp, i skolsalen, där Monica Backström drev galleri och biograf.\n\nErik Höglund och Monica Backström var sambor under några år och fick en dotter tillsammans. De grundade 1968 företaget Backström & Höglund AB för formgivning av möbler, hushållsredskap och bruksföremål för offentlig miljö. Båda var medlemmar i Vet Hut AB som bildats 1971 av tio formgivare vid glasbruken Åfors och Boda med bland andra paren Ulrica Hydman Vallien och Bertil Vallien samt Ann och Göran Wärff.\n\nDet var på 1970-talet som Monica Backström skapade några av sina mest populära glasprodukter som också skickligt marknadsfördes. Hon inspirerades av naturen och gjorde ägg, svampar, stenar och snäckor. Äggen förpackades i en presentförpackning och kallades *Boda Ägg*. Även den lite romantiska servisen *Zelda* blev en storsäljare, särskilt i Japan. Monica Backström formgav under många decennier serviser i klarglas som *Linnéa*, *Captain* och *Bella Boda*.\n\nI början av 1980-talet drabbades glasbruken av en kris. Monica Backström, Anette Krahner och Lars Hellsten startade föreningen Glasvärnarna i protest mot att bruken höll på att göra sig av med de skickligaste hantverkarna, som var förutsättningen för att svenskt glas skulle överleva.\n\nStatens industriverk (SIND) gav medel till exportfrämjande åtgärder och stödde även formgivare som deltog i utställningen Svenskt glas på Nationalmuseum. Monica Backström belönades för sina symboliskt laddade bidrag, spruckna skålar och krossade glashjärtan hoplödda med tenn, med motiveringen ”experimentellt nytänkande med internationell orientering. Pekar framåt med sitt okonventionella sätt att använda sitt material, glaset.” Under 1980-talet fortsatte hon att formge humoristiska och anarkistiska glasskapelser som serien *Space*, små och stora, ibland manshöga, toppformiga glasskulpturer i färgat folierat glas. De bestod av flera delar som kunde plockas isär och användas var för sig. Hon fortsatte på rymdtemat med *Astronautens termos*. I början av 2000-talet kom färgstarka *Moonlanding* och *Moonrockers* i avancerad teknik. *Halo* är namnet på en smyckekollektion av ringar och halssmycken med färgade kärnor inneslutna i klarglas, ibland blästrade och slipade med styva halsringar av silver.\n\nNatur, kosmos och kultur var inspirationskällor för Monica Backström. Efter ett möte med den antika kulturen i Grekland skapade hon bland annat serien *Atlantis*. Det var krus och vaser som hade en sträv och matt yta som om de legat länge på havets botten. Vasernas mynning omgavs av tjocka glasslingor i färg och på de bukiga partierna flimrade flarn av guld. De unika vaserna visades första gången 1988 och exponerades på rostiga podier. Sina intryck från sin drömresa längs Sidenvägen visualiserade hon i kollektionen *Gobi*, sandfärgade glasföremål med inslag av kinesiskt rött och lacksvart. Andra kollektionsserier som *Taiga* och *Tonga* i grafferat glas från 1999 var även de inspirerade av andra kulturer.\n\nMonica Backström utförde med start 1969 också 18 offentliga utsmyckningar, många av dem i Småland som exempelvis *Strandhugg*, till Högskolan i Kalmar 1993.\n\nÅr 2003 började Monica Backström som lärare i glasdesign vid Högskolan i Kalmar (nuvarande Linnéuniversitetet) i Pukeberg. Hon ingick från 2008 i ett forskningsprojekt vid samma högskola. Efter sin tid vid Kosta Boda formgav hon smyckekollektioner som exempelvis *Seeds* och *Backströmsknappen* i samarbete med ädelsmeder. *The New Line* var namnet på den textila kollektion hon skapade för företaget Swedehearts Interiör från 2015 och framåt.\n\nSin första utställning hade Monica Backström 1965 och hon deltog sedan i otaliga utställningar i Sverige och övriga Skandinavien, Australien, England, Holland, Japan, Tyskland och USA. Åren 2008—2009 visade hon bredden i sitt konstnärskap på den retrospektiva vandringsutställningen Ingenting är givet. Allt är möjligt. Samma år deltog Monica Backström med glassmycken på vandringsutställningen Glasswear: Glass in Contemporay Jewelry som började på Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) i New York, USA.\n\nMonica Backström avled 2020, åttio år gammal. Hennes glas finns i museisamlingar i Sverige, Danmark, Norge, Tyskland, Holland, England och i tre museer i New York.",
      "text_eng": "Monica Backström was a successful designer and renewer of Swedish glass art. \n\nMonica Backström was born Monica Astrid Stensdotter Hultberg in Stockholm in 1939. Her parents were both active in the textile business. Her mother [](Astrid Sampe) was a textile artist and leader of the Swedish department store Nordiska Kompaniet’s textile production from the start in 1936 until 1971. Her father Sten Hultberg worked in advertising before he started a company in Dalarna for hand-printed textiles.\n \nMonica Backström grew up in an artistic home and the family socialised with artists, designers and architects. After completing her schooling at the girls’ school Nya Elementarskolan för flickor in Stockholm, she attended the domestic science college Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi in Uppsala before applying to and being accepted by the art academy Konstfackskolan (now Konstfack) in Stockholm in 1959. She attended the advertising and book crafts courses for a few years before changing to the newly started course in metal and industrial design. \n\nIn connection with Boda glass works’ hundredth jubilee, a competition was announced for art schools, and Monica Backström, who was one of the winners, travelled to Boda glass works in Småland to manufacture her competition piece, a sculpture in crystal. She became fascinated by the possibilities inherent in glass and created her examination piece in this material that was completely new to her. In 1964, she was given probationary employment at Boda glass works and had the opportunity to experiment freely for a few months in the smeltery. The following year, she was given a permanent position and left Stockholm as a new divorcée with her then three-year-old daughter. Monica Backström worked at the glass works for forty years. \n\nRight from her first year at Boda, the young and fearless Monica Backström attracted attention for her glass production. At Aveny Kristall in Stockholm in 1967, her installation Glasyra, created with two architects, was on display. The exhibition, that was both praised and criticised, was her breakthrough. According to Ulf Hård av Segerstad from the major daily newspaper *Svenska Dagbladet* “it was something completely ‘new’ in Swedish glass art”. The exhibition was often described as a jolly stunt with glass creations that had metal objects like tacks and paperclips inside them and a great deal of gold and glitter. She was said to be even more daring than even Erik Höglund who had been attached to Boda as early as 1953. The exhibition also included billowing opaline dishes and bowls, semi-transparent coloured glass, the service *Blomyra* with a polished decoration of pop-style flowers, and florid, gleamingly silvery objects in so-called nickel silver, a modernised old technique. \n\nDuring the 1960s, Monica Backström also worked with fashion. She launched straight minidresses, of among other materials coarse yellow-and-blue-striped postal sacks. She also created jewellery to match her clothes. These pieces were exhibited in Stockholm and in her home at Hermanstorp, in the school classroom in which Monica Backström ran a gallery and cinema. \n\nErik Höglund and Monica Backström lived together for several years and had a daughter. They founded the company Backström & Höglund AB in 1968 for designing furniture, household apparatus, and utensils for public spaces. Both were member of Vet Hut AB that was started in 1971 by ten designers at the Åfors and Boda glass works, with among others the couples Ulrica Hydman Vallien and Bertil Vallien and Ann and Göran Wärff. \n\nIt was during the 1970s that Monica Backström created some of her most popular glass products that were also skilfully marketed. She was inspired by nature and made eggs, mushrooms, stones and shells. The eggs were packaged in gift-wrappings and called *Boda Ägg*. The slightly romantic service *Zelda* also became a big seller, especially in Japan. Monica Backström designed for many decades services in clear glass like *Linnéa*, *Captain* and *Bella Boda*. \n\nAt the beginning of the 1980s, all the glass works were struck by a crisis. Monica Backström, Anette Krahner and Lars Hellsten started the association Glasvärnarna in protest against the works’ dismissal of their most skilful craftspeople, who were the precondition for the survival at all of Swedish glass. The national Statens industriverk (SIND) provided funding to promote exports and also supported the designers who participated in the exhibition Svenskt glas at the National Museum. Monica Backström was rewarded for her symbolically charged contributions: cracked bowls and broken glass hearts soldered together with tin, with the motivation “experimental new thinking with an international orientation. Points ahead with its unconventional way of using its material, glass.” During the 1980s, she continued to design humorous and anarchistic glass creations like the series *Space*, small and big, sometimes the height of a man, conical glass sculptures in coloured foliated glass. They consisted of several sections that could be taken apart and used each on its own. She continued the space theme with *Astronautens termos*. \n\nAt the beginning of the new millennium came the colourful *Moonlanding* and *Moonrockers* using advanced techniques. *Halo* is the name of a jewellery collection of rings and necklaces with coloured pips enclosed in clear glass, sometimes sandblasted or polished, with stiff silver neckrings.\n \nNature, the cosmos and culture were sources of inspiration for Monica Backström. After a meeting with antique Greek culture, she created among others the series *Atlantis*. It consisted of jars and vases that had a rough, matt surface as though they had lain at the bottom of the sea. The mouths of the vases were rimmed by thick coils of coloured glass and the bulges flickered with slivers of gold. These unique vases were exhibited for the first time in 1988 and exposed on rusty podia. Her impressions from a dream journey along the Silk Road were expressed in the collection *Gobi*, sand-coloured glass objects with elements of Chinese red and lacquer-black. Other collection series like *Taiga* and *Tonga* in engraved glass from 1999 were also inspired by other cultures.\n\nStarting in 1969, Monica Backström also created 18 public decorative works, many of them in Småland, like for example *Strandhugg*, for the college in Kalmar in 1993. \n\nIn 2003, Monica Backström started teaching glass design at the college in Kalmar, now Linnaeus University in Pukeberg. From 2008, she was included in a research project at the same university. After her time at Kosta Boda, she designed jewellery collections like for example *Seeds* and *Bäckströmsknappen* in collaboration with fine metal smiths. *The New Line* was the name of the textile collection she created for the company Swedehearts Interiör from 2015 onwards. \n\nMonica Backström had her first exhibition in 1965 and she participated in innumerable exhibitions after that, in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia as well as Australia, England, Holland, Japan, Germany and the USA. In 2008—2009 she showed the breadth of her artistry in the retrospective touring exhibition Ingenting är givet. Allt är möjligt. The same year, Monica Backström participated with glass jewellery in the touring exhibition Glasswear: Glass in Contemporary Jewelry that started at the Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) in New York, USA.\n \nMonica Backström died in 2020, at 80 years of age. Her glass can be seen in museum collections in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany, Holland, England and three museums in New York.",
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          "institution": "Académie Colarossi, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "48.856614",
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            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
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        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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          },
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        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Eva Bagge, Nationalmuseum",
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        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Bagge, Eva & Kjerner, Esther (red.), *Utställning, mars 1907 [Elektronisk resurs] Anna Nordgren. Eva Bagge. Esther Kjerner*, Stockholm, 1907",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:eod-3060870"
        },
        {
          "description": "Edlund, Birgitta, 'Kvinnor, konst och blyga blomster', *Månadsjournalen*, 2000:12, s. 76-80, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Eva Bagge",
          "description_eng": "About Eva Bagge",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(%22Bagge%2c+Eva%22)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        "Konstnärer"
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        "Artists"
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1871-12-15",
            "date": "1871-12-15"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Sankt Nikolai församling",
            "pin": {
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        },
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1964-11-06",
            "date": "1964-11-06"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Matteus församling",
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        {
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      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Eva Bagge. Fotograf okänd, ur Svenskt Porträttgalleri XX - Arkitekter, Bildhuggare, Målare m.fl, 1901",
          "description_eng": "Eva Bagge. Photographer unkonown, from Svenskt Porträttgalleri XX - Arkitekter, Bildhuggare, Målare, m.fl, 1901.",
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      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1837-09-01",
            "date": "1837-09-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-03-30",
            "date": "1917-03-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrika Otiliana",
          "lastname": "von Fieandt",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-08-20",
            "date": "1833-08-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1872-08-02",
            "date": "1872-08-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Olof",
          "lastname": "Bagge",
          "occupation": "Boktryckare, föreståndare, Riksbankens sedeltryckeri",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1865-07-23"
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            "date": "1917-02-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto",
          "lastname": "Bagge",
          "occupation": "Rådman, auditör, advokat",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-08-03",
            "date": "1869-08-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1955-02-26",
            "date": "1955-02-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrietta",
          "lastname": "Bagge, gift Wessberg",
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          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1867-05-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1867-11-13",
            "date": "1867-11-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Boëthius, Gerda, *Eva Bagges konst. Ett urval målningar med inledning*, Stockholm, 1944",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Eva Bagge' [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1964-11-08",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Eva Bagge', *Konstnärslexikonett amanda*",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=15822"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Eva Bagge var bildkonstnär med inriktning på bondgårdar, interiörer och porträtt. \n\nEva Bagge föddes i Stockholm i en familj med två äldre syskon. Fadern, som förestod Riksbankens sedeltryckeri, avled när hon var ett år gammal. Brodern Otto blev rådman i Blekinge och systern Henriette gifte sig med kyrkoherde Wessberg och flyttade till Skåne. Modern, Henrika Ottilia, och Eva Bagge var kvar i Stockholm.\n\nI början på 1890-talet studerade Eva Bagge konst vid Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna under ledning av Georg von Rosen och Gustaf Cederström, som båda var specialiserade på traditionellt historiskt måleri. Det blev emellertid inte Eva Bagges inriktning. År 1896 for hon till Rom för att förkovra sig och vidare till Paris 1897 där hon studerade vid Acadèmie Colarossi samt vistades i Bretagne under sommaren. År 1898 var hon tillbaka i Sverige och fortsatte då studierna vid Konstnärsförbundets måleriskola.\n\nDe följande åren gjorde Eva Bagge regelbundet resor utomlands där hon hämtade motiv till sina målningar som främst kom att utgöras av bondgårdar, interiörer och porträtt. Titlarna på några av hennes verk anger spännvidden i hennes måleri: *Sylvester*, 1897, *Från Bretagne*, 1897, *Kväll Drottningholm*, 1911, *Aprildag vid Pålsundet*, 1933, *Kyrkointeriör*, 1936, *Morgon i ateljén*, 1943. I presentationen av henne i *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* finns ett porträtt som döpts till *Gubben Söderman*, 1908. Eva Bagges konst kännetecknas av ett personligt förhållande till 1880-talsrealismens atmosfär, dess valörer och ljus. Målningarna förmedlar intimitet och stillhet, inte sällan med motiv från rejäla bondkök och historiska interiörer.\n\nTrots att Eva Bagges konststudier och måleri inleddes i unga år dröjde hennes genombrott. Först 1941, i samband med en utställning på Gösta Stenmans galleri i Stockholm, uppmärksammades hennes måleri. Då var Eva Bagge 70 år men upphörde inte att måla. Efter utställningen hos Stenman fanns hon representerad på utställningar i München och Berlin. Egna utställningar hölls regelbundet – den sista år 1960 då hon var 89 år.\n\nEva Bagges konst är numera representerad i samlingarna i Nationalmuseum samt på konstmuseerna i Göteborg, Malmö, Norrköping, Gävle och Östersund.\n\nEva Bagge levde som ogift. Hon avled 1964 och är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Eva Bagge was a painter whose main themes were farms, interiors and portraits.  \n\nEva Bagge was born in Stockholm. She had two older siblings. Her father, who died when she was only one, had been the director of the national banknote printing press. Her brother Otto became a magistrate in the southern Swedish province of Blekinge and her sister Henriette married a vicar named Wessberg and moved to the southern Swedish province of Skåne. Her mother, Henrika Ottilia, and Eva Bagge remained in Stockholm.  \n\nAt the beginning of the 1890s, Eva Bagge studied art at the Royal Academy of Arts under the leadership of Georg von Rosen and Gustaf Cederström, who were both specialised in traditional historical painting. That turned out not to be Eva Bagge’s orientation, however. In 1896, she travelled to Rome to acquire further training and then on to Paris in 1897 where she studied at the Académie Colarossi. She spent the summer in Brittany. In 1898 she returned to Sweden and continued her studies at the artists’ association’s (Konstnärsförbundets’) school of painting.  \n\nDuring the following years, Eva Bagge made regular trips abroad where she found the themes for her paintings which consisted mainly of farms, interiors and portraits. The titles of some of her works indicate the breadth of her painting: *New Year’s Eve* and *From Bretagne* from 1897; *Evening at Drottningholm* from 1911, *April day at Pålsundet* from 1933, *Church interior* from 1936, and *Morning in the atelier* from 1943. In the presentation of her in the artists’ lexicon *Konstnärslexikonett amanda*, there is a portrait entitled *Old man Söderman* from 1908. Eva Bagge’s art is characterised by a personal relationship to 1880s realism, with its atmosphere, its values and light. Her paintings communicate intimacy and tranquillity, not seldom through their subjects showing robust farm kitchens and historical interiors. \n\nDespite the fact that Eva Bagge’s art studies and painting began early in her youth, her breakthrough did not come until later. It was not until 1941, in connection with an exhibition at Gösta Stenman’s Gallery in Stockholm, that her painting attracted attention. By then Eva Bagge was 70 years of age, and still just as artistically active. After the exhibition at Stenman’s, she was represented at exhibitions in Munich and Berlin. She regularly held her own exhibitions, the last being in 1960 when she was 89 years of age. \n\nEva Bagge’s art is now represented in collections in the National Museum in Stockholm as well as the art museums in Gothenburg, Malmö, Norrköping, Gävle and Östersund.  \n\nEva Bagge remained unmarried. She died in 1964 and is buried at the Northern Cemetery in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "EvaBagge",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Rom, Italien|41.902701|12.496235",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "78763749"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Stefan",
          "lastname": "Hammenbeck"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Petré"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1957–1971"
          },
          "description": "Arbets- och resestipendier, Konstakademien",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "description": "Statlig inkomstgaranti, s k konstnärslön",
          "type": "Övrigt",
          "type_eng": "Other"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Bror",
          "lastname": "Hjorth",
          "type": "Mentor",
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        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sven, kallad X:et,",
          "lastname": "Erixson",
          "type": "Mentor",
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          "lastname": "Verde",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
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          "firstname": "Jai Guru Dev",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Linköping"
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning för bl a Leoo Verde",
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            "pin": {
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
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          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
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          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
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            "comment": "1948",
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          "to": {
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          "description": "Smalspårig växel, skulptur 1989. Smedsudden, Stockholm (Hämtad 2020-06-10)",
          "url": "http://www.skulptur.stockholm.se/default.asp?id=10098&lang=SE&bhcp=1"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "Bagge, Inga, 'Livsträdet', Moderna museet, Stockholm",
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          "url": "https://sis.modernamuseet.se/sv/objects/67646/livstradet?ctx=ba444f47a77e3c3c410fad5f56c211b46f03e361&idx=0"
        },
        {
          "description": "Petré, Margareta, 'Inga Bagge.', *Konstnären*, 1988:3, s. 30, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Sydhoff, Beate, 'Ett konstnärligt uppror', *Paletten*, 2003:2/3,  s.92-95, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1916-07-24",
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            "date": "1960"
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          "name": "Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnor",
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            "date": "1961"
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            "date": "1961"
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          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        },
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          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Svenska Konstnärernas Förening",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
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          "description": "Ledamot",
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            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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            "date": "1988"
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        {
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          "name": "Skulpturförbundet",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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          "name": "Henderson-Powell",
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        {
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            "comment": "1885-11-09",
            "date": "1885-11-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921-04-09",
            "date": "1921-04-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Tora Augusta",
          "lastname": "Bagge, född Lindberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-05-27",
            "date": "1883-05-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-09-01",
            "date": "1954-09-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Jakob Gustaf Pontus",
          "lastname": "Bagge",
          "occupation": "Ingenjör, uppfinnare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-01-09",
            "date": "1918-01-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1978-10-25",
            "date": "1978-10-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Jakob Edvin",
          "lastname": "Bagge",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-12-15",
            "date": "1920-12-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-10-09",
            "date": "2009-10-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnel",
          "lastname": "Bagge, gift Weibull",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-12-16",
            "date": "1904-12-16"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1993-03-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "lastname": "Folkesson Ahlbom",
          "occupation": "Redaktör",
          "to": {
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            "date": "1943"
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          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
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          "from": {
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            "date": "1950"
          },
          "lastname": "Henderson-Powell",
          "occupation": "Reverend",
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 1952"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1940-08-12"
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          "firstname": "Siv Ingela",
          "lastname": "Ahlbom",
          "type": "Dotter",
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          "description": "Bäckström, Kerstin, *Konstnärinnan Inga Bagge –fem verk i offentlig miljö*, proseminarieuppsats,1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
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          "description": "Hjorth, Margareta, *Närbild av Bror: Bror Hjorth 1950-1968*, Rabén & Sjögren, Stockholm, 1978",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Petré, Margareta, Manuskript till bok om Inga Bagge samt intervjuer",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Petré, Margareta, Samtal med Inga Bagge fram till 1988",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Sylvan, Bo & Hammenbeck, Stefan, *Om konst: Östgöta konstförening 90 år*, Östergötlands länsmuseum, Linköping, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Östgötakonstnärer, F11a: kapsel Inga B, Östergötlands museums arkiv, Linköping",
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      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
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      "text": "Inga Bagge var skulptör och målare, och en pionjär i det konstnärliga arbetet med nya material. Med sin förbehållslösa användning av ”nya” material bidrog hon till att vidga konstfältet och tänja på gränsen mellan tradition och experiment — till inspiration för sin samtid och en yngre generation.\n\nInga Bagge föddes 1916 i Stockholm. Fadern var ingenjör och uppfinnare. Modern skötte hem och barn men dog tidigt. Familjen var från 1926 bosatt i Linköping. Efter åttaårig flickskola studerade hon konst för\nLeoo Verde på ABF:s målarskola. Verde betydde mycket för hennes utveckling och fortsatta studier.\nHennes tidiga koppling till Östergötland ledde till livslång kontakt med Östgöta Konstförening, i vars jurybedömda utställningar hon deltog regelbundet åren 1957—1984.\n\nFrån 1935 var Inga Bagge bosatt i Stockholm. År 1940 gifte hon sig med Bengt Folkesson Ahlbom, med vilken hon samma år fick dottern Ingela. I samband med giftermålet och födseln av dottern gjorde hon ett uppehåll i sina konststudier, och tog upp dessa igen först 1949.\n\nUnder åren 1951—1957 var Inga Bagge elev vid Kungliga Konsthögskolan tillsammans med bland annat Jörgen Fogelqvist, Pär Andersson och Tom Krestesen. Bror Hjorth och Sven X:et Erixson var hennes lärare. Skulpterandet vid denna tid präglades av stark formkänsla med insikt i formgrammatik och formbygge, vilket var lärdomar från Hjorth. Senare talade hon om att ”bygga”. Hon betonade ledorden lod, våg och atompunkter som osynliga fästen utifrån vilka den stora universella rörelsen utgår och återvänder till i ett konstverk. Insikten om en inre kärna, konstverkets resning, kommer säkert från hennes trägna arbete för Hjorth. Det är också det som gav Inga Bagge den stabila grund som hennes konst vilar på. Att hennes båda lärare uppskattade eleven mycket ”och gillade hennes nerviga och sensibla sätt att arbeta” framgår av Margareta Hjorths bok *Närbild av Bror*, 1978. I samband med Hjorths död 1968 skapade Inga Bagge ett av sina främsta textila verk, den rent serena applikationen *Hommage à Bror Hjorth*.\n\nInga Bagge skulpterade redan under akademitiden med oväntade element, som att låta våta trasor torka in på gipserna och bli del av verken. En guldbemålad gipsskulptur av en sittande kvinna med nedböjt huvud kunde få en spegel i knät, kjol och hatt av rosa nät i mjukplast. Allvar och komik — en hejdlös rörande upplevelse. Hennes omisskännliga lek är träffsäker och okränkbar. Debututställningen ägde rum 1958 i Galleri Burén. Ulf Linde tog intryck av paradoxerna och skrev, att ”... hennes Marcel Aymeska följe av burleska kroppar har samtidigt fina skulpturala kvaliteter. Deras uttrycksfullhet kommer inte bara från de vilda arrangemangen, utan också från en inre kärna av enkla formsammanhang ...” Linde fortsatte att följa henne och kurerade 1998 minnesutställningen på Thielska galleriet.\n\nAv mycket stor betydelse för Inga Bagges konstnärliga utveckling blev mötet 1963 med Marcel Duchamps konst på Galleri Burén i Stockholm. Hon har berättat om vilken ”vansinnig befrielse” det innebar. I ett slag insåg hon att det bärande och burna, lod och våg, kunde bestå av vad som helst! Hon byggde nu bokstavligt skulpturen *Såsom jag flyger, titta en spegel* av så kallade futtstolar för byggnadsarbetare, hönsnät, handskar från Karlbergsbaler, italienska silkestrumpor, cykellås, durkslag, plastblommor, gamla balskor och stövlar i idel cirklar och kvadrater. Där och då var det slut med skulpturens bara armar, ben och bröst. ”Jag försökte skapa ett stycke liv som svarade ja inom mig själv” kommenterade hon. Hon var nu fullkomligt fri i konstnärskapets utveckling. Skulpturerna från denna tid, med eller utan beklädnad, hör till hennes betydande verk och finns i offentliga miljöer, museer och i privata samlingar.\n\nInga Bagges arbetsprocesser var tvärt emot vad man kan tro ytterst krävande. Hon satte igång med hela sin ackumulerade kraft. Kampen var ett faktum. Bygga upp, förstöra, börja om, överarbeta till döds, börja om igen och igen och igen... tills hennes allvar svarade ja. Kampen bestod i hög grad av hur hennes vidöppna sinne och stränga ögon skulle komma samman. Hennes sällsamma förhållande till tingen, som i hennes händer kunde uppenbara vad som helst, var närmast en mystisk styrka. Hon hade ett jordnära förhållande, inte olikt ett barns, till det outgrundligt stora, större än oss själva, som kan anas på ett inre plan men kan ta gestalt i handling – konstnärligt eller direkt i livet.\n\n*Livsträdet*, idag på Moderna museet i Stockholm, såg hon själv som sitt främsta verk. Den stora applikationen, 535 x 310 cm, ”föddes” utan ändringar på 14 dagar under en intensiv Yoga-period, 1975. Verket består av olika textila material, glasknappar, pärlor, paljetter, lösa band — och en liten antik aftonväska! Bottenfärgen är vit med komposition i svart, rött, ljusblått och guld. *Livsträdet* är stramt uppbyggt med en inre sammanhållning och balans av horisontaler och vertikaler. Från en knutpunkt, atompunkt, vid gyllene snittet på stammen bär vertikaler upp trädkronan av halvcirklar, rektanglar och trianglar. Andra formationer faller från samma vertikaler i ett vackert dalande mot fast mark — bara den lilla aftonväskan är ensam, fritt placerad i luftrummet. Något förskjuten från bildmitten är den livsträdets centrum. En atompunkt med osynligt fäste. Det lilla som uppenbarar det stora. Den lilla aftonväskan — ett Guds öga — som fortsatt är en liten aftonväska. *Livsträdet* är tillägnat Jai Guru Dev, som var Bagges mästare i transcendental meditation.\n\nInga Bagge var en sammansatt och temperamentsfull personlighet som var sin egen ”atompunkt”, kring vilken gemenskap och vänskap uppstod. Hennes prestigelöshet, sammansatta och temperamentsfulla personlighet skapade en stor vänkrets, som ännu inspireras av minnet av henne. Hennes pedagogiska gärning på Konstskolan Idun Lovén (döpt efter konstnären och konstpedagogen, tillika rektorn [](Idun Lovén)), Konstfack och Konsthögskolan skall inte glömmas. Mot slutet av sitt liv tilldelades hon statlig inkomstgaranti.\n\nInga Bagge dog 1988 på Vidarkliniken i Järna. Begravningen skedde i Gustaf Adolfskyrkan i Stockholm. Askan ströddes i Atlanten utanför Teneriffa, där hennes dotter var bosatt.",
      "text_eng": "Inga Bagge was a sculptor and painter, and a pioneer in working artistically with new materials. Through her unreserved use of ”new” materials, she contributed to extending the arts field and thinning out the border between tradition and experiment — thus being an inspiration for her contemporaries and younger generations.\n\nInga Bagge was born in 1916 in Stockholm. Her father was an engineer and inventor. Her mother took care of their home and the children but died prematurely. From 1926, the family lived in Linköping. After eight years at a girls’ school, Inga Bagge studied art for Leoo Verde at the ABF (equivalent of WEA) art school. Verde meant a good deal for her development and continued studies. Her earlier link to the province of Östergötland led to a lifelong contact with the art society there: Östgöta Konstförening, in whose jury-assessed exhibition she participated regularly in 1957—1984. \n\nFrom 1935, Inga Bagge lived in Stockholm. In 1940, she married John Henderson-Powell, with whom she had their daughter Ingela. In connection with her marriage and the birth of her daughter, she took a break from her art studies, not resuming them again until 1949. \n\nIn 1951—1957, Inga Bagge was a student at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm: Kungliga Konsthögskolan. Among her classmates were Jörgen Fogelqvist, Pär Andersson and Tom Kresten. Bror Hjorth and Sven X:et Erixson were her teachers. Sculpture at that time was characterised by a strong feeling for form with insight into the grammar and construction of form, teachings stemming from Hjorth. Later she spoke about ”constructing”. She emphasised the catchwords plumb, wave and atomic particles as the invisible points of attachment from which the great universal movement departs and to which it returns in a work of art. Insights about an inner core and the stature of a work of art most certainly come from her persevering work for Hjorth. It is also that which gave Inga Bagge the stable foundation upon which her works of art rest. That both her teachers greatly appreciated their student “and liked her nervy and sensitive way of working” is clear from Margareta Hjorth’s book *Närbild av Bror* from 1978. In connection with Hjorth’s death in 1968, Inga Bagge created one of her most eminent textile works, the pure, serene application *Hommage à Bror Hjorth*. \n\nInga Bagge sculpted using unexpected elements as early as her time at the academy, like letting wet rags dry on the plaster and become part of the works. A gold-painted plaster sculpture of a seated woman with head bent could be given a mirror on its lap, and a skirt and hat of pink net made of soft plastic. Seriousness and comedy — a wild, moving experience. Her unmistakeable play is accurate and inviolable. Her debut exhibition took place in 1958 at Galleri Burén in Stockholm. Ulf Linde was impressed by its paradoxes and wrote that ”... her Marcel Aymes-like entourage of burlesque bodies has at the same time fine sculptural qualities. Their expressivity does not come only from the wild arrangements but also from an inner core of simple form contexts ...” Linde continued to follow her work and curated her memorial exhibition in 1998 at the Thielska Gallery in Stockholm.\n\nOf great significance for Inga Bagge’s artistic development was also the meeting in 1963 with Marcel Duchamp’s art at Galleri Burén in Stockholm. She has talked about what a ”crazy liberation” it was. All at once, she realised that the carrying and the carried, plumb and wave, could consist of anything at all! She now literally built the sculpture *Såsom jag flyger, titta en spegel* of a kind of chair for building workers, chicken wire, gloves from cadet balls at the Karlberg military academy in Stockholm, Italian silk stockings, bicycle locks, colanders, plastic flowers, old evening shoes and boots in unadulterated circles and squares. Then and there, that was the end of the naked arms, legs and breasts of sculpture. ”I tried to create a bit of life that responded with a yes inside myself” she commented. She was totally free in her artistic development. The sculptures from that period, with or without clothing, belong to her truly significant works and are to be found in public places, museums and collections.\n \nInga Bagge’s working processes were, contrary to what one might believe, extremely demanding. She started off with her entire accumulated strength. The battle was a fact. Build up, destroy, start all over again, overwork to the death, start all over again and again and again ... until her seriousness answered yes. The battle consisted to a great degree of how her wide-open senses and strict eyes would be able to agree. Her rare relationship to things, that in her hands could reveal anything at all, was an almost mystical strength. She had a down-to-earth relationship, not unlike that of a child, to the unfathomable greatness, greater than ourselves, that can be divined on an inner plane but can also take form in action – artistically or directly in life. \n\n*Livsträdet* (The Tree of Life), today exhibited at Moderna Museet in Stockholm, she saw as her most eminent work. The great application, 535 x 310 cm, ”was born” without any changes during 14 days in an intense Yoga period in her life in 1975. The work consists of various textile materials, glass buttons, beads, sequins, loose pieces of tape — and a tiny antique evening handbag! The fundamental colour is white with a composition in black, red, light blue and gold. *Livsträdet* is stringently constructed with an inner unity and balance through horizontals and verticals. From a junction, the atomic point, in the Golden section on the stem, the verticals bear up a tree canopy of semicircles, rectangles and triangles. Other formations fall together from the same verticals in a beautiful sinking towards the ground — only the little handbag is alone, freely situated up in the air. Somewhat offset from the middle of the picture is the centre of the tree of life. An atomic dot with an invisible point of attachment. The small that reveals the great. The tiny evening handbag — an eye of God — that continues just to be a tiny evening handbag. *Livsträdet* is dedicated to Jai Guru Dev, who was Inga Bagge’s master in transcendental meditation. \n\nInga Bagge was a complex and temperamental personality who was her own ”atomic dot”, around which companionship and friendship arose. Her lack of prestige, complex and temperamental personality drew a large circle of friends who are still inspired by her memory. Her pedagogical work at the art school Konstskolan Idun Lovén (christened after the painter and art pedagogue [](Idun Lovén)), at Konstfack and Konsthögskolan shall not be forgotten. Towards the end of her life, she was awarded a state income guarantee. \n\nInga Bagge died in 1988 at Vidarkliniken in Järna. Her funeral took place in Gustaf Adolf’s Church in Stockholm. Her ashes were strewn in the Atlantic outside Teneriffe, where her daughter was living.",
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            "comment": "1890-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1890-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.401213",
              "lon": "18.089121"
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1930-talet"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942-02-13",
            "date": "1942-02-13"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Louise von Bahr, avbildad i Idun, 1930. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (beskuren, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Louise von Bahr, portrait in Idun, 1930. Photographer unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (cropped, CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bahr_Louise_von.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840-07-06",
            "date": "1840-07-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1879-04-24",
            "date": "1879-04-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Erika Charlotta",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, född Boström",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-06-27",
            "date": "1833-06-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914-01-30",
            "date": "1914-01-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Otto Henrik",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Kapten, assuransdirektör, godsägare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-10-22",
            "date": "1863-10-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1865-02-01",
            "date": "1865-02-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Robert Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-11-17",
            "date": "1864-11-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1905-06-27",
            "date": "1905-06-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Gustafva Aimér",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Hedlund",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-01-28",
            "date": "1866-01-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942-09-05",
            "date": "1942-09-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Julia Charlotta Henrika",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Lärare, läromedelsförfattare, sanatoriegrundare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-05-14",
            "date": "1867-05-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-02-11",
            "date": "1932-02-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta Sofia Johanna, kallad Lotten,",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Scholander",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-07-12",
            "date": "1868-07-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869-02-13",
            "date": "1869-02-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrik Gustaf Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-10-08",
            "date": "1869-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1886-05-18",
            "date": "1886-05-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Maria Elisabet",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-02-01",
            "date": "1873-02-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-10-12",
            "date": "1949-10-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta Clara Brigitta",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Henning",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-06-10",
            "date": "1874-06-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-09-13",
            "date": "1941-09-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Robert Carl Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-07-16",
            "date": "1876-07-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-07-29",
            "date": "1949-07-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Gustaf Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Vandringsböcker, kvinnliga kursen 1891–1893, vol. I, Gymnastik- och  idrottshögskolans bibliotek, Stockholm (GIH), 12/7 1905",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bolling, Hans & Yttergren, Leif, ‘Swedish Gymnastics for Export: A Study of the Professional Careers and Lives of Swedish Female Gymnastic Directors 1893 1933’, *International Journal of the History of Sport*, 2015(32):11/12, s. 1437-1455",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Gymnastikdirektör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Physical education instructor",
      "text": "Louise von Bahr var gymnastikdirektör och starkt engagerad i de kvinnliga gymnastikdirektörernas arbetsförhållanden under den första delen av 1900-talet.\n\nLouise von Bahr växte upp på Hjortsberga gård nära sjön Julans norra strand i Södermanland. När hon var åtta år avled hennes moder Charlotta Boström. Fadern Otto von Bahr, kapten i väg- och vattenbyggnadskåren, godsägare och direktör i Skandia, gifte om sig med Alfhild Bergman med vilken Louise von Bahr hade en god och nära relation genom hela livet.\n\nEfter att ha tagit examen vid Lyceum för flickor i Stockholm antogs Louise von Bahr 1891 till gymnastikdirektörsutbildningen vid Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI) i Stockholm. Efter examen 1893 arbetade hon som gymnastiklärare, vid Hallska skolan och vid olika folkskolor i Göteborg 1894–1897, där hon även ledde övningarna i Gymnastiksällskapet Sköldmön, Sveriges första gymnastikförening för kvinnor. Från 1898 till 1930 arbetade hon vid Djursholms samskola norr om Stockholm. Liksom majoriteten av de kvinnliga gymnastikdirektörer som arbetade som gymnastiklärare vid skolor arbetade hon under somrarna, under halvtannat decennium efter examen, som sjukgymnast vid olika kur- och brunnsorter: Karlshamn, Trulsboda och Ramlösa. Vid sidan om lärararbetet drev hon också ett privat sjukgymnastikinstitut, under åren 1905–1913 tillsammans med kollegan Anna Lundberg.\n\nMed Louise von Bahr som samlande kraft upprätthöll de gymnastikdirektörer som utexaminerades från GCI 1893 under 50 år en brevkorrespondens i form av vandringsböcker. Åren 1893–1943 cirkulerade dessa, vilka kom att omfatta närapå 500 brev, mellan de forna kurskamraterna, med undantag av åren 1914–1922 då boken försvann i första världskrigets Frankrike. Breven omfattar fem volymer och förvaras i Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolans bibliotek. De ger en unik insyn i yrkes- och vardagsliv för svenska kvinnor med en högre professionsutbildning under denna tid. De innehåller också hundratals fotografier, främst familjebilder.\n\nLouise von Bahr var starkt engagerad i de kvinnliga gymnastikdirektörernas arbetsförhållanden. Hon var ordförande i deras intresseförening Föreningen GCI under 19 år, 1917–1935, och i satt föreningens styrelse från 1908. Som ordförande i Föreningen GCI engagerade hon sig främst i gymnastikdirektörernas löne- och arbetsvillkor, vilka hon ansåg försämrades på grund av att staten utexaminerade alltför många gymnastikdirektörer. Hon argumenterade även för likalönsprincipen mellan kvinnor och män. Hennes engagemang för gymnastikdirektörernas arbetsvillkor gjorde henne också till en stark kritiker av den uppdelning av gymnastikutbildningen som skedde i samband med GCI:s omorganisering 1934. Denna innebar att gymnastikdirektörernas dubbla yrkesbehörighet, att vara både sjukgymnast och gymnastiklärare, försvann. Det försämrade de enskilda kvinnornas försörjningsmöjligheter och handlingsutrymme.\n\nLouise von Bahr var också, som vice ordförande tillsammans med Anna Lundberg, sekreterare och skattmästare, den drivande kraften i Kvinnliga Gymnastikföreningen Sverige, som stod bakom det kvinnliga deltagandet i gymnastik vid OS i Stockholm 1912. I en annars strikt manlig miljö organiserades och kontrollerades den kvinnliga gymnastikuppvisningen av kvinnor. Hon fanns även bland de kvinnor som förstärkte Sveriges Riksidrottsförbunds idrottsmärkeskommitté i samband med att stipulationer för ett kvinnligt idrottsmärke upprättades  1913. Hon var medlem av Förbundet För Fysisk Fostrans första styrelse 1913 och den enda kvinnliga ledamoten av kommittén för omorganisering av GCI 1927.\n    \nPolitiskt var Louise von Bahr liberal. Hennes stora samhällsengagemang utanför kroppskulturen handlade om fred och nedrustning. Hon var aktiv i Förbundet för kristet samhällsliv och Vännernas samfund i Sverige (kväkarna). I brevväxlingen med sina kurskamrater fördömde hon såväl F-båtsinsamlingen som Sven Hedins pamflett samtidigt som hon pläderade för manlig värnpliktsvägran. Hon fanns även med bland undertecknarna av Internationella Kvinnoförbundet för Fred och Frihets upprop 1915.\n\nLouise von Bahr avled 1942 och är begravd på Vårdinge kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Louise von Bahr was a physical education instructor who was active in improving female physical education instructors’ working conditions during the first half of the twentieth century.\n\nLouise von Bahr grew up on Hjortsberga farm near the northern shore of Lake Julan in Södermanland. Her mother, Charlotta Boström, died when she was eight years old. Her father, Otto von Bahr, was a captain in the road and waterways construction service corps as well as a landlord and director of Skandia. His second marriage was to Alfhild Bergman, with whom Louise von Bahr had a good and close relationship throughout her life.\n\nHaving graduated from the Lyceum for girls in Stockholm Louise von Bahr enrolled in a physical education instructor training programme at Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI) in Stockholm in 1891. She completed her studies there in 1893 and then worked as a physical education instructor at the Hallska school and at various elementary schools in Gothenburg between 1894 and 1897. She also led the exercises for Gymnastiksällskapet Sköldmön, Sweden’s first gymnastics association for women. From 1898 until 1930 she worked at the Djursholm co-educational school north of Stockholm. For one and a half decades after completing her studies, she spent the summer months working at various spas and health resorts as a physiotherapist, as was common for female physical education instructors working at schools. Louise von Bahr worked in Karlshamn, Trulsboda and Ramlösa. Alongside her teaching activities she and her colleague Anna Lundberg also ran a private physiotherapy institute from 1905 to 1913.\n\nWith Louise von Bahr as a driving force, the physical education instructors who became qualified at GCI in 1893 maintained correspondence for 50 years in the form of itinerant notebooks. These books, comprising nearly 500 letters, were circulated amongst the former classmates between 1893 and 1943, apart from the period of 1914-1922 when the book vanished in France during the First World War. The letters make up five volumes and are kept at the library of Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan. They provide a unique insight into the professional and everyday lives of highly educated Swedish women at that time. They also contain hundreds of photographs, mainly family photos.\n\nLouise von Bahr was very active with regard to working conditions for female physical education instructors. She served as the chair of their association, Föreningen GCI, for 19 years from 1917 to 1935. She was also on the association’s board from 1908. As chair she mainly pursued the issues of instructors’ salaries and working conditions, which she believed to be deteriorating, as the state was allowing far too many to become qualified. She also campaigned for equal pay for women and men. Her activism on behalf of the instructors’ working conditions also made her a strong critic of the disintegration of physical education training which occurred during the GCI’s reorganisation in 1934. The reorganisation removed the dual nature of the physical education instructors’ profession as both physiotherapists and physical education instructors. This limited these women’s opportunities to earn a livelihood and gave them less room to manoeuvre.\n\nLouise von Bahr was also deputy chair of Kvinnliga Gymnastikföreningen Sverige (National Women’s Gymnastics Association of Sweden). Anna Lundberg was the association’s secretary and treasurer and together the two women formed the driving force of the association, which enabled female participation in gymnastics at the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm. In what was otherwise a strictly masculine environment, women were in charge of and organised the female gymnastics display. Louise von Bahr was also one of the women who reinforced the sports medal committee of Sveriges Riksidrottsförbundet (the Swedish Sports Confederation) when a female sports medal was established in 1913. Louise von Bahr was a member of the first board of Förbundet För Fysisk Fostran (today Svenska Frisksportförbundet) in 1913 and she was the sole female member of the committee to re-organise the GCI in 1927.\n\nLouise von Bahr was politically of the liberal persuasion. Most of her social activism beyond physical education occurred within the peace and disarmament movements. She was active in Förbundet för kristet samhällsliv (Association for a Christian Society) and Vännernas samfund i Sverige (Friends Society Sweden, the Quakers). Her correspondence with her former classmates reveals her condemnation of both “F-båtsinsamlingen” (fundraising for a Swedish battleship) as well as Sven Hedin’s pamphlet in favour of a stronger military, whilst also showing that she campaigned for men’s conscientious objection to military service. She also signed the International Women’s Association for Peace and Freedom’s appeal in 1915.\n\nLouise von Bahr died in 1942 and is buried at Vårdinge cemetery.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "date": "1977"
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          "description": "Av Gunilla von Bahr",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(gunilla+von+bahr)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(gunilla+von+bahr)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        {
          "description": "Ericson, Gunilla, 'Trivs lika bra bakom skrivbordet som på scenen', *Kommunaktuellt*, 1990:15, s. 18-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olsson, Lars-Erik, 'Gunilla von Bahr - superproffs med flöjt', *Vi*, 1989:20, s. 38-41, 53",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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            "comment": "1987",
            "date": "1987"
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              "lon": 14.805852
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            "place": "Växjö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1990",
            "date": "1990"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.604981,
              "lon": 13.003822
            },
            "place": "Malmö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "2000",
            "date": "2000"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2013",
            "date": "2013"
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        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-05-19",
            "date": "1914-05-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1992-08-01",
            "date": "1992-08-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Mary Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Palmkvist, född Munther",
          "occupation": "Direktör",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-08-14",
            "date": "1908-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-08-28",
            "date": "1991-08-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl-Axel",
          "lastname": "Palmkvist",
          "occupation": "Tandtekniker",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1939-12-02",
            "date": "1939-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Ingar",
          "lastname": "Palmkvist",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942-07-13",
            "date": "1942-07-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-05-23",
            "date": "2005-05-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Åke",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "lastname": "Herlöfsson",
          "occupation": "Musikdirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1943-08-27",
            "date": "1943-08-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Robert Lauri",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Musikproducent",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1962-08-25",
            "date": "1962-08-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Carl-Michael",
          "lastname": "Herlöfsson",
          "occupation": "Musiker",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1965-06-16",
            "date": "1965-06-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Katarina",
          "lastname": "Herlöfsson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1971-01-12",
            "date": "1971-01-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Ludvig Esko",
          "lastname": "Von Bahr",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1972-06-26",
            "date": "1972-06-26"
          },
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            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Margareta Matilda",
          "lastname": "Von Bahr",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1982-07-28",
            "date": "1982-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Ana Maria Blanco",
          "lastname": "Palmkvist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Aare, Leif, 'Musiklivets stormorsa', *Musik (Stockholm)*, 1998:6, s. 30-32",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Gunilla von Barh död', *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2013-02-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Gunilla von Barh död', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 2013-02-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjögren, Henrik, 'Gunilla von Bahr ny chef för MSO', *Tonfallet*, 1990:2, s. 10-12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Tvärflöjtisten Gunilla von Bahr död', *Dagens Nyheter*, 2013-02-06,",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1985",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Musiker, musikchef, rektor",
      "subtitle_eng": "Musician, musical director, school principal",
      "text": "Gunilla von Bahr var flöjtist, musikchef och framgångsrik inspelningsartist.\n\nGunilla von Bahr föddes i Lund 1941 som dotter till tandteknikern Karl-Axel Palmkvist och direktören Mary Palmkvist, född Munther. Hon var gift med musikdirektören Åke Herlöfsson 1962-1969 och med skivproducenten Robert von Bahr 1970-1977, med vilka hon fick fem barn. Hon återtog sitt flicknamn Palmkvist 1982, men fortsatte att använda von Bahr i sin professionella verksamhet.\n\nGunilla von Bahr var en av Sveriges mest kända tvärflöjtister. Hon började tidigt spela instrumentet, och utbildade sig vid Malmö Musikkonservatorium och Kungliga Musikhögskolan 1962—1967. Hon påbörjade sin bana som yrkesmusiker i Malmös, Norrköpings och Sveriges Radios symfoniorkestrar samt i Kungliga Hovkapellet 1967—1972. År 1972 inledde Gunilla von Bahr en karriär som turnerande solist. Hon gjorde ett stort antal skivinspelningar och medverkade ofta i radio och TV. Skivorna *Solflöjt 1—4* (1977—1986) innehåller musik från olika epoker och sålde i så stora upplagor att de blev guldskivor, vilket inte är vanligt för klassisk musik.\n\nSom solist framförde Gunilla von Bahr både traditionella och moderna verk. Hon hade ett särskilt intresse för modern musik. Hon fick även nyskriven musik direkt komponerad för sig. Sammanlagt framförde hon över sjuttio verk, av vilka sju var flöjtkonserter. Särskilt uppskattade Gunilla von Bahr samarbetet med Aulis Sallinen, Gunnar Hahn och Moses Pergament. Hon behärskade inte endast tvärflöjt utan samtliga fyra tvärflöjttyper, från piccolo till bas. En favorit som följde henne genom åren var en förgylld silverflöjt (en soprantvärflöjt) av märket A.R. Hammig. Gunilla von Bahr utvecklade tillsammans med dåvarande maken Robert von Bahr skivbolaget BIS under 1970-talet, som nu vuxit till ett av de största i världen inom klassisk musik. Hon blev bolaget trogen under hela sin karriär.\n\nMellan 1987 och 1990 var Gunilla von Bahr chef för Stiftelsen Musik i Kronoberg. Hon kände varmt för länsmusiken och frilansande musiker, och ville stärka det lokala musiklivet. I denna anda uppmuntrade hon bildandet av konsertföreningar ute i landet. Därefter var hon chef för Malmö symfoniorkester (MSO) 1990—1995. Hon tog kontakt med politiker, lokala föreningar och Rotarysällskap för att väcka intresse för den klassiska musiken, och det berättas att hon kunde stå på konserthustrappan och välkomna de ovana besökarna. Konsertbesökarnas antal ökade stort under hennes tid som chef, och MSO framträdde även vid världsutställningen i Sevilla 1992. Gunilla von Bahr var drivande i att lyfta fram unga musiker, och blev även en inspiratör i svenskt musiklivs administration och ledning.\n\nÅr 1991 utnämndes hon till ledamot av Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien. År 2000 blev hon som första kvinna rektor för Kungliga Musikhögskolan, ett uppdrag hon skulle hålla till 2006. Hon var dessutom under sin tid som länsmusik- och konserthuschef den enda kvinnan på dessa poster i landet. Även som chef och administratör spelade hon flöjt varje dag, och hon hade också ett intresse för sambandet mellan musik och hälsa och arbetade för att främja forskning på området.\n\nÅr 1977 tilldelades Gunilla von Bahr Svenska grammofonpriset för albumet *Musik av György Ligeti*. År 1995 förärades hon medaljen Litteris et Artibus i guld, och år 2011 Kungliga Musikaliska Akademiens finaste utmärkelse, Medaljen för Tonkonstens Främjande.\n\nGunilla von Bahr dog i Stockholm 2013. Efter hennes död donerade barnen hennes förgyllda silverflöjt till Scenkonstmuseets och Musikverkets samlingar. Hon är gravsatt på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Gunilla von Bahr was a flautist, music director, and a successful recording artist. \n\nGunilla von Bahr was born in Lund in 1941. She was the daughter of Karl-Axel Palmkvist, a dentist, and Mary Palmkvist (née Munther), a director. Gunilla von Bahr was first married to the music director Åke Herlöfsson, from 1962 to 1969, and subsequently to Robert von Bahr, a record producer, from 1970 to 1977, with whom she had five children. She returned to using her maiden name Palmkvist in 1982 but retained the von Bahr surname in a professional capacity. \n\nGunilla von Bahr was one of the best-known Swedish flautists. She began to play musical instruments at an early age and studied at the Malmö Musikkonservatorium (conservatoire of music) and at Kungliga Musikhögskolan (the royal college of music) from 1962 to 1967. Her career as a professional musician began in 1967 when she joined the Malmö, Norrköping and Sveriges Radio symphonic orchestras as well as Kungliga Hovkapellet (the royal court orchestra), where she remained until 1972. That year Gunilla von Bahr began a career as a touring solo artist. She made a large number of recordings and often appeared on the radio and on TV. Her albums *Solflöjt 1-4* (released between 1977 and 1986) include music from different epochs and sold in such high numbers that they became gold records, a highly unusual achievement for classical music albums. \n\nGunilla von Bahr’s musical career as a soloist involved performing both traditional and modern pieces. She was particularly interested in modern music and even had some newly-composed pieces written specifically for her. She performed over seventy works, seven of which were flute concertos. Gunilla von Bahr especially enjoyed working with Aulis Sallinen, Gunnar Hahn, and Moses Pergament. She mastered not only the concert flute but also another three types of flute, ranging from the piccolo to the bass flute. Her favourite instrument of many years’ standing was a gold-plated A. R. Hammig silver concert flute. Gunilla von Bahr and her husband at the time, Robert, set up the BIS record company during the 1970s and it has since become one of the biggest of the classical music record companies. Gunilla von Bahr remained loyal to the company throughout her career. \n\nGunilla von Bahr served as head of the Musik i Kronoberg foundation from 1987 to 1990. She was committed to regional music and freelance musicians and sought to strengthen local musical life. To that end she encouraged the establishment of concert associations throughout Sweden. She subsequently served as head of Malmö symphonic orchestra (MSO) from 1990 to 1995. She networked with politicians, local associations, and Rotary groups in order to increase interest in classical music and there are accounts of her standing on the steps of concert houses to welcome unfamiliar guests into concerts. Audience numbers at concerts grew rapidly during her time as head and the MSO also performed at the 1992 World’s Fair in Sevilla. Gunilla von Bahr was a driving force behind bringing young musicians into the spotlight and she was also an inspiring force in the administration and direction of Swedish musical life. \n\nIn 1991 Gunilla von Bahr was appointed as a member of Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien (the Royal Swedish Academy of Music). In 2000 she was the first woman to be appointed head of Kungliga Musikhögskolan, a position she held until 2006. Further, she was the only woman in Sweden to hold the posts of head of regional music and of the concert house at that time. She continued to play the flute every day and her interest in the connection between music and health led her to promote research into this area. \n\nIn 1977 Gunilla von Bahr was awarded the Svenska grammofon prize in recognition of her album entitled *Musik av Gjörgy Ligeti*. In 1995 she received the Litteris et Artibus gold medal and in 2011 she was given the highest award available from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music, the Medalj för Tonkonstens Främjande (medal for the promotion of the art of music). \n\nGunilla von Bahr died in Stockholm in 2013. After her death her children donated her gold-plated silver concert flute to the Scenkonstmuseet och Musikverket (dramatic arts museum and musical works) collections. She is buried at the Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm.",
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        "firstname": "Alexia",
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        {
          "description": "Söderpalm, Kristina, *Göteborgs Hemtrevnad: en kvinnohistoria*, 2018",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T10:50:22",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1866-01-28",
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1865-02-01",
            "date": "1865-02-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Robert Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-11-17",
            "date": "1864-11-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1905-06-27",
            "date": "1905-06-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Gustafva Aimér",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Hedlund",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-05-14",
            "date": "1867-05-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-02-11",
            "date": "1932-02-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta Sofia Johanna, kallad Lotten,",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Scholander",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-12-18",
            "date": "1870-12-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942-02-13",
            "date": "1942-02-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Augusta Louise",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Gymnastikdirektör",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-07-12",
            "date": "1868-07-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1869-02-13",
            "date": "1869-02-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrik Gustaf Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-10-08",
            "date": "1869-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1886-05-18",
            "date": "1886-05-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Maria Elisabet",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-02-01",
            "date": "1873-02-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-10-12",
            "date": "1949-10-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta Clara Birgitta",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Henning",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-06-10",
            "date": "1874-06-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-09-13",
            "date": "1941-09-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Robert Carl Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-07-16",
            "date": "1876-07-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-07-29",
            "date": "1949-07-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Gustaf Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Engstedt, Margaretha, *Romanäs sanatorium: Kulturhistorisk utredning i samband med eventuell byggnadsminnesförklaring*, Jönköpings Läns Museum, Byggnadsvårdsrapport 2014:34 (Hämtad 2019-10-08)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://jonkopingslansmuseum.se/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2014-34.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Annie, 76, skrev en kärlekshistoria', *Corren* 2004-12-16",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Hemtrevnad (byggnad)', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2019-10-08)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemtrevnad_(byggnad)"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Julia Charlotta Henrika von Bahr', *Geni* (Hämtad 2019-10-08)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.geni.com/people/Julia-Charlotta-Henrika-von-Bahr/6000000022003837191"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, sanatoriegrundare, byggherre",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, founder of a sanatorium, building proprietor",
      "text": "Julia von Bahr var lärare och läroboksförfattare. Hon grundade också ett av Sverige första privata sanatorium för vård av tuberkulossjuka.\n\nJulia von Bahr föddes 1866 i Forssa socken, Södermanland, som dotter till assuransdirektören och kaptenen Otto von Bahr och Charlotta Boström. Hon var tredje barnet i en syskonskara om tio. Bland syskonen fanns gymnastikdirektören [](Louise von Bahr) och Anna von Bahr som var gift med redaktören och politikern Henrik Hedlund. Syskonen var även kusin till fysikern [](Eva von Bahr-Bergius) som blev Sveriges första kvinnliga docent i fysik.\n\nJulia von Bahr tog studenten vid Lyceum för flickor i Stockholm 1887 och studerade språk i England 1891–1892. Under åren 1887–1891 var hon verksam som privatlärare. Därefter följde en längre period då hon var anställd som lärare vid olika skolor och läroverk, vid Åhlinska skolan 1892–1894, i Östermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor 1893–1896 och i [](Sofi Almquist)s samskola i Stockholm 1892–1907.\n\nFrån 1905 var Julia von Bahr styrelseledamot i det av henne grundade AB Sanatorievård som ägde Romanäs sanatorium utanför Tranås. Arkitekt för sanatoriet var Carl Westman. Julia von Bahrs morbror, landshövdingen Filip Boström var ordförande i styrelsen från verksamhetens start. Övriga styrelsemedlemmar var bankir C. Cervin, professor O. Medin, doktor H. Allard och Julia von Bahr själv.\n\nÅr 1910 flyttade Julia von Bahr till Göteborg. Samma år hade hon grundat AB Hemtrefnad i vilket hon var verkställande direktör och ordförande. Inspirationen hade hon fått från Stockholm där kollektivhuset Hemgården hade byggts 1906 med syfte att förse ensamstående och självförsörjande kvinnor med bostad. Kontorister i Göteborg hörde talas om konceptet och Julia von Bahr kom att bli ledande i förverkligandet av ett liknande bygge i Göteborg. Hon utlyste ett möte i mars 1910, dit alla som var engagerade i frågan kunde komma. Ett upprop till att teckna aktier i företaget gick ut samma år, där förutom målgruppen självförsörjande kvinnor, även flera framstående personer ur andra grupper tecknade sig för aktier.\n\nEn tomt vid hörnet Föreningsgatan och Erik Dahlbergsgatan i Göteborg köptes därefter in av det nybildade bolaget AB Hemtrefnad. Huset uppfördes 1911–1913 som ett bostadshus för yngre, ensamstående och självförsörjande kvinnor. Fastigheten, som ritades av arkitekterna Hans och Björner Hedlund, rymde ursprungligen 54 en- och tvårumslägenheter. I huset fanns också en gemensam restaurang och ett större sällskapsrum som låg högst upp i huset, samt bad- och tvättinrättning i källaren. Föreståndaren och betjäningen hade egna bostäder i fastigheten. Privata bjudningar var möjliga i husets gästmatsal. Verksamheten invigdes den 1 oktober 1913. Flera av rummen planerades för att göra det möjligt att bedriva privatundervisning. Som verkställande direktör i bolaget och föreståndare för Hemtrefnad under 25 år kom Julia von Bahr även att bo i huset.\n\nJulia von Bahr var också sekreterare i föreningen Göteborgs Lärarinnehem från 1912, ledare för en grupp av [](Ellen Key)s Tolfternas samkväm 1896–1907, barnavårdsman i Lerum från 1920 och kassaförvaltare i styrelsen för Göteborgs kvinnohem.\n\nÅr 1911 tilldelades Julia von Bahr medaljen Illis quorum för sina insatser för landets lungsjuka. Hon dog den 5 september 1942 i Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Julia von Bahr was a teacher and an author of textbooks. She also founded one of Sweden’s first private sanatoria for the care of people suffering from tuberculosis. \n\nJulia von Bahr was born in 1866 in the south-eastern province of Södermanland, as the daughter of Captain Otto von Bahr, the director of an insurance company, and Charlotta Boström. She was their third child of ten. Among her siblings were [](Louise von Bahr), a certified physical training instructor, and Anna von Bahr who was married to Henrik Hedlund, an editor and politician. The siblings were also cousins of the physicist [](Eva von Bahr-Bergius), who became Sweden’s first woman senior lecturer in physics.  \n\nJulia von Bahr matriculated at the Lyceum for girls in Stockholm in 1887, and then studied languages in England between 1891–1892. During the years 1887–1891, she was active as a private tutor. After that followed a longer period when she was employed as a teacher at various schools and grammar schools. Her teaching career also included the private girls’ school Åhlinska skolan in 1892–1894, a girls’ grammar school (Östermalms högre läroanstalt för flickor) in 1893–1896 and the coeducational [](Sofi Almquist)s samskola in 1892–1907, all three in Stockholm.  \n\nFrom 1905, Julia von Bahr was a board member of the company founded by herself, AB Sanatorievård, that owned the Romanäs sanatorium outside Tranås. The architect of the sanatorium was Carl Westman. Julia von Bahr’s maternal uncle, county governor Filip Boström was the chairman of the board from the start of the enterprise. Other members were C. Cervin, a banker, Professor O. Medin, and Dr H. Allard, besides Julia von Bahr herself. \n\nJulia von Bahr moved to Gothenburg in 1910. The same year, she had founded the company AB Hemtrefnad (Cosiness) of which she was the managing director and chairwoman. She had been inspired by the communal house Hemgården in Stockholm, built in 1906 with the aim of providing single, self-supporting women with a home. Office girls in Gothenburg heard about this concept and Julia von Bahr was one of the leading figures in the realisation of a similar building in Gothenburg. She called a meeting in March 1910, which all those who were interested in the matter could attend. An appeal to subscribe for shares in the company was sent out the same year, and apart from the target group of self-supporting women, several eminent persons from other groups also subscribed for shares.  \n\nA plot on the corner of two central streets in Gothenburg (Föreningsgatan and Erik Dahlbergsgatan) was purchased thereafter by the newly constituted company AB Hemtrefnad. The building was constructed in 1911–1913 as a residence for younger, single, self-supporting women. It was designed by the architects Hans och Björner Hedlund, and originally accommodated 54 one- and two-roomed flats. There was also a restaurant in the building and a larger lounge situated on the top floor. There were baths and laundry facilities in the basement. The warden and service personnel had their own accommodation in the building. Private parties could be organised in the building’s guest dining-room. The enterprise was inaugurated on 1 October 1913. Several of the rooms were planned to allow private lessons to be held there. As the managing director of the company and warden of Hemtrefnad for 25 years, Julia von Bahr also lived in the building.  \n\nJulia von Bahr was additionally the secretary in the association running a home for schoolmistresses in Gothenburg (Göteborgs Lärarinnehem) from 1912, and the leader of a group within [](Ellen Key)’s association Tolfternas samkväm between 1896–1907. She was a child welfare officer in the small town of Lerum outside Gothenburg in 1920 and the treasurer on the board of the Gothenburg women’s home. \n\nJulia von Bahr was awarded the Illis quorum medal in 1911 for her contributions to helping people suffering from lung diseases in Sweden. She died on 5 September 1942 in Gothenburg.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "JuliaCharlottaHenrikavonBahr",
      "v_all_places": [
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      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin E",
          "lastname": "Wallin"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Johan August",
          "lastname": "Lundell",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Eschelsson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hildur",
          "lastname": "Ottelin",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ida",
          "lastname": "Norrby",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Olivecrona",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Elisabeth von Bahr",
          "description_eng": "About Elisabeth von Bahr",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(elisabeth+von+bahr)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
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        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Skolledare",
        "Välgörenhet"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Pioneers",
        "School directors",
        "Charity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2019-10-10T11:44:17",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 76,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1838-03-08",
            "date": "1838-03-08"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hedvig Eleonora församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1914-05-21",
            "date": "1914-05-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Maria /Elisabeth/",
        "lastname": "von Bahr",
        "sortname": "von Bahr"
      },
      "num_children": 6,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Medgrundare, styrelseledamot, Upsala enskilda läroverk (Lundellska skolan)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
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            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Styrelseledamot, Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete, bl a Stiftelsen Upsala Myror, medgrundare, Elisabethhemmet 1911",
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            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
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      "organisation": [
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            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
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          "name": "Stiftelsen Upsala Myror",
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            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
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          "type_eng": "Foundation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Boström",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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          }
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            "comment": "1880-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            "date": "1914"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1815-10-17",
            "date": "1815-10-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1863-10-12",
            "date": "1863-10-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Elisabeth Gustava",
          "lastname": "Boström, född Fredenheim",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1804-04-19",
            "date": "1804-04-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1854",
            "date": "1854"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Samuel",
          "lastname": "Boström",
          "occupation": "Lagman, häradshövding, direktör, Skandia",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1839",
            "date": "1839"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "firstname": "Sophia Gustava",
          "lastname": "Boström, gift Leuhusen",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840",
            "date": "1840"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1879",
            "date": "1879"
          },
          "firstname": "Erica Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Boström, gift von Bahr",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1842-02-11",
            "date": "1842-02-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1907-02-21",
            "date": "1907-02-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Boström",
          "occupation": "Statsminister",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1843-06-05",
            "date": "1843-06-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1908-11-07",
            "date": "1908-11-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Filip August",
          "lastname": "Boström",
          "occupation": "Landshövding",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1844-09-05",
            "date": "1844-09-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-05-10",
            "date": "1902-05-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Augusta",
          "lastname": "Boström",
          "occupation": "Filantrop, grundare, Samariterhemmet i Uppsala",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-10-08",
            "date": "1845-10-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1930-05-13",
            "date": "1930-05-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Kristina",
          "lastname": "Boström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1830-04-24",
            "date": "1830-04-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-09-21",
            "date": "1900-09-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik Oscar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1859",
            "date": "1859"
          },
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Häradshövding",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-08-01",
            "date": "1860-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-01-13",
            "date": "1929-01-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Akademisekreterare, borgmästare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-12-14",
            "date": "1862-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1899-03-25",
            "date": "1899-03-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Elisabeth Aimée",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Lärare, Brummerska skolan",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-07-24",
            "date": "1866-07-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-10-06",
            "date": "1952-10-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-03-22",
            "date": "1868-03-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1882-04-19",
            "date": "1882-04-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Maria Charlotta",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-11-12",
            "date": "1872-11-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Gustava Fredrika",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Alexanderson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-09-16",
            "date": "1874-09-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-02-28",
            "date": "1962-02-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Vilhelmina Julia",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift von Bahr-Bergius",
          "occupation": "Docent, experimentell fysik, lärare, Brunnsviks folkhögskola",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Heckscher, Ebba, *Några drag ur den svenska flickskolans historia: under fleres medverkan samlade*, Norstedt & söner, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nevéus, Torgny, Lundh, Herbert & Wahlström, Cristina (red.), *Uppsala stads historia. 10, Rätt, råd, kraft, dåd : om kommunal styrelse och förvaltning i Uppsala under 100 år (1862-1970) : framväxt och utveckling*, Stadsarkivet [distributör], Uppsala, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wallin, Kerstin E., *Hildur Ottelin 1866-1927*, Bäckström, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wallin, Kerstin E., ’Ebba Boström’, *Uppsalakvinnor*, Uppsala, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Filantrop, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Philanthropist, school founder",
      "text": "Elisabeth von Bahr gjorde ekonomiska och praktiska insatser för att bidra till förbättringar av\nkvinnors förhållanden, inte minst i fråga om utbildning och försörjning.\n\nElisabeth von Bahr föddes 1838 i Stockholm. Föräldrarna var Gustava och Erik Samuel\nBoström. Pappan var lagman och häradshövding och kom från Piteå. Inget är känt om\nElisabeth von Bahrs utbildning, men den kan ha bedrivits i hemmet. Lillasystern [](Ebba Boström), som skulle komma att skapa Samariterhemmet i Uppsala, fick en konservativ\nuppfostran och det fick troligen också Elisabeth von Bahr. När hon var 21 år gammal gifte\nhon sig med häradshövding Carl Fredrik Oscar von Bahr. Familjen fick sex barn.\n\nSamskolor och kvinnors utbildning blev under andra hälften av 1800-talet en alltmer\ndiskuterad fråga och den kom att i hög grad intressera Elisabeth von Bahr. Några år innan\nmaken gick bort år 1900 började hon engagera sig på allvar i frågan. Fyra av barnen var nu\nvuxna, två döttrar hade dött unga. Sonen Johan hade kommit en god väg i sin karriär och var\nakademisekreterare vid Uppsala universitet och VD i Uppsala stads drätselkammare. Han\nskulle så småningom bli Uppsalas borgmästare. Sonen Erik var läkare på Samariterhemmet\noch regementsläkare. Dottern [](Eva von Bahr-Bergius) var på god väg i sin akademiska karriär vid\nuniversitetet i Uppsala. Utbildningsintresset delade Elisabeth von Bahr med bland andra\nJohan August Lundell och tillsammans med honom deltog hon i bildandet av Upsala enskilda\nläroverk år 1892 och satt sedan i skolans styrelse till sin död. Den var ett så kallat\nreformläroverk och en samskola där man arbetade enligt moderna pedagogiska metoder. Liksom vid Palmgrenska samskolan i Stockholm tillämpades valfrihet och moderna metoder i\nspråkinlärningen. På skolan startades också en hushållsutbildning som år 1895 avdelades och\nblev Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi under [](Ida Norrby)s ledning. Elisabeth von Bahr satt i\nledningen också för den. \n\nKvinnor som blivit änkor förlorade inte sällan en stor del av sin försörjning, eller stod helt\nmedellösa. I Uppsala fanns sällskapet Upsala Myror, som arbetade för att försöka hjälpa dem.\nSällskapet vände sig särskilt till änkor efter militära befattningshavare, ämbetsmän och\nköpmän. År 1902 bildades Stiftelsen Upsala Myror, som skulle skapa grunden till det så\nkallade Elisabethhemmet (namngivet efter Elisabeth von Bahr). Elisabeth von Bahr var redan\nfrån början en av de drivande och en första del av hemmet invigdes år 1911, vilket firades\nmed en fest där prins Gustav Adolf fanns bland deltagarna. Fastigheten som inrymde\nElisabethhemmet finns ännu kvar och är idag (2017) ett privatsjukhus.\n\nDet var emellertid inte bara personer i de övre samhällslagren som Elisabeth von Bahr\nömmade för. När [](Hildur Ottelin) år 1904 startade Rickomberga egnahem AB fanns både\nElisabeth von Bahr och hennes dotter Eva von Bahr bland aktietecknarna. Elisabeth von Bahr\nvar inte sällan med på bolagsstämmorna. Där träffade hon också [](Elsa Eschelsson), som\nunder en tid satt i bolagsstyrelsen.\n\nElisabeth von Bahr fortsatte sina aktiviteter fram till sin död 1914. Hon är begravd på Uppsala\ngamla kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Elisabeth von Bahr made financial and practical contributions towards improving women’s social conditions, particularly within the spheres of education and employment.\n\nElisabeth von Bahr was born in Stockholm in 1838. Her parents were Gustava and Erik Samuel Boström. Her father was a chief district judge and originally hailed from Piteå. Not much is known about Elisabeth von Bahr’s education but it is likely that she was home-schooled. Her younger sister, [](Ebba Boström), who would go on to establish the Samariter hospice in Uppsala, is known to have had a conservative upbringing and this presumably also applied to Elisabeth von Bahr. When she was 21 years old, Elisabeth von Bahr married the chief district judge Carl Fredrik Oscar von Bahr. They had six children together.\n\nDuring the second half of the nineteenth century the issues of co-educational schools and educational opportunities for women increasingly fell under the spotlight and Elisabeth von Bahr took a great interest in these matters. She began to get actively involved in them a few years before she lost her husband in 1900. At this point four of her children were adults, two of her daughters had died as young children. Her son Johan was forging ahead in his career and was working as registrar at Uppsala University and as the CEO of Uppsala’s “drätselkammare” (the town’s administrative board), and he was soon to become the mayor of Uppsala. Her son Erik was a doctor at Samariterhemmet and a regimental doctor. Her daughter [](Eva von Bahr) was making good progress in an academic career at Uppsala University. Johan August Lundell shared Elisabeth von Bahr’s educational interests and they contributed to setting up a school called Upsala enskilda läroverk in 1892. She was on the school board until her death. This co-educational school was one of the so-called reformed schools, which meant that it followed modern pedagogical methods. Just like the Palmgren school in Stockholm, Elisabeth von Bahr’s school implemented freedom of choice and modern methods in language learning. A separate domestic science training was started, which detached from the school in 1895 and became Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi under the direction of [](Ida Norrby). Elisabeth von Bahr was also part of this school’s management team.\n\nWhen a woman became a widow in this era she often lost a major part of her income or was even left completely penniless. In Uppsala the Upsala Myror association had been set up to help these women. The association focused particularly on widows of military officers, functionaries, and businessmen. In 1902 the Stiftelse Upsala Myror (Upsala Myror foundation) was set up and paved the way for the so-called Elisabethhemmet, named after Elisabeth von Bahr. Elisabeth von Bahr had been one of the instigators of this enterprise from the outset and the first part of the home opened in 1911. This was marked by a celebration attended by Prins Gustav Adolf, amongst others. The building which housed Elisabethhemmet can still be seen and today (2017) it serves as a private hospital.\n\nHowever, it was not just people from the upper echelons of society whom Elisabeth von Bahr worried about. When [](Hildur Ottelin) set up Rickomberga egnahem AB in 1904 both Elisabeth von Bahr and her daughter Eva could be found amongst the shareholders. Elisabeth von Bahr often attended the company meetings and at one of these she met [](Elsa Eschelsson), who was on the company board for some time.\n\nElisabeth von Bahr remained active until her death in 1914. She is buried in Uppsala gamla cemetery.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "ElisabethvonBahr",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hedvig",
          "lastname": "Hedqvist"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "description": "Sveriges socialdemokratiska arbetarepartis förtjänsttecken",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lise",
          "lastname": "Meitner",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Max",
          "lastname": "Planck",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Niels",
          "lastname": "Bohr",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Oseen",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Dan",
          "lastname": "Andersson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ebba",
          "lastname": "Boström, moster",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Erik Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Boström, morbror",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Alexanderson, svåger",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Skolkökslärarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "institution": "Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier i fysik, filosofi och matematik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "institution": "Askov Højskole",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.6809419",
              "lon": "12.573879"
            },
            "place": "Vejen, Danmark"
          },
          "type": "Folkhögskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen, privatist",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fil.kand.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fil.lic.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Doktor i fysik, disputation för docentur",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Eva von Bahr-Bergius",
          "description_eng": "By Eva von Bahr-Bergius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(von+Bahr-Bergius%2c+Eva)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Eva von Bahr-Bergius",
          "description_eng": "About Eva von Bahr-Bergius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Eva+von+Bahr)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "000000005619137X",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Folkbildning",
        "Fysiker",
        "Lärare",
        "Katolicism",
        "Kristendom",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Forskare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Adult education",
        "Physicists",
        "Teachers",
        "Catholicism",
        "Christianity",
        "Pioneers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-07T10:05:19",
      "libris_uri": [
        "jgvxrgj21r76z5c"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 87,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1874-09-16",
            "date": "1874-09-16"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hedvig Eleonora församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1962-02-28",
            "date": "1962-02-28"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Uppsala domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Eva/ Vilhelmina Julia",
        "lastname": "von Bahr-Bergius",
        "sortname": "von Bahr-Bergius"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Docent",
          "detail": "Docent, fysik, Uppsala universitet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forskare",
          "detail": "Forskare, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "52.520007",
              "lon": "13.404954"
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, Brunnsviks folkhögskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "60.484304",
              "lon": "15.4339689"
            },
            "place": "Borlänge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Hjälparbete för nödställda i Finland och Norge",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "name": "Akademiskt bildade kvinnors förening (ABKF, nuvarande Kvinnliga Akademikers Förening, KAF)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges småskollärarinneförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "55.6809419",
              "lon": "12.573879"
            },
            "place": "Vejen, Danmark"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "52.520007",
              "lon": "13.404954"
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "60.484304",
              "lon": "15.4339689"
            },
            "place": "Borlänge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.8707862,
              "lon": 11.9788622
            },
            "place": "Kungälv"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1838-03-08",
            "date": "1838-03-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914-05-21",
            "date": "1914-05-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, född Boström",
          "occupation": "Filantrop, skolgrundare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1830-04-24",
            "date": "1830-04-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-09-21",
            "date": "1900-09-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik Oscar",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Häradshövding",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-08-01",
            "date": "1860-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-01-13",
            "date": "1929-01-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Akademisekreterare, borgmästare i Uppsala",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-12-14",
            "date": "1862-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1899-03-25",
            "date": "1899-03-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Elisabeth Aimée",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Lärare, Brummerska skolan",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-07-24",
            "date": "1866-07-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-10-06",
            "date": "1952-10-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Otto",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-03-22",
            "date": "1868-03-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1882-04-19",
            "date": "1882-04-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba",
          "lastname": "von Bahr",
          "type": "Syster",
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        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-11-12",
            "date": "1872-11-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig",
          "lastname": "von Bahr, gift Alexanderson",
          "occupation": "Handarbetslärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-09-04",
            "date": "1871-09-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-04-17",
            "date": "1947-04-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Georg Nicolaus Josef, kallad Niklas,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergius",
          "occupation": "Bokhandlare, författare, lärare vid Brunnsviks folkhögskola",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bahr-Bergius, *Eva von, Über die Einwirkung des Druckes auf die Absorption ultraroter Strahlung durch Gase*, Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Uppsala, 1908",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bahr-Bergius, Eva von, *Om katolicismen: några ord till protestanter*, Almqvist & Wiksell i distr., Uppsala, 1929",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bahr-Bergius, Eva von, *Min väg tillbaka till kristendomen*, Uppsala, 1933",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bahr-Bergius, Eva von, *Efterskrift till Min väg tillbaka till kristendomen*, Almqvist & Wiksell, Uppsala o. Stockholm, 1934",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bahr-Bergius, Eva von, 'Ur "Spridda minnen från ett långt liv"', *Skrifter rörande Uppsala universitet. B, Inbjudningar*, 2015, s. 7-73, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedqvist, Hedvig, *Kärlek och kärnfysik: Lise Meitner, Eva von Bahr och en vänskap som förändrade världen*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Fysiker, lärare, Sveriges första kvinnliga docent i fysik",
      "subtitle_eng": "Physician, teacher, Sweden's first female docent in physics",
      "text": "Eva von Bahr-Bergius var Sveriges första kvinnliga docent i fysik.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius föddes 1874 och växte upp i en högborgerlig familj, som flyttade till Uppsala när fadern, Carl von Bahr, blev häradshövding där. Hon utbildade sig först till skolkökslärare på Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi i Uppsala för att tillfredsställa sin mor, [](Elisabeth von Bahr), som var en av initiativtagarna till Fackskolan och engagerad i rösträttsrörelsen. När det saknades lärare undervisade Eva von Bahr-Bergius i teoretiska ämnen på Fackskolan och som kompensation för sin lojalitet begärde hon att få göra ett avslutande studieår på Askov Højskole i Vejen, Danmark. Där följde hon undervisningen i fysik, filosofi och matematik och insåg att hon måste ta studentexamen och inleda universitetsstudier. På Askov Højskole grundlades också hennes kärlek till folkhögskolans pedagogiska engagemang.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius fullföljde sina planer och 1908 disputerade hon vid Uppsala universitet på en doktorsavhandling om tryckets inverkan på gasers absorption av infraröda strålar. Samma år utnämndes hon till docent i fysik som den första kvinnan i Sverige. Resultatet av hennes forskning ökade förståelsen av atmosfärens betydelse för jordens uppvärmning. Avhandlingen uppmärksammades internationellt men gav inte tillträde till fortsatt forskning vid universitetet. Hon undervisade några år på universitetet och uppmanades att markera orättvisan att inte kvinnor kunde bli professorer genom att söka en professur vid Chalmers tekniska läroanstalt (nuvarande Chalmers tekniska högskola). Trots att de sakkunniga påpekade att hennes meriter var bättre hamnade hon i andra förslagsrummet, eftersom det var otänkbart att utnämna en kvinna. Från år 1910 fick hon endast undervisa som vikarie på Uppsala universitet (först 1925 fick kvinnor rätt att inneha tjänster vid svenska universitet).\n\nDet som stod till buds för svenska kvinnliga forskare var att söka sig utomlands. Marie Curie tog emot kvinnliga forskare i Paris. Det såg Eva von Bahr-Bergius som en möjlighet men på vägen dit 1912 passerade hon universitetet i Berlin, där man kände till hennes avhandling och hon blev väl mottagen. Där godtogs heller inte kvinnliga disputerade forskare men professor Max Planck hade gjort ett undantag beträffande österrikiskan [](Lise Meitner).  Han och professor Heinrich Rubens vid institutionen för experimentell fysik gjorde ännu ett undantag när de insåg Eva von Bahr-Bergius kapacitet. Lise Meitner och Eva von Bahr-Bergius blev förutom att vara kolleger nära vänner. Forskningsperioden i Berlin blev kort men mynnade ut i forskningsresultatet att vattenångans absorptionsspektrum inte är kontinuerligt, vilket anslöt till Max Plancks kvantteori. När Niels Bohr nio år senare inledde sin Nobelföreläsning om den moderna atomfysikens utveckling nämnde han endast en svensk forskargärning: ”Eva von Bahrs smukke resultat”. \n\nVåren 1914 tillbringade Eva von Bahr-Bergius i Uppsala och deltog i projekt på distans. Planen var att fortsätta arbetet i Berlin till hösten men första världskrigets utbrott ändrade förutsättningarna. De flesta fysiker vid institutionen i Berlin blev skickade till fronten som specialister på röntgen. Hennes ställningstagande för ententens sida i kriget gjorde det också omöjligt för henne att återvända till universitetet i Berlin. Hennes docentur i Uppsala uppehölls samtidigt av en vikarie som var beroende av inkomst och hon hade ingen önskan att återvända dit.\n\nArvet efter föräldrarna hade gjort Eva von Bahr-Bergius ekonomiskt oberoende. En tjänst som lärare i matematik, fysik och kemi vid Brunnsviks folkhögskola ändrade hennes professionella inriktning. Fast besluten att ägna sitt liv åt Brunnsvik och pedagogik lät hon bygga ett eget hus på orten. Hon misslyckades med att lära författaren och poeten Dan Andersson matematik men han blev hennes nära vän. År 1917 gifte sig Eva von Bahr-Bergius med den karismatiske läraren, författaren och katoliken Niklas Bergius. När Landsorganisationen (LO) tog över ansvaret för\nBrunnsviks folkhögskola bestämde sig paret för att lämna skolan. Huset Eva von Bahr-Bergius byggt blev en avskedsgåva till folkhögskolan.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius var i sin ungdom övertygad ateist men under en vistelse i Danmark 1918 uppsökte hon tillsammans med Niklas Bergius en katolsk kyrka i grannskapet. Den kontakten ledde till att hon 1933 konverterade till katolicismen och till att hon samma år publicerade boken *Min väg tillbaka till kristendom* med *Efterskrift*, 1934. För att vara nära den katolska församlingen i Göteborg flyttade paret till Kungälv i slutet av 1920-talet. Där blev Eva von Bahr-Bergius engagerad i planerna på att starta en nordisk folkhögskola.\n\nTysklands annektering av Österrike 1938 fick Eva von Bahr-Bergius att inse att hennes österrikiska väninna Lise Meitner på grund av sin judiska börd befann sig i farozon. Hon lyckades samla ett antal personer som med bland annat ekonomiskt stöd från Nobelkommitténs fysiska prisgrupps särskilda fond såg till att Meitner fick ett inresetillstånd till Sverige 1938-08-01. Det var på besök hos familjen von Bahr-Bergius och Bergius som Meitner och hennes systerson Otto Robert Frisch julafton 1938 formulerade teorin om kärnklyvningen, fissionen.\n\nUnder andra världskriget engagerade sig Eva von Bahr-Bergius i hjälparbete till Finland och Norge. När maken avled 1947, skänkte hon villan som paret byggt till Nordiska folkhögskolan i Kungälv, vilken grundades samma år. Eva von Bahr-Bergius flyttade till Uppsala där hon främst kom att ägna sig åt den katolska församlingen.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius avled i Uppsala 1962. Hon är begravd på Katolska kyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Eva von Bahr-Bergius was the first female docent in the field of physics in Sweden.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius was born in 1874. She grew up in an upper-class family. When her father, Carl von Bahr, was appointed chief district judge in Uppsala the whole family moved there. She initially trained to become a school cooking teacher at Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi (“trades school for home economics”) in Uppsala in order to please her mother, Elisabeth von Bahr, who was one of the founders of the school and was very active in the suffrage movement. When there was a lack of teachers at the school, Eva von Bahr-Bergius taught the theoretical subjects at Fackskolan and as compensation for her familial loyalty she sought permission to see out her final year of training at Askov Højskole in Vejen, Denmark. There she took classes in physics, philosophy, and mathematics, and realised that she needed to gain her school-leaving certificate and begin studying at university. It was also at Askov Højskole that Eva von Bahr-Bergius’ love for the pedagogical engagement of adult education began.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius saw her plans through and in 1908 she obtained her doctorate with a dissertation on the effects of pressure on the gaseous absorption of infrared rays. That same year she was appointed docent in physics, making her the first woman to hold this post in Sweden. The outcome of her research expanded the understanding of the significance of the atmosphere with regard to global warming. Although her dissertation gained international acclaim it did not enable her to continue her research at Uppsala. She spent a few years teaching and was encouraged to expose the injustice of women being prevented from becoming professors by seeking a position as professor at Chalmers tekniska läroanstalt (now Chalmers University of Technology). Despite the experts highlighting that she was the best-qualified applicant, she only made it into second place on the short list, as it was inconceivable at the time that a woman could be appointed. From 1910 onwards she was only allowed to teach as a substitute teacher at Uppsala University (it was not until 1925 that women were allowed to be appointed to fulltime posts at Swedish universities).\n\nThus, Swedish female researchers had to look abroad for further employment options. Marie Curie in Paris accepted female researchers. Eva von Bahr-Bergius considered this option but en route to Paris in 1912 she happened to stop in at Berlin University where her dissertation was well known and she received a warm reception. Although female researchers were not accepted in Berlin either, Professor Max Planck had made an exception with regard to the Austrian [](Lise Meitner), who became a close friend of Eva von Bahr-Bergius’. Professor Planck and Professor Heinrich Rubens at the Institute of Experimental Physics made another exception once they realised the extent of Eva von Bahr-Bergius’s abilities. Her time as a researcher in Berlin was brief but resulted in research results showing that the absorption spectrum of steam is not continuous, which supported Max Planck’s quantum theory. Nine years later, when Niels Bohr opened his Nobel lecture on the development of modern nuclear physics, he only mentioned the achievements of a single Swedish researcher: “Eva von Bahr-Bergius’ fine results”.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius spent the spring of 1914 in Uppsala and remotely participated in projects. Her intention was to continue her work in Berlin in the autumn, but the outbreak of the First World War changed the circumstances. The majority of the physics researchers at the Institute of Experimental Physics in Berlin were sent to the front as x-ray experts. Her stance in support of the military entente also made it impossible for her to return to Berlin University. Her position as docent at Uppsala was at the same time being held by a substitute who was dependent on it for an income and she had no desire to return there.\n\nFollowing the death of her parents Eva von Bahr-Bergius became financially independent through her inheritance. She took a job as a teacher of mathematics, physics, and chemistry at Brunnsvik folkhögskola (adult education college) and this led to a change of career. Determined to devote herself to Brunnsvik and teaching she had a house built in the area. She never managed to teach the author and poet Dan Andersson mathematics, but he became her close friend. In 1917 Eva von Bahr-Bergius married Niklas Bergius, a charismatic teacher, author and a Catholic. When Landsorganisationen (LO, the Swedish Trade Union Confederation) took over the running of Brunnsvik högskola she and her husband decided to end their collaboration with the institution. Eva von Bahr-Bergius donated her house to the school as a departing gift.\n\nAlthough Eva von Bahr-Bergius had been a convinced atheist in her youth, it was during a visit to Denmark in 1918 that she and Niklas Bergius both visited a local Catholic church. This experience led to her full conversion to the Catholic faith in 1933, the same year that she published a book entitled *Min väg tillbaka till kristendom*, followed by *Efterskrift*, 1934. In order to live close to the Catholic congregation in Gothenburg Eva von Bahr-Bergius and her husband moved to Kungälv towards the end of the 1920s. There Eva von Bahr-Bergius became involved in plans to set up a Nordic adult education college.\n\nWhen Germany annexed Austria in 1938 Eva von Bahr-Bergius realised that her Austrian friend Lise Meitner would be in danger due to her Jewish ancestry. She successfully mobilised a number of people who ensured that Lise Meitner obtained a travel permit for Sweden in August 1938, partially economically supported the Nobel foundation. It was during a visit to the Bahr-Bergius and Bergius family that Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert Frisch on Christmas Eve 1938 came up with their theory on nuclear fission.\n\nDuring the Second World War Eva von Bahr-Bergius was actively involved in aid work for Finland and Norway. When her husband died in 1947 she donated the villa, which the couple had built, to Nordiska folkhögskolan (the Nordic adult education college) in Kungälv, which had been founded the same year. Eva von Bahr-Bergius moved to Uppsala, where she mainly devoted herself to the Catholic congregation there.\n\nEva von Bahr-Bergius died in Uppsala in 1962. She is buried at the Catholic cemetery in Stockholm.",
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'Bandler, Vivica
 (1917–2004)', *Finskt biografiskt lexikon* (Hämtad 2017-09-11)",
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            "comment": "1993",
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          "to": {
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          "name": "Internationella Teaterinstitutet (ITI)",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
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          "name": "Teaterstiftelsen Vivicas Vänner",
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          "type": "Far",
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            "date": "1926-05-06"
          },
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            "date": "2002-12-29"
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          "lastname": "von Frenckell, gift Surdi",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1915-07-20",
            "date": "1915-07-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1915-07-24",
            "date": "1915-07-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Johan Christoffer",
          "lastname": "von Frenckell",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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          },
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ahlfors, Bengt, *Människan Vivica Bandler: 82 skisser till ett porträtt*, Schildts, Helsingfors, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Helander, Karin & Zern, Leif, *"Det skall åska och blixtra kring vår teater": Stockholms stadsteater 1960-2010*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 2010",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karjalainen, Tuula, *Tove Jansson: arbeta och älska*, Norstedts, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rothberg, Isabella, 'Livet var en maskerad för Vivica Bandler', *Hufvudstadsbladet*, 2015-11-16 (Hämtad 2017-09-11)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://gamla.hbl.fi/kultur/2012-02-22/livet-var-en-maskerad-vivica-bandler"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rothberg, Isabella, 'Arvet efter Vivica', *Hufvudstadsbladet*, 2017-02-05 (Hämtad 2017-09-11)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.hbl.fi/artikel/arvet-efter-vivica/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vivica Bandlers arkiv, SLSA 1210. Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland (Hämtad 2017-09-11)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sls.finna.fi/Collection/sls.SLSA+1210"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Regissör, teaterchef, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Theatrical director, theatre manager, author",
      "text": "Vivica Bandler var författare, filmarbetare, teaterregissör och teaterledare. I Sverige är hon\nmest känd för sitt chefskap på Stockholms stadsteater och sin introduktion av mumintrollen\npå svenska scener.\n\nVivica Bandler föddes den 5 februari 1917 i Helsingfors. Hennes föräldrar var ingenjör Erik\nvon Frenckell och teaterprofessor Ester-Margaret von Frenckell. Fadern blev sedermera\nstadsdirektör i Helsingfors och var drivande i planeringen av de olympiska sommarspelen,\nsom skulle ha ägt rum 1940, men som inte blev av förrän 1952.\n\nMycket för att leva upp till faderns önskningar utbildade sig Vivica Bandler till agronom, men\nhennes stora intresse för teater och film ledde henne bort från familjegodset Saaris herrgård i\nTammela, till en värld som låg mycket närmare mammans. År 1939 grundade hon den\nsvenskspråkiga Studentteatern i Helsingfors. Under andra världskriget arbetade hon som\nsanitetslotta och gifte sig med den halvjudiske diplomekonomen Kurt Bandler som flydde sitt\nhemland Österrike efter den nazistiska annekteringen och deltog i det finska vinterkriget.\nÄktenskapet upplöstes 1963, men hon höll kontakten med honom och bistod honom\nekonomiskt under hela hans liv.\n\nVivica Bandler gjorde försök inom både litteraturens och filmens områden. Filmen *Avskedet*\nkom 1982 och boken *Adressaten okänd* gav hon ut tillsammans med Carita Backström 1992. Hennes största insatser kom dock att bli inom teatern. Efter lärlingsår i amatörteatern gjorde hon sin första professionella uppsättning på Svenska Teatern i Helsingfors med Jean-Paul Sartres *Den respektfulla skökan*, 1948. Hon introducerade Eugène Ionesco i Finland genom att sätta upp hans *Lektionen* på Kammarteatern. År 1955 köpte hon Lilla Teatern, grundad 1940, och var dess ledare och huvudregissör fram till 1967, då hon överlät ledningen till skådespelarparet Lasse Pöysti och Birgitta Ulfsson. Hon satsade på en levande kontakt med publiken, bland annat genom revyer, och gav uppsättningar både på svenska och finska.\n\nVivica Bandler var känd som en uppmuntrande om än krävande och dominerande ledare och\nregissör, som hade förmågan att hitta och lyfta fram talanger, exempelvis Birgitta Ulfsson.\nHennes styrka ansågs vara personinstruktionen och hon hjälpte Lasse Pöysti på vägen från\nbarnstjärna till mogen skådespelare. Förmågan att inspirera och lyfta fram visade hon också\ndå hon efter ett par år i ledningen för Oslo Nye Teater 1967–1969 blev chef för Stockholms\nstadsteater 1969. Där fungerade hon som teaterchef till 1979 och som VD ytterligare ett år.\nHon bjöd in Suzanne Osten som gästregissör och gav henne så småningom ansvaret för\nbarnteatern Unga Klara, med eget budgetansvar. Vivica Bandlers chefsperiod ses som en\nstorhetstid för Stadsteatern med uppsättningar som Per Anders Fogelströms *Minns du den\nstad*, Bertolt Brechts *Den goda människan från Sezuan*, Peter Weiss *Mordet på Marat*\noch inte minst Suzanne Ostens och Margareta Garpes feministiska *Jösses flickor, befrielsen\när nära!*. I sin strävan att nå ut skapade hon flera scener, gärna små och publiknära.\n\nVivica Bandler hade vid sidan av äktenskapet många förhållanden med kvinnor, varav\nkärleken till Tove Jansson är den mest kända och mest produktiva. Deras förälskelse övergick i livslång vänskap och konstnärliga samarbeten. Vivica Bandler inspirerade Tove Jansson till att skriva för teatern, vilket ledde till uppsättningen *Mumintrollet och Kometen*, i Vivica Bandlers regi på Svenska Teatern 1949. För Lilla Teatern skrev Tove Jansson *Troll i kulissen*, 1959, som också gästspelade i Sverige. Då blev också mumintrollens språk i Sverige finlandssvenska.\n\nTove Jansson placerade i sin tur Vivica Bandler centralt i sin stora fresk *Fest i stan* (för\nStadshuset i Helsingfors) och i barnboken *Trollkarlens hatt*, 1948, där de små figurerna\nTofslan (Tove) och Vifslan (Vivica) bär omkring en hemlighet, som visar sig vara en stor\nlysande rubin, erövrad från den iskalla Mårran. Sitt underbara teateräventyr *Farlig\nmidsommar*, 1954, har Tove Jansson dedicerat till Vivica Bandler.\n\nVivica Bandler var en överklassflicka, som gärna svor som en hamnbuse, en förespråkare för\nkollektivt arbete, som helst ville bestämma. I Finland krävde hon att bli kallad ”Fru Bandler”\nav sina medarbetare, men när hon kom till Sverige mitt i dureformens tid måste hon ge upp\ndetta för ett mer jämlikt förhållningssätt. Med sitt internationella – särskilt franska –\nkontaktnät och sin stora övertalningsförmåga, som gränsade till manipulation, skapade hon\nsamarbeten över nationsgränserna, och introducerade finlandssvensk litteratur och teater i Sverige. Under åren 1988–1990 var hon ordförande för Nordisk Teaterunion, där hon länge varit en aktiv styrelseledamot. I slutet av sin karriär, 1990–1995, var hon också konstnärlig ledare för Tammerfors Teatersommar. Efter ett mycket aktivt och nyskapande liv i teaterns värld utnämndes hon 1999 till akademiker, den högsta utmärkelse en finländsk konstnär kan få.\n\nVivica Bandler dog i Helsingfors den 30 juli 2004.",
      "text_eng": "Vivica Bandler worked as an author and in film as well as in theatre, as a theatrical director and theatre manager. In Sweden she is best known for her leadership of Stockholms stadsteatern and for introducing the Moomins onto the Swedish stage.\n\nVivica Bandler was born in Helsinki on 5 February 1917. Her parents were Erik von Frenckell, an engineer, and Ester-Margaret von Frenckell, a professor of theatre. Her father later became mayor of Helsinki and was a driving force in the planning for the Olympic Summer Games which were planned for 1940 but were actually held in 1950.\n\nVivica Bandler trained as an agronomist largely to please her father but her interest in theatre and film led her away from the family-owned Saaris manor in Tammela and brought her to a world much closer to her mother’s. In 1939 she founded the Swedish-language student theatre in Helsinki. During the Second World War Vivica Bandler worked as a sanitation volunteer and married Kurt Bandler, who was half-Jewish and a qualified economist. He had fled his homeland of Austria after the Nazi annexation and subsequently fought in the Finnish Winter War. The Bandlers’ marriage was dissolved in 1963, but Vivica Bandler kept in contact with her ex-husband and supported him financially for the rest of his life.\n\nVivica Bandler dipped her toes into the both the literary and cinematic worlds during her later years. Her film *Avskedet* was released in 1982, whilst her book *Adressaten okänd*, published together with Carita Backström, was released in 1992. At this point she had already made her greatest contributions in the world of theatre. After a year as an apprentice in amateur theatre she put on her first professional show at Svenska Teatern (Swedish Theatre) in Helsinki: Jean-Paul Sartre’s *Den respektfulla skökan* in 1948. She introduced Eugene Ionesco to Finland by staging his play *Lektionen* at the Kammarteater. In 1955 she bought Lilla Teatern, which had been established in 1940. She ran and served as lead director at Lilla Teatern until 1967 when she handed over its management to Lasse Pöysti and Birgitta Ulffson, a couple who were both actors. Vivica Bandler sought to create direct contact with the audience, partly through revue shows, and put on both Swedish-language and Finnish-language shows.\n\nVivica Bandler was known for being an encouraging if somewhat demanding and dominant leader and director. She had the ability to find and highlight talent, such as Birgitta Ulfsson. Her strength lay in person-to-person instructions, which she used to help Lasse Pöysti make the transition from child star to mature actor. Her ability to inspire and highlight also became apparent when she became the head of Stockholms stadsteater in 1969, having already been in charge of Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1969. She remained in post in Stockholm until 1979, after which she continued as CEO for a further year. She invited Suzanne Osten as a guest-director and gave her full responsibility for the Unga Klara children’s theatre with her own budget. Vivica Bandler’s time as theatre manager at Stockholms Stadsteater is considered to be the theatre’s highpoint. Productions included Per Anders Fogelström’s *Minns du den stad*, Bertolt Brecht’s *Den goda människan från Sezuan*, Peter Weiss’ *Mordet på Marat*, as well as Suzanne Osten’s and Margareta Garpe’s feminist play *Jösses flickor, befrielsen är nära!* In her effort to reach out to the public, Vivica Bandler created several stages which tended to be small and close to the audience.\n\nAs well as being married, Vivica Bandler had several relationships with women, of which her relationship with Tove Jansson is the best known and most productive. Their love relationship eventually turned into a lifelong friendship and artistic collaboration. Vivica Bandler inspired Tove Jansson to write for the stage and this led to the staging of *Mumintrollet och Kometen*, under Vivica Bandler’s direction, at the Svenska Teatern in 1949. Tove Jansson also wrote *Troll i kulissen*, 1959, for the Lilla Teater, which also went on to tour Sweden. The Moomins’ language in Sweden thus became Finland Swedish.\n\nTove Jansson, in turn, gave Vivica Bandler a central position in her large fresco called *Fest i stan* (at the Helsinki town hall) and in the children’s book *Trollkarlens hatt*, 1948, where the small figures Tofslan (Tove) and Vifslan (Vivica) have a secret, which eventually proves to be a shiny ruby, stolen from the ice-cold Mårran. Further, Tove Jansson dedicated her wonderful theatrical adventure entitled *Farlig midsommar*, 1954, to Vivica Bandler.\n\nVivica Bandler was an upper-class girl who often swore like a dockworker, an advocate of collective work who wanted to be in charge. In Finland she demanded to be called “Mrs Bandler” by her colleagues. However, in Sweden – which was in the middle of the “du”-reform – she could no longer insist on this and instead had to find a more equal form of nomenclature. With her international contact network, in particular with France, and her talent for persuasion, which bordered on manipulation, she created collaborations across borders, and introduced Finland-Swedish literature and theatre into Sweden. From 1988 to 1990 she was chair of Nordisk Teaterunion, for which she had already been a member of the board for a long time. Towards the end of her career, from 1990 to 1995, she also became the artistic leader of Tammerfors Teatersommar. Following a very active and creative life within the world of theatre she was awarded the Finnish title of Academician, the highest accolade available to a Finnish artist, in 1999.\n\nVivica Bandler died in Helsinki on 30 July 2004.",
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          "description": "Norrhem, Svante, *Kvinnor vid maktens sida: 1632-1772*, Nordic Academic Press, Lund, 2007",
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          "lastname": "Banér Axelsson",
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          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1582-09-18",
            "date": "1582-09-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1618-01-20",
            "date": "1618-01-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1584-01-24",
            "date": "1584-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1628-04-01",
            "date": "1628-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Svante",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Officer, guvernör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1586",
            "date": "1586"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1586",
            "date": "1586"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1587",
            "date": "1587"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1594",
            "date": "1594"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1588-06-28",
            "date": "1588-06-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1644-07-12",
            "date": "1644-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Peder, kallad Per,",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, lagman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1589-11-10",
            "date": "1589-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1614-02-20",
            "date": "1614-02-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Kapten",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1590",
            "date": "1590"
          },
          "firstname": "Dödfödd",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1592-01-17",
            "date": "1592-01-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1669-10-22",
            "date": "1669-10-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1638-06-16",
            "date": "1638-06-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1594",
            "date": "1594"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1642-08-12",
            "date": "1642-08-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, riksmarskalk",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1596-06-23",
            "date": "1596-06-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1641-05-10",
            "date": "1641-05-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, fältmarskalk",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1597-06-22",
            "date": "1597-06-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1597",
            "date": "1597"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1598-10-17",
            "date": "1598-10-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1632-04-11",
            "date": "1632-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Statssekreterare, vice guvernör i Preussen",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1586",
            "date": "1586"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1656-12-12",
            "date": "1656-12-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Oxenstierna Bengtsson",
          "occupation": "Greve, riksamiral, riksskattmästare",
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1612-09-13",
            "date": "1612-09-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1651-05-15",
            "date": "1651-05-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1613-09-01",
            "date": "1613-09-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1685-02-??"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1615-05-05",
            "date": "1615-05-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1689-07-28",
            "date": "1689-07-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Beata",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1616-08-13",
            "date": "1616-08-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1617-09-07",
            "date": "1617-09-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsson Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1617-11-09",
            "date": "1617-11-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1653-09-24",
            "date": "1653-09-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1619-03-06",
            "date": "1619-03-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1673-06-12",
            "date": "1673-06-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Gabriel",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsson Oxenstierna",
          "occupation": "Riksråd",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1620-05-04",
            "date": "1620-05-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1691-08-10",
            "date": "1691-08-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1621-10-27",
            "date": "1621-10-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1623-07-06",
            "date": "1623-07-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna 1621",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1623-07-16",
            "date": "1623-07-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1702-07-12",
            "date": "1702-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsson Oxenstierna",
          "occupation": "Kanslipresident",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1624-11-29",
            "date": "1624-11-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1695",
            "date": "1695"
          },
          "firstname": "Catharina",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsdotter Oxenstierna",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1626-03-16",
            "date": "1626-03-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1693-11-18",
            "date": "1693-11-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsson Oxenstierna",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, rikstygmästare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Anrep, Gabriel (red.), *Svenska adelns ättar-taflor. Afd. 1, Abrahamsson-Granfelt*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1858",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anrep, Gabriel (red.), *Svenska adelns ättar-taflor. Afd. 3, von Nackreij – Skytte*, [Norstedt], Stockholm, 1862",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgenstierna, Gustaf (red.), *Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1, Abrahamsson-Celsing*, Sveriges släktforskarförb., Stockholm, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgenstierna, Gustaf (red.), *Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 5, Lind af Hageby-von Porten*, Sveriges släktforskarförb., Stockholm, 1998",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Norrhem, Svante, *Ebba Brahe: makt och kärlek under stormaktstiden*, Historiska media, Lund, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Palme, Sven Ulrik, ’Två berättande källor om Linköpings riksdag 1600’, *Historisk tidskrift* 1936, s. 280-293, 1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tunberg, Sven, *Sigismund och Sverige 1597-1598. 1, Före andra svenska resan = Samuel Laskis beskickningar*, Uppsala, 1917",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öst, Kristina, *Ett gestaltningsförslag till en del av lustträdgården vid Rosersbergs slott = A design concept for a part of the pleasure garden at Rosersbergs castle*, Inst. för stad och land, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Examensarbete,Uppsala, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Hovdam, grevinna, riksrådshustru",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lady-in-waiting, countess, wife of a privy councillor",
      "text": "Anna Gustafsdotter Banér var riksrådshustru och antas vara författaren till skildringen av\nfadern Gustav Banérs sista timmar i livet innan han avrättades vid Linköpings blodbad år\n1600.\n\nAnna Gustafsdotter Banér föddes 1585 på Djursholms slott i Stockholm. Slottet Djursholm\nägdes av ätten Banér mellan 1508 och 1813. Anna Banér var dotter till greven, riksrådet och\nståthållaren Gustav Axelsson Banér och till grevinnan [](Kristina Sture). Hon var\nnäst äldst i en syskonskara av 14 barn. Två systrar och två bröder dog i späd ålder. Av\nhennes bröder blev fyra riksråd, hon själv och hennes syster Märta Banér blev\nriksrådshustrur.\n\nÄtten Banér tillhörde den jordägande bördsadeln med anor från medeltiden och Anna Banérs familj var tätt sammanvävd med rikets politiska elit. När Anna Banér var 15 år avrättades fadern Gustav Banér efter en dödsdom vid Linköpings riksdag år 1600. Denna riksdag var kulmen på hertig Karls strid med Sigismund om kungatronen. Jämte tolv andra högadliga rådsherrar dömdes Anna Banérs far till döden för högförräderi. Fem av dessa avrättades senare på Stora torget i Linköping i det så kallade Linköpings blodbad.\n\nAnna Banér antas vara författaren till det ofta citerade brev som skildrar faderns sista timmar\nföre avrättningen, skärtorsdagen den 20 mars år 1600. Tillsammans med sin mor Kristina\nSture och tre av sina syskon tilläts hon spendera de sista dygnen med fadern i fängelset. Anna Banér beskrev senare, år 1618, den kvalfyllda natten inför avrättningen i ett brev till sin yngre syster Sigrid Banér. Originalbrevet är förkommet, men det föreligger i två avskrifter. Det har varit omdiskuterat vem den egentliga författaren var, inte minst som de bevarade avskrifterna bär titeln "Christina Banérs berättelse". Ingen av Gustav Banérs och Kristina Stures döttrar hette emellertid Christina. [](Sigrid Banér) har ibland antagits vara brevets författare, men hon var vid tiden endast åtta år gammal. Anna Banér var däremot 15 år vid tiden för händelsen. Hon ska därtill gärna ha ägnat sig åt att läsa och skriva och i synnerhet inresserade hon sig för att nedteckna sin fars levnadsöde.\n\nAnna Banér var under sina ungdomsår hovjungfru hos änkedrottningen [Katarina Stenbock](0000 0000 5151 3595) på Strömsholms gård i Västmanland. Katarina Stenbock var syskonbarn till Anna\nBanérs mormor [Märta Leijonhufvud](Märta Eriksdotter).\n\nAnna Banér gifte sig i Stockholm den 7 oktober 1610 med riksrådet och friherren, senare\ngreven över Korsholm och Vasa, Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna, kusin med rikskanslern\nAxel Oxenstierna. Med giftermålet inledde Anna Banér en lång period av barnafödande. Den 15 september 1612 föddes parets första barn, Sigrid, i Nyland, Finland. Därefter följde\nytterligare tio barn i rask följd mellan åren 1613 och 1626.\n\nUnder dessa år flyttade Anna Banér mellan Finland, Sverige och Estland där maken Gabriel\nOxenstierna år 1611 blev ståthållare över Reval (Tallin). Fyra av barnen föddes på Revals\nslott. Dottern Anna föddes dock 1620 i Sverige liksom de efterföljande fyra barnen. Under\ndenna period befann sig Anna Banér och hennes familj i Uppland nära maken Gabriel\nOxenstiernas stamgods Mörby slott i Norrtälje kommun. År 1623 donerade Anna Banér en\naltartavla och en predikstol till Fasterna kyrka. Tolv år senare, år 1635, lät hon i koret inreda Oxenstiernas familjegrav. Mellan åren 1631 och 1634 var maken Gabriel Oxenstierna generalguvernör över Finland. År 1634 återvände han till Stockholm efter att ha fått platsen som riksskattmästare i drottning [Kristina](0000000112298199)s förmyndarregering. Från och med detta år var Anna Banér med säkerhet bosatt i Sverige. År 1634 påbörjade makarna uppförandet av slottet Rosersberg i Norsunda socken, strax norr om Stockholm. Slottet stod färdigt 1638.\n\nAnna Banérs makes kusin, rikskanslern Axel Oxenstierna, föreslog år 1639 att Anna Banér\nskulle bli fostermor till och ansvarig för uppfostran av den då 13-åriga drottning Kristina. Anna och Gabriel Banér avböjde med hänvisning till den egna stora barnaskaran.\n\nAnna Banér dog år 1656, 70 år gammal, på Rosersberg. Hon begravdes i Fasterna kyrka. I\nkyrkans golv finns en häll med hennes och makens namn.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Gustafsdotter Banér was the wife of a privy councillor and is also believed to be the author of an eyewitness account of her father Gustav Banér’s last hours of life before he was executed at what became known as the Linköping Bloodbath in 1600.\n\nAnna Gustafsdotter Banér was born in 1585 at Djursholm castle in Stockholm. This castle was owned by the Banér family from 1508 until 1813. Anna Banér was the daughter of Count Gustav Axelsson Banér, privy councillor and regional governor, and his wife Countess [](Kristina Sture). She was the second of 14 children. Two of her sisters and two of her brothers died in infancy. Four of her brothers became privy councillors, while she and her sister Märta Banér married privy councillors.\n\nThe Banér family belonged to the landholding aristocracy with noble roots dating back to the Middle Ages and was closely entwined with the political elite of Sweden. When Anna Banér was 15 years old, her father Gustav was executed after being condemned to death at the Linköping parliament of 1600. This parliament represented the peak of Duke Karl’s (later King Karl IX) struggle against King Sigismund Vasa in his campaign to gain the Swedish throne. Along with twelve other council members of the Swedish aristocracy, Anna Banér’s father was sentenced to death for treason. Five of them were subsequently executed at Stora torget in Linköping in what came to be called the Linköping Bloodbath.\n\nAnna Banér is believed to be the author of the frequently cited letter which depicts her father’s last hours of life before his execution on Maundy Thursday 20 March 1600. She, along with her mother Kristina Sture and three of her siblings, were permitted to join Gustav Banér during his last days in prison. Later, in 1618, Anna Banér described the agonising night before the execution in a letter to her younger sister [](Sigrid Banér). The original letter has been lost but two copies survive. The identity of the author has been subject to much debate, not least as one of the copies is entitled “Christina Banér’s account”. However, none of Gustav Banér’s and Kristina Sture’s daughters was called Christina. Sigrid Banér has sometimes been named as the author of the letter, but at the time of events she would only have been eight years old. Meanwhile, Anna Banér was known to be interested in reading and writing and is more likely to have been interested in commemorating her father’s fate.\n\nDuring her younger years Anna Banér was a lady-in-waiting to Queen Mother [Katarina Stenbock](0000 0000 5151 3595) at Strömsholm farm in Västmanland. Katarina Stenbock was a niece of Anna Banér’s maternal grandmother, [Märta Leijonhufvud](Märta Eriksdotter).\n\nOn 7 October 1610 Anna Banér married the privy councillor and baron, later count of Korsholm and Vasa, Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna, cousin of the chancellor of the realm, Axel Oxenstierna. The couple had many children. Their first child, Sigrid, was born in Nyland, Finland on 15 September 1612. Anna Banér subsequently gave birth to another ten children in rapid succession in the years between 1613 and 1626.\n\nDuring these years Anna Banér moved between Finland, Sweden and Estonia, where her husband, Gabriel Oxenstierna, became regional governor of Reval (modern Tallin). Four of her children were born at Reval castle. In 1620 her daughter Anna was born in Stockholm, as were the next four children. At the time Anna Banér and her family were settled in Uppland near her husband’s ancestral property, the Mörby castle in Norrtälje commune. In 1623 Anna Banér donated an altarpiece and pulpit to Fasterna church. Twelve years later, in 1635, she had the Oxenstierna family grave erected in the church chancel. From 1631 to 1634 her husband Gabriel served as governor-general of Finland. He returned to Stockholm in 1634 upon being appointed treasurer of the realm during the minority government of [Queen Kristina](0000000112298199). From this point on Anna Banér was permanently settled in Sweden. In 1634 she and her husband initiated the building of Rosersberg castle in Norsunda parish, just to the north of Stockholm. The castle was completed in 1638.\n\nIn 1639 Anna Banér’s husband’s cousin, Axel Oxenstierna, who was chancellor of the realm, suggested that Anna Banér should become foster mother and guardian of the then 13-year-old Queen Kristina. Anna and Gabriel Oxenstierna declined the suggestion with reference to their own sizeable family.\n\nAnna Banér died in 1656 at the age of 70 at Rosersberg castle. She was buried at Fasterna church. The church floor contains a slab bearing both her name and that of her husband.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnaBaner",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Fasterna|59.397905|18.036204",
        "Vadstena|58.447602|14.890234",
        "Tallinn, Estland|59.436961|24.753575",
        "Rosersberg|59.582463|17.88667",
        "Danderyd|59.408|18.019",
        "Nyland, Finland|60.41667|24.75",
        "Djursholm|59.401213|18.089121",
        "Strömsholm|59.527589|16.238346"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Annika",
          "lastname": "Sandén"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lars-Olof, *Arvet efter Gustav Vasa: berättelsen om fyra kungar och ett rike*, Prisma, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Norrhem, Svante, *Kvinnor vid maktens sida: 1632-1772*, Nordic Academic Press, Lund, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Scheutz, Lisbet, *Berömda och glömda Stockholmskvinnor: 7 stadsvandringar*, Trevi, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1600-talet",
        "Välgörenhet",
        "Adel",
        "Politik"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "17th century",
        "Charity",
        "Nobility",
        "Politics"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-17T08:53:26",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 77,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1592-01-17",
            "date": "1592-01-17"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Danderyds församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.401213",
              "lon": "18.089121"
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1669-10-22",
            "date": "1669-10-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Vadstena församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Sigrid/",
        "lastname": "Banér",
        "sortname": "Banér"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "mk_link": true,
          "name": "Gustafsdotter Banér, Sigrid",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        },
        {}
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1592",
            "date": "1592"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.582463",
              "lon": "17.88667"
            },
            "place": "Rosersberg"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "original_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Kristina_Sture_i_%C3%A4nkedr%C3%A4kt_med_stort_vitt_dok,_1626_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102655.tif/lossy-page1-250px-Portr%C3%A4tt_p%C3%A5_Kristina_Sture_i_%C3%A4nkedr%C3%A4kt_med_stort_vitt_dok,_1626_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_102655.tif.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1559-12-22",
            "date": "1559-12-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1619-01-04",
            "date": "1619-01-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Kristina",
          "lastname": "Svantesdotter Sture",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1547-05-19",
            "date": "1547-05-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1600-03-20",
            "date": "1600-03-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav",
          "lastname": "Banér Axelsson",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, fältöverste, hovmarskalk",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1582-09-18",
            "date": "1582-09-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1618-01-20",
            "date": "1618-01-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1584-01-24",
            "date": "1584-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1628-04-01",
            "date": "1628-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Svante",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Officer, guvernör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1585-02-10",
            "date": "1585-02-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1656-01-19",
            "date": "1656-01-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Hovjungfru, riksrådshustru",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1586",
            "date": "1586"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1586",
            "date": "1586"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1587-04-?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1594",
            "date": "1594"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1588-06-28",
            "date": "1588-06-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1644-07-12",
            "date": "1644-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Peder, kallad Per,",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, lagman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1589-11-10",
            "date": "1589-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1614-02-20",
            "date": "1614-02-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Kapten",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1590",
            "date": "1590"
          },
          "firstname": "Dödfödd",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1638-06-16",
            "date": "1638-06-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1594",
            "date": "1594"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1642-08-12",
            "date": "1642-08-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, riksmarskalk",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1596-06-23",
            "date": "1596-06-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1641-05-10",
            "date": "1641-05-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Riksråd, riksmarskalk",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1597-06-22",
            "date": "1597-06-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1597",
            "date": "1597"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1598-10-17",
            "date": "1598-10-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1632-04-11",
            "date": "1632-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl",
          "lastname": "Banér",
          "occupation": "Statssekreterare, vice guvernör i Preussen",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Anrep, Gabriel (red.), *Svenska adelns ättar-taflor. Afd. 1, Abrahamsson-Granfelt*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1858",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg, P. G. & Stålberg, Wilhelmina (red.), *Anteckningar om svenska qvinnor [Elektronisk resurs]*, P. G. Berg, Stockholm, 1864-1866",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/sqvinnor/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgenstierna, Gustaf (red.), *Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor. 1, Abrahamsson-Celsing*, Sveriges släktforskarförb., Stockholm, 1998",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stahre, Nils-Gustaf, *Stockholms gatunamn*, 3., utök. och rev. uppl., Stockholmia, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Donator",
      "subtitle_eng": "Donor",
      "text": "Sigrid Gustafsdotter Banér var riksrådsdotter och donator.\n\nSigrid Gustafsdotter Banér föddes på Djursholms slott i Uppland in i en av rikets äldsta\nbördsadelsläkter med anor från medeltiden. Hon var dotter till riksrådet och ståthållaren\nGustav Axelsson Banér och [](Kristina Sture). Sigrid Banér var det nionde barnet i\nen syskonskara av fjorton. Två systrar och två bröder dog i späd ålder.\n\nSåsom tillhörande högadeln var familjen tätt sammanvävd med rikets politiska elit. Fadern\nGustav Banér var en av de fem adelsmän som dömdes till döden och avrättades vid\nLinköpings blodbad 20 mars 1600. Då var Sigrid Banér endast åtta år gammal. Det har ibland\nhetat att det är Sigrid Banér som är författaren till den unika vittneskildringen av de\ndödsdömdas sista natt inför avrättningarna i Linköping, som ofta citerats. Författaren är dock\nsannolikt hennes äldre syster [](Anna Banér), som vid händelsen var 15 år. Inte desto\nmindre ska Sigrid Banér ha varit "läsgirig" och intresserat sig för sin familjs historia och även\nvurmat för och värnat om sina syskonbarns utbildning.\n\nÅr 1653 skänkte Sigrid Banér två frälsehemman för att inrätta ett stipendium att sökas av\nteologistudenter vid Uppsala akademi. Stipendiet finns ännu kvar som Banérs stipendium och\nutdelas årligen till behövande teologistudenter.\n\nSigrid Banér gifte sig aldrig. Hon försörjdes av sin mor Kristina Sture. När modern\ndog 1618 levde Sigrid Banér hos släktingar, huvudsakligen hos sin syster Anna Banér. Anna\nBanér dog 1656 och vid den tiden förefaller Sigrid Banér ha levt i Stockholm. Sigrid Banér är\nsannolikt den person som fått ge namn åt Jungfrugatan på Östermalm i Stockholm.\nGatunamnet förekommer första gången 1655 som "Jungrufrugrenden". Året före sin död står\nSigrid Banér som tomtägare till kvarteret Jungfrun, mellan nuvarande Jungfrugatan och\nSibyllegatan respektive Linnégatan och Kommendörsgatan på Östermalm i Stockholm. Hon\nägde även en trädgård nära torget och Hedvig Eleonora kyrka, "Wälb. Jungfru Sigrid Baners\nträdgård".\n\nSin sista tid levde Sigrid Banér hos sin bror Per Banérs dotter Margareta på slottet Biby i\nGillberga socken, nuvarande Eskilstuna kommun, där hon avled i oktober 1669.",
      "text_eng": "Sigrid Gustafsdotter Banér was the daughter of a privy councillor, and a donor.\n\nSigrid Gustafsdotter Banér was born at Djursholm castle in Uppland into one of the kingdom’s oldest families, whose noble roots date back to the Middle Ages. She was the daughter of privy councillor and regional governor Gustav Axelsson Banér and [](Kristina Sture). Sigrid Banér was the ninth of fourteen children. Two of her sisters and two of her brothers died in infancy.\n\nThe Banér family was closely entwined with the political elite of the era. Her father, Gustav Banér, was one of five noblemen who were condemned to death and executed at what became known as the Linköping Bloodbath on 20 March 1600. At the time, Sigrid Banér was only eight years old. It has sometimes been claimed, and often cited, that Sigrid Banér wrote the sole eyewitness account of how some of those who were condemned to die spent their last night before the execution in Linköping. However, it is more likely that the author was her older sister [](Anna Banér), who was fifteen at the time of the event. Sigrid Banér is said to have been an avid reader, who took a great interest in her family history and was dedicated to ensuring that her nephews and nieces would receive a good education.\n\nIn 1653 Sigrid Banér donated two “frälsehemman” (tax-exempt farms) in order to establish a scholarship for students of theology at Uppsala academy. The fund, known as the Banér scholarship, is still available and awarded annually.\n\nSigrid Banér never married. She was financially supported by her mother, Kristina Sture. After her mother’s death in 1618, Sigrid Banér lived with relatives, mainly with her sister Anna Banér. Anna Banér died in 1656 and at that time Sigrid Banér appears to have been living in Stockholm. It is probable that Jungfrugata (Maiden Street) on Östermalm in Stockholm was named after Sigrid Banér. The street name first appears in 1655 as Jungfrugrenden (Maiden Close). The year before she died, Sigrid Banér was listed as a plot owner in the Jungfru quarter, which lay between what is today Jungfrugata and Sibyllegata, and Linnégata and Komendörsgata on Östermalm in Stockholm. She also owned a garden near the square and the Hedvig Eleonora church, known as “Noblewoman Miss Sigrid Banér’s garden”.\n\nToward the end of her life, Sigrid Banér lived with her niece Margareta, daughter of her brother Per Banér, at Biby castle in Gillberga parish, now Eskilstuna commune, where she died in October 1669.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "SigridBaner",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Djursholm|59.401213|18.089121",
        "Rosersberg|59.582463|17.88667",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Vadstena|58.447602|14.890234"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Eva Helen",
          "lastname": "Ulvros"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Adolf Fredrik, kung",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lovisa Ulrika, drottning",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gustav III, kung",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Louis",
          "lastname": "Du Londel",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jean-Remy",
          "lastname": "Marcadet, svärson",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Musikundervisning i hemmet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1730-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.227638,
              "lon": 2.213749
            },
            "place": "Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1750-talet"
          },
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "Skådespelare",
        "Sångare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "Actors",
        "Singers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-20T10:08:08",
      "lifespan": {
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1730-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 44.8378,
              "lon": -0.579512
            },
            "place": "Bordeaux, Frankrike"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "Efter 1786"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Marie/ Louise",
        "lastname": "Baptiste",
        "sortname": "Baptiste"
      },
      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Sångare, skådespelare",
          "detail": "Sångare, skådespelare, franska skådespelartruppen och vid hovet/Drottningholmsteatern",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1756 – 1771, 1776"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1786",
            "date": "1786"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Dumont",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Marie le Prévost",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Mademoiselle le Prévost",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Prevot",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1730-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 44.8378,
              "lon": -0.579512
            },
            "place": "Bordeaux, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1754",
            "date": "1754"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.070498,
              "lon": 4.3007
            },
            "place": "Haag, Nederländerna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1756",
            "date": "1756"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1771",
            "date": "1771"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1776",
            "date": "1776"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1786",
            "date": "1786"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1786",
            "date": "1786"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.227638,
              "lon": 2.213749
            },
            "place": "Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1733",
            "date": "1733"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "Efter 1786"
          },
          "firstname": "Jacques Anselme",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1754",
            "date": "1754"
          },
          "lastname": "Baptiste",
          "occupation": "Musiker",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1756",
            "date": "1756"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik Adolf",
          "lastname": "Baptiste",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1757",
            "date": "1757"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anselme Joannes",
          "lastname": "Baptiste",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1758-12-03",
            "date": "1758-12-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1804",
            "date": "1804"
          },
          "firstname": "Marie Louise",
          "lastname": "Baptiste, gift Marcadet",
          "occupation": "Operasångare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Beijer, Agne, *Drottningholms slottsteater på Lovisa Ulrikas och Gustaf III:s tid*, LiberFörlag, Stockholm, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Forser, Tomas & Heed, Sven Åke (red.), *Ny svensk teaterhistoria 1: Teater före 1800*, Gidlund, Hedemora, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Den gustavianska baletten: Dansmuseet, Stockholm 27 mars-14 juni 1992*, Dansmuseet, Stockholm, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hennings, Beth, *Gustav III som kronprins*, Geber, Diss. Stockholm : Högsk.,Stockholm, 1935",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karle, Gunhild, *Kungl. Hovkapellet i Stockholm och dess musiker 1772-1818*, 2. uppl., [G. Karle], [Uppsala], 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Karle, Gunhild, *Kungl. hovmusiken i Stockholm och dess utövare 1697-1771*, [G. Karle], [Uppsala], 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Levertin, Oscar, *Teater och drama under Gustaf III: literaturhistorisk studie*, Geber, Stockholm, 1889",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Löfgren, Lars, *Svensk teater*, Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skuncke, Marie-Christine, *Gustaf III: det offentliga barnet : en prins retoriska och politiska fostran = [Politics and eloquence] : [the education of Gustavus III]*, Atlantis, Stockholm, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Marie Baptiste', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-02-07)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Baptiste"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skådespelare, sångare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Actor, singer",
      "text": "Marie Louise Baptiste var en fransk skådespelerska och sångerska, verksam i Sverige. Hon var primadonna i den franska teatern Sällskapet Du Londel under senare delen av 1700-talet. \n\nHon föddes som Marie Dumont i Bordeaux, och gifte sig 1754 med musikern Jacques Anselme Baptiste. Det finns olika uppgifter om när paret anlände till Sverige. En uppgift säger att de ingick i den skådespelartrupp som rekryterats till Sverige 1753 av kungaparet Adolf Fredrik och [Lovisa Ulrika](0000 0001 0963 2926). En annan uppgift säger att paret kom till Sverige 1756, när teaterdirektören Du Londel reste från Sverige för att värva nya medlemmar till den franska teatern: den ursprungliga truppen som anlänt 1753 bestod endast av tolv personer och behövde förstärkning. Franska teatern uppträdde vid hovet men gav också offentliga föreställningar i Bollhuset vid Slottsbacken.\n\nAnselme Baptiste, som senare spelade violoncell i hovkapellet, anställdes också som lärare i violoncell för kronprins Gustav i mitten av 1750-talet. Marie Baptiste var den franska truppens primadonna och skulle enligt anställningskontraktet spela och sjunga huvudrollerna i både de tragiska och komiska pjäser som sattes upp. Båda två framträdde även som konsertsolister och finns med i konsertprogram från 1750-talets slut fram till 1770-talet. Anselme Baptiste framträdde på violoncell och Marie Baptiste som sångerska, bland annat som konsertsångerska vid konserter i Riddarhuspalatset.\n\nMarie Baptiste fick särskilt mycket uppskattning för sina tragiska rolltolkningar och uppmärksammades speciellt för sin roll som Gabrielle i *Gabrielle de Vergy* av Pierre Laurent de Belloy. När Gustav III gjorde sin första franska resa 1771 och såg den vittberömda skådespelerskan Dumesnil i Paris, skrev han hem att denna inte nådde upp till samma konstnärliga nivå som Marie Baptiste. Hon gjorde även en viktig insats i samband med en föreställning på drottningens namnsdag den 25 augusti 1762. Efter fjärde akten kom Marie Baptiste rusande in på scenen och gjorde en gest, vilken publiken först trodde hörde till pjäsen. Då ropade hon med halvkvävd röst: ”Le feu!” Elden (är lös)! Alla rusade ut, men en piga, en gosse och två av ”arbetsfolket” omkom i branden. Teatern brann ner till grunden, och i fyra år var man utan teaterbyggnad på Drottningholm. Den nuvarande Drottningholmsteatern stod färdig 1766. Skådespelarna förlorade allt i branden eftersom de hade sina bostäder i teaterhuset och alla sina tillhörigheter där. På grund av att Maria Baptiste slagit larm och därmed gett de flesta möjlighet att i tid utrymma lokalen, tillerkändes hon en statlig pension på 1 000 silvermynt. Den fråntogs henne dock 1765, men återinfördes senare, först 1769 och därefter 1776.\n\nAnselme och Marie Baptiste fick flera barn. Sonen Fredrik Adolf föddes 1756, sonen Anselme Joannes Baptiste 1757 och dottern Marie Louise 1758. Troligen fick de ytterligare en dotter, som lär ha blivit dansös i baletten. Den förstfödde sonen hade kungaparet som enda faddrar, vilket tyder på uppskattning från kungligt håll. Dottern Marie Louise blev senare känd operasångerska\n\nI slutet av 1762 finns uppgifter om att Marie Baptiste levde skild från sin make, som ”på befallning av hovet” rest iväg. Den franska teatertruppens direktör, överintendenten Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, meddelade att Anselme Baptiste fått tillstånd att resa ut ur riket. Dock gavs ingen förklaring. År 1768 var emellertid monsieur Baptiste tillbaka, och medverkade som solist i en konsert i stora riddarhussalen. Att Marie Baptiste bodde kvar i Stockholm under makens frånvaro bekräftas av konsertprogram från 1763 och 1764, där hon medverkade.\n\nÅr 1771 lät Gustav III som nybliven kung avskeda sin fars franska teatertrupp och utvisa skådespelarna. Han skyllde på att nödvändiga besparingar behövde göras. Paret Baptiste inledde en kringflackande tillvaro i Europa i jakt på engagemang, men möttes enligt samtida ögonvittnen ofta av skratt och hånfulla tillmälen när de framträdde. År 1776 återvände de till Sverige, och medförde då åtminstone ett av sina barn, dottern Marie Louise. Gustav III ville skapa en svensk teater och opera, och insåg att han behövde nya franska förmågor för att bygga upp detta. Den nya teatertruppens ledare Jacques Marie Boutet Monvel hade i sin trupp dansören Jean Marie Marcadet, som gifte sig med paret Baptistes dotter Marie Louise. På så sätt kan man se henne som en förbindande länk mellan de båda teaterensemblerna.\n\nParet Baptiste medverkade från och med julen 1776 i pjäser på Gripsholm, där hovet då vistades. Carl Reinhold von Fersen skriver: ”Alla aftnar gafs en fransk comedie”. I brev och memoarer framkommer det att paret Baptiste med dotter tillhörde de viktiga aktörerna i föreställningarna i slutet av 1770-talet, som mestadels var privata för hovet.\n\nAnselme Baptiste anställdes som violoncellist i teaterorkestern och i hovkapellet 1776, medverkade som solist i tre konserter det året och överfördes på hovstaten 1778. Marie Louise Baptiste är inte angiven som medverkande i någon konsert dessa år. Paret lämnade slutgiltigt Sverige 1786.",
      "text_eng": "Marie Baptiste was a French actress and singer working in Sweden. She was the prima donna of the French theatre company the Du Londel Troupe during the latter part of the 1700s. \n\nBorn Marie Dumont in Bordeaux, she married the musician Jacques Anselme Baptiste in 1754. Information varies as to when the couple arrived in Sweden. One source says that they were part of a troupe of actors recruited to Sweden in 1753 by the royal couple Adolf Fredrik and [Lovisa Ulrika](0000 0001 0963 2926). Another source states that the couple came to Sweden in 1756, when theatre director Du Londel travelled from Sweden to recruit new members for the French Theatre; the original troupe that arrived in 1753 consisted only of twelve persons and needed reinforcing. The French Theatre performed at the court and also gave public performances at Bollhuset on Slottsbacken. \n\nAnselme Baptiste, who later played the violoncello in the court orchestra, was also employed as a cello teacher for crown prince Gustav in the mid-1750s. Marie Baptiste was the French troupe’s prima donna and, according to her employment contract, was to sing and play the main roles in both the tragedies and comedies produced. Both also appeared as concert soloists and they are included in concert programmes from the end of the 1750s until the 1770s. Anselme Baptiste performed on the violoncello and Marie Baptiste as a singer, amongst other engagements as a concert singer at concerts in the Riddarhuset palace.  \n\nMarie Baptiste received especial appreciation for her tragic role interpretations and she was noted particularly for her role as Gabrielle in *Gabrielle de Vergy* by de Pierre Laurent de Belloy. When Gustav III made his first journey to France in 1771, and saw the widely acclaimed actress Dumesnil in Paris, he wrote home that she did not attain the same artistic level as Marie Baptiste. Marie Baptiste also made an important contribution in connection with a performance on the Queen’s name-day on 25 August 1762. After the fourth act, Marie Baptiste came rushing onto the stage and made a gesture, which the audience first believed to belong to the play. Then she shouted in a half-smothered voice: “Le feu!” Fire! Everyone rushed out, although a maidservant, a boy and two of the “workers” died in the fire. The theatre burned down to the ground and for four years, there was no theatre building at Drottningholm. The present Drottningholm Theatre was completed in 1766. The actors lost everything in the fire since they had their lodgings in the theatre building with all their belongings. Maria Baptiste was granted a state pension of 1,000 silver coins for having called the alarm and thereby given most people the chance of escaping from the premises. The pension was retracted in 1765 however, but returned to her later, first in 1769 and thereafter in 1776.  \n\nAnselme and Marie Baptiste had several children. Their son Fredrik Adolf was born in 1756, and another son, Anselme Joannes Baptiste, was born in 1757. Their daughter Marie Louise was born around 1758. They probably had a second daughter too, who is said to have become a dancer in the ballet. The first-born son had the royal couple as his only godparents, which implies appreciation from the royals. Their daughter Marie Louise later became a well-known opera singer.  \n\nAt the end of 1762 according to certain sources, Marie Baptiste lived separated from her husband, who “by order of the court” travelled elsewhere. The French Theatre troupe’s director, superintendent Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz communicated that Anselme Baptiste had been granted permission to leave the kingdom. No explanation was given. In 1768, Monsieur Baptiste returned however, and participated as a soloist in a concert in the great hall of the Riddarhuset. Concert programmes from 1763 and 1764 in which she performed confirm that Marie Baptiste remained in Stockholm during her husband’s absence.  \n\nIn 1771, Gustav III as the new King dismissed his father’s French Theatre troupe and ordered the actors out of the country. He blamed the necessity of economic cuts. The Baptiste couple started a wandering existence in Europe in search of engagements, but were often met according to contemporary witnesses by laughter and scornful comments when they performed. In 1776, they returned to Sweden, accompanied by at least one of their children, their daughter Marie Louise. Gustav III wanted to found a Swedish theatre and opera, and he realised that he needed new French talents to build it up. The new theatre troupe’s leader, Jacques Marie Boutet Monvel had as a member of his troupe the dancer Jean Marie Marcadet, who married Marie Louise Baptiste. Thus we can see her as a link between both theatre troupes.  \n\nThe Baptiste couple participated from Christmas 1776 in plays at Gripsholm, where the court was then in residence. Carl Reinhold von Fersen wrote: “French comedies were performed every evening”. In letters and memoirs, it appears that the Baptiste couple and their daughter belonged to the important actors in performances at the end of the 1770s, that were mainly private events for the court.  \n\nAnselme Baptiste was employed as a violoncellist in the theatre orchestra and in the court orchestra in 1776, and performed as a soloist in three concerts that year. In 1778 he was instead employed by the royal household. Marie Baptiste appears not to have performed in any concerts during those final years in Sweden. The couple finally left Sweden in 1786.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "description": "Jansson, Anders, 'Elisabeth Barnekow (1874 – 1942) Ida Thoresen (1863 – 1937)', *Havre magasinet* (Hämtad 2018-02-15)",
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          "description": "'Föreningen "Svenska Konstnärinnor', *Dagny*, 1911(4):5, S. 54, 1911",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
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          "description": "Broman, Gunnar, 'Svenska Konstnärinnor i Wien', *Idun*, 1913(26):48, S. 773-774, 1913",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50904"
        },
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          "description": "Baltiska utställningen. Konstavdelningen, *Katalog öfver baltiska utställningens i Malmö 1914 konstafdelningen*., Malmö, 1914",
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      "subtitle": "Konstnär, konsthistoriker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, art historian",
      "text": "Elisabet Barnekow var en känd porträttmålare som drev på arbetet för kvinnors lika villkor som konstnärer och medborgare. Hon gjorde även viktiga insatser som sekreterare i Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnor.\n\nElisabet Barnekow föddes i Skåne och utbildade sig i Stockholm där hon levde större delen av sitt vuxna liv. Hon studerade i Paris under 1890-talet och reste, tillsammans med sin livskamrat [](Ida Thoresen) till Europas olika länder, bland annat Italien och vad som idag är Tjeckien. Hon blev under sin livstid en välkänd porträttmålare och hade som beställare högt uppsatta kommuntjänstemän, den svenska adeln, internationella kungahus men också den kulturella och politiska eliten. Bredvid den svenska drottningen Viktoria, Markisen och Markisinnan av Aberdeen syns bland porträtten av kulturpersonligheter som [](Selma Lagerlöf), [](Frida Stéenhoff), [](Ellen Hagen) och [](Victoria Benedictsson). Elisabet Barnekows verk finns representerade i nationella samlingar, som Nationalmuseum och Skissernas museum.\n\nElisabet Barnekow var med om att starta Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnor och har genom sina pionjärinsatser gjort djupa avtryck i den svenska konsthistorien. Orsaken till att de kvinnliga konstnärerna slöt sig samman var, enligt den första ordföranden [](Ida von Schulzenheim), att de var ”därtill nödda och tvungna”. Den befintliga Konstnärsklubben tillät endast manliga konstnärer och droppen kom när de manliga vännerna samlat sig i föreningen De unga 1909 och återigen uteslöt sina kvinnliga kollegor. Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnor lanserades 1910 med Elisabet Barnekow som sekreterare och ansvarig för den internationella sektionen. Sammanslutningens främsta ändamål var att möjliggöra utställningar i likhet med jämförbara föreningar i Paris och Storbritannien, vilket man också gjorde i stor omfattning, nationellt och internationellt. Elisabet Barnekow var med och sammanställde ett flertal utställningar med kvinnliga konstnärer, som på Liljevalchs konsthall i Stockholm 1910 och på Baltiska utställningen i Malmö 1914.\n\nI ett hårdnande klimat uteslöts de kvinnliga konstnärerna i allt högre grad från utställningar, kritik och böcker. Den skeva historieskrivningen oroade man sig för på flera fronter under Elisabet Barnekows tid. Mot slutet av sitt liv insåg hon att en stor kunskapsbank höll på att gå förlorad. Tillsammans med Nationalmuseums intendent Gertrud Serner sammanställde hon ett (ofullbordat) lexikon i två band över kvinnliga konstnärer fram till 1830-talet. Detta lexikon finns nu i Nationalmuseums samlingar. Det är med andra ord en betydande insats för konsthistorisk kunskap som kan speglas genom Elisabet Barnekows gärningar.\n\nElisabet Barnekow dog i Stockholm 1942. Hon är begravd på Sörby Kyrkogård i Vinslövs församling.",
      "text_eng": "Elisabet Barnekow was a known portrait painter who campaigned for the equal opportunities of women as artists and citizens. She also played an important role as secretary of Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor (an association of Swedish female artists).\n\nElisabet Barnekow was born in Scania and trained in Stockholm, where she lived for the majority of her adult life. She spent time studying in Paris during the 1890s and, along with her life partner [](Ida Thoresen), she travelled through Europe, including to Italy and what today is the Czech Republic. She became a known portrait painter during her lifetime and was commissioned by high-ranking individuals including municipal servants, the Swedish nobility, international royalty, and members of the cultural and political elite. In addition to Queen Victoria, and the Marquises of Aberdeen her portraits include cultural celebrities such as [](Selma Lagerlöf), [](Frida Stéenhoff), [](Ellen Hagen), and [](Victoria Benedictsson). Elisabet Barnekow’s artwork can be found in Swedish national collections at the Swedish Nationalmuseum and the Museum of Sketches for Public Art in Lund.\n\nElisabet Barnkow was one of the founders of Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor and her pioneering activities have left a deep imprint on Swedish art historiography. According to the association’s first chair, [](Ida von Schulzenheim), the catalyst connecting female artists was the “absolute need and necessity of it”. The existing Konstnärsklubb (artists’ club) was a male-only organisation, and when male artists set up another group called De unga (the young ones) in 1909, once again excluding their female colleagues, this was the final straw. Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor was launched in 1910. Elisabet Barnekow served as its secretary and was responsible for the association’s international section. The primary aim of the group was to enable the holding of exhibitions in parity with similar organisations in Paris and Great Britain, and this was extensively put into practise both at a national level and internationally. Elisabet Barnekow was involved in collating several exhibitions of female artists, such as that held at Liljevalch konsthall in Stockholm in 1910 and the Baltic exhibition held in Malmö in 1914.\n\nFemale artists were increasingly being excluded from exhibitions, reviews, and books in an ever more restrictive climate. The skewed historiography prevalent during Elisabet Barnekow’s lifetime was worrying on several levels. Towards the end of her life she realised that a vast corpus of knowledge was about to be lost. In conjunction with the curator of the Nationalmuseum, Gertrud Serner, she collated an (incomplete) two-volume dictionary of female artists up until the 1830s. This dictionary now forms part of the Nationalmuseum’s collections. In other words, Elisabet Barnekow’s efforts represent a significant contribution to our knowledge of art history.\n\nElisabet Barnekow died in Stockholm in 1942. She is buried at Sörby cemetery in Vinslöv parish.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "BritaElisabetGabriellaBarnekow",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456",
        "Sörby|56.158914|13.766765",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Rom, Italien|41.902701|12.496235",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Sjöberg"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "André",
          "lastname": "Lhote",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Thora",
          "lastname": "Dardel",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Björk-Liselius",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gun",
          "lastname": "Kessle",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "institution": "Carl Wilhelmsons målarskola, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "institution": "Kungliga Akademien för de fria konsterna (Konstakademien)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "institution": "Ernst Goldschmidts konstskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Periodvis konstnärlig utbildning, bl a för André Lhote",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "institution": "Académie Scandinave Maison Watteau",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Signe Barth",
          "description_eng": "By Signe Barth",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(signe+barth)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "Signe Barth. Moderna museet, Stockholm (Hämtad 2021-05-06)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum",
          "url": "https://sis.modernamuseet.se/people/339/signe-barth"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bauman, Olle, ’Bellmansgatan 20’, *Paletten*, 1975:3, s. 34-35",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bauman, Olle, ’Signe Barth död : fick stor betydelse för generationer svenska konstnärer’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1982-03-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bauman, Olle, ’Signe Barth död : målarskolan var hennes livsverk’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1982-03-21",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg, Yngve, ’Konstkrönika’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1932-12-08",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Liten intervju med Signe Barth som stänger sin skola’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1959-03-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Odéen, Arne, ’Signe hyllad av sina elever’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1984-09-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Landshövding Fredrik Emil Petterssons familjegrav. Gravstensinventeringen, Sveriges Släktforskarförbund (Hämtad 2021-05-08)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://grav.rotter.se/Gravsokuserview.php?g_id=285358"
        },
        {
          "description": "Palmgen, Nils, ’Barth, Signe Magdalena’, *Svenskt konstnärslexikon, 1 Abbe-Dahlander*, S. 113, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "000000005471152X",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Konstnärer",
        "Skolledare",
        "Lärare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Artists",
        "School directors",
        "Teachers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-06T09:05:11",
      "libris_uri": [
        "gdsvvjh03ngs2x1"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 86,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1895-06-16",
            "date": "1895-06-16"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Uddevalla församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.3498,
              "lon": 11.935649
            },
            "place": "Uddevalla"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1982-03-15",
            "date": "1982-03-15"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Maria Magdalena församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Signe/ Magdalena",
        "lastname": "Barth",
        "sortname": "Barth"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolgrundare",
          "detail": "Grundare, föreståndare, lärare, Signe Barths målarskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Pettersson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.3498,
              "lon": 11.935649
            },
            "place": "Uddevalla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.676097,
              "lon": 12.568337
            },
            "place": "Köpenhamn, Danmark"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.856614,
              "lon": 2.352222
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Signe Barth. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Signe Barth. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Barth_Signe.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-05-10",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-12-14",
            "date": "1853-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-01-25",
            "date": "1919-01-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Vendela Kristina",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, född Von Essen",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1855-11-06",
            "date": "1855-11-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-07-12",
            "date": "1949-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik Emil",
          "lastname": "Pettersson",
          "occupation": "Militär, riksdagsman, landshövding",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-08-31",
            "date": "1884-08-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940-07-27",
            "date": "1940-07-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Aina Maria",
          "lastname": "Pettersson, gift Hamilton",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1887-06-24",
            "date": "1887-06-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-07-03",
            "date": "1971-07-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Elisa",
          "lastname": "Pettersson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-06-06",
            "date": "1889-06-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1925-12-18",
            "date": "1925-12-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Essen Pettersson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-10-11",
            "date": "1899-10-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1926-08-29",
            "date": "1926-08-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Amadeus, kallad Amadé, även Amédé,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "lastname": "Barth",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Signe Barth, arkiv. Nationalmuseum (Hämtad 2021-05-08)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/mAAPEDgSpK6UfTucr0URy7"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Signe Barth’, *Konstnärslexikonett amanda* (Hämtad 2021-05-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.lexikonettamanda.se/show.php?aid=19480"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Signe Barth’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-05-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_Barth"
        },
        {
          "description": "Moderna Muséet i Stockholm, Bohusläns museum, Borås konstmuseum, Kalmar konstmuseum, Smålands museum och Östersunds museum",
          "type": "Museum"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, lärare, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, teacher, school founder",
      "text": "Signe Barth var bildkonstnär, känd för sina motiv från Frankrike och den svenska västkusten. I nära tjugo års tid drev hon en konstskola i Stockholm.\n\nSigne Barth föddes i Uddevalla 1895 som yngst i en syskonskara om tre. Föräldrarna, Vendela Kristina von Essen, bördig från en bruksägarsläkt i Nykarleby i Finland, och militären samt politikern Fredrik Pettersson från Göteborg, var välbeställda och residerade på godset Emaus utanför Uddevalla där Signe Barth växte upp. I samband med att fadern 1906 utnämndes till landshövding i Jönköpings län blev länsresidenset i staden fram till 1922 familjens officiella bostad, där också modern avled 1919. Vid det laget hade Signe Barth redan lämnat barndomshemmet för konststudier i Stockholm, sedan i Köpenhamn och 1920 fortsatte hon studierna i Paris. Där träffade hon också sin blivande make, den schweiziske konstnären Amadé Barth. De gifte sig 1922 men Amadé drabbades av tuberkulos och avled redan 1926. Signe Barth stannade emellertid kvar i Paris fram till 1936, då hon återvände till Sverige och bosatte sig på Söder i Stockholm. Sommartid vistades hon livet igenom i Kyrkesund på Tjörn, där familjen hade sommarhus och hon en egen ateljé.\n\nSigne Barths måleri innefattar motiv från stadsmiljön i Paris och i Stockholm liksom västkusten i Sverige. Hon målade landskap, stilleben och porträtt. Hennes inriktning var personlig och enkel i direkta tolkningar av verkligheten med Cézanne som förebild. Genom åren deltog hon i åtskilliga utställningar och hennes konst rönte stor uppskattning. Sin första separatutställning hade Signe Barth i Paris 1928, och därefter ställde hon regelbundet ut på gallerier i Stockholm. Hon finns representerad vid Moderna muséet i Stockholm, Bohusläns museum i Uddevalla, Borås konstmuseum, Smålands museum, Kalmar konstmuseum och Östersunds museum. Hennes personarkiv finns i Nationalmuseum.\n\nÅren 1940—1959 drev hon Signe Barths målarskola på Bellmansgatan i Stockholm. Ett par av dem som studerade måleri för henne där var [](Elsa Björk-Liselius) och [](Gun Kessle). Bland de nära vännerna kan nämnas [](Thora Dardel).\n\nSigne Barth avled 1982. Två år senare arrangerades en minnesutställning på Prins Eugéns Waldemarsudde, där hennes tidigare elever presenterade ett urval av Signe Barths bildkonst. Hon ligger begravd på Ljungs kyrkogård, Ljungskile.",
      "text_eng": "Signe Barth was an artist, known for her motifs from France and the Swedish west coast. For almost twenty years, she ran an art school in Stockholm. \n\nSigne Barth was born in Uddevalla in 1895, the youngest of three children. Their parents, Vendela Kristina von Essen, with roots in a works owner family from Nykarleby in Finland, and Fredrik Pettersson, a military man and politician from Gothenburg, were wealthy. They resided on their manor estate Emaus outside Uddevalla, where Signe Barth grew up. In connection with their father’s appointment as county governor in Jönköping county in 1906, the county governor’s residence in that city became the family’s official home until 1922. Their mother died there in 1919. At that point, Signe Barth had already left her childhood home for art studies in Stockholm, and then in Copenhagen, and in 1920 she continued them in Paris. There she met her husband-to-be, the Swiss artist Amadé Barth. They were married in 1922, but Amadé contracted tuberculosis and died in 1926. Signe Barth remained however in Paris until 1936, when she returned to Sweden and settled down in Söder in Stockholm. She spent all the summers throughout her life in Kyrkesund on the west coast island of Tjörn, where the family had a summer residence and she had her own atelier. \n\nSigne Barth’s paintings include urban motifs from Paris and Stockholm as well as from the Swedish west coast. She painted landscapes, still lifes and portraits. Her style was personal and simple in direct interpretations of real life, with Cézanne as her role model. Throughout the years, she participated in various exhibitions and her art met with much appreciation. She had her first solo exhibition in Paris in 1928, and after that, she exhibited regularly at galleries in Stockholm. She is represented at the Moderna muséet in Stockholm, Bohusläns Museum in Uddevalla, Borås konstmuseum, Smålands Museum, Kalmar konstmuseum and Östersunds Museum. Her personal archive is housed in the National Museum. \n\nIn 1940–1959, she ran her own school of painting: Signe Barth’s målarskola, in Bellmansgatan in Stockholm. A few of her pupils were [](Elsa Björk-Liselius) and [](Gun Kessle). [](Thora Dardel) was one of her close friends. \n\nSigne Barth died in 1982. Two years later, a memorial exhibition was arranged at Prins Eugén’s Waldemarsudde, in which her former pupils presented a selection of Signe Barth’s works. She lies buried in Ljung Cemetery in Ljungskile.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "SigneMagdalenaBarth",
      "viaf_id": "49195452"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Dackling"
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "description": "Stipendium från Kommerskollegium och Göteborgs Hantverks- och Industriförening",
          "type": "Stipendium",
          "type_eng": "Scholarship"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "education": [
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          "description": "Kurs i konstsömnad",
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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        },
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          "description": "Kurs vid liturgisk textilverkstad",
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            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
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          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Textilstudier i Köln, Nürnberg, München och Wien, stipendium",
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1906"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "description": "'Kyrklig konst i Göteborg. Elisabeth Bastholm', *Idun*, 1906:30, s. 368 (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
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          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50447"
        },
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          "description": "'Den nya skruden för biskopen i Lule stift', *Kult och konst: tidskrift för hymnologi, kyrkomusik, kyrklig bildande konst samt liturgiska frågor i allmänhet*, 1907, s. 174-176 (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/kult-konst/1907/"
        },
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          "description": "Fotografi med bl a Elisabeth Bastholm. Örebro läns museum (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Museum",
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          "url": "https://digitaltmuseum.org/021016275453/rumsinterior-fyra-kvinnor-broderi-virkning-m-m-fran-vanster-1-juliana-mannerfeldt"
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            "comment": "1866-05-30",
            "date": "1866-05-30"
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            "comment": "1951-06-17",
            "date": "1951-06-17"
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          "place": {
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        {
          "description": "Textilkonstnär",
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          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 11.97456
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Textilkonstnär",
          "detail": "Textilkonstnär, egen ateljé, Paramentverkstaden i Göteborg",
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            "comment": "1899",
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        {
          "description": "Textilkonstnär",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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            "date": "1899-02-07"
          },
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        },
        {
          "born": {
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          },
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          "lastname": "Bastholm",
          "occupation": "Kyrkoherde",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-06-04",
            "date": "1864-06-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1909-10-01",
            "date": "1909-10-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Bastholm",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-09-20",
            "date": "1867-09-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-10-02",
            "date": "1962-10-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Helena",
          "lastname": "Bastholm, gift Åkerblad",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-10-18",
            "date": "1868-10-18"
          },
          "death": {
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          "lastname": "Bastholm",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-09-04",
            "date": "1870-09-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1924-03-29",
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          },
          "firstname": "Kristina",
          "lastname": "Bastholm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-10-17",
            "date": "1872-10-17"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1956-04-29",
            "date": "1956-04-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Valborg",
          "lastname": "Bastholm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
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      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Holmström, Maria, 'Kvinnliga yrkesidkare i Göteborg: I: Elisabeth Bastholm', *Dagny*, 1909:21, s. 245-246 (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/55521"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ridderstedt, Margareta, *Vackert och värdigt: liturgiska textilier från svenska ateljéer 1880 - 1930*, Institutionen för kultur och estetik, Stockholms universitet, Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2017 (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-141709"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1 Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska konstnärer: biografisk handbok*, [Ny, rev. och kompletterad utg.], Väbo, Vänersborg, 1987",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Textilkonstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Textile artist",
      "text": "Elisabeth Bastholm var textilkonstnär och drivande i utvecklingen av den liturgiska textilen under sent 1800-tal.\n\nElisabeth Bastholm föddes 1866 i Lyse församling i Bohuslän som andra barnet av sex i Ingeborg Lagerholms och kyrkoherden Johan Bastholms barnaskara. Familjen flyttade 1869 till Slättåkra församling i Halland. Vid faderns död 1889 flyttade familjen vidare till Halmstad.\n\nElisabeth Bastholms första dokumenterade textila utbildning var en kurs i konstsömnad hos Handarbetets Vänner (HV) i Stockholm. Där väcktes intresset för den liturgiska textilkonsten, som gav hennes arbete större mening än lyxartiklar avsedda för privatkonsumtion, även om de senare var på lika hög konstnärlig nivå. De liturgiska textilierna skulle följa henne genom yrkeslivet.\n\nTroligen arbetade Elisabeth Bastholm på Göteborgs paramentverkstad (ateljé för liturgisk textil) under en period av ateljéns 16 år långa aktiva tid. Klart är att hon erhöll finansiellt stöd från ateljén vid dess nedläggning 1897 som hon använde för att finansiera en halvårslång studieresa till Tyskland. Tiden i Tyskland tillbringades huvudsakligen vid den etablerade paramentverkstaden i Neuendettelsau utanför Nürnberg, där Elisabeth Bastholm fördjupade sina kunskaper i det textila konsthantverket.\n\nEfter studieresan var hon tillräckligt rustad för att på egen hand starta upp en ny liturgisk textilateljé, denna kallade hon Paramentverkstaden i Göteborg. Beställningar från flera kyrkor runt om i landet gjorde att verkstaden snart stod på stadiga fötter. Andra ateljéer med liknande verksamhet hade i allmänhet flera anställda, och på varje enskilt textilt verk kunde ibland så många som ett tiotal brodöser arbeta parallellt eller efter varandra, men allt tyder på att Elisabeth Bastholm var ensam brodös under de 15 år hennes ateljé var verksam. Det är därmed enklare att knyta enskilda verk till henne än vad som är möjligt med brodöser och textilier från andra ateljéer. Majoriteten av beställningarna för Paramentverkstaden i Göteborgs gällde antependier och mässhakar till Göteborgs kyrkor, men arbeten gjordes också för kyrkor på andra orter. Biskopsskruden för det nyinrättade Luleå stift 1907 var förmodligen Elisabeth Bastholms mest prestigefyllda uppdrag.\n\nÅr 1906 erhöll Elisabeth Bastholm stipendium från Kommerskollegium och Göteborgs hantverks- och industriförening, som gav henne möjlighet att företa ytterligare en lång studieresa. Denna gång till Köln, Nürnberg, München och Wien.\n\nÅr 1913 avvecklade Elisabeth Bastholm Paramentverkstaden i Göteborg och flyttade till Stockholm. Från 1916 står hon upptecknad som anställd brodös på den liturgiska textilateljén Licium. Hon arbetade hos Licium åtminstone fram till 1926.\n\nElisabeth Bastholm avled i Lund 1951 vid 85 års ålder.",
      "text_eng": "Elisabeth Bastholm was a textile artist and a driving force in the development of liturgical textiles in the late 1800s. \n\nElisabeth Bastholm was born in 1866 in the west coast province of Bohuslän. She was the second child of six in the family of Ingeborg Lagerholm and Johan Bastholm, a vicar. The family moved south to the province of Halland in 1869. When Johan Bastholm died in 1889, the family moved to Halmstad.\n \nElisabeth Bastholm’s first documented education in textiles was a course in decorative needlework run by the handicrafts association Handarbetets Vänner (HV) in Stockholm. There her interest in liturgical texts was awoken, giving her art a wider meaning than just being luxury items for private consumption, even if they reached a high artistic level in later years. Liturgical textiles were to follow her through her professional life. \n\nElisabeth Bastholm probably worked at the Gothenburg atelier for liturgical textiles sometime during the atelier’s 16 years of activity. It is clear that she received financial support from the atelier when it was closed in 1897. This she used to finance a six month long study trip to Germany. The time in Germany was spent mainly at the established liturgical textiles atelier in Neuendettelsau outside Nuremburg, where Elisabeth Bastholm deepened her knowledge of textile arts and crafts. \n\nAfter her study trip, she was sufficiently equipped to start up a new liturgical textiles atelier of her own, which she called Paramentverkstaden in Gothenburg. Orders rolled in from churches around the country and the atelier was soon firmly established. Other ateliers with similar production usually had several employees, and as many as ten embroiderers might work at the same time or one after the other on each textile work, but all evidence points to Elisabeth Bastholm being the sole embroiderer during the 15 years that her atelier was operative. For that reason, linking individual works to her is easier than is possible with textiles from other ateliers. The majority of orders accepted by Paramentverkstaden in Gothenburg were for altar cloths and vestments for the churches in Gothenburg, but work was also carried out for churches in other places. The bishop’s raiment for the newly constituted Luleå Diocese in 1907 was probably Elisabeth Bastholm’s most prestigious assignment. \n\nIn 1906, Elisabeth Bastholm received an award from the College of Commerce and the Gothenburg handicrafts and industry association. This enabled her to undertake another long study trip. This time she travelled to Cologne, Nuremburg, Munich and Vienna. \n\nIn 1913, Elisabeth Bastholm closed the Paramentverkstaden in Gothenburg and moved to Stockholm. From 1916, she is registered as being employed as an embroiderer at the Licium liturgical atelier. She worked at Licium at least until 1926. \n\nElisabeth Bastholm died in Lund in 1951 at 85 years of age. \n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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    },
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          "lastname": "Wemann",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Paula",
          "lastname": "Modersohn-Becker",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jeanna",
          "lastname": "Åkerman, faster",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konststudier för Adolf Erhardt",
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            "date": "1863"
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            "pin": {
              "lat": "51.050409",
              "lon": "13.737262"
            },
            "place": "Dresden, Tyskland"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konststudier för Albert Flamm",
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            "comment": "1860-talet"
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            "place": "Düsseldorf, Tyskland"
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          "description": "Konststudier för Józef von Brandt och Dietrich Langko",
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 48.135125,
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        {
          "description": "*De drogo till Paris: nordiska konstnärinnor på 1880-talet*, Fören. Norden, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Veiteberg, Jorunn. (red.), *Women painters in Scandinavia 1880-1900*, Kunstforeningen, Kbh., 2002",
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        {
          "description": "Sidén, Karin & Meister, Anna (red.), *Ljusets magi: friluftsmåleri från sent 1800-tal*, Prins Eugens Waldemarsudde, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        "lastname": "Bauck",
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          "description": "Konstnär",
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        {
          "description": "Lärare",
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              "lat": "51.227741",
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            },
            "place": "Düsseldorf, Tyskland"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1860-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.135125,
              "lon": 11.581981
            },
            "place": "München, Tyskland"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1880",
            "date": "1880"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "48.856614",
              "lon": "2.352222"
            },
            "place": "Paris, Frankrike"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 48.135125,
              "lon": 11.581981
            },
            "place": "München, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnären Jeanna Bauck, porträtt av Bertha Wegmann (Nationalmuseum)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-02-08_113930.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1806-04-30",
            "date": "1806-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1834-12-17",
            "date": "1834-12-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Dorothea Fredrique",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1808-12-13",
            "date": "1808-12-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1877-10-08",
            "date": "1877-10-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Bauck",
          "occupation": "Musiklärare, tonsättare, kritiker",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Gynning, Margareta, 'Konstnären som normbrytare', *Konstnären / [redaktion: Anne Dahlström, Margareta Gynning, Per Hedström, Carl-Johan Olsson (Nationalmuseum), Andreas Nilsson, John Peter Nilsson (Moderna Museet Malmö), Eva-Lena Bengtsson (Konstakademien)]*, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, 2017",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Jeanna Bauck var främst verksam som landskapsmålare. Idag är hon mest känd för den serie av nyskapande rollporträtt som hon och den danska konstnären Bertha Wegmann målade av varandra på 1880-talet.\n\nJeanna Bauck föddes 1840 och var dotter till Dorotea Hansson och Wilhelm Bauck. Hon växte upp tillsammans med flera syskon i ett borgerligt intellektuellt hem i Stockholm. Fadern var musiklärare och en framstående kritiker. År 1863 flyttade hon till Tyskland där hon studerade som privatelev hos några av tidens mest erkända konstakademiprofessorer, inledningsvis i Dresden för Adolf Erhardt, sedan i Düsseldorf för Albert Flamm och slutligen i München för Jósef von Brandt och Dietrich Langko.\n\nI München träffade hon porträttmålaren Bertha Wegmann. De levde ett emanciperat liv och delade både hem och ateljé. I en rad epokgörande porträtt av varandra lyckades de bidra till att förändra synen på den kvinnliga konstnären och bröt därmed med den traditionella konstnärsnormen. Att ställa sig frågan vem och vad är jag, att offentligt skildra sig själv som subjekt var komplicerat för kvinnliga konstnärer i en tradition som skapats i enlighet med en patriarkal världsbild. I München utförde Jenna Bauck den idag populära och ofta reproducerade bilden av *Den danska konstnären Bertha Wegmann målande ett porträtt* som idag tillhör Nationalmuseum. Jeanna Bauck har gestaltat Bertha Wegmann som helt absorberad av sitt arbete vid staffliet i deras gemensamma ateljé.\n\nÅr 1880 flyttade Jeanna Bauck och Berta Wegmann till Paris och det var nu Jeanna Baucks tur att sitta modell för Bertha Wegmann i deras nya arbetsplats och hem. I *Konstnären Jeanna Bauck* som idag tillhör Nationalmuseum sitter hon på ett okonventionellt sätt på ett bord och möter betraktarens blick. Hon är gestaltad med stor integritet och närvaro. I porträttet lyckades Bertha Wegmann kombinera tidens fria självständiga kvinnotyp, Den nya kvinnan, med den borgerliga kvinnlighetens elegans. Jeanna Bauck har sina yrkesattribut vid sin sida: penslar, palett och målartrasor. I handen håller hon en bok som skall symbolisera hennes roll som intellektuell kvinna. I bakgrunden, genom fönsterrutorna, ser man takåsarna i Paris. Båda konstnärerna lyckades komma in med flera verk på Parissalongen och Bertha Wegmann erhöll en av de eftertraktade medaljerna.\n\nÅr 1882 återvände Jeanna Bauck till München där hon grundade en målarskola för kvinnliga konstnärer. Under sekelskiftet undervisade hon även på Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnens målarskola. Det var en inflytelserik organisation för kvinnliga konstnärer som kontinuerligt höll tecknings- och målarkurser i Berlin. Paula Modersohn-Becker, som var elev på skolan 1896, har i sina postumt utgivna brev berättat om sin fascination för Jeanna Bauck både som lärare och som medmänniska. Hon beskriver henne som en okonventionell och inspirerande lärare, präglad av vitalismen, med dess fokus på kroppen, livsdyrkan och kretsloppstänkande.\n\nJeanna Bauck visade konstverk på samlingsutställningar på Konstakademien i Stockholm åren 1866, 1868 och 1887. Hon deltog också i många internationella utställningar och främst då the World’s Columbian Exposition 1893 men även i Sverige på Föreningen Svenska konstnärinnors utställning på Liljevalchs konsthall 1911. Sedan 1980-talet har hennes konstnärskap uppmärksammats i ett flertal svenska och internationella samlingsutställningar; bland annat i De drogo till Paris på Liljevalchs konsthall 1988, Women Painters in Scandinavia 1880–1900 på Kunstforeningen i Köpenhamn, i Hannover och i Bergen 2002, Konstnären på Konstakademien i Stockholm och Moderna Museet i Malmö 2016 och i Ljusets magi: friluftsmåleri från sent 1800-tal på Prins Eugens Waldemarsudde 2016.\n\nJeanna Bauck dog 1926 i München.",
      "text_eng": "Jeanna Bauck was primarily a landscape painter. Today she is best known for the series of innovative role portraits which she and the Danish artist Bertha Wegmann painted of each other in the 1880s.\n\nJeanna Bauck was born in 1840. She was the daughter of Dorotea Hansson and Wilhelm Bauck. She grew up in a sizable family in a middle-class intellectual home in Stockholm. Her father was a music teacher and a prominent reviewer. In 1863 Jeanna Bauck moved to Germany, where she studied as a private student with some of the most eminent art academy professors of her era, initially in Dresden with Adolf Erhardt, then in Düsseldorf with Albert Flamm, and finally in Munich with Jósef von Brandt and Dietrich Langko.\n\nWhile she was in Munich she met the portrait painter Bertha Wegmann. They lived an emancipated life and shared both a home and a studio. The series of epoch-making portraits that they painted of each other contributed to altering the view of the female artist and broke down traditional artistic norms. To pose the question of “who and what am I?” and to publically depict oneself as a subject were complicated issues for female artists within a tradition that had originated within a patriarchal worldview. While in Munich Jeanna Bauck painted what today remains a popular and often reproduced image called *Den danska konstnären Bertha Wegmann målande ett porträtt*, which is now owned by the Swedish Nationalmuseum. Jeanna Bauck’s painting shows Bertha Wegmann completely absorbed by her work at her easel in their shared studio.\n\nIn 1880 Jeanna Bauck and Bertha Wegmann moved to Paris where it was now Jeanna Bauck’s turn to sit as Bertha Wegmann’s model in their new studio and home. In *Konstnären Jenna Bauck*, which is also owned by the Swedish Nationalmuseum, the subject is seated in an unconventional manner beside a table and her gaze is directed straight at the onlooker. She is portrayed with great integrity and presence. Bertha Wegmann successfully combined the free, independent type of woman of the era – the “new” woman – with the elegance of the middle-class woman. Jeanna Bauck has the tools of her career at her side, namely brushes, a palette and painting rags. She is also holding a book in her hand, which is intended to symbolise her role as an intellectual woman. In the background, through the window, the rooftops of Paris can be discerned. Both artists successfully exhibited several works at the Paris salon and Bertha Wegmann was awarded one of the much sought-after medals. \n\nJeanna Bauck returned to Munich in 1882, where she established a painting school for female artists. Around the turn of the century she also taught at the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen painting school. This was an influential organisation for female artists, which continuously offered drawing and painting courses in Berlin. The posthumously published correspondence of Paula Modersohn-Becker, a student at that school in 1896, revealed her fascination for Jeanna Bauck, both as a teacher and as a person. In the letters Bauck is described as an unconventional and inspirational teacher, influenced by vitalism and its focus on the body, love of life, and cyclical thinking.\n\nJeanna Bauck exhibited her artwork at Konstakademin (Academy of Art) in Stockholm in 1866, 1868 and 1887. She also participated in many international exhibitions, most prominently the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893, but also in Sweden as part of Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor’s exhibition at Liljevalch konsthall in 1911. Since the 1980s her works have gained particular currency through several Swedish and international group displays, including De drogo till Paris at Liljevalch konsthall in 1988, Women Painters in Scandinavia 1880-1900 at Kunstforeningen in Copenhagen, in Hannover and in Bergen in 2002, Konstnären at the Konstakademi in Stockholm and Moderna Museet in Malmö in 2016, and in Ljusets magi: friluftsmåleris från sent 1800-tal at the Prins Eugen Waldermarsudde in 2016.\n\nJeanna Bauck died in Munich in 1926.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "München, Tyskland|48.135125|11.581981",
        "Düsseldorf, Tyskland|51.227741|6.773456",
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          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
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          "type": "Kollega",
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      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
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            "comment": "?"
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        {
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            "comment": "1962",
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          "type": "Högskola"
        }
      ],
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          "description": "Av Annika Baude",
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          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Annika+Baude)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        {
          "description": "Om Annika Baude",
          "description_eng": "About Annika Baude",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Annika+Baude)&r=&g=&p=1&spell=true&noredirect=true&d=libris&s=r&t=v&m=10&f=simp"
        },
        {
          "description": "Florin, Christina & Nilsson, Bengt, *"Något som liknar en oblodig revolution-": jämställdhetens politisering under 1960- och 70-talen*, Jämställdhetskommittén, Univ., Umeå, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Hirdman, Yvonne, *Vad bör göras?: jämställdhet och politik under femtio år*, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2014",
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          "description": "Tjänsteman",
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          "description": "Medlem",
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            "comment": "1979",
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            "comment": "2004",
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          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Västerleds socialdemokratiska kvinnoklubb, medlem",
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          "type": "Politisk organisation",
          "type_eng": "Political organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Bergman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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        {
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            "comment": "1923",
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          },
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            "date": "1969-11-14"
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          "firstname": "Karin",
          "lastname": "Bergman, född Dahlberg",
          "occupation": "Fil.kand., verksam i Hörselfrämjandet",
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1889-08-22",
            "date": "1889-08-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-09-03",
            "date": "1971-09-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Rickard, kallad Dick,",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
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          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
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            "comment": "1920-05-04",
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          "firstname": "Karl Göran",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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        {
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
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        },
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          "firstname": "Johannes",
          "lastname": "Paulsson",
          "type": "Son",
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            "date": "1956"
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          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Baude",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Annika Baude. Arbetarrörelsens Arkiv (Hämtad 2018-01-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.arbark.se/en/archival-catalogue/?refkod=2595&lang=en"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fölster, Kaj, Gustafsson, Stig & Winai Ström, Gabriele (red.), *Annika Baude: pionjär för jämställdhet*, TCO, Stockholm, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      "subtitle": "Politiker, pionjär inom jämställdhetspolitiken",
      "subtitle_eng": "Politician, pioneer in politics of equality",
      "text": "Annika Baude var kvinnoforskare, socialdemokrat och en pionjär som jämställdhetspolitiker. Hon startade Grupp 222, där konkret grund lades för 1970-talets jämställdhetsreformer.\n\nAnnika Baude föddes 1923 i Bromma. Föräldrarna var välutbildade, modern Karin Bergman hade en filosofie kandidatexamen och fadern Sven Rickard (Dick) Bergman var advokat. Annika Baude genomgick både läroverk och bedrev högre studier. Hon blev filosofie licentiat, och studerade vid Grafiska institutet i Stockholm. Därefter tjänstgjorde hon en tioårsperiod vid bibliotek.\n\nÅr 1962 kom Annika Baude som utredningssekreterare till Studieförbundet Näringsliv och Samhälle (SNS), och det var där hon arbetade med pionjärverket *Kvinnors liv och arbete*. Det var ett svensk-norskt samarbetsprojekt med Harriet Holter och Edmund Dahlström. Annika Baude skrev en studiehandledning till boken. Tillsammans med [](Anna-Lisa Lagby) på Arbetsmarknadens kvinnonämnd åkte hon landet runt och ordnade konferenser med boken som tema. År 1968 gavs boken ut på nytt och då med Annika Baude som redaktör. Hon fick [](Alva Myrdal) att skriva ett nytt förord. Den boken och den radikala könsrollsforskning som boken innebar blev på sätt och vis temat för Annika Baudes hela gärning som jämlikhets-jämställdhetspraktiker och forskare. Här fanns förståelsen av kvinnors underordning uttryckt på ett både empiriskt och teoretiskt ditintills lysande sätt. Arbetsmarknaden, könssegregeringen, problemen med att kombinera familj och lönearbete, daghemsfrågan, arbetstiden, men också attityder, det vill säga statiska könsroller som hinder, behandlas i boken och i detta fanns Annika Baudes intresse, hennes lidelse.\n\nUnder samma tid, 1964, startade Annika Baude diskussionsforumet Grupp 222 hemma hos sig, på Alviksvägen 222, ett initiativ som kom att spela en avgörande roll för 1970-talets konkreta politiska jämställdhetsreformer. Det var där de första tankarna och de först skisserade reformerna föddes om daghem, rätten till abort, särbeskattning med mera.Det var tankar som hon tog med sig när hon under åren 1965 till 1970 arbetade för Tjänstemännens Centralorganisation (TCO). De finns bland annat i den familjeutredning, *Familj och samhälle* från 1970, som hon initierade. När utredningen kom uppfattades förslagen som utopiska men nu är det mesta genomfört, förutom tidsbundna reformer som förtur för gifta kvinnor till vuxenutbildning, utbildning av ensamstående mödrar i statlig regi och heller inte sex timmars arbetsdag och indexreglerade barnbidrag.\n\nUnder dessa intensiva år deltog Annika Baude i Alva Myrdals socialdemokratiska Jämlikhetsgrupp 1969–1970. Från den blev hon 1970 kallad av dåvarande generaldirektören Bror Rexed att bli avdelningschef för Socialstyrelsen. Där blev Annika Baude ansvarig för hela det radikala paketet med daghemsutbyggnad, ungdomsvårdsskolor, fosterhem med mera. Samtidigt blev hon invald i Stockholms stadsfullmäktige som socialdemokratisk ledamot i byggnadsnämnden.\n\nÅr 1979 kom Annika Baude till det nystartade Arbetslivscentrum och där började hennes forskarliv på allvar, vilket i princip pågick fram till hennes död den 4 december 2004. Åter tog hon upp tråden från *Kvinnors liv och arbete*. År 1987 kom studien *Kvinnoarbetsliv: visioner och forskning för ett bättre arbetsliv*, följd 1992 av *Kvinnans plats på jobbet*.\n\nNär Forum för kvinnliga forskare och kvinnoforskning i Stockholm bildades 1979 var Annika Baude en av de viktiga medlemmarna. Hon inte bara bidrog med sin kunskap utan också med sina kontakter och skapade möten mellan olika forskare. Tack vare Annika Baude kunde den\nförsta genusteoretiska kursen hållas på Arbetslivscentrum 1984, en kurs där begreppet genus på allvar introducerades och diskuterades.\n\nAnnika Baudes roll i svensk feminism har inte uppmärksammats i särskilt hög grad. Hon var dock en av de viktigaste gestalterna bland 1960-talets feminister, en vägröjare, en idébank. Annika Baude utgjorde en unik länk mellan dem och senare års feminister. Att vi inte förstod det på 1980- och 1990-talen då hon aktivt deltog i den nya kvinnoforskningens framväxt, berodde på hennes blygsamhet och entusiasm inför de nya idéerna. Hon antydde aldrig att mycket av det nya hade tänkts, sagts och till och med gjorts långt tidigare. Det var en blygsamhet och självunderskattning som kvinnor födda på 1920-talet fick, uppvuxna under de icke-feministiska 1940- och 1950-talen.\n\nAnnika Baude avled 4 december 2004 och är gravsatt på Bromma kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Annika Baude was a female social scientist, a Social Democrat, and she was also a pioneer in terms of being an equalities politician. She set up Grupp 222 which laid concrete foundations for the equalities reforms of the 1970s.\n\nAnnika Baude was born in Bromma in 1923. Both of her parents were educated. Her mother, Karin Bergman, had a Bachelor’s degree whilst her father, Sven Rickard (Dick) Bergman, was a lawyer. Annika Baude completed her school education and then went on to higher education. She gained her licentiate in philosophy from the Grafiska institute in Stockholm and then spent ten years working in libraries.\n\nIn 1962 Annika Baud became research secretary of the Studieförbund Näringsliv och Samhälle (SNS) (enterprise and society thinktank), where she worked on the pioneering project *Kvinnors liv och arbete*, a Swedish-Norwegian collaborative project with Harriet Holter and Edmund Dahlström. Annika Baude wrote a study guide for the book. She, and [](Anna-Lisa Lagby) from Arbetsmarknadens kvinnonämd (women’s agency for the labour market), travelled throughout Sweden and held conferences based on the book. When the book was re-published in 1968 Annika Baude was its editor. She asked [] (Alva Myrdal) to write a new introduction. The book and its radical gender research almost became the theme of Annika Baude’s entire work as equal opportunities and sexual equality promoter and researcher. The social subordination of women was both empirically and theoretically expressed in an enlightening manner. The labour market, the division of the sexes, the problem of combining family with paid work, day care issues, working hours, as well as attitudes – namely stagnant gender roles as obstacles – were all covered in the book and expressed Annika Baude’s interest, her suffering.\n\nAnnika Baude had, in the meantime, set up the discussion forum Group 222 at her home at Alviksvägen 222 in 1964. This was an initiative which came to play a definitive role in the concrete political sexual equality reforms of the 1970s. It was within this forum that the first thoughts on and first outlines of reforms regarding day care centres, abortion rights, individual taxation, and more, arose. She brought these thoughts along with her when she worked for Tjänstemännens Centralorganisation (TCO) (confederation of professional employees) from 1965 to 1970. Indeed these thoughts, and others, are apparent in the family life enquiry she instigated *Familj och samhälle* from 1970. When the results were released the proposals were viewed as utopian but nowadays most of them have been implemented, apart from time-limited reforms such as privileges for married women in adult education, the state-funded training of single mothers, or the six-hour workday and index-linked child benefits.\n\nDuring these intensive years Annika Baude was a member of Alva Myrdal’s Jämlikhetsgrupp (sexual equality group) from 1969-1970. In 1970 she was headhunted by the then director general Bror Rexed to become head of department of the Socialstyrelse (board of health and welfare). As such Annika Baude became responsible for the entire radical package, including day care expansion, reform schools, foster homes and more. At the same time she was elected onto Stockholm city council as a Social Democratic representative for the building authority.\n\nIn 1979 Annika Baude joined the newly-established Arbetslivscentrum (centre for working life) where she began her life as a social scientist in earnest and largely continued it until her death on 4 December 2004. She returned to the field of *Kvinnors liv och arbete*. In 1987 she produced *Kvinnoarbetsliv: visioner och forkning för ett bättre arbetsliv*, and in 1992 she published *Kvinnans plats på jobbet*.\n\nWhen Forum för kvinnliga forskare och kvinnoforskning (forum for female social scientists and women’s studies) was established in Stockholm in 1979 Annika Baude became one of their significant members. She not only contributed through her knowledge but also through her contacts and by setting up meetings between various researchers. It was thanks to Annika Baude that the first course on gender theory was held at the Arbetslivcentrum in 1984. This was the first course to seriously introduce and discuss the concept of gender theory.\n\nAnnika Baude’s role within Swedish feminism has not attracted particular attention. She was, however, one of the most important figureheads of the 1960s feminists, a pathbreaker, a font of ideas. Annika Baude served as a unique link between these forerunners and later feminists. That this was not understood in the 1980s and 1990s when she was actively participating in the development of the new body of women’s studies was due to her shyness and enthusiasm for the new ideas. She never let on that a lot of the seemingly ‘new’ approaches had already been thought, said, and even undertaken many years earlier. Her shyness and ability to under-estimate her self-worth was typical of women born in the 1920s and brought up during the non-feminist 1940s and 1950s.\n\nAnnika Baude died on 4 December 2004 and is buried in Bromma cemetery.",
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      "subtitle": "Simmare",
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      "text": "Sally Bauer var en svensk simmare, framför allt känd för sina långdistanssimningar. Mest uppmärksammad blev hon då hon 1939 som första skandinav simmade över Engelska kanalen. Bauer simmade över Öresund (1931; 18 km; 6.22 timmar), Kattegatt (1938; 48 km; 17.05 timmar), Ålands hav (1938; 30 km; 13.06 timmar) och två gånger över Engelska kanalen (1939 och 1951; 27 km; 15.22 timmar respektive 14.40 timmar). Vidare satte hon under åren 1934–1937 hela 17 individuella svenska rekord på distanser mellan 200 och 1 609 meter (en engelsk mil) fritt, och tog även tre SM-guld, varav ett individuellt (400 meter fritt).\n\nSally Bauer växte upp i Helsingborg där fadern, Carl Axel Ludvig Bauer, var egendomsmäklare. Hon tog studentexamen 1928 och avgångsexamen från Helsingborgs handelsgymnasium 1929. I sitt yrkesliv var Bauer verksam som sekreterare och simlärare, och hon var under en period rikstränare för Svenska simförbundet. Från 1945, då sonen Carl-Axel föddes, var hon bosatt i Malmö och från 1987 i Lund.\n\nSally Bauer började simma som barn i Helsingborgs Simsällskap (HS), började tävla som 16-åring och bytte klubb till Malmö Simsällskap. Hennes främsta styrka var uthålligheten i simning över längre distanser. Den första långdistanssimningen skedde över Öresund, mellan Helsingborg och Helsingör. Samma år simmade hon även mellan Limhamn i Malmö och Dragör vid sundets södra del. År 1938 utlovade en dansk firma en prissumma på 5 000 kronor till den person som lyckades slå det danska rekordet för att simma över Kattegatt. Sally Bauers första försök misslyckades, men vid det andra försöket korsade hon Kattegatt på 17 timmar och 5 minuter, vilket var 12 timmar snabbare än det rådande danska rekordet. Blott åtta dagar senare simmade Sally Bauer den 30 kilometer långa sträckan mellan Grisslehamn och Signilskär på Åland på 13 timmar och 6 minuter.\n\nSitt internationella genombrott fick Sally Bauer 1939 då hon simmade över Engelska kanalen, något hon drömt om sedan amerikanskan Gertrude Ederle utfört samma bedrift 1926. Hela 500 försök hade tidigare gjorts, men bara 15 hade lyckats. Sträckan på 34 kilometer hade mycket besvärliga tidvattenströmmar. Med hjälp av sponsorpengar från bland annat Banankompaniet, Gröna Lund, Sandrews och tidningarna *Idrottsbladet*, *Arbetet* och *Göteborgs-Posten* reste hon till London 14 augusti och tog sig sedan till Cap Gris-Nez nära Calais i Frankrike. \n\nSally Bauer påbörjade simningen klockan 05.50 den 27 augusti och kom i land på den engelska sidan klockan 21.12 samma kväll, vilket gav en tid på 15 timmar och 22 minuter – endast en och en halv timme över världsrekordet. Dramatiken ökades ytterligare av att andra världskriget höll på att bryta ut vid detta tillfälle. Efter den lyckade simningen blev Sally Bauer en rikskändis och hon mottogs av stora folkmassor vid hemkomsten. Hon utförde samma bedrift 1951 då hon, 43 år gammal och praktiskt taget otränad, åter simmade över kanalen. Denna gång var riktningen från England till Frankrike, och tiden blev 14 timmar och 40 minuter. Detta svenska rekord höll sig ända fram till 2010. \n\nÅr 1939 utgavs självbiografin *Kattegatt, Ålandshav, Kanalen*, där Sally Bauer skildrade sina långsimningar. Hon skriver här om de förberedelser hon gjorde och om arbetet med att få finansiärer till sina simningar, om hur de genomfördes och om de hyllningar hon fick efter simningarna i såväl Danmark som i Malmö och Helsingborg. \n\nSally Bauer har fått ett skånskt pågatåg och en skola i Helsingborg uppkallade efter sig. Författaren Sara Stridsberg utkom 2004 med den uppmärksammade boken *Happy Sally*, som är en fantasi över Sally Bauers liv. Boken blev även en teaterpjäs, som spelades under endast två dagar 2009 på Eriksdalsbadet i Stockholm. \n\nSally Bauer avled 2001.",
      "text_eng": "Sally Bauer was a Swedish swimmer who was best known for her long-distance swimming. The height of her fame was achieved in 1939 when she became the first Scandinavian to swim across the English Channel. Bauer swam across the Sound (1931; 18km; 6.22 hours), Kattegat (1938; 48 km; 17.05 hours), the Sea of Åland (1938; 30 km; 13.06 hours), and twice across the English Channel (1939 and 1951; 27 km; 15.22 hours and 14.40 hours respectively). Furthermore, in the years 1934 to 1937 she set all 17 individual Swedish freestyle distance records between 200 and 1609 meters (equivalent to one British mile), and also won three Swedish national championship gold medals, of which one was an individual 400 meter freestyle.\n\nBauer was brought up in Helsingborg where her father, Carl Axel Ludvig Bauer, was an estate agent. She graduated from high school in 1928 and completed a one-year further education course at Helsingborg handelsgymnasium in 1929. Bauer’s professional life included working as a secretary and swimming instructor, and for a time she was a national trainer for the Swedish swimming association. She lived in Malmö from 1945, when her son Carl-Axel was born, until 1987 when she moved to Lund.\n\nBauer began swimming as a child at Helsingborg’s Simsällskap, and began to compete as a sixteen-year-old. She changed her swimming club to Malmö Simsällskap. Her greatest strength was endurance in long-distance swimming. Her first long-distance swim was across the Sound, between Helsingborg and Helsingör. That same year, 1931, she also swam between Limhamn in Malmö and Dragör in the southern part of the Sound. In 1938 a Danish company offered a prize of 5 000 kroner to anyone who could defeat the Danish record for swimming across the Kattegat. Bauer failed on her first attempt, but successfully crossed the Kattegat in 17 hours and 5 minutes on her second attempt, which was 12 hours faster than the existing Danish record. Only eight days later she swam the 30 kilometre stretch between Grisslehamn and Signilskär on Åland in 13 hours and 6 minutes.\n\nBauer’s first international breakthrough occurred in 1939 when she swam across the English Channel, a feat she had dreamt of achieving since the American Gertrude Ederle undertook the same swim in 1926. A total of 500 attempts had been made earlier, but only 15 swimmers had succeeded. The 34-kilometre stretch contains very tricky tidal currents. By obtaining sponsorship from amongst others Banankompaniet, Gröna Lund, Sandrews as well as the newspapers *Idrottsbladet*, *Arbetet* and *Göteborgs-Posten* Bauer travelled to London on 14 August 1638 and then made her way to Cap Gris-Nez near Calais in France.\n\nBauer began to swim at 5:50am on 27 August and stepped onto English land at 9:12pm the same day, making a total of 15 hours and 22 minutes – barely an hour and a half over the world record. This was, of course, just around the outbreak of the Second World War. Sally Bauer became a national celebrity after this swim and was celebrated by large welcoming crowds on her return to Sweden. Bauer undertook the same swim in 1951 when she was 43 years old and had hardly trained, and this time she completed it in 14 hours and 40 minutes. This Swedish record remained in place until 2010.\n\nIn 1939 Sally Bauer published her autobiography *Kattegat, Ålandshav, Kanalen*, where she described her long-distance swims. She detailed her preparations and the hard work to finance her swims, how the swims went and the accolades she received after swims not only in Denmark, but also in Malmö and in Helsingborg.\n\nSally Bauer has had a local train service in Scania and a school in Helsingborg named after her. In 2004 the author Sara Stridsberg published the well-received book *Happy Sally*, which is a fictional account of Bauer’s life. The book was turned into a play which was performed on only two days in 2009 at Eriksdalsbadet in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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        {
          "firstname": "Ruth Judith Marie",
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        {
          "firstname": "Axel",
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        },
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          "firstname": "Kristoffer Patrik Erik",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Brandell, Inga, 'Ingamaj Beck, 1943–2001', *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2020-12-16)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttarlexikon/artiklar/Ingamaj_Beck"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ingamaj Beck', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-12-16)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingamaj_Beck"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige: biografisk uppslagsbok [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988, S. 50",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0050.html"
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      "subtitle": "Författare, konstkritiker, översättare",
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      "text": "Ingamaj Beck var författare, konstkritiker och översättare. Hon introducerade italiensk lyrik i Sverige.\n\nIngamaj Beck föddes 1943 i Upernavik på Grönland. Familjen bodde där under andra världskriget. Fadern, Axel Guldberg Beck, var dansk läkare och författare och modern, Ruth, var svenska. Efter krigets slut flyttade familjen tillbaka till Köpenhamn, där Ingamaj Beck växte upp och utbildade sig.\n\nÅr 1961 började Ingamaj Beck studier vid konsthistoriska institutionen på Københavns Universitet och tog där en filosofie magisterexamen 1970. Med hjälp av forskarstipendier började hon skriva sin doktorsavhandling, på danska: en monografi om den normandiska 1100-talskatedralen i Cefalù på Sicilien. Ingamaj Beck svarade för den konsthistoriska delen medan arkitekten Thomas Thieme stod för den arkitekturhistoriska. Doktorsavhandlingen lades fram 1973 på Chalmers Tekniska Högskola i Göteborg.\n\nIngamaj Beck hade tidigare publicerat en studie av de äldsta mosaikerna i Capella Palantina i Palermo på italienska. Bakgrunden var att hon under 1960-talet periodvis vistades i Italien. Hon tillhörde den kontinentala vänstern, höll sig uppdaterad i senaste debatt, läste mycket, särskilt de italienska författarna, och reste runt i övriga Europa. Hon blev vän med flera italienska kulturpersonligheter, bland andra författaren och översättaren Claudio Magris, målaren och illustratören Tullio Pericoli och författaren Dario Fo, som 1997 fick Nobelpriset i litteratur.\n\nI början av 1970-talet flyttade Ingamaj Beck till Sverige och efter sin disputation började hon skriva för kultursidorna i *Aftonbladet* i Stockholm, ett arbete hon behöll livet ut. Hon skrev gärna korta initierade anmälningar i skissform utifrån en reflexion. En kort tid var hon också konstkritiker i *Dagens Nyheter*. Hon arbetade även som bildpedagog för döva och i slutet av decenniet började hon som redaktör på tidskriften *Ord & Bild*, där hon introducerade begreppet ”det svaga tänkandet”, hämtat från Gianni Vattimos filosofi. Innebörden var att modernitetens objektiva och rationella sanningsanspråk förkastades och i stället företrädde Ingamaj Beck ett vidare och öppnare synsätt som konsten kan bidra med.\n\n1976 debuterade Ingamaj Beck som översättare i lyrikserien *Tuppen på berget* med ett urval av Cesare Paveses poesi, vilken tidigare inte översatts till svenska. Under 1980- och 1990-talen fortsatte hon att introducera och översätta italienska poeter som Patrizia Valduga, Antonio Tabucchi och Alda Merini i *Trio i pastoralt landskap*. Angelo Scandurras svit *Anteckningar kring kungens död och andra dikter* kom i en tvåspråkig utgåva och senare presenterade hon ytterligare tre poeter, Alberto Bevilacqua, Dante Maffia, och Maria Luisa Spaziani. Samlingen kallades *Romersk trio* och följdes slutligen av *Älskaren och havet* av den kalabresiske poeten Corrado Calabrò. För den fick Ingamaj Beck Samfundet De Nios pris.\n\nSamtidigt med översättningsarbetet ägnade hon sig åt eget författarskap och 1979 utkom hennes första prosabok, *Inför gryningen*. Den mottogs väl och under åren som följde kom andra korta skönlitterära romaner, ibland uppbyggda som collage, och hon skrev barnböcker som illustrerades av Bengt Arne Runnerström. *Mamma Grön* och *Pappa Blåst* är två exempel. I romanen *Som moln*, 1989, lät hon ana en tragisk familjebakgrund och två år senare kom *Pas de deux* som har en deckarintrig från renässansens Italien. Den kom senare ut på italienska och handlar om Jacopo Carducci, känd som da Pontormo, en av de tidigare och mest inflytelserika av de italienska manieristerna.\n\nIngamaj Beck hördes också samtala med Alberto Moravia i radio, hon översatte Umberto Ecos *Kulturknäck*, filmaren och författaren Pier Paolo Pasolinis *Vittnet* och *Skrifter i fel tid*. Hon översatte även danska författares verk till svenska. Mogens Hoffs *Vem älskade Eurydike?* och *Kvinna, du är offret* av Tove Nielsen är några exempel. Tillsammans med Peder Alton var hon redaktör för *Natur och Kulturs konstnärslexikon* som kom 1991, och i samarbete med Claus Lynge satt hon i redaktionen för *Det andra rummet: en nordisk antologi om scenografisk konst*, 1998. Innan dess hade hon skrivit *Kring bilden i det samhälleliga rummet* och *Vingspeglar* där hon intervjuade tio kvinnliga konstnärer, bland andra Marianne Lindberg De Geer, Marie-Louise Ekman och Lena Cronqvist. Från 1990-talet var Ingamaj Beck även lektor i konstens teori och idéhistoria vid Kungliga konsthögskolan i Stockholm, en tjänst hon innehade till sin död.\n\nNär Norrlandsoperan år 1997 skulle sätta upp *Fången* av Luigi Dallapiccola stod Ingamaj Beck för översättningen. Samma år sände radion *Figurer i ett landskap, sångcykel för radiomediet* med hennes text och musik av Carl Unander-Scharin. Hon lånade också ut sin röst till ”La poetessa” i samma föreställning.\n\nDe sista åren av sitt liv drabbades Ingamaj Beck av sjukdom. Hon beskrevs av vänner som gåtfull, spröd och känslig men ändå stark, närvarande och samtidigt frånvänd. Trots sjukdomen orkade hon skriva sin sista roman, *Qivittoq*, som fick lysande recensioner och gavs ut 1999. Det är en poetisk och blytung berättelse om en flickas uppväxt på Grönland och i Danmark. Den har självbiografiska drag med föräldrar som inte kan leva tillsammans och en bror som dör med endast systern vid sin sida.\n\nIngamaj Beck avled 2001 på Ersta hospice där hon vårdats under lång tid. Hon blev 58 år och har fått sin sista vila på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna. Året efter hennes död gav Moderna Dansteatern i Stockholm hennes *Qivittoq* som dansföreställning med Åsa Unander-Scharin och med musik av Carl Unander-Scharin.",
      "text_eng": "Ingamaj Beck was an author, art critic and translator. She introduced Italian poetry to Sweden. \n\nIngamaj Beck was born in 1943 in Upernavik on Greenland. Her family was living there during the second world war. Her mother, Ruth, was Swedish and her father, Axel Guldberg Beck, was a Danish physician and author. After the end of the war, the family moved back to Copenhagen where Ingamaj Beck grew up and was educated. \n\nIn 1961, Ingamaj Beck began studying at the art history department at Copenhagen University and took her M.A. Degree there in 1970. With the help of research scholarships, she started writing her doctoral thesis in Danish: a monography on the Romanesque twelfth-century cathedral in Cefalù, Sicily. Ingamaj Beck wrote the section from an art history perspective and the architect Thomas Thieme wrote the section on the architectural history. The doctoral thesis was presented in 1973 at the Chalmers Technical College in Gothenburg.\n \nIngamaj Beck had previously published a study of the oldest mosaics in the Capella Palantina in Palermo, in Italian. The background was that she had periodically spent time in Italy in the 1960s. She belonged to the continental left, kept herself up-to-date on the latest discussions, read a good deal, especially Italian authors, and travelled around in the rest of Europe. She made friends with several Italian cultural personalities, among others the author and translator Claudio Magris, the painter and illustrator Tullio Pericoli and the author Dario Fo, who in 1997 won the Nobel Prize for literature. \n\nAt the beginning of the 1970s, Ingamaj Beck moved back to Sweden, and after being awarded her doctorate, she began writing for the culture section of the major evening tabloid *Aftonbladet* in Stockholm. This she did for the rest of her life. She enjoyed writing brief, initiated reviews in the form of a sketch growing out of a reflection. For a short period, she was also an art critic on the major daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter*. She also worked as an art teacher for the deaf. At the end of the decade, she started work as an editor on the cultural magazine *Ord & Bild*, to which she introduced the concept ”weak thought”, from Gianni Vattimo’s philosophy. The implication was that the pretension to objective and rational truth was cast aside and Ingamaj Beck represented instead the broader and more open outlook that art could contribute. \n\nIngamaj Beck made her debut as a translator in 1976 with the poetry series *Tuppen på berget*, a selection of Cesare Pavese’s poems that had not previously been translated to Swedish. During the 1980s and 1990s, she continued to introduce and translate Italian poets like Patrizia Valduga, Antonio Tabucchi and Alda Merini in *Trio i pastoralt landskap*. Angelo Scandurra’s suite *Anteckningar kring kungens död och andra dikter* came out in a bilingual edition and later she presented a further three poets, Alberto Bevilacqua, Dante Maffia, and Maria Luisa Spaziani. The collection was entitled *Romersk trio* and was finally followed by the Calabrian poet Corrado Calabrò’s *Älskaren och havet*. For this, Ingamaj Beck was awarded the Samfundet De Nios prize.\n \nConcurrently with her translation work, she spent her time on her own authorship and her first prose book *Inför gryningen* was published in 1979. It was well received and during the following years, other short fictional novels appeared, sometimes constructed like collages. She also wrote children’s books that were illustrated by Bengt Arne Runnerström. *Mamma Grön* and *Pappa Blåst* are two examples. In the novel *Som moln* from 1989, she let it be understood that she had a tragic family background. Two years later appeared *Pas de deux* with its detective intrigue from renaissance Italy. It was later published in Italian. It was about \nJacopo Carducci, known as da Pontormo, one of the earliest and most influential of the Italian Mannerists. \n\nIngamaj Beck was also heard on the radio, conversing with Alberto Moravia, and she translated Umberto Eco’s *Diario Minimo*, the film-maker and author Pier Paolo Pasolini’s *The Witness* och *Skrifter i fel tid*. She also translated works by Danish authors into Swedish. Mogens Hoff’s *Vem älskade Eurydike?* and Tove Nielsen’s *Kvinna, du är offret* are two examples. With Peder Alton, she edited *Natur och Kulturs konstnärslexikon*, published in 1991, and in cooperation with Claus Lynge edited *Det andra rummet: en nordisk antologi om scenografisk konst* in 1998. Prior to that she had written *Kring bilden i det samhälleliga rummet* and *Vingspeglar* in which she interviewed ten women artists, among them Marianne Lindberg De Geer, Marie-Louise Ekman and Lena Cronqvist. From the 1990s onwards, Ingamaj Beck was also a lecturer in art theory and the history of ideas at the art academy Kungliga konsthögskolan in Stockholm, an appointment she held until her death.\n \nWhen the Norrlandsoperan was to produce *Il prigioniero* by Luigi Dallapiccola in 1997, Ingamaj Beck translated the work into Swedish. The same year, *Figurer i ett landskap, sångcykel för radiomediet* with her text and music by Carl Unander-Scharin was broadcast on the radio. She also lent her voice to ”La poetessa” in the same production.\n \nIngamaj Beck was struck by illness during the final years of her life. She is described by friends as mysterious, frangible and sensitive, but nevertheless strong and alert though at the same time preoccupied. Despite illness, she managed to write her final novel, *Qivittoq*, that was published in 1999 and received brilliant reviews. It is a poetical and dark story about a young girl’s growing up on Greenland and in Denmark. It is partly autobiographical, with parents who are unable to live together and a brother who dies with only his sister at his side. \n\nIngamaj Beck died in 2001 at Ersta hospice where for a long time she had been receiving care. She was 58 years old. Her final resting place is in the Northern Cemetery in Solna. The year after her death, Moderna Dansteatern in Stockholm produced her *Qivittoq* as a dance performance with Åsa Unander-Scharin and music by Carl Unander-Scharin.",
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        {
          "description": "Bengtsson, Eva-Lena & Werkmäster, Barbro, *Kvinna och konstnär i 1800-talets Sverige*, Signum, Lund, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Beck, Julia, *Brev från Julia Beck*, Kåa Wennberg, Saltsjö-Boo, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Herlitz, Alexandra, *Grez-sur-Loing revisited. The international artists' colony in a different light [Elektronisk resurs]*, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33752"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1, Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sidén, Karin & Meister, Anna (red.), *Ljusets magi: friluftsmåleri från sent 1800-tal*, Prins Eugens Waldemarsudde, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Röstorp, Vibeke, *Le mythe du retour: les artistes scandinaves en France de 1889 à 1908*, Stockholms universitets förlag, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Robbert, Louise & Fogelström, Lollo (red.), *De drogo till Paris: nordiska konstnärinnor på 1880-talet : [16 september-6 november 1988]*, Liljevalchs konsthall, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
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          "description": "Wennberg, Kåa, *Julia Beck*, Arena, Malmö, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      "subtitle": "Konstnär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist",
      "text": "Julia Beck var huvudsakligen verksam som landskapsmålare i Frankrike men hon utförde också porträtt och gjorde sig känd som skicklig kalligraf. Hennes friluftsmåleri skapades konsekvent inför motiven i naturen, inte som hos en tidigare generation landskapsmålare med studier som senare omarbetades i ateljé.\n\nJulia Beck föddes i Stockholm i en familj där fadern Franz Beck, som invandrat från nuvarande Tyskland, startat ett framgångsrikt bokbinderi. Under sin uppväxt fick hon och brodern Victor Beck hjälpa till i verkstaden och där utvecklade hon sin talang för kalligrafisk skönskrift då hon formgav diplom och praktband. Brodern fortsatte i faderns fotspår medan Julia Beck med familjens stöd valde att bli fri konstnär. \n\nUtbildningen inleddes med Slöjdskolans kurser i trägravyr, ornamentmålning och andra hantverk.1872 blev Julia Beck antagen som elev vid Konstakademiens femåriga, statliga konstnärsutbildning som var kostnadsfri. Akademien hade öppnats för kvinnor 1864. Där blev hon hänvisad till den så kallade Fruntimmers-Afdelningen, med samma lärare som männen men i separata lokaler och med färre undervisningstimmar. På fritiden deltog ”målarflickorna” däremot med hela elevkretsen i diskussioner och nöjen och de bidrog också med egna initiativ. Det var Julia Beck som tillsammans med Julia Strömberg stod för idén till en elevförening, den populära Akademi-Klubben, och de var även med om att starta elevtidningen *Palettskrap* (1877–1937), som med illustrationer och texter rapporterade om konstvärldens aktuella händelser. \n\nPå 1870-talet hade Paris efterträtt Düsseldorf som Europas ledande konstmetropol och det var dit en ström av unga konstnärer drog för att vidareutbilda sig. En tidig framgång för Julia Beck var att hon 1880 fick ställa ut på den årliga Salongen (Salon de Paris). Det räknades som inträdesbiljett till fortsatt karriär och hennes realistiska självporträtt i plymhatt blev dessutom omtalat för sin karaktärsskildring och raffinerade färgbehandling. Tjugoåtta år gammal, 1881, skrev hon in sig vid den privata Academie Julian med Léon Bonnat och Jean Léon Gérôme som lärare. (Den statliga franska konstakademiens skola tog inte emot kvinnor förrän 1897.) Senare flyttade hon över till belgaren Alfred Stevens skola då hon sökte sig till en ljusare kolorit. Julia Beck delade till en början ateljé med några kvinnliga konstnärskamrater, [](Hildegard Thorell), Anna Norstedt, Elisabeth Keyser och norska Harriet Backer. De levde inom ramen för en stram könsordning, som visserligen tillät kvinnorna mer svängrum än om de stannat hemma men ändå inte samma rörelsefrihet och yrkesmässiga frihet som männen. Som framgår av tidens många kamratporträtt skapade kvinnorna i stället egna vänskapsband och betydelsefulla nätverk, även över nationsgränserna. Julia Beck skulle exempelvis under en lång rad år komma att ställa ut på den kvinnliga Salongen i Paris, Salon de l’Union des femmes peintres et sculpteurs.  \n\nI början av 1880-talet hörde Julia Beck till de svenskar som sökte sig till den internationella konstnärskolonin i byn Grez-sur-Loing i Frankrike. Grez attraherade med sina idylliska omgivningar och där uppstod livligt umgänge både i arbete och fest. Åttiotalet var konstpolitiskt sett en händelserik tid. Den radikala Opponentrörelsen formulerade ett utbrett missnöje med Konstakademin och Julia Beck hörde till dem som stöttade rörelsens krav på reformer av utbildning, utställningar och stipendiesystem. Opponenternas egen utställning "Från Seinens strand" på våren 1885 representerade ett genombrott i Stockholm för det franskinspirerade friluftsmåleriet. \n\nDet är särskilt det franska flodlandskapet som gestaltats i Julia Becks omfångsrika men idag spridda produktion. Hon målade skimrande vattenspeglar i romantiskt grådis som reflekterade den lummiga grönskans träd och buskar och ibland fåglar (som i *Korpträsket*, 1884), men sällan människor. Det är naturen och hur landskapet präglas av ljusets förändringar under dygnets och årets olika faser som är i fokus och tar färg av skiftande meditativa och vemodiga stämningar. I förgrunden kan bladverk och vassruggar påminna om den då aktuella japanska och kinesiska kalligrafin och efterhand skvallrar de breda penseldragen och den rena koloriten även om Claude Monets och impressionismens inflytande. \n\nJulia Beck var ofta på resande fot, ibland hem till Stockholm. Från 1888 valde hon emellertid att bosätta sig för gott i den lilla staden Vaucresson ett par mil väster om Paris. Det var antagligen inget svårt val. Den parisiska konstmarknaden var fortsatt fördelaktig och de franska kritikerna välvilligt inställda till skandinavisk konst. Därifrån hade hon via järnvägsnätet nära till attraktiva motiv och intresserade beställare både i Frankrike och i städerna Gent och Brügge i Belgien, där hon också uppehöll sig för kortare målarperioder.\n\nJulia Becks konstnärskap var under hennes livstid mycket uppskattat i Frankrike. Hennes karriär kulminerade då hon 1934 tilldelades Hederslegionen. Då hade hon för övrigt redan belönats med en lång rad medaljer på utställningar i Paris och utomlands. Samtidigt kom den svenska konstpolitiken under perioden alltmer att präglas av nepotism. Julia Beck hörde exempelvis till dem som inte fick ställa ut i den svenska paviljongen på Världsutställningen i Paris år 1900. Detta kan ha varit en bidragande orsak till att hon fallit i glömska. Först på 2010-talet har utställningar och forskning börjat uppmärksamma hennes måleri. \n\nJulia Beck dog i Vaucresson 1935.",
      "text_eng": "Julia Beck was mainly a painter of French landscapes, but also painted portraits and became known as a talented calligrapher. Her *plein air* paintings were created outdoors in nature, unlike earlier landscape paintings, where initial sketches were later reworked in the studio.\n\nJulia Beck was born in Stockholm, where her father, Franz Beck, an immigrant from the Rhineland-Palatinate, had established a successful bookbinders. During her childhood Julia and her brother Victor helped out in the workshop and she developed her skill for calligraphic lettering while designing diplomas and luxury bindings. Victor continued in his father’s footsteps while Julia – with her family’s support – opted to become an artist.\n\nHer training began with courses in wood engraving, decorative painting and other handicrafts at Slöjdskolan. In 1872 Julia Beck enrolled as a student in Konstakademien’s (the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts) free five-year state-run art course. The Academy had started accepting female students in 1864. She was sent to the so-called Ladies’ Section, which had the same teachers as the men but classes were fewer in number and held in a separate location. In their free time, however, the “painter-girls” participated in discussions and leisure activities with the rest of the student body and also put forward their own ideas. It was Julia Beck and Julia Strömberg who together came up with the idea of a student society, which became the popular Academy club, and they were also involved in setting up the student newspaper *Palettskrap* (1877-1937), which reported on current events in the arts world using both images and text.\n\nIn the 1870s Paris succeeded Düsseldorf as Europe’s leading arts centre and young artists streamed there to further their training. An early success for Julia Beck was her 1880 exhibition at the annual Salon de Paris. Exhibiting at Salon de Paris was then considered a guaranteed ticket toward a continued career and Beck’s realistic self-portrait in a plume hat became much talked about for its depth of character and refined colour treatment. In 1881, at the age of 28, Julie enrolled at the private Academie Julian, where Léon Bonnat and Jean Léon Gérôme were instructors. (The French state-run art academy did not accept women until the 1890s.) Later, she switched to the school run by the Belgian Alfred Stevens as she was seeking to work with a lighter colour palette. Initially, Beck shared a studio with some fellow female artists, [](Hildegard Thorell), Anna Norstedt, Elisabeth Keyser and the Norwegian Harriet Backer. They lived within the limits of a strict gender order, with more room to manoeuvre than they would have had at home but not the full freedom of movement or the career opportunities of their male counterparts. As can be seen in the many portraits of friends they painted, these women formed their own circles of friends and important networks, even across state borders. Beck, for example, would for many years exhibit her work at the female Salon in Paris, the Salon de l’Union des femmes peintres et sculpteurs.\n\nIn the early 1880s, Julia Beck was one of many Swedes who were drawn to the international artists’ community in the Grez-sur-Loing village in France. The attraction of Grez lay in its idyllic surroundings and the vibrant work and social interactions it provided. The 1880s were eventful in terms of the politics of art. The radical Opponentrörelsen (opposition movement) expressed widespread dissatisfaction with Konstakademien and Beck supported the movement’s demands for reforms in training, exhibitions and the grant system. Opponentrörelsen’s exhibition “From the shores of the Seine” in spring 1885 led to Stockholm opening up to the French-inspired *plein air* style of painting.\n\nIt was in particular French river landscapes, which Julia Beck portrayed in her extensive but today scattered output. She painted shimmering water reflections in a romantic greyscale, which mirrored lush leafy trees and bushes and sometimes birds (as in *Korpträsket*, from 1884), but rarely included people. The focus of her paintings lies on nature and on how the landscape reacts to the changing light of the different phases of the day and the year, the colours representing various meditative and pensive atmospheres. The foreground foliage and reeds are reminiscent of the Japanese and Chinese calligraphy of the time and, in hindsight, the broad strokes and the pure colour palette also suggest influences of Claude Monet and impressionism.\n\nJulia Beck travelled a lot, sometimes home to Stockholm. In 1888 she decided to settle down in the small town of Vaucresson, a few miles west of Paris. It was hardly a difficult decision. The Parisian art market was still advantageous and the French critics were favourably inclined toward Scandinavian art. From Vaucresson Julia could take the train to attractive subject material for her painting and to interested clients both in France and in the towns of Gent and Bruges in Belgium, where she also sometimes stayed for brief painting periods.\n\nDuring her lifetime Julia Beck’s artistry was well appreciated in France. The peak of her career came in 1934, when she was awarded the Legion d’Honneur. She had already been awarded many medals at exhibitions in Paris and abroad. In the meantime Sweden’s art politics became increasingly marked by nepotism. For example, Julia Beck was not allowed to exhibit in the Swedish pavilion at the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris. This may be one of the reasons why she became forgotten. It was only in the 2010s that her paintings once again became appreciated both in exhibitions and in research.\n\nJulia Beck died in Vaucresson in 1935.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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      "url": "JuliaBeck",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222"
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Dackling"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Cardon",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Thekla",
          "lastname": "Hasselquist",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Hans Peter",
          "lastname": "Lindeburg",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
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            "comment": "1880-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konststudier för Hans Peter Lindeburg",
          "place": {
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              "lon": 12.568337
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          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konststudier i Italien, Spanien, Frankrike och Tyskland",
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Stina Beck-Friis",
          "description_eng": "By Stina Beck-Friis",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Beck-Friis+stina)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "’Stina Beck-Friis’ [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1954-07-14",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-20T10:32:31",
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 88,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1865-08-21",
            "date": "1865-08-21"
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          "place": {
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            "pin": {
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            "place": "Svedala"
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        "to": {
          "date": {
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            "date": "1954-07-12"
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        "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
        "sortname": "Beck-Friis"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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          "type": "Yrke",
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        {
          "description": "Ordförande",
          "name": "Börringe kyrkliga syförening",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
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            "date": "1865"
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            "date": "1954"
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      ],
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1829-05-16",
            "date": "1829-05-16"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1914-07-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis, född Nordenfeldt",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1824-02-12",
            "date": "1824-02-12"
          },
          "death": {
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          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "occupation": "Greve, kabinettskammarherre, kommendant, riksdagsledamot",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1852-05-11",
            "date": "1852-05-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-11-16",
            "date": "1913-11-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Sofia Ulrika",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis, gift Bonde",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-05-26",
            "date": "1853-05-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1911-06-13",
            "date": "1911-06-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Corfitz Christian",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1855-04-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1937-06-22",
            "date": "1937-06-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigvard Olof",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-06-04",
            "date": "1856-06-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-12-01",
            "date": "1929-12-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Lovisa Christina",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis, gift Hamilton",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857-08-23",
            "date": "1857-08-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931-06-19",
            "date": "1931-06-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Lave Robert",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-08-27",
            "date": "1860-08-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1934-12-11",
            "date": "1934-12-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis, gift Gyllenstierna",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861-09-27",
            "date": "1861-09-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-05-06",
            "date": "1939-05-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Joachim",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-02-01",
            "date": "1864-02-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-04-25",
            "date": "1939-04-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Christina",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis, gift von Stockenström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-10-02",
            "date": "1867-10-02"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1890-09-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Jacob Magnus",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-09-07",
            "date": "1869-09-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Augustin",
          "lastname": "Beck-Friis",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Friherrinnan Stina Beck-Friis (död 1954). Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-10-19)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/NOlYFecRrH6d0G02H087k3"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stjernswärd, Brita, ’Herrgårdsliv för en mansålder sedan: Minnen upptecknade från Börringe Kloster’, *Fataburen*, 1938, s. 149-172",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nordiskamuseet:diva-493"
        },
        {
          "description": "Harnesk, Paul (red.), *Vem är vem? D. 4 Skånedelen*, Vem är vem bokförlag, Stockholm, 1948",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1 Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska konstnärer biografisk handbok*, [Ny, revid. och kompl. utg.], Nyblom, Uppsala, 1980",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/svekonst80/0040.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, illustratör",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, illustrator",
      "text": "Stina Beck-Friis var konstnär och bokillustratör. Stina Beck-Friis mest kända verk är illustrationer till läseboken *Sörgården* (1912) av [](Anna Maria Roos). \n\nChristina (Stina) Beck-Friis växte upp som nionde barnet av elva på slottet Börringekloster i Skåne. De många barnen ledde till att slottet byggdes ut på 1870-talet. Att moderns tilltalsnamn också var Christina lär vara anledning till att dottern livet igenom kallades för Stina.\n\nÅr 1938 beskrev Stina Beck-Friis och brodern Joachim sina barndomsminnen i en artikel i *Fataburen*. Resultatet blev en ingående beskrivning av livet vid ett skånskt slott under andra halvan av 1800-talet. Det stora hushållet med en mängd tjänstefolk, deras vardag och arbetsinsats beskrevs levande, även om en större detaljrikedom gällde i berättelserna om barnens och ungdomarnas nöjen. Här berättades också om barnens nära relationer med delar av tjänstefolket, och de noggranna rutinerna för vid vilken ålder barnen tilläts äta tillsammans med familjen. Vid syskonens tolvårsdagar serverades de första födelsedagstårtorna. I artikeln målade Joachim och Stina Beck-Friis upp en varm uppväxt i en sammansvetsad syskonskara, men där även de vuxna ibland deltog i leken. Barnen satte upp teaterföreställningar för de vuxnas gäster, och uppträdde efteråt spontant för kökspersonalen. När de blivit ungdomar var umgänget med traktens andra högreståndsungdomar omfattande. Danser och utflykter på de olika herrgårdarna förekom ofta, men samtidigt var det självklart att högtider firades inom respektive familj.\n\nUnder uppväxten hölls skollektioner på slottet, vilka inleddes med morgonbön klockan 9.30 för samtliga hemmavarande barn. Stina Beck-Friis genomförde sin konfirmationsläsning i Stockholm, där fadern var riksdagsledamot. Därefter presenterades hon vid hovet, och deltog i säsongens societetsbaler. Under sin ungdom genomförde hon en omfattande konstnärlig utbildning, under 1870- och 1880-talen konststudier för Thekla Hasselquist och [](Kerstin Cardon). Vidare studerade hon för den danska figurmålaren Hans Peter Lindeburg i Köpenhamn, den franska djurmålaren Gaston Guignard i Paris, och genomförde studieresor till Italien, Spanien, Frankrike och Tyskland.\n\nFlera av syskonen bodde i vuxen ålder i Stockholm, och kunde då och då motta tidningen *Södern*, författad och illustrerad av de delar av familjen som var kvar på slottet i Skåne. Det mesta av tidningens innehåll var komponerat av Sina Beck-Friis, med scener ur familjens vardagsliv.\n\nStina Beck-Friis flyttade efter faderns död med modern till Svedala 1899, då äldsta brodern Corfits ärvde såväl grevetitel som slottet Börringekloster.\n\nStina Beck-Friis konstnärliga produktion var omfattande, hon utförde illustrationer till sagoböcker och jultidningar, och målade porträtt och landskap. Hennes främsta genre var akvarellmåleri. Utöver engagemanget i den konstnärliga verksamheten och inom familjen var Stina Beck-Friis aktiv i Börringe kyrkliga syförening där hon under en period var ordförande.\n\nStina Beck-Friis avled 1954, 89 år gammal.",
      "text_eng": "Stina Beck-Friis was an artist and book illustrator. Her illustrations for the book *Sörgården* (1912) by [](Anna Maria Roos) constitute her best known work.\n \nChristina (Stina) Beck-Friis was the ninth of eleven children. They all grew up at Börringekloster castle in the southern Swedish province of Skåne. The castle had to be built onto in the 1870s on account of the many children. Their mother was named Christina and this was apparently the reason why the daughter was called Stina throughout her life.\n \nIn 1938, Stina Beck-Friis and her brother Joachim recounted their childhood memories in an article in *Fataburen*. The result was a detailed description of life at a southern Swedish castle during the second half of the 1800s. The big household with its many servants, their everyday life and work are vividly described, even though most of the details are to be found in the stories about the children’s and young people’s pleasures. The children’s close relationships with some of the servants are also described, as well as the fastidious routines for at which age the children were permitted to take their meals with the family. When the siblings reached the age of twelve, they were served their first birthday cakes. In this article, Joachim and Stina Beck-Friis paint a picture of growing up in a warm, closely knit group of siblings, and also of how even the young adults sometimes participated in their games. The children put on theatre shows for the adults’ guests from an early age, afterwards performing spontaneously for the kitchen servants. When they had reached their teens, their social life with other young aristocrats in the district was extensive. Dances and excursions to the various castles and manor houses were regular features, but it was also self-evident that special occasions like Christmas were to be celebrated in the bosom of the family. \n\nDuring their youth, schooling took place at the castle for those still living at home. The day started with morning prayers at 9.30. Stina Beck-Friis was confirmed in Stockholm, where her father was a member of parliament. After that, she was presented at court and participated in that season’s society balls. During her youth, she underwent a comprehensive art education. In the 1870s and 1880s, she studied art with Thekla Hasselquist and [](Kerstin Cardon). She then continued her studies with the Danish figure painter Hans Peter Lindeburg in Copenhagen and the French animal painter Gaston Guignard in Paris. She also undertook study trips to Italy, Spain, France and Germany. \n\nSeveral of her siblings lived in Stockholm as adults, and sometimes they were sent a magazine entitled *Södern* that was written and illustrated by those of the family still living in the castle in Skåne. Most of the contents of the magazine were produced by Stina Beck-Friis, with scenes from the daily life of the family. \n\nAfter her father’s death, Stina Beck-Friis and her mother moved to Svedala in 1899, since the oldest brother Corfits had inherited Börringekloster castle as well as the title of duke.\n \nStina Beck-Friis’ artistic production was extensive. She illustrated story books and Christmas magazines and painted portraits and landscapes. Her most important genre was watercolours. Apart from her involvement in artistic work and within the family, Stina Beck-Friis was active in the Börringe church needlework association of which she was at one point the chairwoman. \n\nStina Beck-Friis died in 1954 at 89 years of age.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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      "url": "StinaBeckFriis",
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          "description": "Häger, Bengt, 'Regina genom alla tider: Regina Beck-Friis till minne', *Dans*, 2009:5, s. 40-41",
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          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Beck-Friis, Regina, Blomkvist, Magnus & Nordenfelt, Birgitta, *Dansnöjen genom tiden*, Historiska media, Lund, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohlin, Peter, 'Regina Beck-Friis', *Fokus*, 2009-09-17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohlin, Peter, 'Regina Beck-Friis död - en länk till baletthistorien har brustit', *Dansportalen*, 2009-08-28 (Hämtad 2020-06-01)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.dansportalen.se/111/-fler-artiklar/nyhetsarkiv/2009-08-28-regina-beck-friis-dod---en-lank-till-baletthistorien-har-brustit.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjögren, Margareta, *Skandinavisk balett*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skeaping, Mary & Ståhle, Anna Greta, *Balett på Stockholmsoperan*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1979",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Balettdansare, koreograf, dansforskare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Ballet dancer, choreographer, dance researcher",
      "text": "Regina Beck-Friis var balettdansös, koreograf, pedagog och dansforskare.\n\nElisabet Regina Beck-Friis föddes som Regina Nordenfelt i Stockholm 18 januari 1940, som dotter till Per Nordenfelt, läkare, och Birgitta Nordenfelt, musikpedagog. Hon hade två äldre systrar och fick vid fyra års ålder en lillasyster. Hemmet präglades av ett stort musikintresse. Modern drev Birgitta Nordenfelts musikskola och utgick i sin undervisning från äldre tiders musik. Hon poängterade även vikten av att integrera de olika konstformerna musik, dans, konst och litteratur med varandra. Säkerligen påverkade moderns verksamhet Regina Beck-Friis, som blev elev vid Kungliga Operans balettskola 1949—1957. Efter elevtiden anställdes hon som balettdansös vid Kungliga Operans balett 1957—1982. Parallellt med sin danskarriär började hon undervisa och koreografera. Hon fattade tidigt intresse för äldre tiders dansstilar, och inledde 1962 ett forskningssamarbete med balettchefen och koreografen Mary Skeaping om äldre tiders dansteknik. Regina Beck-Friis gifte sig 1963 med läkaren Johan Beck-Friis, med vilken hon fick två döttrar, födda 1965 och 1970.\n\nRegina Beck-Friis började undervisa i Historiska Danser på Koreografiska institutet i Stockholm 1964. Två år senare gav hon sig i kast med att koreografera dansinslag i äldre operor, främst på Drottningholms Slottsteater. Efterhand kom det att bli ett trettiotal verk. Som koreograf kom hon även att verka på Ulriksdals Slottsteater Confidencen, och på Kungliga Operan. De rekonstruerade baletterna från barocken och rokokon tilldrog sig stor uppmärksamhet och lockade besökare från hela den dansintresserade världen. Samtidigt fortsatte Regina Beck-Friis att undervisa i historiska danser på Danshögskolan (nuvarande Dans- och cirkushögskolan) 1971—1987, och även på Operahögskolan. År 1987 började hon undervisa i danshistoria på Svenska Balettskolans gymnasium. Hon var också gästföreläsare på Danshögskolan och på Stockholms universitet.\n\nRegina Beck-Friis forskning i äldre danser resulterade i ett trebandsverk i danshistoria, *Dansnöjen genom tiden*. Det första bandet, som behandlade barocken, utkom 1980, och författades i samarbete med bibliotekarie Magnus Blomkvist och Birgitta Nordenfelt, hennes mor. I verket presenterades dansbeskrivningar från cirka 1450 till 1600 och sattes in i sitt historiska sammanhang. Mor och dotter samarbetade även i ämnet Historiska Danser på Danshögskolan. År 1985 skapade Regina Beck-Friis sin första längre balett för Drottningholmsteatern, *Don Juan*, med musik av Christoph Willibald Gluck, inspirerad av en danstraktat på italienska som Mary Skeaping översatt. För första gången i modern tid presenterades denna virtuosa dansteknik för allmänheten.\n\nEfter omkring fyrtio år med dans drabbades Regina Beck-Friis av multipel skleros, MS. Trots den svåra sjukdomen fortsatte hon att forska, skriva och koreografera. Hennes starka vilja och förmåga att inte ge upp imponerade, liksom hennes entusiasm för danskonsten. Tonvikten i hennes forskning kom att ligga på svensk bearbetning av utländskt material. Hon skapade 1989 baletten *Tillfälle gör tjufven* för Confidencen, som blev en stor succé, kallad ”ett mästerverk”. Infallsrikt, sprudlande, fantasifullt och överraskande löd omdömena. En balett full av glädje och gott humör.\n\nDel två och tre av *Dansnöjen genom tiden*, med undertitlarna *Frankrike under Ludvig XIV* och *1700-talets dans på scen och i salong* gavs ut 1998. Det var samma medförfattare för del två, men för del tre hade Birgitta Nordenfelt ersatts av scenograf David Walker. Detta epokgörande danshistoriska verk är en grundpelare i ämnet Historiska danser inom överskådlig framtid.\n\nRegina Beck-Friis sista balett för Drottningholmsteatern var *Semiramis* som hade premiär år 2000. Originalet skapades av koreografen och dansören Gaspero Angiolini 1765, till musik av Gluck. Det är en mycket dramatisk, tragisk balett. Regina Beck-Friis stod också bakom många dansinslag i olika program på Kungliga Operan, på Maxim med flera andra scener, och medverkade i flera TV-program. Flera av sina bästa verk skapade hon under sjukdomstiden. År 2001 utnämndes hon till hedersledamot i Society of Dance History Scholars, ett amerikanskt dansforskningssällskap.\n\nElisabet Regina Beck-Friis avled 24 augusti 2009 i Stockholm. I samband med hennes bortgång skapades Regina Beck-Friis minnesfond, som delade ut sina första stipendier 2014 i samband med en föreställning på Confidencen. Hon ligger begravd på Lovö kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Regina Beck-Friis was a ballet dancer, a choreographer, and a dance expert. \n\nElisabet Regina Beck-Friis was born Regina Nordenfelt in Stockholm on January 18, 1940. She was the daughter of Per Nordenfelt, a doctor, and Birgitta Nordenfelt, a music teacher. She had two older sisters and a sister who was four yeas her junior. Life in the family home was marked by a great interest in music. Her mother ran a music school called Birgitta Nordenfelts musikskola at which her teaching was based on ancient music. She also highlighted the importance of the interrelated nature of the various art forms of music, dance, art, and literature. Regina Beck-Friis, doubtlessly influenced by her mother’s activities, attended the Kungliga Operan ballet school from 1949–1957. She was subsequently employed as a ballet dancer at Kungliga Operan from 1957–1982. Regina Beck-Friis also gave dance lessons and worked as a choreographer in addition to her profession as a dancer. She developed an interest in ancient dance styles at an early stage of her career. This interest led her, in 1962, to begin researching into ancient dance techniques with the choreographer Mary Skeaping, then head of the ballet. In 1963 Regina Beck-Friis married Johan Beck-Friis, a doctor. The couple had two daughters, born in 1965 and 1970 respectively. \n\nRegina Beck-Friis began to teach Historical Dancing at Koregrafiska institutet in Stockholm in 1964. Two years later she threw herself into choreographing dance sections for older operas, primarily at Drottningholms Slottsteater. Her efforts eventually resulted in around thirty works. She also served as choreographer at Ulriksdals Slottsteater Confidencen and at Kungliga Operan. Her reconstructed ballets from the Baroque and Rococo eras garnered a lot of attention and pulled in audiences from across the whole dance world. Meanwhile, from 1971–1987 Regina Beck-Friis continued teaching historical dancing at Danshögskolan (now Dans- och cirkushögskolan, college of dance and circus skills) as well as at Operahögskolan. In 1987 she began to teach the history of dance at Svenska Balettskolans gymnasium. She also served as a guest lecturer at Danshögskolan and at Stockholm university. \n\nRegina Beck-Friis’ research into ancient dance resulted in a three-volume work on the history of dance, entitled *Dansnöjen genom tiden*. The first volume, which dealt with the Baroque period, was released in 1980 and was jointly written with the librarian Magnus Blomkvist and with her mother Birgitta Nordenfelt. This volume described various dances from circa 1450 until 1600, placing them within their historical contexts. In 1985 Regina Beck-Friis created her first longer work of ballet for Drottningholmsteatern. It was called *Don Juan* and was set to music by Christoph Willibald Gluck. It was inspired by an Italian tract on dance which had been translated by Mary Skeaping. For the first time in the modern era this virtuoso dance technique became available to the general public. \n\nAfter a forty-year period of dancing Regina Beck-Friis began to suffer from multiple sclerosis. Despite her serious illness she continued to research, write, and choreograph. Her strength of will and determination not to give up was impressive, as was her enthusiasm for the art of dance. The focus of her research lay in Swedish editions of foreign material. In 1989 she created the ballet Tillfälle gör tjufven for Confidencen. This ballet was a major success and was deemed a ‘masterpiece’. The reviews described it as ingenious, exuberant, imaginative, and surprising. It was a ballet full of joy and good humour. \n\nParts two and three of *Dansnöjen genom tiden*, subtitled *Frankrike under Ludvig XIV* and *1700-talets dans på scen och i salong*, were published in 1998. Part two had the same authors as the first volume, but part three saw Birgitta Nordenfelt replaced by David Walker, a scenographer. This landmark work on the history of dance will serve as the fundamental source for the field of historical dance for the foreseeable future. \n\nRegina Beck-Friis’ final ballet for Drottningholmsteatern had its premiere in 2000 and was entitled *Semiramis*. The original had been created in 1765 by the choreographer and dancer Gaspero Angiolini, set to music by Gluck. This is an extremely dramatic, tragic ballet. Regina Beck-Friis was also responsible for many dance contributions to various programmes performed at Kungliga Operan, Maxim, and at several other stages, and she also worked on various TV-programmes. Several of her best works were created during the time of her illness. In 2001 she was appointed honorary member of the Society of Dance History Scholars, an American society for dance researchers. \n\nElisabet Regina Beck-Friis died in Stockholm, August 24, 2009. Following her death the Regina Beck-Friis memorial fund was set up and its very first stipends were awarded in 2014, in conjunction with a performance held at Confidencen. Regina Beck-Friis is buried at Lovö cemetery.",
      "translator": {
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        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Licentiatavhandling, litteraturhistoria (ofullbordad)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "institution": "Uppsala universitet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Universitet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Greta Beckius",
          "description_eng": "About Greta Beckius",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Greta+Beckius)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, 'Det tredje könet: studentskor i Uppsala', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria*, (red. Elisabeth Møller Jensen), Bd 3, (red. Margaretha Fahlgren), s. 276-291, 1996",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Knutson, Ulrika, *Kvinnor på gränsen till genombrott: grupporträtt av Tidevarvets kvinnor*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Losman, Beata, *Kamp för ett nytt kvinnoliv = Ellen Keys idéer och deras betydelse för sekelskiftets unga kvinnor = [Women's struggle for a new life]*, LiberFörlag, Stockholm, 1980",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Författare",
        "Studenter"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Authors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-20T13:30:57",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 25,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1886-08-23",
            "date": "1886-08-23"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1912-01-22",
            "date": "1912-01-22"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Margareta Vilhelmina (/Greta/)",
        "lastname": "Beckius",
        "sortname": "Beckius"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
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          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "name": "Uppsala kvinnliga studentförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
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            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "date": "1909"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": "52.520007",
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            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          }
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
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            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
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            "place": "Hackmora"
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            "comment": "1911",
            "date": "1911"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
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        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Greta Beckius. Fotograf okänd, daterat ca 1910 (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "description_eng": "Greta Beckius. Photographer unknown, about 1910 (KvinnSam - National Resource Library for Gender Studies, Gothenburg University Library)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Beckius_KvinnSam.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-01",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857-12-20",
            "date": "1857-12-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1905-03-30",
            "date": "1905-03-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Ida Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Beckius, född Karlsson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1855-11-01",
            "date": "1855-11-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-12-31",
            "date": "1913-12-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Adolf",
          "lastname": "Beckius Fredriksson",
          "occupation": "Grosshandlare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-09-23",
            "date": "1884-09-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1937-02-02",
            "date": "1937-02-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Adolf Mauritz",
          "lastname": "Beckius",
          "occupation": "Landssekreterare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-05-28",
            "date": "1889-05-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1971-12-07",
            "date": "1971-12-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Ida Kristina, kallad Stina,",
          "lastname": "Beckius",
          "occupation": "Barnavårdsombud",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Greta Beckius brevsamling, A 1:73. KvinnSam, Humanistiska biblioteket, Göteborgs universitet (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/resultList.jsf?faces-redirect=true&searchType=EXTENDED&query=Greta+Beckius&includeViewParams=true&dswid=-5237"
        },
        {
          "description": "Emilia Fogelklous korrespondens med Greta Beckius, A 1:42a - 42b. KvinnSam, Humanistiska biblioteket, Göteborgs universitet (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=-5237&searchType=EXTENDED&query=Greta+Beckius&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22Greta+Beckius%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A134927&c=2#alvin-record%3A134927"
        },
        {
          "description": "Resterna av avskriften av *Marit Grene*, Emilia Fogelklous brevsamling, A1:7, KvinnSam, Humanistiska biblioteket, Göteborgs universitet (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=-5237&searchType=EXTENDED&query=Emilia+Fogelklou+A+1%3A7&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22Emilia+Fogelklou+A+1%3A7%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A135268&c=1#alvin-record%3A135268"
        },
        {
          "description": "André, Ingrid, *Lisa Rolf, Lunds första stadsbibliotekarie: en historik av Ingrid André*, Lund, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, 'Det kvinnliga begärets ingenmansland', *Tvärsnitt*, 1990:4, s. 51-61, 1990",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, '"Patriarchal poetry is the same": om skillnaden i kvinnlig modernism', *Res publica* (Göteborg)., 17, [1991], s. 45-60, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, '"För oss var allt gemensamt": John Landquist och den nya kvinnan', *Litterär kalender*, 2012, s. 40-55, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ronne, Marta, 'Greta Beckius och den omöjliga studentskeromanen', *Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift*, 1996 (17):2, s. 3-14, 1996",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": ""Ellen Maria Landquist", *Svenskt Kvinnobiografiskt Lexikon* (artikel av Lisbeth Larsson), (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/EllenLandquist"
        },
        {
          "description": ""Margareta (Greta) Wilhelmina Beckius", *The History of Nordic Women's Literature* (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/writers/beckius-margareta-greta-wilhelmina/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, "Det tredje könet", *The History of Nordic Women's Literature* (Hämtad 2019-10-04)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/det-tredje-konet/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, jämställdhetskämpe",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, equality advocate",
      "text": "Greta Beckius var författare, verksam under det tidiga 1900-talet. Hon var nav bland andra generationens studentskor vid Uppsala universitet. Hennes opublicerade roman om kvinnors sexualitet och själsliv föregriper 1970-talets s.k. ”bekännelselitteratur”.\n\nMargareta ”Greta” Beckius föddes 1886 i en grosshandlarfamilj i Stockholm. Barndomen tillbringades till stor del på Årsta holmar, med föräldrarna och syskonen Adolf och Kristina. Greta Beckius hade gott läshuvud och tog studentexamen 1905. På hösten samma år, just som hon förberedde sig för att flytta till Uppsala för studier, förlorade hon sin mor i en drunkningsolycka.\n\nTrots moderns död blev flytten till Uppsala av, och Greta Beckius skrevs in vid Stockholms nation, för att läsa teologi och litteraturvetenskap. Hon tillhörde den andra generationen kvinnliga studenter vid Uppsala universitet. De utgjorde fortfarande en uppseendeväckande kuriositet; även om de var fler än under [](Lydia Wahlström)s, [](Klara Johanson)s och [](Hilma Borelius) tid, var de fortfarande försvinnande få jämfört med den manliga majoriteten. Greta Beckius intensivt iakttagande, självreflekterande personlighet – och hennes intresse för tidens könsroller i förändring – speglas i hennes dagböcker, där hon under första terminen skriver:\n\n>”Tanken föres så osökt på dessa sorgliga förhållanden här uppe, under den dagliga åsynen af hundratals ynglingar, under trycket att vara kvinna bland 30, 40 manliga kamrater. Jag känner instinktivt, att jag gör alltid någon af dem ondt genom min blottade hals.”\n\nPå Stockholms nation mötte Greta Beckius de kamrater som skulle bli hennes vapendragare i seminariesalar, studentspex och under sammankomsterna i Uppsala kvinnliga studentförening: [](Lisa Rolf), [](Ellen Landquist) och den ett år yngre [](Emilia Fogelklou). I den delvis bevarade korrespondensen kamraterna emellan, liksom i Greta Beckius dagböcker och Emilia Fogelklous självbiografiska *Barhuvad*, 1950, framträder en grupp unga kvinnor som njuter av sin nyvunna intellektuella frihet: som slukar och diskuterar modern litteratur, filosoferar över ”den nya kvinnan” och förhållandet mellan könen, extremt medvetna om att de lever i en brytningstid, med alla möjligheter och svårigheter det innebar.\n\nGreta Beckius var fast besluten att bryta ny mark och att bli emottagen som en jämlike på dittills manliga arenor. Efter sin kandidatexamen 1909 påbörjade hon arbetet med en licentiatavhandling i litteraturhistoria. Greta Beckius deltagande i licentiatseminariet kommenteras av Ellen Landquist i ett brev:\n\n>”Tänk på att du är den första däruppe, medveten, där gå de och veta ännu ingenting – ana icke, att en ung flicka gjuter kulor, som skola vina och skjuta bresch i deras stolta byggnad. Tänk på att du är en utsänd, med tusende tysta bakom dig.”\n\nDen intellektuella arenan var emellertid inte den enda där Greta Beckius konfronterades med manliga privilegier. På kärlekens och sexualitetens område blev hennes studietid turbulent, då hon under vårterminen 1906 lärde känna Ellen Landquists bror John, då doktorand och sedermera inflytelserik litterär kritiker samt professor i pedagogik och psykologi. De båda inledde ett förhållande – av allt att döma utan systerns och de andra kamraternas kännedom. För Greta Beckius började det med förälskelse. Denna övergick dock snart i olustkänslor, över hans krav på fysisk intimitet och på att enväldigt få bestämma villkoren för deras relation. Lika mycket obehag som hon kände inför hans erotiska närmanden, kände hon mot hans vana att besöka prostituerade, över vilka hon filosoferade: ”Äro de då inte människor, dessa kvinnor?”\n\nDet manliga tolkningsföreträdet på det erotiska området kom att utgöra huvudtemat för hennes opublicerade självbiografiska roman, *Marit Grene*. Relationen mellan Marit och en manlig studiekamrat, tydligt baserad på John Landquist, framträder som djupt förödande för den kvinnliga parten: hon gör våld på sig själv för att tillmötesgå hans krav på fysisk intimitet, utan att få varken fysisk, emotionell eller intellektuell tillfredsställelse i gengäld. En ofta citerad sentens är ”Vi kvinnor hava sannerligen ett driftliv som går mellan himmel och jord och helvete. Och mannen har makten över det.” Detta vardagliga, nästan banala manliga maktutövande inom de privata relationerna kallar Greta Beckius för ”tysta själsmord”.\n\nI verkligheten gjorde Greta Beckius sitt yttersta för att bryta med John. I dagboken beskriver hon hur småsint och självisk hon känner sig, men framhärdar i att hon hade gått under om hon stannat kvar i relationen. Hon blev själaglad när hennes far gick med på att hon skulle få resa till Berlin, men försöket att bryta sig loss misslyckades, då John följde efter henne till staden. Hon beskriver deras återförening som ett ”återfall”, men efter detta skildes de åt. I november 1909 tvingades Greta Beckius att återvända till Stockholm, då hennes far drabbats av sjukdom, något hon i dagboken summerar med orden: ”Min Far sjuk, mina studier slut.” Licentiatavhandlingen skulle aldrig slutföras.\n\nTillbaka i Stockholm hade Greta Beckius en kort relation med en annan av studiekamraternas bröder: Lisa Rolfs bror Bruno. Även han återfinns i manuskriptet till *Marit Grene*, där han tilldelas en symbolisk roll som ”den nya människan”, vilken genom ett rituellt, detaljerat beskrivet och högst smärtsamt samlag skall förlösa Marit från hennes själsdöd i sviterna efter relationen med romanens motsvarighet till John Landquist. Hans karaktär ges alltså en avsevärt mer positiv laddning, men i verkligheten for Greta Beckius illa även av denna förbindelse. Samvaron med Bruno Rolf utlöste en psykisk kollaps, efter vilken hon måste tillbringa en tid på ett vilohem i Dalarna, i sällskap med sin lillasyster Stina.\n\nEfter vilohemsvistelsen var Greta Beckius fast besluten att slutföra arbetet med *Marit Grene* (vars titel litteraturvetaren Marta Ronne föreslår vara en medveten anspelning på Gustaf af Geijerstams universitetsroman *Erik Grane*, 1885). För att få arbetsro flyttade hon under sommaren 1911 ensam ut till Torsarvets fäbod, beväpnad med förnödenheter för hela vintern, och en pistol för säkerheten. Större delen av manuskriptet, ursprungligen runt 900 handskrivna ark, tycks ha tillkommit i fäboden. Romanen har av litteraturvetaren Birgitta Holm karaktäriserats som ”utkastet till en ny sexuell kultur” – lika mycket en uppgörelse med Greta Beckius negativa erotiska erfarenheter, som hennes vision av hur en mer jämlik, fruktbar kärlek skulle kunna se ut.\n\nHennes psykiska hälsa försämrades emellertid dramatiskt under tiden i ensamheten. I sin brevväxling med fadern höll Greta Beckius god min, men breven till Emilia Fogelklou var allvarligare, och gjorde studiekamraten så bekymrad att hon skickade vännen Ida von Hofsten att hämta hem henne från Torsarvet. Greta Beckius tillbringade nyåret i paret von Hofstens hem, men när Emilia Fogelklou senare besökte henne i Uppsala fann hon henne ”mera död än levande”. Åtta dagar efter sitt sista brev till fadern, den 22 januari 1912, tog Greta Beckius sitt liv med en pistolkula i tinningen. Hennes död gjorde ett djupt intryck på kamraterna. Ellen Landquist skulle komma att basera sin roman *Suzanne*, 1915, på Greta Beckius dyrköpta erfarenheter av kvinnlig erotisk utsatthet och besvikelse. Hon valde dock att låta Suzanne, som även hon till sist står med en pistol tryckt mot tinningen, kasta sitt vapen och leva vidare.\n\nManuskriptet till Greta Beckius egen roman lämnades till Emilia Fogelklou. Ingen annan än Greta Beckius själv tycks vid hennes död ha läst romanen. När Emilia Fogelklou väl gjorde det, 1913, blev hon djupt chockerad över innehållets erotiska frispråkighet, och karaktären av en nyckelroman med John Landquist – vid det laget gift med [](Elin Wägner) – i rollen som tunt maskerad förförare/förövare. Emilia Fogelklou vände sig i sitt etiska dilemma till vännerna [](Ellen Key) (Greta Beckius egen litterära förebild) och kritikern Klara Johanson. Bådas reaktioner var liknande Emilia Fogelklous, och alla tre ställde sig tvekande till möjligheten till publicering. Den ende som var verkligt positiv till en utgivning av *Marit Grene* var Bruno Rolf, kanske föga förvånande på grund av hur han framställdes i förhållande till John Landquist.\n\nJohn Landquists egen reaktion blev en långvarig brevväxling med Emilia Fogelklou, där han under en period av fyrtio år, från 1915 till 1956, skrev långa försvarsbrev, i vilka han mer eller mindre oförsonligt motsatte sig varje tanke på publicering. Hans hållning kan sammanfattas med att Greta Beckius måste ha lidit av sinnessjukdom, att ”ingen normal kvinna går under av kyssar”, samt att hon älskade honom, vad hon än själv påstod. Hans tolkningsföreträde av hennes känslor och handlingar kan sägas ha varit absolut. Ellen Key valde hans linje, medan Emilia Fogelklou förblev ambivalent.\n\nDet blev emellertid Greta Beckius lillasyster Stina, som på Bruno Rolfs initiativ börjat renskriva manuskriptet år 1915, som kom att fatta det slutgiltiga avgörandet. Renskrivningsarbetet drog ut på tiden, mycket på grund av Stina Beckius intensiva oro över vad en utgivning kunde innebära för hennes systers, och hela familjens, rykte. Många litteraturvetare avrådde henne bestämt. Först 1952 var arbetet klart, men vid det laget var Stina besluten att ingen utgivning skulle ske. På 1960-talet förstörde hon med egna händer såväl originalet som sina renskrifter, utom runt 200 sidor, som är allt som finns bevarat idag. Motivet var av allt att döma en kombination av motvilja mot att hennes systers tankar och känslor skulle nagelfaras av utomstående, och ängslan över hur människor i allmänhet, och ”J. L-t” i synnerhet, skulle döma Greta Beckius.\n\nGreta Beckius livsgärning är avsiktligt utplånad, men hennes betydelse som sexualpolitisk och litterär föregångsgestalt framträder i såväl de efterlämnade fragmenten som i det inflytande hennes livsöde hade på generationskamraterna och deras verk.",
      "text_eng": "Greta Beckius was an author, active during the early 1900s. She was the hub of the second generation of women students at Uppsala University. Her unpublished novel about women’s inner life and sexuality anticipates the so-called confessional literature of the 1970s. \n\nMargareta “Greta” Beckius was born in 1886 in a merchant family in Stockholm. Her childhood was spent largely with her parents, brother Adolf and sister Kristina at their estate on Årsta holmar, three islands in the Årstaviken inlet in the middle of Stockholm. Greta Beckius was academically inclined and she matriculated in 1905. In the autumn of the same year, just as she was preparing herself for the move to Uppsala to study, she lost her mother in a drowning accident.  \n\nShe moved to Uppsala despite her mother’s death and was registered at the Stockholm student section, the Stockholm Nation as it was traditionally called, to read theology and literature. She was one of the second generation of women students at Uppsala University. They were still regarded as a startling curiosity. Even though there were more of them than at the time of [](Lydia Wahlström), [](Klara Johanson) and [](Hilma Borelius), they were still extremely few compared with the male majority. Greta Beckius’ intensively observing and self-reflective personality – and her interest in the changing gender roles of her time – are mirrored in her diaries, in which she wrote during her first term:  \n\n>“One’s thoughts wander almost of themselves towards these sad conditions up here, during one’s daily perception of hundreds of youths, while under the pressure of being a woman among 30, 40 male comrades. I feel instinctively that I am always hurting one or other of them just by showing my naked throat.” \n\nAt the Stockholm Nation, Greta Beckius met the comrades who were to become her supporters in seminar halls, student farces and meetings of the Uppsala association of women students: [](Lisa Rolf), [](Ellen Landquist) and the one year younger [](Emilia Fogelklou). In the partly preserved correspondence of this group of comrades, as in Greta Beckius’ diaries and Emilia Fogelklou’s autobiographical work *Barhuvad* from 1950, a group of young women come into view who are enjoying their newly-won intellectual freedom. They devour and discuss modern literature, philosophising over “the new woman” and the relationship between the sexes, extremely aware of living at a time of transition with all the opportunities and difficulties that implies.  \n\nGreta Beckius was firmly resolved to break new ground and to be received as an equal in arenas that up until then had been exclusively male. After her B.A. Degree in 1909, she started working on her licentiate dissertation in the history of literature. Greta Beckius’ participation in the licentiate seminar was commented on by Ellen Landquist in a letter: \n\n>“Just think that you are the first up there, aware, knowing, while they still do not know anything – they have no inkling that a young girl is forging bullets that shall whine and breach their proud structures. Consider yourself as having been sent forth, with thousands silently behind you.”  \n\nThe intellectual arena was however not the only one where Greta Beckius confronted male privilege. In the field of love and sexuality, her student years became turbulent when she got to know Ellen Landquist’s brother John during the spring term of 1906. He was a postgraduate student, later to become an influential literary critic and a professor of pedagogy and psychology. They started a relationship – apparently without his sister’s and her other comrades’ knowledge. For Greta Beckius, it started with falling in love. That was soon transformed into feelings of uneasiness over his demands for physical intimacy and his autocratically deciding the terms of their relationship. She felt as much distress over his habit of visiting prostitutes as she did over his erotic advances, and she philosophised: “Are they not *human beings*, these women?”  \n\nThe male interpretative precedence in the field of the erotic came to constitute the main theme of her unpublished autobiographical novel *Marit Grene*. The relationship between Marit and a male postgraduate student comrade, obviously based on John Landquist, appears to be deeply devastating for the female individual. She forces herself to meet his demands for physical intimacy without receiving any physical, emotional or intellectual satisfaction in return. One often-quoted passage is: “We women do indeed have a life of instincts and urges that stretches from the heavens to the earth and even hell. And men have power over it.” This every-day, almost banal male exercising of power within private relationships is called the “silent assassination of the soul” by Greta Beckius.  \n\nIn reality, Greta Beckius did everything she could to break with John Landquist. In her diary she describes how small-minded and selfish she feels, but insists that she would have been destroyed if she had remained in the relationship.  She was overjoyed when her father agreed to allow her to travel to Berlin, but the attempt to break loose failed when John Landquist pursued her there. She described their reunion as a “relapse”, but after that they separated. In November 1909 Greta Beckius had to return to Stockholm, since her father fell ill, which she sums up in her diary as: “My Father ill, my studies ended.” Her licentiate dissertation would never be completed.  \n\nBack in Stockholm, Greta Beckius had a brief relationship with the brother of another student comrade: Lisa Rolf’s brother Bruno. He is also referred to in the manuscript of *Marit Grene*, in which he is given the symbolic role of “the new human being”. This individual, by means of a ritual, highly painful act of sexual intercourse, described in detail, is intended to deliver Marit from the spiritual death consequent upon her relationship with the novel’s counterpart to John Landquist. Bruno's character is given much more of a positive charge, but in reality Greta Beckius was equally hurt by this relationship. Being together with Bruno Rolf triggered a mental collapse after which she had to spend time at a rest home in Dalarna, in the company of her younger sister Stina. \n\nAfter her sojourn at the rest home, Greta Beckius was firmly resolved to complete her work on *Marit Grene* (the title of which the literary expert Marta Ronne suggests is a conscious play on Gustaf af Geijerstam’s university novel *Erik Grane* in 1885). In the summer of 1911, she moved out alone to a chalet deep in the countryside, armed with the necessities of life for the whole winter and a pistol for her security. The greater part of the manuscript, originally about 900 handwritten pages, seems to have been written in the chalet. The literary expert Birgitta Holm has described the novel as “the rough draft of a new sexual culture” – as much a showdown with Greta Beckius’ negative erotic experiences as her vision of how a more equal, fruitful love might be.  \n\nHer mental health deteriorated dramatically however during the time spent in isolation. In her correspondence with her father, Greta Beckius put on a good front, but her letters to Emilia Fogelklou were more serious and made her student comrade so worried that she sent their friend Ida von Hofsten to fetch Greta Beckius back from the countryside. Greta Beckius spent new years at the home of the Hofsten couple, and when Emilia Fogelklou visited her later in Uppsala she found her “more dead than alive”. Eight days after her last letter to her father, on 22 January 1912, Greta Beckius took her life by shooting herself in the temple. Her death left a deep mark in the lives of her comrades. Ellen Landquist would base her novel *Suzanne* from 1915 on Greta Beckius’ so dearly acquired experiences of female erotic vulnerability and disappointment. She chose however to let Suzanne, also finally standing there with a pistol pressed against her temple, throw away her weapon and live on.  \n\nThe manuscript of Greta Beckius’ own novel was left with Emilia Fogelklou. Nobody apart from Greta Beckius herself seems to have read the novel before her death. When Emilia Fogelklou finally did so in 1913, she was deeply shocked by the erotic outspokenness of the contents, and by their character of constituting a roman à clef with John Landquist – at that point married to [](Elin Wägner) – in the role as the thinly disguised seducer/perpetrator. Emilia Fogelklou turned to her friends with her ethical dilemma: [](Ellen Key) (Greta Beckius’ own literary role model) and Klara Johanson. The reactions of both resembled Emilia Fogelklou’s, and all three were doubtful about publication. The only person who was positive to publishing *Marit Grene* was Bruno Rolf, perhaps not surprisingly, given how he was portrayed in relation to John Landquist.  \n\nJohn Landquist’s own reaction turned into a long correspondence with Emilia Fogelklou, in which, during a period of forty years from 1915 until 1956, he wrote long defensive letters implacably opposing any idea of publication. His attitude may be summarised by his writing that Greta Beckius must have been suffering from mental illness, that “no normal woman gets destroyed by kisses”, and that she loved him, whatever she herself may have asserted. The prevalence of his interpretation of her feelings and actions can be said to have been absolute. Ellen Key chose to agree with him while Emilia Fogelklou remained ambivalent.  \n\nIn the end it was Greta Beckius’ younger sister Stina Beckius, who, on Bruno Rolf’s initiative, started to transcribe the manuscript in 1915, and who thus had the final decision in her hands. The transcription took longer than expected, much on account of Stina Beckius’ intense anxiety about what publication might mean for her sister’s and the whole family’s reputation. Many literary experts tried firmly to dissuade her. At last, in 1952, the work was completed, but at that point Stina Beckius had decided that there was to be no publication. In the 1960s, she destroyed the original as well as the transcriptions, with her own bare hands, all except for about 200 pages that are all that survive today. The motive, as far as can be determined, was a combination of reluctance to see her sister’s thoughts and feelings scrutinised by outsiders, and anxiety for how people in general, and “J. L-t” in particular, would judge Greta Beckius.  \n\nGreta Beckius’ life’s work has been intentionally obliterated, but her significance as a pioneer of literature and sexual politics is quite clear in the surviving fragments, as well as in the influence her life and fate had on the comrades of her generation and their work.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Nordenstam"
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          "date": {
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          "description": "Nils Holgersson-plaketten",
          "type": "Plakett",
          "type_eng": "Plaquette"
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        {
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            "comment": "1976",
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          "description": "Sveriges författarfonds premium till personer för belöning av litterär förtjänst",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Gunnel+Beckman+1910)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "description": "Kjersén Edman, Lena, *I ungdomsrevoltens tid: svensk ungdomsbok och dess mottagande åren kring 1968*, Univ., Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1990,Umeå, 1990",
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          "description": "Franck, Mia, *Frigjord oskuld [Elektronisk resurs] : heterosexuellt mognadsimperativ i svensk ungdomsroman*, Åbo akademi, Åbo, 2009",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-765-476-0"
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          "description": "Nikolajeva, Maria, 'Gunnel Beckman', *The Oxford encyclopedia of children's literature. Vol. 1, Aamu-Duan / redaktion: Jack David Zipes*, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006",
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        {
          "name": "Torulf",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-10-19",
            "date": "1881-10-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1960-05-21",
            "date": "1960-05-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Willy",
          "lastname": "Torulf, född Wiedesheim-Paul",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-06-14",
            "date": "1869-06-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1942-11-10",
            "date": "1942-11-10"
          },
          "firstname": "John Konrad",
          "lastname": "Torulf",
          "occupation": "Rådman, bruksinspektor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1904-07-08",
            "date": "1904-07-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940-03-18",
            "date": "1940-03-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Torulf, gift Wahlqvist",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1905-09-06",
            "date": "1905-09-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-06-21",
            "date": "1944-06-21"
          },
          "firstname": "John Olof Ingemar",
          "lastname": "Torulf",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-07-17",
            "date": "1914-07-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1966-04-01",
            "date": "1966-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Ernst Olof",
          "lastname": "Torulf",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906–10-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-12-30",
            "date": "1984-12-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Birger Karl Hjalmar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "occupation": "Fil.lic., förlagschef, författare, journalist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1934-08-14",
            "date": "1934-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Staffan Birger Magnus",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1938-09-21",
            "date": "1938-09-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Björn Johan Magnus",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1941-05-21",
            "date": "1941-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Ingar Frideborg Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1945-07-02",
            "date": "1945-07-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Svante Ernst Magnus",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Susa",
          "lastname": "Beckman Nahmias",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Herrlin, Eva, *Gunnel Beckman: en författares biografi och böcker*, Examensarbete,Borås, 1977",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Toijer-Nilsson, Ying, 'Gunnel Beckman', *De skriver för barn och ungdom: svenska nutidsförfattare. A-K*, Bibliotekstjänst, Lund, 1990, S. 17-27",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok. 1977*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1976",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Gunnel Beckman är en internationellt erkänd ungdomsboksförfattare.\n\nGunnel Beckman föddes 1910 och växte upp i Falköping. Hon har beskrivit sin uppväxt i medelklassen på 1930-talet i den självbiografiska romanen *Oskuld*, 1978. Hennes far, John Torulf, var rådman och modern var Willy Paul. Gunnel Beckman avlade studentexamen 1929 och fortsatte sedan studera vid Lunds universitet. Där avlade hon en filosofie kandidatexamen 1932. Därefter var hon anställd vid *Morgontidningen*, som var en liberal dagstidning utgiven i Göteborg under åren 1932–1940. År 1933 gifte hon sig med Birger Beckman, som var litteratur- och konstkritiker vid *Morgontidningen* vid denna tid. Från 1941–1942 arbetade han vid *Göteborgs-Tidningen* och Gunnel Beckman frilansade då för samma tidning. När Birger Beckman blev anställd på bokförlaget Natur & Kultur i Stockholm 1943 flyttade paret till Solna. Tillsammans skrev de under pseudonymen Luis Banck kriminalromanerna *Mord i månadsgillet*, 1945, och *Nobelpristagare innebränd*, 1947. Birger Beckman gjorde sedan karriär inom förlagsbranschen och blev VD på A.V. Carlsons bokförlag 1947 och senare VD för två andra förlag inom läromedelsbranschen. Tillsammans fick de fem barn och Gunnel Beckman tog hand om hemmet. Med skrivandet av deckarna föddes en vilja att fortsätta skriva skönlitteratur och hon skrev ytterligare en deckare som utspelade sig i hemmiljön. Den skickades in till Albert Bonniers Förlag som refuserade den men tyckte att historien kunde omarbetas till en barnbok.\n\nGunnel Beckman debuterade som barnboksförfattare 1960 med *Medan katten är borta*, som handlar om familjen Wisenius och de fem barnens vardag. Året efter publicerade hon en fristående fortsättning, *Unga fröken Tova*, 1961, där den 14-åriga Tovas första förälskelse på sommarlovet i skärgården skildras. De idylliska berättelserna under det tidiga 1960-talet fick sedan lämna plats för realistiska ungdomsromaner. Under 1960-talet utkom bland annat ungdomsromanen *Misstänkt*, 1965, om protagonisten Anders som misstänker att hans kamrat är brottsling. Fortsättningen på historien utkom 1971, *Försök att förstå*, där Anders är gymnasist och försöker hjälpa en flicka som inte klarar av livet helt. Också denna roman fick en uppföljare med *M som i Maggan*, 1975, där förhållandet mellan Anders och Maggan skildras efter ett missfall. Gunnel Beckman skrev framför allt om kvinnliga protagonister.\n\nDet stora genombrottet skedde med samtidsromanen *Tillträde till festen*, 1969, som är en stark jagroman om den 19-åriga Annika Hallin, som har fått leukemi och av misstag fått veta att hon skall dö. Annika flyr till landet, till ensamheten och bort från sin familj och pojkvän. Hon behöver tänka och skriva i lugn och ro. Boken är skriven som ett långt brev till en väninna och på originalomslaget syns en flicka med en skrivmaskin. Typografin i romanen är maskinskrift och Annikas förtvivlan skildras med omtagningar och felslag och texten är bitvis hackig. Hennes ångest rör den förestående döden, men också det kroppsliga förfall som den dödliga sjukdomen innebär. Forskningen har påtalat en stark fångenskapstematik i romanen, men också ett mentalt accepterande av en sjuklig och skev kropp. Precis som i andra ungdomsromaner av Gunnel Beckman är samtida referenser närvarande. Annika läser exempelvis Betty Friedans *Den feminina mystiken*, 1968, och [](Sonja Åkesson)s dikter. Men här finns också referenser till en helt annan typ av bok, Max Lundgrens *Hunden som äntligen visslade*, 1962, som rekommenderas som läsning av mammans kusin i romanen. *Tillträde till festen* är ett slags utvecklingsroman, där protagonisten utvecklas i ensamhet och mognar. Romanen bröt med en rad tabun såsom döden, som vid denna tid var ett ovanligt motiv i ungdomsboken. Som Lena Kjersén Edman skriver om romanen: ”Dödsmedvetandet är en del av tillvaron – utan det får vi inte tillträde till autentiska livet, till festen. Annika kan inte rå på döden, men dikten betvingar döden. [...] När dödsångesten nu plågar Annika sluter hon sig inne i ett rum, ett andligt rum med dikt. I det rummet är hon i någon mån tillförsäkrad odödlighet, därför att orden aldrig kan dö.”\n\n*Tillträde till festen* är ett banbrytande verk och har rönt internationell uppmärksamhet. Den har översatts till flera språk och omnämns i såväl den svenska som internationella barn- och ungdomslitteraturforskningen. Också de två realistiska ungdomsböckerna om den 18-åriga Mia som går på tekniskt gymnasium, *Tre veckor över tiden*, 1973, och den fristående fortsättningen *Våren då allting hände*, 1974, är översatta och internationellt uppmärksammade. I dessa ungdomsromaner är samtidens kvinnofrågor starkt närvarande. I den förstnämnda romanen misstänker Mia att hon är med barn och får en chock. Hon vill inte ge upp sin självständighet, inte heller skolan, och tillsammans med pojkvännen lyfts frågan om abort. Romanen blir ett inlägg i den samtida debatten. Laglig abort trädde i kraft i Sverige året efter romanens publicering. I uppföljaren *Våren då allting hände* skildras ett systerskap över tre generationer och Mia får bland annat uppleva föräldrarnas skilsmässa. Också här diskuteras kvinnofrågor och könsrollsfrågor. Identitetsproblematik är starkt närvarande i Gunnel Beckmans ungdomsromaner.\n\nGunnel Beckman var nämndeman i Solna åren 1967–1979 och hon fick där erfarenheter av andra delar av samhällslivet. Romanen *Ett slag i ansiktet*, 1976, skildrar våld i en heterosexuell parrelation. Titeln syftar på ett slag som den kvinnliga protagonisten Helena får i ansiktet av sin pojkvän Lennart och hur detta slag innebär ett uppvaknande för henne. Bokens skildring av en ung mans hegemoniska maskulinitet och omgivningens syn på denna är ovanlig för sin tid, liksom gestaltningen av tyst våld som finns närvarande i Helenas föräldrahem. Romanen väckte uppmärksamhet i sin samtid.\n\nGunnel Beckman har erhållit en rad litterära priser för sitt författarskap. Hon fick bland annat Litteraturfrämjandets stipendium 1969 och 1973, Nils Holgersson-plaketten 1975 och Solna stads kulturstipendium 1978. Hon har haft stora publikframgångar och hon är översatt till engelska, tyska, spanska, franska, holländska, norska, finska, isländska och danska. Hennes författarskap var viktigt för ungdomsbokens utveckling.\n\nDen 12 december 1989 ställde *Dagens Nyheter* följande fråga till några barn- och ungdomsförfattare: ”Vilka rader ur någon av dina böcker skulle du helst vilja citera?”. Gunnel Beckman svarade med ett citat ur romanen *Tillträde till festen*, där protagonisten Annika formulerar en författares uppgift: ”Det är det där med författare som kan formulera saker och ting åt en. Det är skönt med ord. Tänkte så ofta på det på hemmet i somras. På hur många människor som inte har ord. Som inte kan uttrycka sina känslor, som står där bakom en stängd dörr, brännande av allt som finns inom dem och inte kan få någon lindring därför att de inte kan språket... Att förmedla ord åt folk måste vara minst lika viktigt som att lappa ihop deras kroppar...”. För Gunnel Beckman handlade skrivandet om ordets makt.\n\nGunnel Beckman dog i Solna 2003.",
      "text_eng": "Gunnel Beckman is an internationally renowned author of youth literature.\n\nGunnel Beckman was born in 1910. She grew up in Falköping. In her autobiographical novel *Oskuld*, 1978, she describes growing up in middle-class society in the 1930s. Her parents were Johan Torulf, a district judge, and Willy Paul. Gunnel Beckman gained her school-leaving certificate in 1929 and then went on to study at Lund University, where she was awarded a Bachelor’s degree in 1932. She then became employed by *Morgontidningen*, a liberal newspaper that was published in Gothenburg between the years of 1932-1940. In 1933 Gunnel married Birger Beckman, who was a literary and art critic for *Morgontidningen* at the time. He then worked for *Göteborgs-Tidningen* from 1941 to 1942 whilst Gunnel Beckman was a freelancer for the same paper. The couple moved to Solna when Birger Beckman began to work for Natur & Kultur publishing house in Stockholm in 1943. The couple co-authored the detective novels *Mord i månadsgillet*, 1945, and *Nobelpristagare innebränd*, 1947, using the pseudonym Louis Banck. Birger Beckman later pursued a career in publishing, initially as CEO at A.V. Carlsson publishers in 1947, and subsequently as CEO for two other educational publishing companies. The couple had five children together and Gunnel Beckman was responsible for the home. Having co-authored the detective novels she developed a desire to continue writing fiction. She wrote another detective novel set in the home environment and sent it to Albert Bonnier publishers. They rejected it in its current state but felt it could be reworked as a children’s book.\n\nGunnel Beckman’s debut as a children’s author was released in 1960. It was entitled *Medan katten är borta* and recounts the everyday lives of the five Wisenius children. The following year she published a stand-alone sequel, *Unga fröken Tova*, portraying 14-year-old Tova’s first summer holiday love affair in the archipelago. These idyllic stories from the early 1960s soon gave way to more realistic youth novels. Her subsequent publications during the second half of the 1960s include the youth novel *Misstänkt*, 1965, where the lead character Anders suspects that his friend is a criminal. The sequel, *Försök att förstå*, was published in 1971, and tells the story of Anders, now a high school student, trying to help a girl who is not quite coping with life. Yet another sequel, entitled *M som i Maggan*, was published in 1975, and depicts how Anders and Maggan’s relationship was affected by a miscarriage. Gunnel Beckman tended to focus on female characters.\n\nHer major breakthrough came through the contemporary novel *Tillträde till festen*, 1969. This is a strong first-person novel about 19-year-old Annika Hallin who has leukaemia and accidentally learns she is going to die. Annika escapes to the countryside, to be alone and away from her family and boyfriend, seeking peace and quiet to think and write. The book takes the form of a long letter written to one of her female friends and the original book cover displayed a female figure beside a typewriter. The novel was published in typescript with crossed-out bits of text, typing errors and a halting narrative to portray Annika’s desperation. Annika’s anxiety is caused by her impending death as well as the physical decline brought on by her terminal disease. Studies of the novel have noted its heavy use of captivity as a theme but also mental acceptance of a sickly and twisted body. Just as in Gunnel Beckman’s other youth novels she makes use of contemporary references. For example, Annika is reading Betty Friedan’s 1968 book The Feminine Mystique as well as [](Sonja Åkesson)’s poetry. A completely different type of book is also mentioned, namely Max Lundgren’s *Hunden som äntligen visslade*, 1962, which is recommended by the mother’s cousin in the novel. *Tillträde till festen* is a type of educational novel in which the lead character’s development and maturity occurs in solitude. The novel broke several taboos of the time, including mentioning death, which was an unusual theme within youth literature. As Lena Kjersén Edman writes about the novel: “The awareness of death is a part of existence – without it we cannot access real life, or the party. Annika cannot overcome death but poetry subdues death. […] Plagued by the fear of death Annika locks herself into a place, a spiritual place with poetry. She is, in a way, guaranteed immortality within that place as words never die.”\n\n*Tillträde till festen* is a groundbreaking work which received international acclaim. It has been translated into several languages and is quoted within both Swedish and international studies of children’s and youth literature.  The books *Tre veckor över tiden*, 1973, and the stand-alone sequel *Våren då allting hände*, 1974, realistic youth novels centred on Mia, an 18-year-old student at a technical high school, were also translated and received international attention. The women’s issues of the day figure strongly in both books. In the first of these novels Mia believes she might be pregnant and is shocked about this. She does not want to lose her independence, or give up school, so she and her boyfriend consider an abortion. This novel contributed to the contemporary debate on abortion, which only became legal in Sweden the year after the novel was published. The sequel, *Våren då allting hände*, recounts a sisterhood over three generations and Mia experiences her parents’ divorce, amongst other things. Once again women’s and gender issues are discussed. Questions of identity have a prominent role in Gunnel Beckman’s youth novels.\n\nFrom 1969 to 1979 Gunnel Beckman served as a jury member for Solna municipality, and this exposed her to different parts of society. Her novel, *Ett slag i ansiktet*, 1976, portrays a violent heterosexual relationship. The title is a reference to facial assault suffered by Helena, the female lead character, at the hands of her boyfriend Lennart, and how this assault leads to an awakening for her. The book’s portrayal of a young man’s hegemonic masculinity and how it was perceived by the surrounding environment is unusual for its time, as is the portrayal of silent violence present in Helena’s parental home. The novel generated a lot of attention at the time.\n\nGunnel Beckman has been awarded a range of literary prizes for her writing. She received, amongst other awards, a stipend from Litteraturfrämjandet in 1969 and 1973, the Nils Holgersson plaque in 1975, and Solna town’s cultural stipend in 1978. She enjoyed great public success and has had her work translated into English, German, Spanish, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Finnish, Icelandic, and Danish. Her output was significant for the development of youth literature.\n\nOn 12 December 1989 *Dagens Nyheter* posed the following question to some children’s book and youth literature authors: “Which lines from your books would you most want cited?” Gunnel Beckman responded with a quotation from her novel *Tillträde till festen*, where the lead character Annika defines the role of an author as follows: “It’s a writer’s ability to phrase things for you. Words are lovely. I thought about that a lot at the home this summer. About how many people just don’t have the words. They can’t express their feelings, as if they are stood behind a closed door, about to burst from all they want to express but lacking the words to do so… Providing words for people must be at least as important as patching their bodies…”. To Gunnel Beckman writing was about the power of the word.\n\nGunnel Beckman died in Solna in 2003.",
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      "subtitle": "Konstnär, illustratör, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, illustrator, author",
      "text": "Kaj Beckman var konstnär, illustratör och författare. Hon skrev och illustrerade egna\nbarnböcker och illustrerade också andras texter både för barn och vuxna.\n\nKaj Beckman föddes 1913 och växte upp i Enköping. Hennes pappa var bankdirektör och\nmamman var konstnär. Efter att hon gått ut Högre flickskolan i Gävle fortsatte hon att studera\nvid Högre konstindustriella skolan i Stockholm och därefter vid Konstakademien. Där mötte hon Per Beckman som hon gifte sig med 1939. Liksom maken konverterade Kaj Beckman\ntill katolicismen kring mitten av 1900-talet.\n\nI en artikel i *Signum* 2000, om bilden och blicken i katolsk tradition, nämner Astrid\nSöderbergh Widding boken *Mikrovärld*, 1998, med dikter av svenska författare i urval och\nmed illustrationer av Kaj Beckman. Hon karakteriserar Kaj Beckmans konst och\nexemplifierar också med barnboken *Måns och Mari om våren*, en av de böcker som Kaj\nBeckman kom att bli mest känd för och som, tillsammans med tre andra böcker om\nsyskonparet Måns och Mari, handlar om årstiderna. Hon skriver att Kaj Beckman ”avtäcker\noch låter betraktaren upptäcka det dolda livet, de hemligheter som döljer sig inuti den synliga\nmaterien. Hela hennes blick på världen som konstnär inbjuder för övrigt till förundran”.\n\nKaj Beckmans konst inspirerades av naturen, av resor till bland annat Grekland, Frankrike\noch Italien, och av konstnärer som Fra Angelico och Giotto di Bondone. Hennes\nnaturintresse spelade stor roll för hennes verksamhet som illustratör och konstnär.\nTillsammans med maken gjorde hon bland annat en låda med handdockor och ansiktsmasker\nkallad ”Det handlar om djur” för Riksutställningar, 1978. I handledningshäftet kunde man\nläsa om djuren i lådan, vilka gjorts av strumpor och garn, och få tips om lekar och rim och\nramsor. Tre år senare skapade makarna Beckman *Årstidsträdet*, likaså för Riksutställningar,\nett hopfällbart fyrsidigt träd med plats för kuddar där barn kunde sitta och läsa eller lyssna\npå inspelade fågelljud. Trädet gick runt på skolor och bibliotek. Kaj Beckman gjorde även\ntextila arbeten i applikation och pärlbroderi för kyrkor och etsningar med barn, blommor och\nsagomotiv. Som konstnär finns hon representerad på bland annat Nationalmuseum.\n\nKaj Beckman gjorde även illustrationer i collage och akvarell till en utgåva av H. C. Andersens\nsagor. Hon var en av illustratörerna i de fem första delarna av antologin *Min skattkammare*\nsom utkom i tio band 1947–1949. De femtio åren med Per Beckman, där mycket av deras\nkonst gjordes i varsin ateljé med dörren öppen emellan, inbegrep som nämnts också mycket\ngemensamt arbete. Redan 1942 gjorde de teckningar till *Lasse i Rosengård*, en volym med\nsagor av Hjalmar Bergman.\n\nFörutom böckerna om Måns och Mari är *Lisen kan inte sova*, 1969, kanske den barnbok\nsom mest förknippas med Kaj Beckman. Berättelsen är en så kallad upprepningssaga som\nbygger på att Lisen säger att hon måste ha ytterligare gosedjur hos sig i sängen för att kunna\nsova. Kaj Beckman gjorde också teckningarna till den bok som betecknats som den första\nsvenska barnboken om daghem, *Gertrud på daghem*, 1964, med text av Siv Widerberg.\nTillsammans med sin son, producenten Mikael Beckman, gjorde hon tre böcker där hon\nbidrog med dikter och han med foton. De gjorde också några TV-program tillsammans.\n\nKaj Beckman beskrivs i minnesord som "mild och blomsterälskande" samtidigt som hennes\nbilder och texter sägs vittna om ”väldiga kast mellan det dramatiska, det gäcksamma och en\nnästan skälvande känslighet och lyhördhet”.\n\nKaj Beckman avled i Drottningholm på Ekerö 2002.",
      "text_eng": "Kaj Beckman was an artist, illustrator and author. She wrote and illustrated children’s books as well as illustrating other author’s texts for both children and adults.\n\nKaj Beckman was born in 1913. She grew up in Enköping. Her father was a bank director and her mother was an artist. Having completed her schooling at the advanced school for girls in Gävle she continued her education at Högre konstindustriella skolan (today Konstfack) in Stockholm and subsequently at Konstakademien in the same city. She met Per Beckman there and they married in 1939. They both converted to the Catholic faith later on.\n\nIn an article in *Signum* in 2000, about imagery and the gaze within the Catholic tradition, Astrid Söderbergh Widding mentions the book *Mikrovärld*, 1998, a selection of poems by Swedish authors and illustrations by Kaj Beckman. Widding characterises Kaj Beckman’s art using examples from the children’s book *Måns och Mari om våren*, one of the books which Kaj Beckman became most known for. Like the other three books about the siblings Måns and Mari, it is about the seasons of the year. Widding writes that Kaj Beckman “reveals and allows the viewer to discover the hidden life, the secrets which lie within that which is seen. Her entire worldview as an artist invites a sense of awe”.\n\nKaj Beckman’s art was inspired by nature, by travels to locations such as Greece, France, and Italy, and by artists such as Fra Angelico and Giotto di Bondone. Her interest in nature was very important to her work as an illustrator and artist. One of her joint creations with her husband was a box with puppets and face masks called “Det handlar om djur” for Riksutställningar in 1978. The accompanying information sheet described the animals, made from socks and wool, contained in the box, and included ideas for games and rhymes. Three years later the couple created *Årstidsträdet* for Riksutställningar, a foldable four-sided tree with spaces for pillows, where children could sit and read or listen to pre-recorded birdsong. This tree toured around schools and libraries. Kaj Beckman also created textile appliqués and beadwork for churches and etchings with motifs including children, flowers and fairy-tale imagery. Examples of Kaj Beckman’s artwork can be found in the Nationalmuseum collections.\n\nKaj Beckman also created collage illustrations and watercolour drawings for an edition of H. C. Andersen’s fairy tales. She was one of the illustrators of the first five sections of the anthology *Min skattkammare*, which was released in ten volumes between 1947 and 1949. Kaj Beckman and her husband Per spent 50 years together, and much of their art was created in their individual studios connected by an open door. They also produced a lot of collaborative work. As early as 1942 they worked on drawings for *Lasse i Rosengård*, a book of fairy tales by Hjalmar Bergman.\n\nApart from the books about Måns and Mari it is perhaps the children’s book *Lisen kan inte sova*, 1969, which is most strongly associated with Kaj Beckman. The story is a so-called repetition story where Lisen keeps saying that she needs yet another cuddly toy in bed with her in order to fall asleep. Kaj Beckman also supplied the illustrations for a book from 1964 believed to be the first Swedish children’s book about a day nursery, namely *Gertrud på daghem*, writteb by Siv Widerberg. Kaj Beckman produced three books with her son, the producer Mikael Beckman, to which she contributed poems and he supplied accompanying photographs. They also made several TV programmes together.\n\nKaj Beckman is described in her obituary as “gentle and flower-loving” whilst her images and texts are said to testify to “great swings between the dramatic, the elusive, and an almost tremulous sensitivity and perceptivity”.\n\nKay Beckman died on Ekerö in 2002.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "KajBeckman",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Enköping|59.635691|17.077823",
        "Ekerö|59.279834|17.790225"
      ],
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Trolle Önnerfors"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "description": "Kommendör av Vasaorden",
          "type": "Orden",
          "type_eng": "Order"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
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      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Andén",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
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          "firstname": "Valborg",
          "lastname": "Lundgren",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Wikström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
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      "education": [
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            "place": "Eskilstuna"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
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          "description": "Studentexamen, privatist",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
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            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
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          "type": "Högskola"
        }
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Sigrid Beckman",
          "description_eng": "By Sigrid Beckman",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Beckman%2c+Sigrid)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Jurister"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Lawyers"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-04-19T09:58:54",
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1899-06-18",
            "date": "1899-06-18"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Norra Råda församling",
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            "place": "Norra Råda"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1989-07-13",
            "date": "1989-07-13"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscars församling",
            "pin": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Sigrid/ Katarina",
        "lastname": "Beckman",
        "sortname": "Beckman"
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      "num_children": 3,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Kontorist",
          "detail": "Kontorsbiträde, Socialstyrelsen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "description": "Kanslist",
          "detail": "Kanslist, Överståthållarämbetet",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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          "description": "Tingsnotarie",
          "detail": "Extra ordinarie notarie, Stockholms rådhusrätt",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "date": "1925"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Tingsnotarie",
          "detail": "Tingsnotarie, Västmanlands västra domsaga",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.512096,
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            "place": "Köping"
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            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Biträdande jurist, Eva Andéns Advokatbyrå",
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        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Advokat, egen byrå",
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            "comment": "1930",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
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        {
          "description": "Ledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "name": "Sveriges advokatsamfund",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
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        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
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            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "name": "Yrkeskvinnors Klubb (YK)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Karlsson",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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            "place": "Norra Råda"
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            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1989",
            "date": "1989"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Sigrid Beckman i Sveriges advokatsamfund 1937: porträttgalleri, H. Brusewtitz AB, Göteborg, 1937. Fotograf okänd",
          "description_eng": "Sigrid Beckman in Sveriges advokatsamfund 1937: porträttgalleri, H. Brusewtitz AB, Göteborg, 1937. Photographer unknown",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Beckman_Sigrid.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-01-18",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1865-07-02",
            "date": "1865-07-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1937-02-19",
            "date": "1937-02-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Lovisa Katarina",
          "lastname": "Karlsson, född Söderström",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-06-01",
            "date": "1863-06-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1941-08-16",
            "date": "1941-08-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders Lorenz",
          "lastname": "Karlsson",
          "occupation": "Fabrikör, fabriksidkare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891-12-05",
            "date": "1891-12-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-01-16",
            "date": "1980-01-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Greta Katarina",
          "lastname": "Karlsson, gift Forsberg",
          "occupation": "Ämneslärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1902-10-30",
            "date": "1902-10-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-01-22",
            "date": "1972-01-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Arvid Teodor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "occupation": "Jurist, justitieråd",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1929-04-12",
            "date": "1929-04-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-02-24",
            "date": "1979-02-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Anders Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "occupation": "Jurist, hovrättsråd",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1934-08-24",
            "date": "1934-08-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Vera Rut Karin",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1936-12-29",
            "date": "1936-12-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Knut Anders Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Beckman",
          "occupation": "Jurist, justitieråd",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Isaksson, Britt-Sofi (red.), *Svensk juristmatrikel*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1964",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Prom, Jarl & Uggla, Erik T:son (red.), *Svensk juristmatrikel 1950*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1950",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges advokatsamfund 1937: porträttgalleri*, H. Brusewitz ab, Göteborg, 1937",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundgren, Valborg, 'Våra första kvinnliga advokater', *Från advokatens verkstad*, S. 65-78, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Det  nya  gardet', *Svenska  Dagbladet*, 1934-04-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'En serafimerriddare och elva storkors', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1965-06-05",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige: biografisk uppslagsbok [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Sigrid Beckman – beundrad rådgivare i familjerättsfrågor', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1989-07-21",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering lawyer",
      "text": "Sigrid Beckman var jurist och en av de första kvinnliga advokaterna i Sverige.\n\nSigrid Beckman föddes i Råda, Värmland år 1899. Hennes föräldrar var Anders Lorenz Karlsson, fabrikör och Lovisa Katarina Karlsson, född Söderström. I familjen fanns också den åtta år yngre systern Greta Katarina, senare gift Forsberg. Sigrid Beckman kom att tillbringa större delen av sin uppväxt i moderns hemstad Eskilstuna. Där gick hon i flickskola och fortsatte sedan sina studier i Stockholm. Parallellt med arbetet som kontorsbiträde på Socialstyrelsen avlade Sigrid Beckman studentexamen som privatist och påbörjade därefter studier i juridik på Stockholms högskola. År 1924 avlade hon sin juris kandidatexamen.\n\nEfter examen gjorde Sigrid Beckman sin tingstjänstgöring i Köping under åren 1925–1926 och återvände därefter till Stockholm och en tjänst som notarie på Eva Andéns Advokatbyrå. [](Eva Andén) var den tredje kvinnan som hade avlagt en juristexamen i Sverige och den första kvinnan som blev ledamot av Sveriges advokatsamfund, hon var i ordets rätta bemärkelse en pionjär. Det var många nyblivna kvinnliga jurister i Stockholmstrakten som fick sin första tjänst hos Eva Andén för att sedan gå vidare och öppna egna juridiska verksamheter. Så var fallet även med Sigrid Beckman. Efter fyra år hos Eva Andén öppnade hon 1930 en advokatbyrå i Stockholm och samma år blev hon den nionde kvinnliga ledamoten av Sveriges advokatsamfund. Sigrid Beckman innehade sin advokatbyrå fram till sin pensionering 1978 och hon blev, precis som Eva Andén hade varit för henne, en förebild för yngre kvinnliga jurister och advokater.\n\nLiksom många andra av de kvinnliga advokaterna under första hälften av 1900-talet specialiserade sig Sigrid Beckman på familjerätt. I en intervju i *Svenska Dagbladet* 1934 fick hon frågan om det inte frestade på att arbeta med exempelvis uppslitande skilsmässomål och liknade. Sigrid Beckman svarade att det visserligen kunde vara tungt ibland, men att hon hanterade det genom att försöka ha ”ett varmt mänskligt intresse, nerver av stål och ett hjärta av sten, inte hårt men starkt för att hålla”.\n\nHennes omfattande praktiska verksamhet och erfarenheter på familjerättens område medförde att hon ofta anlitades som sakkunnig och familjerättslig expert i utredningar kring nya lagförslag. Som exempel kan nämnas utredningen av en reformering av giftermålsbalken 1949–1951, och hon var även ledamot av familjerättskommittén 1957–1964. Sigrid Beckman författade flera böcker och lagkommentarer om arvs- och testamentsrätt som var hennes expertområde, men också om ämnen som äktenskap och boutredningar. Hon höll även föredrag i radion och skrev återkommande artiklar om juridiska frågor i dagspressen, inte minst om frågor om äktenskap och skilsmässor.\n\nSigrid Beckman avled 1989, 90 år gammal. Hon är begravd i en familjegrav med bland annat maken och en av sönerna på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Sigrid Beckman was a legal practitioner who was one of Sweden’s first female lawyers.\n\nSigrid Beckman was born in Råda, Värmland in 1899. Her parents were Anders Lorenz Karlsson, a manufacturer, and Lovisa Katarina Karlsson née Söderström. The family also included Sigrid Beckman’s sister Greta Katarina, later married as Forsberg, who was eight years her junior. Sigrid Beckman spent most of her childhood in her mother’s hometown of Eskilstuna, where she attended girls’ school. She subsequently continued her education in Stockholm. Whilst working as an office assistant at Socialstyrelsen (board of health and welfare) Sigrid Beckman gained her school-leaving certificate as a private student and then began to study law at Stockholm college. In 1924 she gained her Bachelor of Laws degree.\n\nAfter gaining her degree Sigrid Beckman spent 1925–1926 performing her civil service in the Köping courts. She then returned to Stockholm where she took up a post as notary at [](Eva Andén)’s Advokatbyrå (solicitor's office). Eva Andén was the third woman in Sweden to have gained her Bachelor of Laws and the first woman to join the Swedish Bar Association. She was the genuine epitome of a pioneer. Many of the newly-qualified female legal practitioners in the Stockholm area gained their first employment in her company and then went on to open their own legal enterprises. This was also the case with Sigrid Beckman. After a four-year stint working for Eva Andén Sigrid Beckman opened her own lawyer’s office in Stockholm in 1930. That same year she became the ninth female member of the Swedish Bar Association. Sigrid Beckman ran her lawyer’s office until her retirement in 1978 and, just like Eva Andén before her, she proved to be a role model for younger female legal practitioners and lawyers.\n\nLike many of the other female lawyers of the first half of the twentieth century Sigrid Beckman specialised in family law. During an interview she gave to the *Svenska Dagbladet* newspaper in 1934 she was asked whether it wasn’t wearing to work with exhausting divorce cases and the like. Sigrid Beckman responded that sometimes the work could indeed be heavy but that she dealt with it by seeking to retain “a warm human attitude, nerves of steel, and a heart of stone, albeit not for its hardness but for its durability”.\n\nSigrid Beckman’s comprehensive practical involvement in and experience of family law meant that she was often appointed as an expert in family law in inquiries commissioned to prepare new legislation. For example, she was involved in the 1949–1951 inquiry into the reform of the marriage code and she was also a member of the family law committee of 1957–1964. Sigrid Beckman also wrote several books and legal commentaries on inheritance and wills, namely her fields of expertise, as well as on subjects including marriage and  probate investigations. She also gave talks presented on the radio and frequently wrote articles on legal matters which were printed in the daily press, particularly issues involving marriages and divorces.\n\nSigrid Beckman died in 1989, aged 90. She is buried in the family grave which also holds her husband and one of her sons. It is located at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
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        {
          "description": "Hammergren, Lena, *Ballerinor och barfotadansöser: svensk och internationell danskultur runt 1900*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gripenberg, Maggie Margarita Maria, *Trollbunden av rytmen: memoarer med 17 text- och 84 djuptrycksbilder*, Otava, Helsingfors, 1952",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Dansare, danspedagog, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Dancer, dance instructor, school founder",
      "text": "Anna Behle var en betydelsefull svensk danspionjär,  grundare av en skola som kom att påverka den fria, moderna dansens utveckling. \n\nAnna Behle föddes utom äktenskapet och adopterades av familjen Granbäck. Under en senare studieperiod i Paris bytte hon namn till Behle. Hon studerade tidigt musik och sång, bland annat i Uppsala, och tog organistexamen i Stockholm 1896. Studierna i musik fortsatte och 1898 antogs hon till  Kungl. Musikkonservatoriets klasser i piano och solosång, där hon studerade i fem terminer. Hon gavs också möjlighet till studier i Paris, för sångpedagogerna Eugène Crosti och Emile Wartel.\n\nI maj 1906 såg Anna Behle den amerikanska dansösen Isadora Duncans gästspel på Östermalmsteatern i Stockholm. Behle har i sina opublicerade memoarer ”Att dansa Behle” beskrivit hur det förändrade hennes liv och yrkeskarriär och fick henne att vilja bli dansare. Tillsammans med väninnan Louise Wikström (1857–1943), som var utbildad gymnastikdirektör vid Gymnastiska centralinstitutet, reste hon samma sommar till Berlin för att ta lektioner vid Isadora Duncans skola. Paret reste sedan vidare till Genève och fortsatte studierna hos tonsättaren och musikpedagogen Émile Jacques-Dalcroze (1865–1950), som är känd för att ha utvecklat den så kallade rytmiska gymnastiken. Hans metod för att lära sig musik genom rörelse har fortsatt att utvecklas och förekommer bland annat vid Kungl. Musikhögskolan. Anna Behle återkom till Jacques-Dalcrozes skola 1910–1911 och erhöll ett lärardiplom.\n\nHösten 1907 öppnade Anna Behle och Louise Wikström Anna Behles Plastikinstitut, förlagt till en lägenhet på Brahegatan i Stockholm. Där undervisades det i Duncaninspirerad dans, gymnastik och Dalcrozebaserade övningar för barn och vuxna. Kurserna beskrevs som en del av en ny kroppslig fostran för den moderna människan, snarare än som en utbildning för blivande professionella dansare. Trots det kom flera studenter att längre fram skapa sig professionella danskarriärer. Systrarna Falk, [Gabo](Gabo Falk) (1899–1975) och [Jeanna](Jeanna Falk) (1901–1980), blev båda betydelsefulla för framväxten av en modern danspedagogik. En annan av Anna Behles elever var finska Maggie Gripenberg (1881–1976) som studerade hos Anna Behle 1909 och som bidrog till den fria dansens utveckling i Finland. \n\nVid sidan av det egna institutet arbetade Anna Behle också i olika perioder som plastiklärare vid Kungl. Teaterns operaskola och som lärare i rytmisk gymnastik och solfège (ett speciellt övningssätt inom sångundervisning) vid Musikkonservatoriet. Hon tilldelades den kungliga medaljen Litteris et Artibus 1933. Under åren 1935 till 1951 arbetade hon som sångpedagog i Malmö. \n\nAnna Behle dog 1966.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Behle was a Swedish pioneer in the world of dance and the founder of a school which came to influence the development of modern free dance.\n\nAnna Behle was born in Stockholm in 1876. Her parents never married and Anna Behle and her older brother August were adopted by a crofter family named Granbäck. Despite coming from a simple background, Anna Behle received a proper education. At an early age she began studying music and singing in Uppsala and in 1896 she graduated in organ performance in Stockholm. She continued her musical studies and in 1898 she enrolled in Musikkonservatoriet’s piano and solo singing classes. She studied there for five terms. Anna Behle also benefited from the opportunity to study in Paris with the singing instructors Eugène Crosti and Emile Wartel. It was during her time in Paris that Anna changed her surname from Granbäck to Behle.\n\nIn May 1906 Anna Behle saw the American dancer Isadora Duncan perform on a visiting tour at the Östermalm theatre in Stockholm. Anna Behle describes in her unpublished memoir “Att dansa Behle” how this experience changed her life and choice of profession, and made her determined to become a dancer. With her friend Louise Wikström (1857-1943), who was a certified gymnastics instructor at Gymnastiska Centralinstitutet, she travelled to Berlin that summer to take lessons at Isadora Duncan’s school. The two friends then travelled on to Geneva and continued their studies with composer and music teacher Émile Jacques-Dalcroze (1865-1950), famous for having developed the so-called rhythmic gymnastics. His method of learning music through movement has been developed further and is, for example, taught at Kungl. Musikhögskolan (the Royal College of Music). Anna Behle returned to Jacques-Dalcroze’s school from 1910 to 1911 and received a teaching certificate.\n\nIn the autumn of 1907 Anna Behle and Louise Wikström opened Anna Behle’s Plastikinstitut (Anna Behle’s Institute for Theatrical Movement) in an apartment on Brahegatan in Stockholm. They taught Duncan-inspired dance, gymnastics and Dalcroze-based exercises to children and adults. The courses were described as part of a new body-centred education for the modern human, rather than training for budding professional dancers. Despite this, several of the students would go on to become professional dancers. The Falk sisters, [Gabo](Gabo Falk) (1899–1975) and [Jeanna](Jeanna Falk) (1901–1980), both came to have a significant impact on the development of modern dance instruction. Another of Anna Behle’s students was the Finn Maggie Gripenberg (1881-1976), who studied with Anna Behle in 1909 and contributed to the development of the free dance movement in Finland.\n\nFurther to working at her own institute, Anna Behle also worked as a movement instructor at the opera school of Kungl. Teatern (the Royal Theatre) and as an instructor in rhythmic gymnastics and solfège, a particular training method in singing, at Musikkonservatoriet. In 1933 she was awarded the royal medal Litteris et Artibus. In the years from 1935 to 1951 she worked as a singing instructor in Malmö. Anna Behle died in 1966.",
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        {
          "description": "Hatje, Ann-Katrin, *Från treklang till triangeldrama: barnträdgården som ett kvinnligt samhällsprojekt under 1880-1940-talen*, Historiska media, Lund, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Tallberg Broman, Ingegerd, *När arbetet var lönen: en kvinnohistorisk studie av barnträdgårdsledarinnan som folkuppfostrare*, Almqvist & Wiksell International, Diss. Lund : Univ., Stockholm, 1991",
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        {
          "description": "Om Disa Beijer",
          "description_eng": "About Disa Beijer",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(disa+beijer)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärarnas historia. Förskolan (Hämtad 2017-08-24)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://lararnashistoria.se/forskolan/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sveriges Förskollärares Riksförening, SFR. TAM-Arkiv (Tjänstemäns och Akademikers Arkiv) (Hämtad 2017-08-24)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://klara-tam.knowit.se/klara/public/archive/ArchiveView.jsp?ArchiveOrigID=473&ArchiveID=429"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Förskolan",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Socialt arbete",
        "Kristendom"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Preschool",
        "Pioneers",
        "Social work",
        "Christianity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-08T11:23:15",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 84,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1876-09-14",
            "date": "1876-09-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Jakobs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1961-04-19",
            "date": "1961-04-19"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Matteus församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Emma /Disa/ Esaida",
        "lastname": "Beijer",
        "sortname": "Beijer"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Socialt och filantropiskt arbete",
          "detail": "Socialt arbete, stugrörelsen",
          "detail_eng": "Social work, stugrörelsen (poor relief)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897, 1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, hemarbete, skrivhjälp och söndagsskollärare",
          "detail_eng": "Teacher, home-visitor, writing-instructor and Sunday School teacher",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.368879",
              "lon": "18.008433"
            },
            "place": "Solna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1903",
            "date": "1903"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Barnträdgårdsledare",
          "detail": "Barnträdgårdsledare, medgrundare, folkbarnträdgård inom Birkagården",
          "detail_eng": "Kindergarten leader, co-founder, public kindergarten in Birkagården",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medgrundare, medlem, styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Fröbelförbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
          },
          "name": "Vännernas samfund",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Moster Disa",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1876",
            "date": "1876"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1896",
            "date": "1896"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.519654,
              "lon": 6.632273
            },
            "place": "Lausanne, Schweiz"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.587745",
              "lon": "16.192421"
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Disa Beijer. Fotograf och år okänt (Kungliga biblioteket, Disa Beijers samling)",
          "description_eng": "Disa Beijer. Photographer and year unknown (National Library of Sweden, Disa Beijers samling)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Beijer_Disa.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1848-08-08",
            "date": "1848-08-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1909-04-17",
            "date": "1909-04-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1836-07-22",
            "date": "1836-07-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-08-24",
            "date": "1902-08-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Frans",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Bokförläggare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1873-05-09",
            "date": "1873-05-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-12-17",
            "date": "1962-12-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Emma Maria",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Förlagsanställd",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1875-06-26",
            "date": "1875-06-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948-12-18",
            "date": "1948-12-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Disa Frida Maria",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Skolhemsföreståndare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1877-08-17",
            "date": "1877-08-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1926-03-05",
            "date": "1926-03-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Frances Ingeborg Agneta",
          "lastname": "Beijer, gift Munck af Rosenschöld",
          "occupation": "Fil.kand.",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-03-27",
            "date": "1880-03-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1880-04-04",
            "date": "1880-04-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Gottfrid",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-04-28",
            "date": "1881-04-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1894-11-15",
            "date": "1894-11-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Frans Gottfrid Jakob Kristoffer",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-09-01",
            "date": "1882-09-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1976-04-11",
            "date": "1976-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Emma Märta Götilda",
          "lastname": "Beijer, gift Edling",
          "occupation": "Lärare",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-08-07",
            "date": "1883-08-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1968-07-04",
            "date": "1968-07-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Elsa Helena Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Föreståndare, Stockholms Barnavårdsbyrå",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-02-07",
            "date": "1885-02-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1957-10-11",
            "date": "1957-10-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Elof Agne Esaias",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888-12-23",
            "date": "1888-12-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1975-03-16",
            "date": "1975-03-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Agne Gottfrid Kristoffer",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "occupation": "Professor, teaterhistoria",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890-03-18",
            "date": "1890-03-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1891-02-02",
            "date": "1891-02-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Gottfrid Ulrik",
          "lastname": "Beijer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Halldén, Gunilla, *Ett hem av solsken: Disa Beijer och barnträdgården som arena för socialt arbete*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kungliga biblioteket, Handskrifter. Disa Beijers samling (Hämtad 2017-08-22)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://arken.kb.se/se-s-hs-l317"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Förskolepionjär, barnträdgårdsledare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pre-school pioneer, kindergarten leader",
      "text": "Disa Beijer var en av förskolepionjärerna i Sverige. Hon startade en barnträdgård för de fattiga barnen i Birkastaden i Stockholm 1913 och blev känd bland alla i stadsdelen som Moster Disa. \n\nDisa Beijer kom från en välbärgad familj. Hennes mor var barnbarn till författaren Esaias Tegnér och hennes far var bokförläggare. Elva barn föddes i familjen, sex flickor och fem pojkar. Barnen undervisades i hemmet och en av lärarna var Alice Sandström, som sedermera gifte sig med Jacob Tegnér, Disas morbror. Disa Beijer och hennes systrar sändes till Schweiz för att lära sig franska. Fadern spekulerade emellertid i aktier och gjorde en miljonkonkurs, vilket innebar att de ekonomiska förhållandena ändrades radikalt. Familjen räddades ekonomiskt av släktingar och vänner, men kraven på att hitta en försörjning blev akuta för Disa Beijer då både fadern och modern dog i början av 1900-talet. Hon hade tidigt arbetat med sociala frågor i arbetsstugor, men då på frivillig basis. När hon beslutade sig för att söka till Fröbelinstitutet i Norrköping var hon 36 år, jämnårig med lärarna [](Ellen Moberg) och [](Maria Moberg). Detta var ett stort steg och livsavgörande för henne. Ett yrkesfält öppnade sig som hon var trogen fram till sin pensionering. \n\nDisa Beijer deltog i uppbyggnaden av en kårorganisation och satt i styrelsen för Svenska Fröbelförbundet. Hon var nära vän med förgrundsgestalterna inom förskolerörelsen som nämnda Ellen och Maria Moberg samt [](Anna Warburg). Hennes barnträdgård var en del av Birkagården, en hemgård som [](Ebba Pauli) och Natanael Beskow startat 1912. Hemgården var inspirerad av settlementstanken om att skapa relationer mellan studenter och arbetare. Disa Beijers barnträdgård ingick på det sättet i ett större sammanhang av studiecirklar, teatergrupper, kurser i språk och litteratur samt föreläsningsverksamhet. Hon deltog aktivt i denna verksamhet och det befruktade hennes arbete med barnen. Hon stod nära barnkulturens tidiga företrädare som [](Elsa Beskow) och [](Alice Tegnér), liksom [](Emilia Fogelklou), som också arbetade som lärare på Birkagården. \n\nDisa Beijer bars genom livet av en övertygelse om att arbetet med barnen var något som hon fått som en mening i livet från en högre makt. Hon var djupt religiös och kom att ansluta sig till kväkarna. Hon var inte någon aktivist och kan inte räknas till emancipationsföreträdarna, men hon verkade i ett sammanhang där en frihetlig socialism och en önskan att överbrygga motsättningar mellan samhällsklasser var rådande. Hon realiserade idén om en barnträdgård för de fattiga barnen, där närheten till barnens föräldrar var viktig och där kontakten inte bröts efter det att barnen lämnat barnträdgården och börjat skolan. Hon skapade klubbar för barnen och hon hade samkväm med mammorna varje vecka. De relationer som byggts värnade hon. Hon åkte på koloni med barnen på sommaren och upprätthöll kontakter. \n\nDisa Beijers barnträdgård och hennes relationer till betydelsefulla kulturpersoner som Natanael och Elsa Beskow, Ebba Pauli, [](Gerda Meyerson), Alice Tegnér och Emilia Fogelklou var viktiga för barnträdgårdsrörelsen. Ellen och Maria Moberg liksom Anna Warburg satte stort värde på Disa Beijer som en allierad i uppbyggnadsarbetet av Fröbelförbundet. I brev till Disa Beijer förekommer ofta önskemål om att hon ska ta kontakter och lösa konflikter. Hennes barnträdgård gästades ofta av besökare på Birkagården och flera av dem som sedan var viktiga i den fortsatta uppbyggnaden av verksamheten hade varit praktikanter hos henne. Det gäller till exempel en av Anna Warburgs döttrar, Eva Warburg, och [](Britta Schill), sedermera [](Alva Myrdal)s efterträdare på Socialpedagogiska institutet.  \n\nDisa Beijer avled 1961 och hennes grav finns på Botkyrka kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Disa Beijer was a pioneer of Swedish pre-schools. In 1913 she established a kindergarten for poor children in Birkastaden in Stockholm. She was known by everyone in that part of the city as Moster Disa (Auntie Disa).\n\nDisa Beijer came from a well-to-do background. Her mother was the granddaughter of the author Esaias Tegnér and her father was a book publisher. She came from a family of eleven children, six girls and five boys. The children were homeschooled. One of their tutors was Alice Sandström, who later married Disa’s maternal uncle Jacob Tegnér. Disa Beijer and all of her sisters were sent to Switzerland to learn French. When her father made risky investments on the stock market and lost millions this led to a drastic change in the family finances. Relatives and friends stepped in and provided financial support, but once both of her parents had died in the early 1900s Disa Beijer urgently needed to find an income. She had previously volunteered as a kind of social worker in “arbetsstugor” (practical schools for poor children). When she approached the Fröbel institute in Norrköping at the age of 36, she was the same age as her future teachers [](Ellen Moberg) and [](Maria Moberg). This was a significant step for her which opened up a new career path and changed her life. She remained faithful to this career path until she retired.\n\nDisa Beijer helped to set up the organisation Svenska Fröbelförbundet and sat on its board. She was close friends with the leading figures of the pre-school movement, namely the aforementioned Ellen and Maria Moberg and [](Anna Warburg). The kindergarten she founded was a part of Birkagården, a “hemgård” (settlement house) which [](Ebba Pauli) and Natanael Beskow had set up in 1912. The “hemgård” was inspired by the settlement movement’s attempts to forge a relationship between students and workers. Disa Beijer’s kindergarten thus became part of a larger context of study groups, theatre groups, language and literature courses as well as lecturing activities. Her engagement in these activities enriched her work with children. She and [](Emilia Fogelklou), one of the other teachers at Birkagården, had close connections with the early representatives of child culture, such as [](Elsa Beskow) and [](Alice Tegnér). \n\nThroughout her life Disa Beijer remained convinced that working with children was the divinely-inspired purpose of her life. She was deeply religious and became affiliated with the Quakers. She was not an activist and cannot be described as a role model of the emancipation movement, but she moved within a sphere ruled by “frihetlig socialism” (a form of libertarian socialism) and a desire to bridge the gaps between the social classes. Her kindergarten was the realisation of her idea of a place for poor children which emphasized proximity to the children’s parents so that the connection between them was not severed once the children left kindergarten and started school. She set up children’s clubs and held weekly meetings with mothers, and she nurtured the resulting relationships. She joined the children at their summer camps and kept in touch with them.\n\nDisa Beijer’s kindergarten and her relationships with significant cultural personalities, such as Natanael and Elsa Beskow, Ebba Pauli, [](Gerda Meyerson), Alice Tegnér and Emilia Fogelklou, were vital to the kindergarten movement. Disa Beijer was highly prized by Ellen and Maria Moberg, as well as Anna Warburg, as an ally in the groundwork of establishing the Fröbelförbund. Disa Beijer often received letters requesting her help in resolving conflicts. She also often received guests at her kindergarten at Birkagården. Several of those who later became important in the educational movement had earlier been interns with her, such as Anna Warburg’s daughters Eva Warburg and [](Britta Schill), who succeeded [](Alva Myrdal) at Socialpedagogiska institutet.\n\nDisa Beijer died in 1961. Her grave lies at Botkyrka churchyard.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Greta",
          "lastname": "Bohlin",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Pia",
          "lastname": "Hård af Segerstad",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "de Lavall",
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      "education": [
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          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "institution": "Uppsala högre allmänna läroverk",
          "place": {
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
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          "type": "Läroverk"
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            "comment": "1929",
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          "description": "Av Synnöve Bellander",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-04-21T11:27:45",
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 83,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1896-12-07",
            "date": "1896-12-07"
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            "date": "1980-09-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Engelbrekts församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Synnöve/ Augusta",
        "lastname": "Bellander",
        "sortname": "Bellander"
      },
      "num_children": 3,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Medarbetare i *Svenska Dagbladet*",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "name": "Sveriges Husmodersföreningars Riksförbund (SHR, nuvarande Riksförbundet Hem och Samhälle)",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stockholmskretsen av förbundet",
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Svenska Kvinnors Nationalförbund",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Carlbom",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Portia",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bell",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Fru Tony",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Brass",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 63.1537006,
              "lon": 15.9765062
            },
            "place": "Ragunda"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Synnöve Bellander",
          "description_eng": "Synnöve Bellander",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-01-19_153515.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-05-22",
            "date": "1869-05-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1933-02-10",
            "date": "1933-02-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Agnes Berglioth",
          "lastname": "Smith",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864–08-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-02-09",
            "date": "1950-02-09"
          },
          "firstname": "August Edvard",
          "lastname": "Carlbom",
          "occupation": "Kyrkoherde",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898-09-17",
            "date": "1898-09-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-11-10",
            "date": "1983-11-10"
          },
          "firstname": "John Eyvind Cappelen",
          "lastname": "Carlbom",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1905-07-04",
            "date": "1905-07-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1975-08-17",
            "date": "1975-08-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar August Cappelen",
          "lastname": "Carlbom",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891-05-26",
            "date": "1891-05-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982-01-04",
            "date": "1982-01-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Sixten",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "lastname": "Bellander",
          "occupation": "Jägmästare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-04-05",
            "date": "1920-04-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Simone",
          "lastname": "Bellander, gift Löfvenberg",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-08-31",
            "date": "1921-08-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-01-05",
            "date": "2001-01-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Sten Didrik",
          "lastname": "Bellander",
          "occupation": "Fotograf",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Bellander",
          "occupation": "Banktjänsteman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Synnöve Bellanders arkiv. Riksarkiv (Hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/nad?Sokord=synn%C3%B6ve+bellander&EndastDigitaliserat=false&BegransaPaTitelEllerNamn=false&lk=Ladda+kategorier&AvanceradSok=False&typAvLista=Standard&page=1&postid=Arkis+37CB8BB5-098C-11D6-81B1-00D0B73E008B&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Linder, Nina, 'Journalisten Synnöve Bellander: arbete och privatliv - i brev och klipp', *Presshistorisk årsbok.*, 2007(24), s. 179-188, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Journalist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Journalist",
      "text": "Synnöve Bellander var verksam som journalist på *Svenska Dagbladet* under åren 1930 till 1959. Hennes främsta insats var hennes förmåga att belysa allmänmänskliga problem, och särskilt kvinnors, i en tid då svenskar inte var lika öppna med sina personliga problem som idag.\n\nSynnöve Bellander växte upp i ett prästhem i Ragunda i Jämtland. Hon fick möjlighet att utbilda sig och tog först studentexamen vid Uppsala högre allmänna läroverk, 1915, och därefter en fil.kand. på Stockholms högskola, 1929. År 1919 gifte hon sig med jägmästare Sixten Bellander och tillsammans fick de tre barn, Simone, Sten Didrik och Bengt Göran. Hon hade alltså lång erfarenhet av att vara hustru och mor innan hon satsade på ett liv som yrkesarbetande kvinna. Det blev också så att kvinnofrågor och kampen för kvinnors särskilda intressen och problem blev hennes specialområden då hon började arbeta som journalist på Idagsidan i *Svenska Dagbladet*. Så småningom blev hon redaktör för debattsidan. Hennes pseudonym var Portia eller Bell och hon blev känd som en anonym hjälperska i nöden med frågespalten ”Vår nästas bekymmer” och ”Vår världs bekymmer” som gick i *Svenska Dagbladet* under 1940-talet.\n\nSynnöve Bellanders uppväxtmiljö bidrog till att hon tidigt fick lära sig omtanke om sina medmänniskor. Detta kom att dominera hennes journalistiska gärning. Hon engagerade sig i så kallade kvinnofrågor och hon kom att tillsammans med andra kvinnliga journalister som [](Greta Bolin) (Corinna) och [Pia Hård af Segerstad](Pia Hård) representera den nya kvinnliga journalisten under första delen av 1900-talet. Synnöve Bellander fick också stor uppskattning i form av läsarbrev och tackkort för att hon satte ord på vad många tänkte och tyckte.\n\nSynnöve Bellander låg även bakom serien ”Udda kvinna”, också på Idagsidan, 1958. Huvudtemat var de ogifta och ensamstående kvinnornas situation i Sverige. Här gjorde sig Portia känd genom sina kloka och deltagande råd samt skriftliga omsorger. Kollegan Märta de Lavall sa i sitt porträtt av Synnöve Bellander i radio 1970 att hon utövade sitt yrke med ”en sällsynt sanningslidelse, mycket kunskap och förödande blygsamhet”.\n\nSynnöve Bellander var också en flitig brevskriverska och har efterlämnat både en privat och en professionell brevsamling. En annan stor insats som hon gjorde var att samla tidningsklipp från dagstidningar som rörde olika ämnen som kvinnofrågor, kvinnoorganisationer och kända män och kvinnor. Resultatet av detta arbete, som hon utförde efter sin pensionering 1959, är en omfattande tidningsklippsamling. År 1966 fick Synnöve Bellander i uppdrag att ”klippa för att fånga in pressens spegling av pressen”. Dessa klipp handlade för det mesta om litteraturkritik och skickades till Lunds universitet och Avdelningen för pressforskning som då förestods av professor Per Rydén.\n\n*Svenska Dagbladets* Idagsida, som enligt ursprungsmodellen skulle behandla frågor om relationer, vardagsliv samt ”den lilla världen”, hemmet, mat och mode, förnyades genom Synnöve Bellander, som kom att utveckla sidan genom att behandla mer komplexa samhällsfrågor. Hon var en kvinnlig journalist som vågade ställa svåra och obekväma frågor om kvinnors liv, sjukdom, missbruk och otrohet. Detta var ämnen som i hennes samtid var tabubelagda och svåra att lyfta fram men som läsarna genom Synnöve Bellander fick chans att debattera.\n\nSynnöve Bellander dog i Stockholm 1980.",
      "text_eng": "Synnöve Bellander was a journalist for *Svenska Dagbladet* from 1930 to 1959. Her greatest contribution was her ability to highlight general human problems – and particularly those of women – at a time when Swedes were not as open about their personal problems as today.\n\nSynnöve Bellander grew up in a clergyman’s home in Ragunda, Jämtland. She was allowed to attend school and gained her school-leaving certificate in Uppsala in 1915 and a Bachelor’s degree at Stockholm College (later University) in 1929. She married the forester Sixten Bellander, in 1919. Together they had three children: Simone, Sten Didrik, and Bengt Göran. She spent many years as a fulltime wife and mother before she embarked on a new path as a career woman. When she began to work as a journalist for the “Idag” (today) page in *Svenska Dagbladet* she chose to focus on women’s issues, in particular the struggle for women’s interests and problems. Eventually she became a leading editor of op-ed pieces. She wrote under the pseudonyms Portia and Bell and became known as an anonymous helper in need through the advice columns “Vår nästas bekymmer” and “Vår världs bekymmer”, which *Svenska Dagbladet* ran during the 1940s.\n\nSynnöve Bellander’s consideration for her fellow human beings stemmed from her childhood environment. This concern for others dominated her journalistic activities. She was very active in the so-called women’s issues and came to represent the new female journalists of the first half of the twentieth century, along with [](Greta Bolin) (Corinna) and [Pia Hård af Segerstad](Pia Hård). Synnöve Bellander was also very well liked by her readers and received letters and thank you cards in recognition of her ability to express publicly what many thought and felt.\n\nSynnöve Bellander was also involved in the “Udda kvinna” series, which also ran on the “Idag” page in 1958. The main topic was the situation of unmarried and single women in Sweden. As Portia Synnöve Bellander became well known for her clever and empathetic advice as well as her written solicitude. When her colleague Märta de Lavall described Synnöve Bellander in a radio programme in 1970, she said that Synnöve Bellander pursued her profession with “a rare yearning for the truth, a lot of knowledge, and a terrible shyness”.\n\nSynnöve Bellander was also a productive letter writer and has left behind a sizable corpus of both private and professional correspondence. Another of her societal contributions was collecting newspaper clippings from daily papers on various subjects such as women’s issues, women’s organisations, and famous women and men. Her efforts, undertaken after she had retired in 1959, resulted in a comprehensive newspaper clipping collection. It was recognised to the extent that in 1966 Synnöve Bellander was tasked with “clipping in order to capture how the press mirrored itself”. These clippings, mainly concerning literary reviews, were sent to Lund University’s Department of press research, which was headed by Per Rydén.\n\n*Svenska Dagbladet*’s “Idag” page, which was originally intended as a space for questions on relationship issues, everyday life and “the small world” of the home as well as food and fashion, became revitalised by Synnöve Bellander. She developed the page by tackling more complex social issues. She was a female journalist who dared to ask difficult and uncomfortable questions about women’s lives, illnesses, addictions, and unfaithfulness. These were subjects which were taboo in her era and thus were difficult to place under the spotlight. Synnöve Bellander, however, gave the readers the opportunity to discuss them.\n\nSynnöve Bellander died in Stockholm in 1980.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "SynnoveBellander",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Ragunda|63.1537006|15.9765062",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "12282438"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Charlott",
          "lastname": "Wikström"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Ester",
          "lastname": "Lönnegren",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "institution": "Hammarstedtska flickpensionen, privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Elina Benckert",
          "description_eng": "About Elina Benckert",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/bib/22693864"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Elina Benckert’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-09-17)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Benckert"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Elina Benckert’ [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1938-09-25",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Skolledare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
        "School directors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-10-19T11:12:04",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 85,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1853-02-09",
            "date": "1853-02-09"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Luleå stadsförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 65.584819,
              "lon": 22.156703
            },
            "place": "Luleå"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1938-09-23",
            "date": "1938-09-23"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Gustav Vasa församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Elina/ Maria Margareta",
        "lastname": "Benckert",
        "sortname": "Benckert"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skolgrundare",
          "detail": "Grundare, lärare, föreståndare, Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1875",
            "date": "1875"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 65.584819,
              "lon": 22.156703
            },
            "place": "Luleå"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1853",
            "date": "1853"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 65.584819,
              "lon": 22.156703
            },
            "place": "Luleå"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1938",
            "date": "1938"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elina Benckert (sittande) och Ester Lönnegren, år okänt. Cabinet-fotografi av okänd fotograf. Norrbottens Museum (215:885)",
          "description_eng": "Elina Benckert (seated) and Ester Lönnegren, year unknown. Cabinet card by unknown photographer. Norrbottens Museum (215:885)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Benckert_Elina.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-09-18",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1825-03-22",
            "date": "1825-03-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Paulina",
          "lastname": "Benckert, född Govenius",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1821-03-30",
            "date": "1821-03-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1870-12-01",
            "date": "1870-12-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrik August",
          "lastname": "Benckert",
          "occupation": "Konsul",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-05-09",
            "date": "1850-05-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-01-21",
            "date": "1900-01-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Henrik",
          "lastname": "Benckert",
          "occupation": "Stadsläkare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1851-09-10",
            "date": "1851-09-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-12-15",
            "date": "1927-12-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Hugo August",
          "lastname": "Benckert",
          "occupation": "Stationsinspektör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-06-10",
            "date": "1856-06-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-09-06",
            "date": "1950-09-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Benckert, gift Planck",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-03-01",
            "date": "1858-03-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Willhelmina",
          "lastname": "Benckert",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-09-01",
            "date": "1859-09-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Hilda Augusta",
          "lastname": "Benckert",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Svea & Risberg, Bengta, *Flickskolan i Luleå 1875-1965*, Kommunala flickskolan, Luleå, 1965",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Heckscher, Ebba, *Några drag ur den svenska flickskolans historia: under fleres medverkan samlade*, Norstedt & söner, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "J.A.E., ’Elina Benckert’, *Idun*, 1903:11, s. 165-166",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/50122"
        },
        {
          "description": "Linder, Gurli, ’En flickpension i Stockholm för femtio år sedan’, *Idun*, 1922:33, s. 786",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/44170"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tjernström, Karin, ’Flickskolan i Luleå’, *Norrbotten*, 2017, s. 132-149",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, school founder",
      "text": "Elina Benckert var lärare och grundade Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor samt var skolans föreståndare mellan åren 1875—1909.\n\nElina Maria Margareta Benckert föddes 1853 och växte upp i Luleå som tredje barnet i en syskonskara om fem barn. Elina Benckerts föräldrar Eva, född Govenius, och konsul Henrik August Benckert hade det gott ställt och fadern var på sin tid en inflytelserik person i staden. Elina Benckert studerade i Stockholm vid den välrenommerade flickpensionen Hammarstedtska skolan. Skolan ansågs vara Stockholms mest ansedda flickskola och ägdes av Fredrique Hammarstedt som övertagit skolan 1855.\n\nI mitten av artonhundratalet bedrevs flickors utbildning främst på privata initiativ med höga terminsavgifter. Men i takt med att samhället liberaliserades började krav ställas på att öka flickors utbildningsmöjligheter. Ett steg på vägen var riksdagens beslut 1874 att subventionerna de privata flickskolorna, vilket bidrog till att fler flickor hade ekonomiska möjligheter att utbilda sig. Subventionerna ledde till en expansion av flickskolor som spreds till en mängd mindre orter i Sverige, däribland Luleå.\n\nEfter sina studier återvände Elina Benckert till Luleå och initialt gav hon privatundervisning. Ett år efter 1874 års beslut tog emellertid den 22-åriga Elina Benckert initiativet att grunda en flickskola i staden, tillsammans med den fyra år äldre Ester Lönnegren. Hon hade i likhet med Elina Benckert bedrivit privatundervisning. Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor öppnade sina dörrar för de första eleverna den första oktober 1875 och var en milstolpe i den kvinnliga undervisningens historia i Norrbotten. Skolan startade i liten skala i det gamla apotekshuset vid torget. Lokalerna var emellertid inte anpassade för skolundervisning och i och med att elevantalet ökade blev det trångbott. Förhållandena blev avsevärt bättre när de 1880 erbjöds en lokal i stadens nyligen uppförda folkskolehus. Skolan huserade där i 17 år. År 1883 lämnade Ester Lönnegren skolan. Elina Benckert stod därigenom som ensam föreståndare för skolan. Vid den tidpunkten ansågs hon vara den lokala pionjären för flickors utbildning. Landshövdingen, sedermera generaldirektören, Lars Berg hade vid ett tidigt skede uppmärksammat skolstiftarens bedrifter och stöttade henne genom att starta en insamling, som lade en grund till byggandet av ett läroverkshus. Efter nitiskt arbete, utredningar och förslag av stadsförsamlingens ideella krafter invigdes skolhuset den 14 december 1897. Elina Benckert fick full nyttjanderätt så länge friplatser tillhandhölls för flickor som kom från familjer med sämre ekonomiska förutsättningar.\n\nElina Benckert beskrivs i källorna av kollegor och elever som insiktsfull, generös och hängiven. Hennes innerliga religiositet var ett centralt inslag i undervisningen i ambitionen att förädla och dana flickornas karaktär. Elina Benckert lät sig inspireras av den Hammarstedska flickpensionens pedagogiska profil. Det var viktigt att eleverna tillgodogjorde sig teoretiska såväl som praktiska kunskaper. På schemat stod exempelvis hushållskunskap, främmande språk och välskrivning. Morgonbönen var obligatorisk och kristendomsundervisningen central. Elina Benckert undervisande främst i engelska, franska och geografi, men även i naturkunskap, eller naturkunnighet som ämnet hette då. Elina Benckerts språkundervisning utmärkte sig eftersom språkets uttal övades genom att lektionerna hölls på det språk som det undervisades i. Vid något tillfälle påpekade hon att eleverna inte borde proppa huvudet fullt med grammatik. Språkundervisningen kan betraktas som progressiv, eftersom undervisningen normalt hade en grammatisk prägel. I lärarkollegiet var sammanhållningen stark och kvinnorna var både gifta och ogifta vilket är anmärkningsvärt, till skillnad från många andra arbetsplatser, där äktenskap och familj var likvärdigt med ett avsked från tjänsten. Kollegiet upprättade även en klubb med sammankomster i hemmen där kollegorna umgicks och avhandlade små och stora frågor.\n\nElina Benckert hade en framskjuten plats i Sveriges lärarkår och hela hennes livsgärning kan knytas till Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor, som hon med stor skicklighet formade för att ge de unga flickorna förutsättningar för ett fortsatt yrkesliv. Hennes insatser fick allmänt erkännande på hennes femtioårsdag den 9 februari 1903. En talrik skara Luleåbor jämte landshövdingen samlades på stadshotellet för att uttrycka sin tacksamhet till henne. Tillställningen var högtidlig och åtskilliga telegram lästes upp från tidigare elever och föräldrar, som uppskattat henne både som lärare och person. År 1931 övergick skolan i kommunal regi och den lades ned strax före grundskolereformens införande 1967. Elina Benckert hade dock lämnat över ansvaret för skolan till yngre händer redan 1909 och därefter återvänt till huvudstaden.\n\nElina Benckert avled 1938, vid 85 års ålder, och begravdes på Innerstadens kyrkogård i Luleå.",
      "text_eng": "Elina Benckert was a teacher and the founder of a school for girls in Luleå. She was the school principal in 1875—1909.\n \nElina Maria Margareta Benckert was born in 1853 and grew up in Luleå. She was the third child in a sibling group of five. Elina Benckert’s parents Eva, née Govenius, and Henrik August Benckert, a consul, were comfortably off, and Henrik August Benckert was an influential person in the town during his lifetime. Elina Benckert studied in Stockholm at the well-reputed girls’ boarding school Hammarstedtska skolan. The school was considered to be Stockholm’s most respected girls’ school. It was owned by Fredrique Hammarstedt who had taken it over in 1855. \n\nIn the mid-1800s, girls’ education was mainly a matter of private initiative with high fees each term. However, as society became more liberal, demands were made to increase educational opportunities for girls. One step was parliament’s decision in 1874 to subsidise private girls’ schools, which contributed to more girls having economic opportunities for education. Subsidies led to an increase in the number of newly opened girls’ schools, even in smaller towns in Sweden like Luleå. \n\nAfter her studies, Elina Benckert returned to Luleå and initially gave private lessons. One year after the 1874 decision, however, 22-year-old Elina Benckert took the initiative to founding a girls’ school in the town, with her sister Ester Lönnegren who was four years older and had also been giving private lessons. The school, Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor, opened its doors to the first pupils on 1 October 1875. It was a milestone in women’s schooling in Northern Sweden. The school started on a small scale in the old apothecary shop on the main square. The premises were however not adapted to school classes and as the number of pupils increased, they became too cramped. Conditions improved when they were offered premises in 1880 in the recently built elementary school. The girl’ school remained there for 17 years. In 1883, Ester Lönnegren left and Elina Benckert remained as sole principal of the school. At that point in time, she was seen as the local pioneer for girls’ education. The County Governor Lars Berg, later Director General, had early on observed the school founder’s achievements and supported her in starting a fund-raiser that prepared the ground for financing the building of a grammar school. After zealous work, enquiries and suggestions from the voluntary powers in the city assembly, the school building was opened on 14 December 1897. Elina Benckert had full access to the school as long as she also provided free places for girls from families with meagre economies. \n\nElina Benckert was described by colleagues and pupils in the sources available as insightful, generous and dedicated. Her devout religiosity was a central element in the teaching with the ambition of refining and forming the girls’ characters. Elina Benckert allowed herself to be inspired by the Hammarstedska girls’ boarding school’s pedagogical profile. It was important that the pupils assimilated theoretical as well as practical knowledge and skills. On the timetable they had for example domestic science, foreign languages and spelling. Morning prayers were obligatory and Christianity lessons central. Elina Benckert taught mainly English, French and geography, as well as natural sciences, or nature study as the subject was then called. \n\nElina Benckert’s language teaching was notable since lessons were held in the language in question in order to practise pronunciation. On one occasion, she pointed out that the pupils ought not to stuff their heads full with grammar. Her language teaching may be regarded as progressive, since normally grammar was the central element. The cohesion in the staff room was strong with both married and single women, which was remarkable and in contrast to most other work places where marriage and a family meant dismissal from employment. The staff even started a club with meetings in their homes, at which colleagues socialised and discussed issues both great and small. \n\nElina Benckert had a prominent position in Sweden’s teaching faculty and the whole of her life’s work was tied to Luleå elementarläroverk för flickor, that she shaped very skillfully to give young girls a good foundation for their future professional lives. Her contributions were publicly acknowledged on her fiftieth birthday on 9 February 1903. Numerous citizens of Luleå and the County Governor gathered at the City Hotel to express their thanks to her. It was a grand event and several telegrams from former pupils and parents were read out, communicating their appreciation of her as a teacher and also as a person. In 1931, the school was taken over by the municipality. It was closed shortly before the reforms in 1967 that restructured compulsory schooling in Sweden. Elina Benckert had however already handed over the responsibility for the school to younger capabilities in 1909 after which she returned to Stockholm.\n \nElina Benckert died in 1938, at 85 years of age. She was buried at the City Cemetery in Luleå. \n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "ElinaBenckert",
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        "Luleå|65.584819|22.156703"
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    },
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      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Ellen",
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          "type": "Vän",
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          "firstname": "Hanna",
          "lastname": "Pauli",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnärlig utbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "place": "Italien"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Nanna Bendixson (1860-1923). *Litteraturbanken* (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/BendixsonN"
        },
        {
          "description": "Av Nanna Bendixson",
          "description_eng": "By Nanna Bendixson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(nanna+bendixson)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        {
          "description": "Om Nanna Bendixson",
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1860-06-30",
            "date": "1860-06-30"
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            "pin": {
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            "date": "1923-11-27"
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        "firstname": "/Nanna/",
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      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1833-07-10",
            "date": "1833-07-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1928-09-26",
            "date": "1928-09-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Hulda Maria",
          "lastname": "Sandeberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1824-05-24"
          },
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            "date": "1874-07-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Per August Ferdinand",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "occupation": "Tidningsman, politiker",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
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            "date": "1857-02-18"
          },
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            "comment": "1863-05-17",
            "date": "1863-05-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1854-09-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1878-02-05",
            "date": "1878-02-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Signe",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, textilkonstnär",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-01-24",
            "date": "1858-01-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1927-05-01",
            "date": "1927-05-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Harald",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "occupation": "Chefredaktör, Aftonbladet",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1861-05-24",
            "date": "1861-05-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "firstname": "Armand",
          "lastname": "Bergeron, född Hebbe",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-05-18",
            "date": "1862-05-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "firstname": "Tora",
          "lastname": "Sohlman, gift Lagerholm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-05-22",
            "date": "1864-05-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1874-07-05",
            "date": "1874-07-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-09-20",
            "date": "1866-09-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1949-09-18",
            "date": "1949-09-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "occupation": "Bokförläggare, VD, AB Familjeboken och Aftonbladet",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-07-07",
            "date": "1868-07-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875-09-23",
            "date": "1875-09-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Astrid",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-02-26",
            "date": "1870-02-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948-07-09",
            "date": "1948-07-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Ragnar",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "occupation": "Sprängämnestekniker, grundare av Nobelstiftelsen, exekutor av Alfred Nobels testamente",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1872",
            "date": "1872"
          },
          "firstname": "Alf",
          "lastname": "Sohlman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-11-16",
            "date": "1859-11-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938-04-23",
            "date": "1938-04-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Artur Lars",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1883",
            "date": "1883"
          },
          "lastname": "Bendixson",
          "occupation": "Rektor, Göteborgs högre samskola 1901–1904",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-05-28",
            "date": "1885-05-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-08-14",
            "date": "1906-08-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Sonja",
          "lastname": "Bendixson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1888-07-31",
            "date": "1888-07-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Stig Harald",
          "lastname": "Bendixson",
          "occupation": "Redaktör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergstrand, Ulla, *En bilderbokshistoria: svenska bilderböcker 1900-1930*, Bonniers juniorförl., Stockholm, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Sohlman, släkt', urn:sbl:6106, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Mattias Andersson) (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=6106"
        },
        {
          "description": "Werkmäster, Barbro, 'Barnkammarens konstnärer', *Kvinnor som konstnärer*., S. 144-168, 1975",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, litteraturkritiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, literary critic",
      "text": "Nanna Bendixson skapade den första svenska bilderboken med en sammanhängande\nberättelse. Hon var också Sveriges första barnboksrecensent.\n\nNanna Bendixson föddes 1860 som dotter till den kände publicisten och politikern August\nSohlman, chefredaktör för *Aftonbladet*, 1857–1874. I det Sohlmanska hemmet träffades\nden tidens kulturpersonligheter och bland familjens vänner fanns målaren August Malmström\noch [](Ellen Key). När Nanna Bendixson var 14 år drunknade fadern och familjen flyttade\nfrån Stockholm till Uppsala. Hon hade flera syskon, bland annat den äldre systern [](Signe Sohlman), som också var konstnärligt aktiv och studerade vid Konstakademien.\n\nNanna Bendixson studerade vid Konstakademien 1881–1883 och gjorde sedan studieresor till\nItalien. Hon gifte sig med pedagogen Artur Bendixson 1883 och det var huvudsakligen före\näktenskapet hon ägnade sig åt konstnärskapet. Hon målade mest små landskapsbilder från\nStockholms skärgård, Uppsala och Norrland i pastell, olja och akvarell men också barnbilder\noch porträtt. *Skogstomten*, 1886, blev hennes enda bilderbok och den var också unik på så\nsätt att text och bild hade samma upphovsman. Bilderboken om två barn som går vilse och\nträffar en tomte är konstnärligt genomarbetad. Texten består av korta verser och bilderna visar\natt Nanna Bendixson hade fin blick för den svenska naturens egenart. *Skogstomten* anses\nvara en föregångare till [](Elsa Beskow)s *Tomtebobarnen*, 1910.\n\nFrån 1893 skrev Nanna Bendixson barnbokskritik i *Aftonbladet* och hon fortsatte med det\nfram till sin död 1923. Ulla Bergstrand, som forskat kring hennes gärning, framhåller att de\nrecensioner hon skrev var långa, med roliga formuleringar och sakkunnig bedömning av\nkonstnärliga stilmedel.\n\nNanna Bendixson dog 1923. Hon är avbildad på [](Hanna Pauli)s målning *Vännerna*\n(ibland kallad *Vänner*), 1900–1907.",
      "text_eng": "Nanna Bendixson created the first Swedish picture book with a continuous text. She was also the first person to review children’s books in Sweden.\n\nNanna Bendixson was born in 1860. She was the daughter of the well-known publicist and politician August Sohlman, who was the editor in chief of *Aftonbladet* from 1857 to 1874. The cultural celebrities of the time would meet at the Sohlman home, and family friends included the likes of the painter August Malmström and [](Ellen Key). When Nanna Bendixson was 14 years old her father drowned and this led the family to move from Stockholm to Uppsala. She had several siblings, among them the elder sister [](Signe Sohlman), who was also an artist and studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts. \n\nNanna Bendixson studied at Konstakademien from 1881 to 1883 and then undertook study trips to Italy. She married Artur Bendixson, a pedagogue, in 1883. Most of her artistic output was produced before she got married. Her paintings are mainly small landscape paintings featuring the Stockholm archipelago, Uppsala, and Norrland using pastels, oils, and watercolours. However, she also produced images of children and portraits. *Skogstomten*, 1886, was her only picture book and it was also unique in the fact that both the drawings and the text were created by the same person. This picture book, about two children who get lost and run into a brownie, is artistically produced. The text comprises short verses whilst the pictures reveal that Nanna Bendixson had a fine eye for the particularities of Swedish nature. *Skogstomten* is considered to be a precursor of [](Elsa Beskow)’s *Tomtebobarnen*, 1910.\n\nFrom 1893 onwards Nanna Bendixson reviewed children’s books in *Aftonbladet*, until her death in 1923. Ulla Bergstrand, who studied her work, highlighted that the reviews Nanna Bendixson wrote were lengthy, with amusing wordings and expert reviews of artistic styles.\n\nNanna Bendixson died in 1923. She is depicted in [](Hanna Pauli)’s painting *Vännerna* (sometimes simply known as *Vänner*), 1900-1907.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "NannaBendixson",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Södertälje|59.195363|17.625689",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Italien|41.87194|12.56738"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "214890315"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Christian",
          "lastname": "Mehrstam"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Albert Ulrik, kallad A U,",
          "lastname": "Bååth",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Esaias",
          "lastname": "Tegnér d.y.",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Hemundervisning av guvernant och fadern",
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Emma Bendz",
          "description_eng": "By Emma Bendz",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Bendz%2c+Emma)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brev från Disa von Post till Emma Bendz. Lisa von Posts arkiv. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-332138"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brev från Hedvig Tegnér till Emma Bendz. Hedvig Tegnérs arkiv. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-338619"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brev till Esaias Tegnér d.y. från Emma Bendz. Esaias Tegnér d.y.:s arkiv. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-69847"
        },
        {
          "description": "Brev till Märta Tegnér från Emma Bendz. Märta Tegnérs arkiv. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-337781"
        },
        {
          "description": "Emma och Hans Bendz släktarkiv. Landsarkivet i Lund (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/N3rcDsSxg4kUtbMgRGMkL0"
        },
        {
          "description": "Korrespondens med Lulli  och Albert Ulrik Bååth. Albert Ulrik Bååths papper. Handskriftsavdelningen, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-114609"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000077812278",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Författare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Authors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-04-19T09:55:20",
      "libris_uri": [
        "pm1344475mvczzv"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 69,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1858-06-13",
            "date": "1858-06-13"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Görslövs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.633333,
              "lon": 13.2
            },
            "place": "Staffanstorp"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1927-06-14",
            "date": "1927-06-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lunds domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Emma/ Erika",
        "lastname": "Bendz",
        "sortname": "Bendz"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare, dramatiker, poet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Representativ verksamhet",
          "detail": "Professorska, värdinna och husmor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1858",
            "date": "1858"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.633333,
              "lon": 13.2
            },
            "place": "Staffanstorp"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1850-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.3762427,
              "lon": 13.15742309
            },
            "place": "Trelleborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.411111,
              "lon": 12.854722
            },
            "place": "Skanör"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Emma Bendz. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Emma Bendz. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bendz_Emma.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-01-26",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819-02-18",
            "date": "1819-02-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1903-02-24",
            "date": "1903-02-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Vilhelmina Fredrika, kallad Mina,",
          "lastname": "Holmberg, född Gullander",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1808-07-04",
            "date": "1808-07-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1884-11-03",
            "date": "1884-11-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Paulus",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "occupation": "Kontraktsprost",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-06-26",
            "date": "1845-06-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1846-11-06",
            "date": "1846-11-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Theodor",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1846-06-28",
            "date": "1846-06-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1864-11-20",
            "date": "1864-11-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils Anders Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1848-04-15",
            "date": "1848-04-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1930-07-30",
            "date": "1930-07-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrika Amalia Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Holmberg, gift Wiedberg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-08-29",
            "date": "1850-08-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1932-08-12",
            "date": "1932-08-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna Wilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Holmberg, gift Bendz",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1853-01-12",
            "date": "1853-01-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-03-08",
            "date": "1935-03-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Henrik Teodor",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "occupation": "Författare, ideolog, folkhögskolelärare, debattör",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856",
            "date": "1856"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "firstname": "Erika Maria C",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-02-06",
            "date": "1864-02-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940-07-17",
            "date": "1940-07-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Alfred Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Holmberg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1851-06-06",
            "date": "1851-06-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1914-05-07",
            "date": "1914-05-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Persson",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "lastname": "Bendz",
          "occupation": "Professor, patologisk anatomi och rättsmedicin",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-09-15",
            "date": "1883-09-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1947-03-23",
            "date": "1947-03-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Vilhelmina Kerstin Amalia",
          "lastname": "Bendz",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-09-28",
            "date": "1885-09-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1975-03-12",
            "date": "1975-03-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Blanche Gertrud",
          "lastname": "Bendz, gift Rydbeck",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-04-22",
            "date": "1892-04-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-10-11",
            "date": "1918-10-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Harald",
          "lastname": "Bendz",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-05-20",
            "date": "1895-05-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1946-01-22",
            "date": "1946-01-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Bendz",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1897-05-02",
            "date": "1897-05-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897-11-24",
            "date": "1897-11-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Olof Gösta",
          "lastname": "Bendz",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Emma Bendz', *SvenskaGravar* (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/56811556"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Emma Bendz', *Vem är det? Svensk biografisk handbok*, Stockholm, 1925",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Emma Erika Bendz (Holmberg)', *Geni* (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.geni.com/people/Emma-Erika-Bendz/6000000015052057011"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *A.U. Bååth och hans krets*, Hugo Gebers förlag, Stockholm, 1926",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *En brunnskur i Ronneby: mindre än en bagatell*, Lund, 1893",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *Fest i Lund*, Lund, Gleerup, 1922",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *Från pilträdens land och syrenernas stad*, Lund, Gleerup, 1924",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *Onkel Teddy*, 2. uppl-, Lund, Gleerup, 1924",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *Solgårdsfamiljen: en vardagshistoria*, Lund, Gleerup, 1920",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bendz, Emma, *Söder om landsvägen*, Lund, Gleerup, 1916",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, 'Att skriva sitt jag i världen', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria* (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://nordicwomensliterature.net/se/2011/01/04/att-skriva-sitt-jag-i-varlden/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, 'Att skriva sitt jag i världen: svenska kvinnors självbiografier', *Nordisk kvinnolitteraturhistoria / redaktion: Elisabeth Møller Jensen (huvudredaktör) .... Bd 3 / redaktion: Margaretha Fahlgren ....*, S. 233-248, 1996 (Hämtad 2021-01-26)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/M%C3%B8llerJensenE/titlar/NordiskKvinnolitteraturhistoria3/sida/233/etext"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Emma Bendz var författare och skrev romaner för vuxna och barn, poesi, drama samt två självbiografier. Av eftervärlden tillmäts författarskapets kulturhistoriska aspekter högst värde.\n\nEmma Bendz föddes 1858 och växte upp i Äspö, Skåne. Hon var barn till Lars Paulus Holmberg och Mina Fredrika Holmberg, född Gullander. Fadern var doktor i teologi och kontraktsprost, och hemmet välbeställt med en mindre tjänarstab. Emma Bendz hade sammanlagt åtta syskon, men två av dessa dog runt ett års ålder och ytterligare ett som artonåring. Under större delen av Emma Bendz uppväxt var syskonen i hemmet fyra till antalet. Den mest namnkunnige av dessa blev den fem år äldre Teodor Holmberg, även han författare men också konservativ ideolog och debattör. Livet i Äspö präglades enligt Emma Bendz memoarer av faderns yrkesutövning samt föräldraparets intellektuellt betonade societetsliv med besök av och hos andra akademikerfamiljer. Till umgänget hörde A. U. Bååth, som tidigt figurerade i Emma Bendz vänkrets och som förblev i densamma under hela hennes levnad.\n\nFrån unga år utbildades författaren av en guvernant. Någon annan skolgång i folk- eller småskola finns inte dokumenterad. Litteraturen valdes i samråd med fadern och utgjorde jämte musik och språk en betydande del av skolningen. Corneille, Racine, Madame de Staël och Goethe gjorde särskilt intryck. Intresset för litteratur och drama tog sig också uttryck i det sociala livet, där man bland annat skrev och uppförde skådespel till faderns 65-årsdag. Vidare fick en ung Emma Bendz hjälpa till med genomgången av vetenskaplig litteratur för prostämbetet under en period då faderns syn kraftigt försämrades.\n\nEfter giftermålet med Hans Bendz och flytten till Lund 1882 fortsatte det akademiska societets- och kulturlivet, som jämte familjen och landskapet med dess historiska utveckling kom att utgöra det huvudsakliga stoffet för författargärningen. Förutom debuten 1893 publicerades produktionen under de sista tio åren av Emma Bendz levnad, efter makens död. Paret fick två döttrar och tre söner.\n\nI författarskapet bör inslaget av idyllgenren lyftas fram, i anslutning till och kanske även som en nyansering av de kulturhistoriska aspekterna. Att memoarerna har ett starkt fokus på familj, mat och Landsorten och Staden som kontrasterande topoi faller sig naturligt mot bakgrunden av författarbiografin, men samma drag syns även i romanerna *Solgårdsfamiljen* från 1920 och *Onkel Teddy* från 1924. Det vilar ett nostalgiskt skimmer och ofta en enkelhet gränsande till det triviala över texterna. Medan dessa kvaliteter kom att bidra till att Emma Bendz böcker småningom föll i glömska, kan de mot bakgrund av senare idyllforskning eventuellt också förstås i relation till första världskrigets fasor och de stora samhälleliga och teknologiska förändringarna under Emma Bendz vuxna liv. Romanernas och självbiografiernas många skildringar av festligheter och mer eller mindre kända akademiker, liksom familjens och den lilla platsens betydelse, skulle i harmoni med idyllgenrens kritiska sida kunna vara reaktioner på och kontrapunkter till en i grunden förändrad värld. I förordet till *Onkel Teddy*, som riktar sig till unga flickor, skrev den då 66-åriga Emma Bendz:\n\n>“Det är nämligen ett stort svalg befäst mellan den tid, berättelsen rör sig kring — 70-talets tid — och den nuvarande. Uppfattning, smak, arbete och nöjen, allt är förändrat i en grad, man knappast skulle anse möjlig på denna jämförelsevis korta tidrymd.”\n\nEmma Benz avled 1927 och ligger begraven på Norra kyrkogården i Lund.",
      "text_eng": "Emma Bendz was a writer of books for adults and for children. She also wrote poetry, plays, and two autobiographies. Posterity has deemed Emma Bendz’ work to be of very high cultural-historical value.\n\nEmma Bendz was born in 1858 and she grew up in Äspö, Scania. She was the child of Lars Paulus Holmberg and Mina Fredrika Holmberg, née Gullander. The family numbered eight children in total but two died young, around the age of one year, whilst a third died aged eighteen. Lars Paulus Holmberg was a doctor of theology and served as a rural dean. Emma Bendz’ childhood home was well-served by a small corps of servants. For most of Emma Bendz’ childhood she was one of four siblings. Of these her brother, Teodor Holmberg, who was five years her senior, went on to become a well-known author as well as a politically conservative ideologue and polemist. According to Emma Bendz’ memoires the family’s life in Äspö was characterised by their father’s chosen profession as well as her parents’ intellectual social circle which comprised visits from and to other families of academics. Indeed A. U. Bååth belonged to this circle and not only became a part of Emma Bendz’ friend network from an early point, but remained within it for the rest of her life.\n\nEmma Bendz received her earliest educational instruction from a governess. It has not been documented whether she attended any other form of formalised school enterprise. The literature selected for Emma Bendz’ reading had to meet with her father’s approval and, along with music and languages, formed a major part of her education. Corneille, Racine, Madame de Staël, and Goethe all left a particular impression on the young girl whose interest in literature and drama also found expression in her social life. For example, for her father’s 65th birthday a play was written and performed in his honour. Young Emma Bendz also served as her father’s assistant in reading academic literature relevant to his pastoral duties during a time when his eyesight significantly worsened.\n\nFollowing her marriage to Hans Bendz and the couple’s move to Lund in 1882 Emma Bendz continued to enjoy an academically flavoured social and cultural life. It was this, along with her family and the countryside and its historical developments, that came to form the primary material for Emma Bendz’ written work. Although her debut as a writer occurred in 1893 most of her output dates from the last ten years of her life, following her husband’s death. Emma Bendz and her husband had five children together, two daughters and three sons.\n\nThe role of the idyllic genre must be highlighted within Emma Bendz’ written work, in relation to and perhaps even its nuancing of the cultural-historical aspects of her output. Her memoires are heavily focused on family, food, and the Rural versus the Metropolitan as contrasting topoi, which is hardly surprising given the writer’s background. However, the same elements are also apparent in her novels as seen in *Solgårdsfamiljen*, from 1920 and *Onkel Teddy*, published in 1924. The texts exude a nostalgic shimmer and often a simplicity which borders on the trivial. Whilst these qualities may have contributed to Emma Bendz’ work eventually becoming forgotten, when placed against the background of later research into the idyllic genre they can be understood in relation to the horrors of the First World War and the major societal and technological changes that occurred throughout the course of Emma Bendz’ adult life. Her novels and autobiographical works include many depictions of celebrations and more or less well-known academics, whilst also highlighting the importance of family and smaller communities. As befits the critical side of the idyllic genre these focuses may reflect her reactions to and counterpoints to a fundamentally changed world. As a foreword to *Onkel Teddy*, which is intended for young girls, Emma Bendz (then 66 years old) wrote: “There is undoubtedly a great chasm between the time portrayed in the story – that of the (18)70s – and the present. Opinions, tastes, employment, and leisure, all of it has changed to a degree that one could hardly foresee as possible within this comparatively short time period”.\n\nEmma Bendz died in 1927. She is buried at Norra kyrkogården (the Northern cemetery) in Lund.",
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        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Carolina M Benedicks-Bruce', urn:sbl:18472, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Stellan G. Mörner.) (Hämtad 2017-09-06)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18472"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Irja, *Skulptriserna: Alice Nordin och hennes samtida 1890-1940*, Makadam, Göteborg, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Malmborg, Boo von, *Svensk porträttkonst under fem århundraden*, Allhem, Malmö, 1978",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Roosval, Johnny & Lilja, Gösta (red.), *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: tiotusen svenska konstnärers liv och verk. 1, Abbe-Dahlander*, Allhem, Malmö, 1952",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pietikäinen, Johanna, *Heartists: om konstnärsparet Carolina Benedicks-Bruce och William Blair Bruce med inriktning på könsroller, klass och identitet*. Magisteruppsats. Uppsala universitet, Konstvet. Inst. 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Röstorp, Vibeke, *Le mythe du retour: les artistes scandinaves en France de 1889 à 1908*, Stockholms universitets förlag, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ödin, Hanne, 'Caroline Benedicks Bruce: skulptris och akvarellist', *Gotländskt arkiv.*, 1990(62), s. [177]-190, 1990",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, skulptör, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, sculptor, suffragette",
      "text": "Carolina Benedicks-Bruce var en av våra tidigaste kvinnliga skulptörer.\n\nCarolina Benedicks-Bruce föddes in i en förmögen judisk bruksägarfamilj. Farfadern Edvard\nOtto Benedicks, invandrare från Sachsen, förvärvade på 1820-talet Gysinge bruk och blev en\nav Sveriges rikaste män med närhet till hovet. Han medverkade till grundandet av den judiska\nförsamlingen i Stockholm. Även moderns släkt, med grosshandlare Cantzler i spetsen, hade\ninvandrat från Tyskland vid 1700-talets slut. Från dem ärvde Carolina Benedicks-Bruce sin\nkonstnärlighet: både mormodern Sofia Magdalena och fyra morbröder var konstnärligt\nverksamma. Sannolikt fick hon sin första utbildning av dem.\n\nNär Carolina Benedicks-Bruce var 25 år gammal började hon, som 1881 års enda kvinnliga\nelev, på den lägre bildhuggareklassen vid Konstakademien. Dessförinnan hade hon besökt\nAugust Malmströms målarskola för kvinnor, gått i syskola och dansat på alla huvudstadens\nbaler, ibland flera i veckan, vilket hon noterade i sina almanackor. Efter fyra år som elev till\nJohn Börjeson på Konsakademien fortsatte hon sina studier i Paris. Hon målade på Académie\nColarossi och lärde sig etsningskonst av Gaston Rodriguez. Akademiprofessorn Alexandre\nFalguière accepterade henne som privatelev. Under år 1896 kom han två gånger i veckan till\nhennes ateljé för att ge kritik. Ibland arbetade hon i hans ateljé och fick då möjlighet att\nmodellera hans porträtt.\n\nSommaren 1885 besökte Carolina Benedicks-Bruce konstnärskolonin i Grez-sur-Loing utanför Paris och träffade där den tre år yngre kanadensiske konstnären William Blair Bruce. De förlovade sig efter bara några månader men giftermålet dröjde till 1888. Deras familjer, i synnerhet hennes bror Gustaf, var i början starkt emot förbindelsen. William Blair Bruce hade nämligen genomlidit en nervkollaps till följd av att 140 av hans målningar försvann i ett skeppsbrott på väg till en utställning i Kanada. Gustaf Benedicks krävde att få se papper på Williams sjukhistoria innan han kunde godkänna förlovningen. Efter det uppskjutna bröllopet i\nStockholm reste paret Benedicks-Bruce till kontinenten och de kom att tillbringa ett\nkringflackande liv med några år i Paris och Menton, ett år i Rom, och den längsta tiden, 5 år, i Grez.\n\nKonstnärligt blev äktenskapet en stimulans för båda. Carolina Benedicks-Bruce deltog i de\nårliga parissalongerna och ställde ut ett tiotal skulpturer med Société des artistes français och uppemot två dussin akvareller och målningar med den franska konstorganisationen\nIndependenterna (La Société des Artistes Indépendants). Hennes skulpturdebut var gruppen *L’amie de la famille* (*Apa och katter*), som hon sände från Rom 1890. År 1893 fick hon ett hedersomnämnande för sin *Baigneur blessé* (*Den sårade badaren*). Mycket uppmärksammad blev även hennes porträtt av den franske målaren Edouard Dantan liksom den stort upplagda *L'Obsédé* (*Den besatte*), där en äldre man tyngs av en kvinna som rider på hans rygg, medan kärleksguden Amor overksam sitter på marken. År 1903 köpte franska staten hennes akvarell *Canards sur l’eau* (*Vildänder i vatten*). Trots att William Blair Bruce var en flitigare utställare än hon var han missnöjd med publikstödet. När hans medverkan nekades vid Stockholmsutställningen 1897 ordnade Carolina Benedicks-Bruce en separatutställning för honom i Stockholm. Även i fortsättningen arbetade hon som promotor för hans konst. Hennes aktiva roll framkommer med all tydlighet i hennes *Självporträtt med maken* från 1897. Det föreställer henne själv betraktande en relief, medan maken, stående bakom, kikar över hennes axel. Han står i hennes skugga med något utslätade anletsdrag. Hon är huvudpersonen i ljuset med stor detaljskärpa i ansiktet och med lätt öppen mun. Det är hon som för ordet. Med rätta kallade William Blair Bruce henne för sin ”*sculpture queen*”.\n\nMellan 1889–1906 tillbringade Carolina Benedicks-Bruce och William Blair Bruce den mesta\ntiden i Frankrike men företog även studie- och turistresor sommartid till Lappland, Dalarna,\nGotland och indianreservaten i Kanada. I synnerhet William Blair Bruce blev förtjust i\nGotland, eftersom landskapet påminde honom om Kanada. De köpte en stuga i fiskeläget\nSjälsö och ett stort intilliggande landområde. Stugan byggdes till efter hans ritningar och blev\nfärdig sommaren 1900. Brucebo, som den kallades, blev mer och mer deras fasta punkt där de hade var sin ateljé. Annat kom dock att distrahera paret. William Blair Bruce började\nintressera sig för arkeologi och grottforskning medan hans hustru upptogs av sin passion för\ndjur av allehanda slag. Efter makens död i hjärtinfarkt 1906 blev hon i stort sett bofast på\nGotland. Hon ordnade med hans minnesutställningar i Paris och på Konstakademien i\nStockholm, deltog i Föreningen Kvinnliga Konstnärers utställningar och hade en\nseparatutställning 1924, men arbetade bara sporadiskt med skulptur. Ett undantag är porträttet av pianisten Wilhelm Kempf 1923. I stället engagerade hon sig i sociala frågor. Carolina Benedicks-Bruce var styrelsemedlem i stadsfullmäktige, hushållningssällskapet, kyrkorådet, Hönssällskapet, Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt samt Föreningen för Get- och Kaninavel. Hon var medlem i lottakåren och arbetade för att bevara det Burmeisterska huset i Visby.\n\nCarolina Benedicks-Bruce dog 1935 på Brucebo och är begravd intill sin make på Västkinde\nkyrkogård. Brucebo är numera ett hemmuseum.",
      "text_eng": "Carolina Benedicks-Bruce was one of our earliest female sculptors.\n\nCarolina Benedicks-Bruce was born into a wealthy Jewish foundry-owning family. Her paternal grandfather Edvard Otto Benedicks, who had emigrated from Saxony, ran Gysinge works in the 1820s and subsequently became one of the wealthiest men in Sweden and enjoyed royal favour. He helped to establish the Jewish congregation in Stockholm. Similarly, her maternal side of the family, including the wholesale merchant Cantzler at its head, had also emigrated from Germany towards the end of the 1700s. It was from that side of the family that Carolina Benedicks-Bruce inherited her artistic traits: both her maternal grandmother Sofia Magdalena and her four maternal uncles were artistically active. She probably received her earliest artistic training from them.\n\nIn 1881, when Caroline Benedicks-Bruce was 25 years old, she began to attend basic sculpting class at the Konstakademi (academy of art). She was the sole female student that year. Prior to that she had visited August Malmström’s painting school for women, had attended a sewing school and had danced at every one of the capital city’s balls – sometimes more than one in the same week – all of which activities she noted in her diaries. After four years as a student of John Börjeson at the Konstakademi, she then continued her studies in Paris. She painted at Académie Colarossi and learned how to sketch from Gaston Rodriguez. The academy professor Alexandre Falguière took her on as a private student. During 1896 he would visit her studio twice a week in order to give her work his critical appraisal. Sometimes she would work at his studio and and even served as a model for his portraits.\n\nIn the summer of 1885 Carolina Benedicks-Bruce visited the artists’ colony at Grèz, near Paris, and there she met William Blair Bruce, a Canadian artist who was three years her junior. They got engaged just a few months later, but did not marry until 1888. Their families were initially dead set against the match, particularly Carolina Benedicks-Bruce’s brother Gustaf. William Blair Bruce had apparently suffered from a nervous breakdown following the loss of 140 of his paintings in a shipwreck en route to an exhibition in Canada. Gustaf Benedicks demanded to see William Blair Bruce’s medical records before he would agree to the engagement. Following their delayed wedding in Stockholm the Benedicks-Bruce couple moved to the Continent where they lived a nomadic life, spending a few years in Paris and Menton, one year in Rome whilst their longest time of 5 years was spent in Grèz.\n\nThe marriage served as an artistic catalyst for both of them. Carolina Benedicks-Bruce exhibited in the annual salons in Paris and displayed about 10 sculptures through the Société des Artistes Français, as well as exhibiting nearly two dozen watercolours and paintings through the French art group Les Indépendents. Her sculptural debut was a sculptural group called *L’amie de la famille* (in Swedish*Apa och Katter*), which she sent from Rome in 1890. In 1893 she gained honorary mention for her sculpture *Baigneur blesse* (*Den sårade badaren*). Her portrait of the French painter Edouard Dantan also received a lot of attention as did the major piece *L’Obsédé*(*Den besatta*) which comprises an older man burdened with the weight of the woman he is carrying on his back, whilst the god of love, Amor, sits unmoved on the ground. In 1903 the French state purchased Carolina Benedicks-Bruce’s watercolour called *Canards sur l’eau* (*Vildänder i vatten*). Despite William Blair Bruce being a more frequent exhibitor than his wife he was not satisfied with the public support he received. When he was rejected by the Stockholm Exhibition in 1897 Carolina Benedicks-Bruce arranged a solo exhibition for him in Stockholm. She continued to promote his art in the coming years. Her work called *Självporträtt med maken* clearly depicts her active role as it shows her looking at a relief whilst her husband, standing behind her, is looking over her shoulder. He is standing in her shadow with a somewhat downtrodden look. She is the focus in the light with finely detailed facial features and a slightly opened mouth. She is the one who is in charge. William Blair Bruce quite rightly called her his ‘sculpture queen’.\n\nBetween 1889-1906 Carolina Benedicks-Bruce and William Blair Bruce spent most of their time in France, although they also undertook study- and leisure-trips to Lappland, Dalarna, Gotland, and indigenous settlements in Canada. William Blair Bruce became particularly enamoured of Gotland, where the landscape reminded him of Canada. They bought a cottage in the fishing village of Själsö with a large surrounding bit of land. The cottage was constructed according to his designs and was completed by the summer of 1900. ‘Brucebo’, as it became known, increasingly became their settled residence where they each had their own studio. However, there were other distractions. William Blair Bruce began to take an interest in archaeology and speleology whilst Carolina Benedicks-Bruce gave into her passion for all kinds of animals. Following her husband’s death due to a heart attack in 1906, Carolina Benedicks-Bruce became largely permanently resident in Gotland. She organised his memorial exhibitions in Paris and at the Konstakademi in Stockholm. She participated in the Förening Kvinnliga Konstnärer (female artists’ association) exhibitions and held her own solo exhibition in 1924, but she only intermittently created sculptures. An exception is the portrait of the pianist Wilhelm Kempf that she completed in 1923. Instead she was very active in social issues. Carolina Benedicks-Bruce was a member of the board for the town council, Hushållningssällskapet (agricultural society), Kyrkorådet (church council), Hönssällskapet (poultry association), Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (national association for women’s suffrage), and the Förening för Get- och Kaninavel (goat and rabbit breeders’ association). She was a member of the ‘lotta’ (women’s voluntary defence) corps and campaigned to keep the Burmeier house in Visby.\n\nCarolina Benedicks-Bruce died at Brucebo in 1935. She is buried beside her husband at Västkinde cemetery. After her death Brucebo became a local museum.",
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        {
          "description": "Böök, Fredrik, *Victoria Benedictsson: minnesteckning*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1950",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holm, Birgitta, *Victoria Benedictsson*, Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larsson, Lisbeth, *Hennes döda kropp: Victoria Benedictssons arkiv och författarskap*, Weyler, Stockholm, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "Victoria Benedictssons arkiv. Lunds universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2018-01-29)",
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          "url": "https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?dswid=5854&searchType=EXTENDED&query=victoria+benedictsson+&aq=%5B%5B%7B%22A_FQ%22%3A%22victoria+benedictsson+%22%7D%5D%5D&aqe=%5B%5D&af=%5B%22PER_PID%3Aalvin%5C%5C-person%5C%5C%3A31744%22%5D&pid=alvin-record%3A70370&c=4#alvin-record%3A70370"
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      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Victoria Benedictsson var en av det moderna genombrottets mest betydande författare. I sina romaner skildrade hon framför allt äktenskapsproblematik och aktuella kvinnosaksfrågor.\n\nVictoria Benedictsson växte upp på gården Charlottenberg i södra Skåne. Hon var yngsta barnet. Då hon var tretton år gjorde fadern konkurs och familjen flyttade till en mindre gård. Hennes dröm var att få utbilda sig på Konsthögskolan i Stockholm. Detta förvägrades henne dock av fadern, trots att hon genom att arbeta som guvernant tjänat ihop medel till utbildningen.\n\nVid 21 års ålder gifte hon sig med den 28 år äldre änkemannen Christian Benedictsson. Han var postmästare i Hörby och hade fem barn, till vilka Victoria Benedictsson blev en älskad styvmor. Tillsammans fick de två döttrar, varav en dog strax efter födseln. Äktenskapet blev aldrig lyckligt.\n\nÅr 1882 insjuknade Victoria Benedictsson i en bensjukdom och blev sängliggande. Under denna tid utvecklade hon sitt författarskap. Hon hade redan 1876 fått följetongen *Sirenen* publicerad under pseudonymen Tardif i *Sydsvenska Dagbladet* men det är novellsamlingen *Från Skåne*, en samling realistiska skildringar ur samhällslivet, som brukar räknas som hennes debut. Här använde hon också den pseudonym, Ernst Ahlgren, som hon skulle behålla genom hela sitt författarskap. Med romanen *Pengar*, som utkom följande år, blev hon ett känt namn i den svenska litteraturen. En del av innehåll och intrig ligger nära hennes eget liv. Huvudpersonen Selma vill bli konstnär men tubbas att gifta sig med en äldre förmögen godsägare. Romanen är utformad som en frigörelseroman och i slutscenen bryter Selma upp för att ge sig ut i världen, utbilda sig och bli självförsörjande.\n\nSamtidigt som Victoria Benedictsson etablerade sig som författare lärde hon känna den unge författaren Axel Lundegård, som var son till kyrkoherden i Hörby. Det blev en för hennes författarskap och liv avgörande vänskap. De läste varandras skrifter och bedrev en avancerad ”kamratkritik” som utvecklade båda deras författarskap. År 1885 skrev de tillsammans dramat *Final*, ett typiskt genombrottsdrama om pengar, kärlek och bedrägeri.\n\nSamma år fick Victoria Benedictsson en inbjudan av den svenska kvinnorörelsens grand lady, [Sophie Adlersparre](0000000082247859), att tillbringa ett par månader i Stockholm. Det var hennes första möte med de samtida litterära och kvinnosaksengagerade kotterierna och hon var ambivalent. Samtidigt som hon blev nära vän med sin värdinna och med [](Ellen Key) ställde hon sig kritisk till kvinnliga författarkollegor som [](Alfhild Agrell) och [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469).\n\nDet var med spänning som Victoria Benedictsson följande år begav sig till Köpenhamn, den tidens litterära huvudstad i Norden. Axel Lundegård, som var en del av ”Det unga Sverige” med August Strindberg i centrum, fanns där och introducerade henne till en mängd kulturpersonligheter, bland annat till Georg Brandes, tidens mest betydelsefulla litteraturkritiker. Det blev en för Victoria Benedictssons liv och författarskap avgörande bekantskap. I hennes dagbok kan man läsa hur hon inför hans första visit byter hotellrum och arrangerar möblemanget i det nya rummet så att han ska få se henne från hennes vackraste sida.\n\nBesöket ägde rum på hösten 1886 och under det följande året gjorde Georg Brandes regelbundna visiter hos henne. De talade om litteratur och skvallrade, inte minst om hans älskarinnor. Victoria Benedictsson var mycket förälskad men motsatte sig i det längsta en intim relation. Hennes sexuella erfarenhet var negativ och samlivet med hennes make hade sedan länge upphört. Deras äktenskap var pro forma och då hon bodde i Hörby betalade hon för sig. Så småningom gav hon dock efter för Georg Brandes önskningar, då hon var rädd att förlora honom. Av hennes beskrivning i dagboken framgår att det intima umgänget inte var någon positiv upplevelse.\n\nUnder denna tid arbetade Victoria Benedictsson på sin andra roman, den som kom att heta *Fru Marianne*. Den utspelar sig på landet. Huvudpersonen, Marianne, är en svensk madame Bovary. Hon har förläst sig på romantiska romaner och äktenskapet med lantbrukaren Börje Olsson blir en besvikelse. Hon dras in i en flirt med Börjes gode vän Pål, som är en anhängare av den fria kärleken. När hon upptäcker att hon är gravid kommer hon emellertid till insikt om att det är maken och äktenskapet som är det mest värdefulla och viktiga för henne. Det var en roman, som på flera sätt konfronterade och komplicerade den diskussion om äktenskap kontra ”fri kärlek” som dominerade tidens diskussion. Flera av Victoria Benedictssons tidigare beundrare såg romanen som konservativ och den för henne viktigaste smakdomaren, Georg Brandes, karaktäriserade den i ett brev till henne som ”i altfor høj Grad en Dame-Roman”. I sin dagbok skrev hon att hon fått dödsdomen över sitt författarskap.\n\nVictoria Benedictsson gav emellertid inte upp skrivandet. Tvärtom kan man, att döma av alla utkast, stora satsningar och ofullbordade manuskript som finns i hennes efterlämnade arkiv, snarare säga att hon gick in i en närmast febril arbetsprocess. På hösten 1887 utkom hennes andra novellsamling *Folkliv och småberättelser*, i vilken det ingår flera senare antologifavoriter som ”Mor Malenas höna” och ”Förbrytarblod”. Den recenserades också positivt av Georg Brandes.\n\nUnder dessa de sista åren av sin levnad arbetade Victoria Benedictsson, förutom med en rad noveller, med två stort anlagda verk. Det ena var novellen och dramat ”Den Bergtagna”. Det andra var romanen *Modern*. Där det förra verket knyter an till hennes kärlekshistoria med Georg Brandes, har det senare inslag som påminner om hennes relation till Axel Lundegård. Inget av dem var fullbordat då hon tog sitt liv 1888.\n\nVictoria Benedictsson efterlämnade ett omfattande skönlitterärt material och en rad viktiga biografiska dokument. Axel Lundegård, som tog hand om materialet, bearbetade och utgav under de följande åren en stor del av det, dels i Victoria Benedictssons namn, dels i sitt eget. Han använde också hennes efterlämnade texter i sitt eget författarskap, som exempelvis i romanen *Röde Prinsen*. Hans roman *Elsa Finne* består till större delen av lätt redigerade utdrag ur hennes efterlämnade dagbok. Romanen *Modern*, som han fullbordade, gav han ut under båda deras namn.\n\nAxel Lundegård konstruerade inte mindre än tre "självbiografier" av Victoria Benedictssons efterlämnade brev, anteckningar och dagböcker. Den första utkom 1890, den andra 1908 och den sista 1928. Varje utgåva inkluderade en allt större del av hennes efterlämnade dagbok. I sin helhet utgavs dagboken dock först under 1980-talet. ”Stora boken”, som hon kallade den, inleds 1882 och löper fram till hennes död och är på många sätt ett litterärt verk i sig. Från att ha fungerat som en arbetsbok, där hon nedtecknade uppslag och berättelser hon hört, växer den under de senare åren och framför allt under Köpenhamnstiden till en storartad skildring av en kvinnas kamp för sitt egenvärde och sitt författarskap.\n\nVictoria Benedictsson dog i Köpehamn 1888 och är begravd på Vestre Kirkegård i Köpenhamn. På hennes gravsten står hennes författarpseudonym Ernst Ahlgren.",
      "text_eng": "Victoria Benedictsson was one of the most influential authors of the Swedish modernist breakthrough. Her novels primarily focus on intra-marital troubles as well as the women’s issues of her day. \n\nVictoria Benedictsson grew up on Charlottenborg farm in southern Scania. She was the youngest child in the family. As a result of her father going bankrupt the family had to move to a smaller farm when she was 13 years old. Victoria Benedictsson dreamt of studying at Konsthögskolan (the college of art) in Stockholm. However, her father forbade this even though she had managed to earn enough money working as a governess to fund her own studies. \n\nWhen Victoria Benedictsson was 21 years old she married Christian Benedictsson, a widower who was 28 years her senior. He was the postmaster of Hörby and already had five children to whom Victoria Benedictsson became a beloved step-mother. She and Christian had two daughters of their own, although one of them died shortly after birth. Victoria Benedictsson’s marriage was never a happy one. \n\nVictoria Benedictsson developed a bone disease which left her bed-bound. It was during this period that she began to write. In 1876 she had already published a serial, called *Sirenen*, in the *Sydsvenska Dagbladet* newspaper under the pseudonym of Tardif. However, it is her collection of realistic short stories portraying daily life, entitled *Från Skåne*, which is usually considered to be her debut work. Once again she wrote using a pseudonym, that of Ernst Ahlgren, which she retained throughout her writing career. Following the publication of her next book, a novel entitled *Pengar*, the next year she became a recognised name within the sphere of Swedish literature. Some of the stories and intrigues she wrote about closely resembled her own experiences. The lead character, called Selma, wanted to be an artist but was induced into marrying a wealthy older landowner. The novel takes the form of an emancipatory novel and in the final scene Selma breaks away in order to make her way out into the world, educate herself, and become self-reliant. \n\nWhilst Victoria Benedictsson was becoming an established author she also came to know another young author, Axel Lundegård, who was the son of the pastor in Hörby. Their relationship became definitive not only for her writing but also for her life. They would read each other’s work and provided an advanced form of “friendly criticism” which helped both of them to develop their writing. In 1885 they co-authored a play called *Framåt*, which was a typical modernist breakthrough play based on themes of money, love, and deception. \n\nThat same year Victoria Benedictsson was invited by [Sophie Adlersparre](0000000082247859), the grand lady of the Swedish women’s movement, to spend a couple of months in Stockholm. This was her first exposure to the literary and women’s movement factions of her day and she was ambivalent towards them. Whilst she did form a close friendship with her hostess, and with [](Ellen Key), she was critical towards fellow female writers such as [](Afhild Agrell) and [Anne Charlotte Leffler](0000000108629469). \n\nThe next year Victoria Benedictsson, with some sense of excitement, made her way to Copenhagen, which was the literary capital of Scandinavia at that time. Axel Lundegård – who by then belonged to the group known as “Det unga Sverige”, headed by August Strindberg – was also in Copenhagen and introduced her to numerous cultural celebrities, including Georg Brandes, who was the most influential literary critic of the day. This relationship became another defining point in Victoria Benedictsson’s life and for her writing career. Her diary reveals that before her first meeting with Georg Brandes Victoria Bendedictsson swapped hotel rooms and rearranged the furniture in it so that he would see her from her best angle. \n\nThis initial visit occurred in 1886 and over the course of the ensuing year Georg Brandes visited Victoria Benedictsson regularly. They would speak of literary matters and of gossip, particularly about his lovers. Victoria Benedictsson was extremely in love with the man but rejected an intimate relationship with him for a long time. Her sexual experiences had been negative and intimate relations with her husband had long ceased. In fact her marriage was merely pro forma and when she lived in Hörby she paid her own way. Eventually, however, she gave in to Georg Brandes’ desire as she was afraid of losing him. Her account of their intimate relations as recorded in her diary reveals that once again it was no positive experience for her. \n\nAt this point Victoria Benedictsson was working on her second novel, eventually published as *Fru Marianne*, which is situated in the countryside. The lead character, Marianne, is a Swedish version of Madame Bovary. She is a keen reader of romantic novels and her marriage to landowner Börje Olsson is a disappointment. She becomes involved in an extra-marital relationship with Börje’s good friend Pål who is a believer in free love. Upon discovering that she is pregnant she, however, realises that it is her husband and her marriage which are most important to her. This novel in many ways confronted and complicated the then dominant debate on marriage vs. ‘free love’. Several of Victoria Benedictsson’s previous admirers viewed the novel as conservative in nature while Georg Brandes – who to her was the most important judge of taste – described the novel as “i altfor høj Grad en Dame-Roman” (far too much of a Ladies’ Novel) in a letter to her. Victora Benedictsson’s diary entry on the matter reveals that she took this as the death knell for her writing. \n\nDespite this, Victoria Benedictsson did not give up on her writing. In contrast, if one goes by the drafts, major projects, and incomplete manuscripts contained within her surviving papers, one could almost say she entered into a feverish working mode. She released her second collection of short stories in the autumn of 1887, entitled *Folkliv och småberättelser*, which comprises several pieces which later became favourites of anthologies, such as “Mor Malenas höna” and “Förbrytarblod”. Georg Brandes reviewed this collection positively. \n\nDuring Victoria Benedictsson’s final years, in addition to a series of short stories she also worked on two major works. One of these was a short story and play entitled “Den Bergtagna”. The other was the novel *Modern*. The former relates to her love affair with Georg Brandes whilst the latter contains elements reminiscent of her friendship with Axel Lundegård. Neither of these works were completed by the time Victoria Benedictsson took her own life in 1888. \n\nVictoria Benedictsson left behind an extensive amount of literary material as well as a series of important biographical documents. Axel Lundegård took charge of these papers and edited and published the majority of them over the course of several years, partly in Victoria Benedictsson’s name and partly in his own name. He also used material she had left behind in some of his own work, such as in his novel *Röde Prinsen*. Further, his novel *Elsa Finne* mainly consists of slightly edited extracts of her diary. He published the novel *Modern* under both their names given that he completed it. \n\nAxel Lundegård compiled no less than three ‘autobiographies’ from Victoria Benedictsson’s letters, notes, and diaries. The first was published in 1890, the second in 1908, and the third and last in 1928. Each publication included increasingly larger extracts from her diary. However, it was not until the 1980s that Victoria Benedictsson’s diary was published in its entirety. “Stora Boken” (the great book), as she called it, begins in 1882 and runs up to her death. In many ways it is a piece of literature in its own right. It initially served as a working book in which she noted ideas and stories that she had heard, but it gradually expanded into being a major portrait of a woman’s struggle to find her own worth and her writer’s voice, particularly during her time in Copenhagen. \n\nVictoria Benedictsson died in Copenhagen in 1888. She is buried at the Vestre Kirkegård in Copenhagen. Her tombstone bears the name of her pseudonym, Ernst Ahlgren.",
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        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Johannes Elai",
          "lastname": "Terserus",
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          "firstname": "Olaus",
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        "firstname": "/Cecilia/",
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          "firstname": "Bengt",
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      "subtitle_eng": "Preacher, prophet",
      "text": "Cecilia Bengtsdotter var under en period på 1670-talet en högst uppmärksammad profet som spred sitt eskatologiska budskap i Östergötland, Norrköping, Linköping och Stockholm.\n\nDet är oklart var Cecilia Bengtsdotter var född. Hon påstod själv att det var i Svenljunga socken i Östergötland. Även hennes födelsedatum är okänt. Hennes far hette Bengt Andersson. Hennes första man hette Clas och den andre var regementssadelmakare. När hon blir synlig i källorna var hon sedan några år änka för andra gången, och kringresande på landsbygden. Möjligen försörjde hon sig med tiggande. Hennes första uppenbarelser kom i Västra Husby i Östergötland, där hon vid Mickelsmässotiden 1673 hörde en röst från himlen. Hon gick och sökte rum för natten på en kaplansgård, men nekades rum. Då hörde hon rösten igen, som nu uppmanade henne att söka upp prästgården och kyrkoherden. Till honom skulle hon också, manade rösten, meddela att han skulle varna folket att avstå från girighet, högmod, valkar på ärmarna och krusat hår. Om han inte följde denna uppmaning, sade rösten att det skulle regna maskar och ormar i tre dagar. Så hade enligt hennes berättelse också skett i Norrköping, men maskarna hade dött omedelbart av kölden.\n\nAndra gången Cecilia Bengtsdotter hörde rösten var när hon strax efteråt kom till Norrköpings stad. Utanför staden satte hon sig på en sten och bad en bön medan kyrkklockorna ringde till afton. Rösten frågade då varför hon inte gått till kyrkoherden. Hon svarade att hon inte visste vad hon skulle göra, och berövades genast sin talförmåga till dess hon mindes vad det var för ett budskap hon skulle förmedla. Detta tog hon sedan med sig till präster i Norrköping och Linköping, bland andra biskop Terserus. Hon uppmanades av prästerna att berätta om sina uppenbarelser: om hon hade haft uppenbarelser kunde hon inte tiga med det. I samband med detta kunde hon varken äta eller dricka på tre veckor.\n\nCecilia Bengtsdotter förde sitt budskap vidare till Stockholm, dit hon anlände vid jul 1674. Här inträffade hennes tredje uppenbarelse, då hon en natt hörde rösten uppmana henne att tala med kungen. Kungen borde inte lämna landet under ett års tid och han borde göra något åt den stora högfärden i riket. Sverige var sedan lång tid fördärvat av främmande herrskap, och om inte budskapet från himlen åtlyddes skulle ormar regna från himlen. I Stockholm sökte hon sig till kaplanen i Sankta Klara, som vände sig till Stockholms domkapitel och berättade att hon lämnat in några skrifter om hur hon hört en röst från himlen. Hon blev efter detta insatt på Danvikens hospital, orsaken till detta är oklar. Det synes inte ha skett i huvudsak av medicinska skäl: hon erkände visserligen att hon var mjältsjuk, eller melankolisk, men prästerskapet som förhört henne lyssnade mycket uppmärksamt på budskapen och ansåg dem inte förkastliga på något sätt. Hon befanns kunna sin kristendom tillfredsställande. Hennes närvaro i huvudstaden väckte en hel del uppmärksamhet, och ledde till folksamlingar. Ett antal personer besökte henne även på Danviken där hon hade ytterligare visioner.\n\nNär Cecilia Bengtsdotter lämnade Stockholm är oklart, men år 1677 sökte hon hos Linköpings domkapitel plats på Söderköpings hospital eftersom hon inte fick hel matpenning på Danviken. Därefter upphör arkivens spår av Cecilia Bengtsdotter.",
      "text_eng": "For a period in the 1670s, Cecilia Bengtsdotter was a prophet who awoke a great deal of attention when spreading her eschatological message in Östergötland, Norrköping, Linköping and Stockholm. \n\nIt is not known where Cecilia Bengtsdotter was born. She herself insisted that it was in Svenljunga parish in Östergötland. Her birthdate is also unknown. Hers father’s name was Bengt Andersson. Her first husband’s name was Clas and the second was a regimental saddle-maker. When she appears in the source materials, she had been a widow for some years, for the second time, and she was travelling around the countryside. It is possible she lived by begging. Her first revelations came to her in Västra Husby in Östergötland, where she heard a voice from heaven in 1673 around Michaelmas. She went and tried to find a room for the night at a chaplain’s farm, but was denied. Then she heard the voice again, telling her to go to the vicarage and ask for the vicar. The voice also exhorted her to give him the message that he must warn people to abstain from greed, vanity, sumptuous clothes and curled hair. If he did not follow this exhortation, the voice said that it would rain worms and snakes for three days. According to her story, this had actually happened in Norrköping, but the worms had immediately died of cold. \n\nThe second time Cecilia Bengtsdotter heard the voice was soon after arriving in the city of Norrköping. Outside the city, she sat on a stone and prayed while the church bells rang in the evening. The voice asked why she had not gone to the vicar. She responded that she did not know what she was expected to do, and she was immediately deprived of her speaking ability until she should remember what the message was that she was expected to deliver. She later took this with her to priests in Norrköping and Linköping, among others Bishop Terserus. She was exhorted by the priests to tell them her revelations – if she had had revelations, she must not be silent about them. In connection with this, she became unable to eat or drink for three weeks.  \n\nCecilia Bengtsdotter carried her message on to Stockholm, where she arrived at Christmas time in 1674. Here she had her third revelation, when one night she heard the voice exhort her to speak to the king. The king ought not to leave the country for a period of one year and he ought to do something about the great vanity in the nation. Sweden had for a long time been corrupted by foreign gentry, and if the message from heaven was not obeyed, snakes would rain down from the sky. In Stockholm, she sought the chaplain at St Klara Church, who turned to the Stockholm cathedral chapter and told them that she had handed him some written documents describing how she had heard a voice from heaven. After that, she was committed to Danviken hospital, the reason for this being unclear. It appears not to have been done for primarily medical reasons. She did indeed admit that she suffered from her spleen, or was melancholic, but the priesthood who had interrogated her listened attentively to her messages and considered them not objectionable in the slightest. She was found to know her Christianity satisfyingly well. Her presence in the capital awoke a good deal of attention, and led to crowds gathering. A number of people also visited her in Danviken where she had a number of new visions. \n\nWhen Cecilia Bengtsdotter left Stockholm is unclear, but in 1677 she applied to Linköping cathedral chapter for a place at Söderköping hospital since she had not been given her whole food allowance at Danviken. After that, there are no traces of Cecilia Bengtsdotter in the archives. ",
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        "1500-talet",
        "Nunnor",
        "Katolicism",
        "Kristendom",
        "Lärda kvinnor"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "16th century",
        "Nuns",
        "Catholicism",
        "Christianity",
        "Educated women"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-04-06T11:56:03",
      "lifespan": {
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "Ca 1520"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.820278",
              "lon": "13.024167"
            },
            "place": "Fristad"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Katarina (/Karin/)",
        "lastname": "Bengtsdotter (Gylta)",
        "sortname": "Bengtsdotter (Gylta)"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Abbedissa",
          "detail": "Ordenssyster, fr o m 1553 abbedissa, Vadstena kloster",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Ordenssyster, abbedissa",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "name": "Birgittinorden, Den allra heligaste Frälsarens orden (Ordo Sanctissimi Salvatoris)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1520"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.820278",
              "lon": "13.024167"
            },
            "place": "Fristad"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.447602",
              "lon": "14.890234"
            },
            "place": "Vadstena"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1593",
            "date": "1593"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1560",
            "date": "1560"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita",
          "lastname": "Bengtsdotter (Lillie)",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1520",
            "date": "1520"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Pedersson (Gylta)",
          "occupation": "Adelsman",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1514",
            "date": "1514"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1574",
            "date": "1574"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt",
          "lastname": "Bengtsson (Gylta)",
          "occupation": "Lagman, riddare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "Ca 1580"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöran",
          "lastname": "Bengtsson (Gylta)",
          "occupation": "Historieskrivare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1561",
            "date": "1561"
          },
          "firstname": "Jöns",
          "lastname": "Bengtsson (Gylta)",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1575",
            "date": "1575"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Bengtsdotter (Gylta)",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "Ca 1579"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Bengtsdotter (Gylta)",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Berntson, Martin, *Klostren och reformationen: upplösningen av kloster och konvent i Sverige 1523-1596 = The dissolution of the monasteries in 16th century Sweden*, Norma, Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2003,Skellefteå, 2003",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fant, Eric Michael (red.), \"Diarium Wazstenense\", *Scriptores rerum Svecicarum medii aevi T. 1 Ex schedis praecipue Nordinianis collectos, dispositos ac emendatos, Upsaliæ*, MDCCCXVIII, 1818",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hagberg, Johnny, ’En västgötskas brev till påven’, *Medlemsblad : Skara stiftshistoriska sällskap*, 2006:2",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Silfverstolpe, Carl, *Klosterfolket i Vadstena [Elektronisk resurs] : personhistoriska anteckningar*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1898-1899",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/46559"
        },
        {
          "description": "Troil, Uno von (red.), *Skrifter och handlingar, til uplysning i swenska kyrko och reformations historien*. Upsala, tryckt hos direct. Johan Edman [4-5:] direct. J. Edmans enka. =1-5. 1790-91.= [Del 4] Fjerde delen. 1791., Uppsala, 1791",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:eod-2409386"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vadstena kloster, Vadstenadiariet: latinsk text med översättning och kommentar*, Samf. för utgivande av handskrifter rörande Skandinaviens historia, Stockholm, 1996",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kopiesamlingen I (f d Avskriftssamlingen). Ahlqvists avskriftssamling vol. B1. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-03-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=Gustaf+Cronhielm&page=14&postid=ArkisRef+SE%2fRA%2f760001&tab=post"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pergamentsbrev. Brev från Karin Bengtsdotter, 5 maj 1592. Linköpings stifts- och landsbibliotek",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Strödda historiska handlingar, vol. 3. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-03-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=str%C3%B6dda+historiska+handlingar&page=1&postid=Arkis+3EE29932-9B89-11D5-A701-0002440207BB&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska drottningar under 1500-talet. Brev och handlingar K 73. Kungliga arkiv. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-03-04)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=svenska+drottningar+under+1500-talet&EndastDigitaliserat=false&AvanceradSok=False&page=1&postid=Arkis+E8497C01-101A-41C0-9D10-811C42F0CB6C&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Abbedissa",
      "subtitle_eng": "Abbess",
      "text": "Karin Bengtsdotter var abbedissa i Vadstena kloster under reformationen.\n\nKarin Bengtsdotter föddes omkring 1520 och hon hörde till den adliga släkten Gylta. Hennes föräldrar var adelsmannen Bengt Pedersson (Gylta), död 1520, och Brita Bengtsdotter (Lillie), död 1560, vilka hade sitt säte vid gården Påtorp i Fristad i Västergötland. Släkten hade sedan tidigare anknytning till Vadstena kloster. Flera av Karin Bengtsdotters släktingar hade vigts till systrar och bröder i klostret, däribland hennes farfar Peder Bengtsson, som avled i klostret 1527, och hennes faster Ingegerd Pedersdotter, som var nunna i klostret från 1507 fram till sin bortgång 1569.\n\nKarin Bengtsdotter var välutbildad och lär ha kunnat skriva latin lika bra som svenska. Det tidigaste brevet från henne är daterat 1547 då hon skrev ett svarsbrev till en av sina bröder som skickat gåvor till nunnorna i Vadstena.\n\nTill abbedissa valdes Karin Bengtsdotter år 1553 och hon tog då över ämbetet efter Margareta Nilsdotter. Med undantag för ett kortare avbrott åren 1564—1565 innehade hon ämbetet ända fram till sin död 1593. Hon var abbedissa i Vadstena i en för klostret mycket turbulent tid, dessutom i hela 42 år, vilket innebär att hon är den som innehaft detta ämbete under längst tid i klostrets historia.\n\nDå Karin Bengtsdotter valdes till abbedissa hade klostret på flera sätt påverkats av de reformatoriska förändringarna. Materiell egendom hade konfiskerats och klostrets ekonomiska försörjning låg i händerna på regeringsmakten. Klostret, som fram till reformationen hade levt på räntor från åtskilliga gods, var vid denna tid beroende av kronans ekonomiska stöd för att kunna överleva. Dessutom hade brödradelen i klostret stängts cirka 1550.\n\nSedan 1540-talet rådde ordningen att regeringsmakten gav order till kungliga fogdar att årligen förse nunnorna med de förnödenheter som behövdes. Detta system fungerade inte alltid bra. Karin Bengtsdotter fick ofta anledning att skriva till kungen och uppmärksamma att fogdarna vägrade leverera de erfordrade råvarorna. Dessutom var det enligt Karin Bengtsdotter inte ovanligt att fogdarna minskade på mängden råvaror i leveranserna. Vid mitten av 1550-talet var situationen ohållbar. Karin Bengtsdotter begärde då att få ett beseglat brev från kungen, där det tydligt skulle anges vilka rättigheter klostret hade. Abbedissans påtryckningar förmådde kungen att skicka ut öppna brev till fogdarna där klostrets rättigheter tydligt framgick, likväl skulle problemen med fogdars ointresse för klostrets matleveranser fortsätta under kommande decennier.\n\nKlostrens situation blev knappast bättre av att det krigshärjades av danskarna 1567 under nordiska sjuårskriget. Året därpå uppmanades Karin Bengtsdotter av kung Erik XIV att ansvara för en spioneriverksamhet riktad mot det närbelägna danska fältlägret. Om abbedissan och hennes kloster ville hjälpa till skulle de inte bli lottlösa utan lovades att i så fall få ett utökat underhåll av kronan. Det är okänt om Karin Bengtsdotter någonsin satte kungens planer i verket.\n\nNär Johan III övertog regeringsmakten 1568 fick Karin Bengtsdotter anledning att hoppas på en förnyelse av rådande förhållanden. Till Johan III:s restaurativa och katolskt inriktade kyrkopolitik hörde en nysatsning på rikets kvarvarande kloster och bland dessa intog Vadstena en särställning. Både kungen och hans katolska drottning [Katarina Jagellonica](0000 0000 6145 9705) hyste goda relationer till abbedissan. Senare berättande källor, särskilt Johannes Messenius krönikor, förtäljer att Johan III ofta lär ha fört samtal med Karin Bengtsdotter. Då hon på grund av sin ålderdom hade svårt att gå ”bjöd han henne sin arm och förde henne runt i klosterträdgården”. Vid ett tillfälle lär kungen ha frågat den åldrade abbedissan om inte de unga systrarna i klostren någonsin anfäktades av jordisk kärlek. Karin Bengtsdotter skall då ha svarat, att så förvisso kunde hända, men att man i så fall fick driva bort dessa lustar med bön och fasta. Hon skall därefter ha pekat på en fågel och förklarat att man visserligen inte kunde förvägra fågeln att flyga däröver, men däremot gick det att hindra den från att bygga bo i klosterträdgården.\n\nÅr 1580 visiterades klostret av jesuiten Antonio Possevino, vilket innebar att det reformerades i enlighet med det tridentinska konciliets (1545—1563) riktlinjer. Fram till dess hade klostret, åtminstone tidvis, verkat inom en luthersk kyrklig ram. Karin Bengtsdotter fick själv avlägga den tridentinska eden, *Professio fidei Tridentina*, som innefattade löfte om att vara lojal med den katolska kyrkans hierarki och trostolkning.\n\nVid denna tid skedde också en restaurering av klostret. Den innefattade en ny konstnärlig utsmyckning av konventshuset till vilket hörde målade dekorationer på dörröverstyckena vid två klosterceller. Över den ena finns den så kallade sexbladsrosen inmålad i en fyrkant. I överkanten av denna fyrkant finns initialerna K och B och nere i högra hörnet finns bokstäverna B och A, vilket sammantaget har uttytts som ”Karin Bengtsdotter Abbatissa”, vilket tyder på att överstycket markerade ingången till abbedissans egen klostercell.\n\nVadstena kloster fick 1575 tillåtelse från kungen att ta emot nya medlemmar, vilket ledde till att antalet nunnor mot slutet av 1570-talet ökade från åtta till arton. I takt med att antalet nunnor blev fler växte också det årliga underhållet från regeringsmakten. Karin Bengtsdotter var dock även under dessa, för klostret mer gynnsamma, förhållanden mån om att försvara dess ekonomiska intressen. När klostret 1578 återfick vissa av sina gamla gods men samtidigt fick vidkänna en avkortning i spannmålsunderhållet från några härader, skrev Karin Bengtsdotter till Nils Hansson Brask, som var borgmästare i Stockholm och dessutom katolik, att hon och systrarna gladdes över den nygamla förläningen men hyste ångest och sorg över att den årliga spannmålsuppbörden som klostret hade haft skulle minskas. Efter att hon argumenterat för att ytterligare tio kungliga hemman borde ingå i förläningen, bejakade kungen hennes begäran. Karin Bengtsdotter lyckades också tillskansa klostret vissa andra privilegier, däribland bete för boskap och ett fiskevatten, vilket ledde till klagomål från borgare och befattningshavare i Vadstena.\n\nTrots den nysatsning på klostret som skedde under Johan III:s regim uttryckte Karin Bengtsdotter i ett brev till påve Gregorius XIII den 15 mars 1580 samtidigt en oro över den kyrkliga utvecklingen i Sverige. Hon berättade att det gått trettio år sedan munkar och nästan alla präster skickats bort från klostret. De hade sedan dess plågats både av danska fiender och av trakasserier från det egna folket. Klostret hade bestulits på egendom, bränts och dessutom förtalats av ”de kätterska” prästerna. Hon var visserligen tacksam över att Antonio Possevino fått möjlighet att besöka klostret, och hon konstaterar också att den heliga [Birgitta](0000 0001 2101 2842)s och hennes dotter Katarinas reliker ”på ett gudomligt sätt” fortfarande var bevarade där, men hon var betryckt över att det endast fanns två katolska präster kvar, vilka båda var åldrade.\n\nDessa två katolska präster var den gamle och skröplige Hans Magni, som tidigare varit kyrkoherde i Häradshammar och Hans Pauli, som tidigare varit munk i klostret. Enligt Possevino föredrog nunnorna den skröplige Hans Magni. Orsaken till att de inte ville ha birgittinmunken Hans Pauli som själavårdare förklarade Karin Bengtsdotter själv i ett brev till Nils Hansson Brask 1578, där hon uppgav att Hans Pauli vid hovet hade spridit ut osanna rykten om klostret och hävdat att hon själv och systrarna var en ogudaktig och fördömd församling och att alla systrar som så ville kunde gå in och ut i klostret. Enligt Karin Bengtsdotter var dessa rykten helt grundlösa, däremot hade Hans Pauli varit mycket besvärlig. Eftersom han vägrade dela stuga med Hans Magni hade man fått bygga en egen stuga till honom. En annan anledning till Karin Bengtsdotters irritation över Hans Pauli finner vi möjligen i Vadstena stads tänkebok där det berättas att Hans Pauli hållit dryckeslag med några unga djäknar.\n\nKarin Bengtsdotter kämpade fram till sin död för klostrets rätt till årlig proviantering från kungamakten. En belysning av klostrets kärva sociala och ekonomiska situation ges av ett brev skrivet under hennes sista levnadsår, i maj 1592, i vilket Karin Bengtsdotter tackade den kunglige sekreteraren Nils Jönsson för det vin och den sill som han skickat till klostret och bad honom att till hertig Karl framföra att klostret önskade ytterligare fyra tunnor sill och ett par oxar. Klostret hade enligt Karin Bengtsdotter under vintern lidit stor nöd. Som tack skickade abbedissan päronsylt och körsbär i en tennflaska samt ett par grova vantar.\n\nKarin Bengtsdotter avled sannolikt i början av året 1593. I juni samma år vet vi att ledningen hade övertagits av Karin (Katarina) Olofsdotter som året därpå vigdes till abbedissa och därmed blev den sista abbedissan i Vadstena kloster i förmodern tid. Klostret stängdes av regeringsmakten i december 1595.",
      "text_eng": "Karin Bengtsdotter was Abbess at Vadstena Convent during the Reformation.  \n\nKarin Bengtsdotter was born around 1520 into the noble Gylta family. Her parents were nobleman Bengt Pedersson (Gylta), who died in 1520, and Brita Bengtsdotter (Lillie), who died in 1560. Their family seat was Påtorp Estate in the province of Västergötland. The family had previous connections with Vadstena Convent. Several of Karin Bengtsdotter’s relatives had become nuns and monks there, among them her paternal grandfather Peder Bengtsson, who died in the convent in 1527, and her paternal aunt Ingegerd Pedersdotter, who was a nun in the Convent from 1507 until her death in 1569.  \n\nKarin Bengtsdotter was well-educated and is said to have been able to write Latin as well as she did Swedish. The earliest letter from her is dated 1547 when she responded to one of her brothers who had sent gifts to the nuns at Vadstena. \n\nKarin Bengtsdotter was elected Abbess in 1553, taking over the post after Margareta Nilsdotter. With the exception of a brief break in 1564—1565, she held the post right up until her death in 1593. She was the Abbess at Vadstena during a very turbulent time for the Convent, and also for a total of 42 years, which means that she is the person to have held that post for the longest time in the history of the Convent.  \n\nThe Convent had been affected in several ways by the reformatory changes when Karin Bengtsdotter was elected as Abbess. Material property had been confiscated and the Convent’s economic provision lay in the hands of the governing powers. The Convent became at that point dependent upon the economic support of the Crown for its survival, after having lived off the rents from a number of estates until the Reformation. In addition, the monks’ section of the Convent had been closed down in about 1550. \n\nSince the 1540s, the regime was that the governing powers gave orders to the royal bailiffs to provide the nuns annually with all the necessities they required. This system did not always work well. Karin Bengtsdotter often had reason to write to the King to draw his attention to the fact that the bailiffs refused to deliver the supplies needed. Besides, according to Karin Bengtsdotter it was not unusual for the bailiffs to reduce the quantities of materials in the deliveries. By the mid-1550s, the situation was untenable. Karin Bengtsdotter then demanded to receive a sealed envelope from the King, in which the rights held by the Convent should be clearly set out. The Abbess’s pressure induced the King to send out an open letter to the bailiffs in which the Convent’s rights were clearly stipulated. However, the problems with the bailiffs’ lack of interest in the Convent’s foodstuffs delivery nevertheless continued during the coming decades.  \n\nThe Convent’s situation was hardly improved by its being ravaged by the Danes in 1567 during the seven-year Nordic war. The year after, Karin Bengtsdotter was exhorted by King Erik XIV to take responsibility for an espionage operation aimed at the nearby Danish field camp.  If the Abbess and her Convent were willing to assist the King, they would not go unrewarded but were promised an increased allowance from the Crown. It is not known whether or not Karin Bengtsdotter ever put the King’s plans into practice.  \n\nWhen Johan III took over government power in 1568, Karin Bengtsdotter had good reason to hope for the renewal of current conditions. Included in Johan III’s Catholic restoration politics for the church was a new investment in the remaining convents in the kingdom, among which Vadstena occupied a special position. Both the King and his Catholic Queen, [Katarina Jagellonica](0000 0000 6145 9705), nourished their good relationship to the Abbess. Later narrative sources, especially Johannes Messenius’ chronicles, relate that Johan III is often said to have carried on conversations with Karin Bengtsdotter. When she had difficulty in walking on account of her age, “he offered her his arm and led her round the Convent gardens”. On one occasion, the King is said to have asked the aged Abbess if the younger sisters in the Convent were ever beset by earthly love. Karin Bengtsdotter is then said to have replied that such things could certainly occur, but that in such cases one had to drive away those desires with prayer and fasting. After that she is supposed to have pointed at a bird and explained that one could of course not refuse the bird the right to fly over the Convent, but it was possible to stop it from building its nest in the Convent garden.  \n\nIn 1580, the Convent was visited by the Jesuit Antonio Possevino, a sign that it had been reformed in accordance with the guidelines of the Council of Trent (1545—1563). Up until that time, the Convent had functioned within the framework of the Lutheran church, at least partially. Karin Bengtsdotter had herself to take the oath of the Council of Trent, *Professio fidei Tridentina*, that included the promise to be loyal to the hierarchy and interpretation of beliefs of the Catholic Church.  \n\nAt that time, a renovation of the Convent also took place. It included new artistic decoration of the Convent building to which belonged decorative paintings above the doors of two cells. Over the first is a so-called six-petalled rose painted inside a square. At the top of the square are the initials K and B and in the lower right-hand corner are the letters B and A, which together have been interpreted as “Karin Bengtsdotter Abbatissa”, indicating that this was the entrance to the Abbess’s own cell.  \n\nIn 1575, Vadstena Convent received permission from the King to accept new members, which led to the number of nuns towards the end of the 1570s increasing from eight to eighteen. As the number of nuns grew, so the annual government allowance was increased. Karin Bengtsdotter was however careful to defend the Convent’s economic interests even under these more favourable conditions for the Convent. When in 1578 the Convent regained some of its old estates but at the same time had to suffer the curtailment of the grain allowance from a few jurisdictional districts, Karin Bengtsdotter wrote to Nils Hansson Brask, who was the mayor of Stockholm and also a Catholic. She reported that she and her sisters were glad about the renewal of the old economic contributions, but harboured anxiety and sorrow over the reduction in the annual grain allowance previously enjoyed by the Convent. After she had argued that a further ten royal estates should be included in the allowance, the King assented to her demand. Karin Bengtsdotter also succeeded in acquiring certain other privileges for the Convent, among them pastures for livestock and fishing rights, which led to complaints from citizens and administrators in Vadstena.  \n\nDespite the new investments that had been made in the Convent under the reign of Johan III, Karin Bengtsdotter expressed at the same time her anxiety over church developments in Sweden, in a letter to Pope Gregory XIII from 15 March 1580. She related that thirty years had passed since all the monks and almost all the priests had been sent away from the Convent. They had been plagued by both Danish enemies and harassment by their own local people since then. The Convent had suffered the theft of possessions, been set on fire and also been defamed by “heretical” priests. She was of course grateful over Antonio Possevino’s opportunity to visit the Convent, and she established that the relics of Saint [Birgitta](0000 0001 2101 2842) and her daughter Katarina were still in safe-keeping there “in some divine way”. However, she was oppressed by the fact that there were only two Catholic priests remaining in the Convent, both of whom were elderly.  \n\nThese two Catholic priests were the old and frail Hans Magni, previously the vicar of Häradshammar, and Hans Pauli, previously a monk in the Convent. According to Possevino, the nuns preferred the frail Hans Magni. The reason that they did not want the Bridgettine monk Hans Pauli as their counsellor was explained by Karin Bengtsdotter herself in a letter to Nils Hansson Brask in 1578. In it, she stated that Hans Pauli had spread out untruthful rumours at Court about the Convent, asserting that she herself and the sisters were an ungodly and damned congregation and that all the sisters who so wished were allowed to leave and enter the Convent as they wanted.  According to Karin Bengtsdotter, these rumours were completely unfounded, but on the other hand, Hans Pauli had been very difficult. Since he refused to share a cottage with Hans Magni, they had had to build a separate cottage for him. Another reason for Karin Bengtsdotter’s irritation over Hans Pauli may possibly be found in Vadstena town’s annals in which it is told that Hans Pauli had held drunken parties with some young schoolboys.  \n\nKarin Bengtsdotter battled until her death for the Convent’s right to annual provisioning by the Crown. One illustration of the Convent’s harsh social and economic situation is provided by a letter during her final year of life, in May 1592, in which Karin Bengtsdotter thanked the royal secretary Nils Jönsson for the wine and herring that he had sent to the Convent, and begged him to convey to Duke Karl that the Convent desired a further four barrels of herring and a pair of oxen. The Convent had, according to Karin Bengtsdotter, suffered great need during the winter.  As thanks, the Abbess sent pear jam and cherries in a tin bottle as well as a pair of thick mittens. \n\nKarin Bengtsdotter probably died at the beginning of 1593. In June the same year, we know that leadership of the Convent had been taken over by Karin (Katarina) Olofsdotter who was ordained as the last ever Abbess of Vadstena Convent in early modern times. The Convent was closed down by the governing powers in December 1595. ",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "lastname": "Flensburg"
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      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1956, 1966, 1970"
          },
          "description": "Guldmedalj vid porslinsutställningen i Faenza, Italien",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
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        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Slöjdföreningens utmärkelse God Form",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
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          "description": "Utmärkelsen God Form vid Hannovermässan, Tyskland",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
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      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "lastname": "Huldt (Hiram)",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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          "firstname": "Åke",
          "lastname": "Huldt",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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        {
          "firstname": "Sylvia",
          "lastname": "Leuchovius",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Willy Maria",
          "lastname": "Lundberg",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Wehtje",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Harry",
          "lastname": "Stålhane",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kurser i porslinsmålning",
          "place": {
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              "lon": 14.579688
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            "place": "Sölvesborg"
          },
          "type": "Övrigt"
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          "from": {
            "comment": "1980",
            "date": "1980"
          },
          "institution": "Pilchuck Glass School",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "48.24109",
              "lon": "-122.370684"
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            "place": "Stanwood, USA"
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          "type": "Studieresa"
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        {
          "description": "Hertha Bengtson, *Designarkivet*, Kalmar konstmuseum (Hämtad 2019-09-23)",
          "url": "https://www.kalmarkonstmuseum.se/designarkivet/designers/hertha-bengtson/"
        }
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Om Hertha Bengtson",
          "description_eng": "About Hertha Bengtson",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(hertha+bengtson)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        {
          "description": "Söderholm, Carolina, 'Hertha Bengtson och Stig Lindberg', *Svenska formgivare*,. S. 155-175, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 76,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1917-04-04",
            "date": "1917-04-04"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Ysane församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.090789",
              "lon": "14.650803"
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            "place": "Ysane"
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        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1993-11-14",
            "date": "1993-11-14"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Brunnby församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.28219",
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            "place": "Mölle"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Hertha/ Antonia",
        "lastname": "Bengtson",
        "sortname": "Bengtson"
      },
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      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Mönsterritare, avdelningschef på Hackefors Porslinsfabrik",
          "detail_eng": "Pattern-creator, deparmental head at Hackefors Porslinsfabrik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Linköping"
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            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Mönsterritare, formgivare på Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik",
          "detail_eng": "Pattern-creator, designer at Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Lidköping"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, Höganäs-Keramik AB i Höganäs",
          "detail_eng": "Designer, Höganäs-Keramik AB in Höganäs",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": "56.200639",
              "lon": "12.555329"
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            "place": "Höganäs"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Utställningsarbete",
          "detail": "Utställningsarkitekt, Träslottet",
          "detail_eng": "Exhibition designer Träslottet",
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            "date": "1969"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": "61.470269",
              "lon": "16.379324"
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            "place": "Arbrå"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, frilans, Rosenthal",
          "detail_eng": "Designer, freelance, Rosenthal",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, bordslinne, Mölnlycke AB",
          "detail_eng": "Desinger, tablecloths, Mölnlycke AB",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Formgivare",
          "detail": "Formgivare, sanitetsporslin, Ideal-Standard Europe",
          "detail_eng": "Designer, sanitary porcelain, Ideal-Standard Europe",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Hertha Bengtson, cirka 1950-tal. Fotograf okänd (Rörstrand Museum)",
          "description_eng": "Hertha Bengtson, circa 1950s. Photographer unknown (Rörstrand Museum)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bengtson_Hertha.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-07-17",
            "date": "1895-07-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1961-01-16",
            "date": "1961-01-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Asta Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Bengtson, född Persson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894-07-03",
            "date": "1894-07-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1968-10-29",
            "date": "1968-10-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Henning",
          "lastname": "Bengtson",
          "occupation": "Hemmansägare, köpman m.m.",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-07-16",
            "date": "1918-07-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-03-05",
            "date": "1984-03-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Stig Rune",
          "lastname": "Bengtson",
          "occupation": "Enskild företagare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-05-22",
            "date": "1920-05-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1985-05-14",
            "date": "1985-05-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Inge Valter",
          "lastname": "Bengtson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1927-01-25",
            "date": "1927-01-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1980-09-18",
            "date": "1980-09-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Göran",
          "lastname": "Bengtson",
          "occupation": "Trädgårdsförman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1937-02-23",
            "date": "1937-02-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-08-02",
            "date": "1998-08-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Bo Torsten",
          "lastname": "Bengtson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Marcus-Luboff, Gunilla, *Den blå elden: Hertha Bengtson*, Wiken, Höganäs, 1992",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges dödbok 1901-2013 Swedish death index 1901-2013*, Version 6.0, Sveriges släktforskarförbund, Solna, 2014",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Ysane församling, Födelse- och dopbok 1917",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Församlingsböcker, Jämjö församling, 1935–1945",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arkiv digital, Sveriges befolkning 1950 (Inloggning krävs) (Hämtad 2016-12-01)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.arkivdigital.se/online/register/sveriges-befolkning-1950"
        },
        {
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Formgivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Designer",
      "text": "Hertha Bengtson var en framgångsrik formgivare. Hon gjorde serviser som var nyskapande både till form och funktion.\n\nHertha Bengtson föddes i Ysane i Blekinge och växte upp på en gård tillsammans med fyra bröder. Föräldrarna var Henning och Asta Bengtson. Fadern var mångsysslare och drev både en minkfarm och en affär vid sidan av jordbruket, som intresserade honom måttligt. Modern, som stod dottern nära, var en skicklig väverska. Från henne fick Hertha Bengtson intresset för textil och handarbete. Av mormodern ärvde hon skånska allmogetextilier och av mormoderns granne lärde hon sig att ”knyppla skånskt”, utan mönsterförlagor.\n\nEfter genomgången flickskola ville Hertha Bengtson bli teckningslärare. Det saknades dock ekonomiska förutsättningar för vidare studier, men hon hade högsta betyg i teckning och handarbete och fick därför plats som handarbetslärare i en av traktens folkskolor. Under sin flickskoletid hade hon också genom kvällskurser lärt sig porslinsmålning. År 1937 sökte hon sig till Hackefors Porslinsfabrik i Linköping där hon anställdes som mönsterritare. Hertha Bengtson intresserade sig för fabrikens alla funktioner och när männen inkallades vid andra världskrigets utbrott blev hon vid 22 års ålder avdelningschef.\n\nHertha Bengtson ville skapa eget porslin. Hon sökte och fick arbete på Rörstrands Porslinsfabrik 1941. Där började hon som mönsterritare, men blev senare formgivare. Hertha Bengtsons förmåga att kombinera skönhet och funktion var avgörande för hennes stora framgångar som formgivare. Hennes definitiva genombrott kom med den nyskapande blå-vita servisen ”Blå eld” som producerades 1951–1971. ”Blå eld” bröt mot flera konventioner. Antalet delar i servisen var färre än brukligt. Den blå färgen var inte dekor utan täckte hela föremålen precis som dekorens reliefmönster. Faten var inte runda utan mandelformade och saknade bräm. Modellerna på de olika skålarna var lika okonventionella som färgsättningen. De delar som man åt och drack på var vita och övriga delar var blå; den vita tekoppen fick ett blått fat. ”Blå eld” var elegant och smäcker och blev mycket populär och exporterades bland annat till USA. Servisen blev en omtyckt lysningsgåva och senare ett eftertraktat samlarobjekt.\n\nUppföljaren ”Koka Blå” producerades 1967–1988 och var revolutionerande på ett annat sätt. Tillverkad i eldfast fältspatporslin kunde grytan och uppläggningsfaten användas på spisplattan eller i ugnen och sedan sättas direkt på bordet. Hertha Bengtson engagerade sig i marknadsföringen av servisen och höll föredrag för husmoders- och kvinnoföreningar. Hon ville förändra vardagsmaten med mer grönsaker och ge kvinnorna en enklare och tidsbesparande matlagning. Servisen "Koka Blå" var rustik och bullig i formen med ett blått brett mönstrat band. För den erhöll Hertha Bengtson 1956 guldmedalj i en utställning i den italienska keramikstaden Faenza och Svenska slöjdföreningens God Form 1961. Hon gjorde totalt sex serviser för Rörstrand men även unikt stengods. Därtill sammanställde hon utställningar för Rörstrand både i Sverige och utomlands. Hon lämnade Rörstrand 1964 i samband med att fabriken köptes upp av Uppsala-Ekeby.\n\nEfter Rörstrand anställdes Hertha Bengtson vid Höganäs-Keramik där hon provade stengodsets möjligheter i tillverkningen av serviser. Den första servisen hon gjorde i materialet var den handdrejade ”Jasmin”. Även här var hon nyskapande. Hon bytte ut den traditionellt matta stengodsglasyren mot en blankt brunsvart och ofärgat grå. Med ”Jasmin” vann hon ytterligare en guldmedalj i Faenza, år 1966. Till sin nästa servis ”Höganäs Top”, som skulle tåla att diskas i maskin, använde Hertha Bengtson en ny slags lergodsmassa. Nytt var även de stora tallrikarna utan spegel som rymde all mat på en gång. Vid Höganäs-Keramik formgav hon också ”Presenta”, som var en kaffe- och teservis med ljusstakar. Ljusstakarna kunde också användas som äggkoppar eller blomvaser om de vändes upp och ner. Ett brett guldband prydde stengodset och gav det en viss elegans. Efter fyra år vid Höganäs-Keramik sades Hertha Bengtson upp. Skälet var troligen meningsskiljaktigheter i tolkningen av det muntliga avtal som ingåtts vid hennes anställning.\n\nErfarenheten Hertha Bengtson skaffat sig av stengodsproduktion kom väl till användning i hennes nästa uppdrag. Hon blev erbjuden frilanskontrakt för Rosenthalkoncernen 1969, vilket i första hand innebar samarbete med Thomasfabriken i Tyskland. För Rosenthal formgav hon storsäljaren ”Scandic” 1970, som även den blev belönad med en guldmedalj i Faenza. Den tillverkades i det nya materialet cordalit, som var hårt, tätt och värmetåligt. I servisen kunde därför eldfasta grytor och kastruller ingå, vilket var en nyhet för den tyska marknaden. Hertha Bengtson formgav totalt sex serviser för Rosenthal. Den sista, ”Family”, kom 1983. Servisen, som var vit med en blå eller grön rand, hade en enkel form och delarna kunde användas på många olika sätt. ”Family” visades på Hannovermässan och fick utmärkelse för god form.\n\nFörutom formgivning av porslin formgav Hertha Bengtson under några år bordslinne hos Mölnlycke AB. Tanken var att dukarna skulle framhäva hennes porslin. Hon inredde och färgsatte också både fabriker och kontor i samarbete med journalisten [](Willy Maria Lundberg) och var hennes utställningsarkitekt på Träslottet i Arbrå under åren 1969–1979. Mellan åren 1976 och 1981 formgav Hertha Bengtson också sanitetsporslin för Ideal-Standard Europe. I Tyskland hade hon även fått formge servis- och prydnadsglas. Sommaren 1980 reste Hertha Bengtson till glasbruket Pilchuck i USA för att lära mer om glasproduktion. År 1990 blev hon formgivare av unikt glas i egen regi. Det var lekfulla glas med enkla former i starka klara färger som blåstes i Strömbergshyttan i Småland.\n\nHertha Bengtsons produktion rönte både intresse och framgång. Hon hade sex separatutställningar och hon deltog i Svenska Slöjdföreningens utställningar i Sverige och utomlands. Därtill deltog Hertha Bengtson i utställningar på museer i London, Köln och München.\n\nHertha Bengtson avled 1993.",
      "text_eng": "Hertha Bengtson was a successful designer. She designed tableware, which was innovative in both form and function.\n\nHertha Bengtson was born in Ysane in Blekinge and grew up on a farm with her four brothers. Her parents were Henning and Asta Bengtson. Her father was a jack-of-all-trades and ran both a mink farm and a shop alongside his farm, which was the least of his interests. Her mother, to whom Hertha Bengtson was very close, was a skilled weaver. Hertha Bengtson's interest in textiles and handicrafts came from her mother. From her grandmother she inherited Scanian country textile knowledge and from her grandmother’s neighbour she learned to tat the Scanian way, without patterns.\n\nUpon completing her education at a girls’ school, Hertha Bengtson wanted to become a drawing teacher. However, there was no money to continue her formal education. Hertha Bengtson achieved top marks in drawing and handicrafts and therefore gained a place as a handicrafts teacher at one of the region’s elementary schools. During her time at the girls’ school, she had also taken evening classes in porcelain painting. In 1937 she applied to Hackefors’ porcelain factory in Linköping where she became employed as a pattern designer. Hertha Bengtson was interested in all aspects of the factory and when the men were called up for military service at the outbreak of the Second World War, she became head of her department at age 22.\n\nHertha Bengtson wanted to create her own porcelain. She applied to and became employed at Rörstrand’s porcelain factory in 1941, where she started as a pattern designer but quickly became a master designer. Hertha Bengtson’s ability to combine beauty with function was fundamental to her success as a designer. Her breakthrough came with the innovative blue-and-white tableware called “Blå eld” (blue fire) which was produced from 1951 to 1971. “Blå eld” broke several conventions. There were fewer pieces in the tableware set than usual, and the blue colour was not decorative but covered the whole piece as did the embossed pattern of the design. The plates were oval instead of round and lacked an edging. The shapes of the various bowls were just as unconventional as the colour scheme. Those pieces used for eating and drinking were white while other pieces were blue: the white teacup came with a blue saucer. “Blå eld” was elegant and delicate and became very popular as well as widely exported, including to the USA. The tableware became a popular wedding gift and later a much sought-after collector’s item.\n\nThe next design, known as “Koka Blå”, was produced from 1967 to 1988 and was revolutionary in a different way. As it was ovenproof, the pots and serving plates could be used on the hob or in the oven and then placed directly on the table. Hertha Bengtson actively promoted the tableware and presented it to housewives’- and women’s associations. She wanted to change everyday meals by including more vegetables and giving women a simpler and faster method of preparing and serving food. In 1956 Hertha Bengtson received a gold medal for “Koka Blå” at an exhibition in the Italian pottery town of Faenza and in 1961 she received the “God Form” award from the Svenska slöjdförening (Swedish Society of Industrial Design). Hertha Bengtson created a total of six dinner services for Rörstrand as well as unique items of stoneware. In addition, she put together exhibitions on behalf of Rörstrand in Sweden and abroad. She left Rörstrand in 1964, when the company was acquired by Uppsala-Ekeby.\n\nHertha Bengtson subsequently began to work at Höganäs-Keramik, where she tested the viability of stoneware with regard to tableware services. The first service she made out of stoneware was the hand-turned set “Jasmin”. Once again she was innovative. She replaced the traditional dull stoneware glaze with a smooth brownish black and colourless grey. She won yet another gold medal in Faenza in 1966 for “Jasmin”. Her next tableware design was called “Höganäs Top”, which was formed from a new kind of earthenware to make it dishwasher-safe. Further, there were new large plates without edging, which could hold all the food at once. While working at Höganäs-Keramik, Hertha Bengtson also created “Presenta”, a coffee and tea set complete with candlesticks, which could even be used as egg cups or vases for flowers when turned upside down. The stoneware was elegantly decorated with a broad band of gold. After four years of working at Höganäs-Keramik, Hertha Bengtson quit, probably due to differences of opinion with regard to the verbal agreement that had been reached when she was initially hired.\n\nHertha Bengtson’s experience in stoneware production proved to be very useful in her next job. She was offered a contract by the Rosenthal group in 1969, which initially involved collaboration with the Thomas factory in Germany. She created the bestseller “Scandic” for Rosenthal in 1970, for which she yet again won the gold medal in Faenza. It was produced in what was then a new material called cordalite, which was hard, dense and heatproof. The tableware thus could include fireproof pots and pans, which was an innovation on the German market. Hertha Bengtson created in total six sets for Rosenthal. The last one, called “Family”, was released in 1983. The set was white with either a blue or a green rim, of a simple shape and the various parts could be used in many different ways. “Family” was exhibited at the Hannover fair and gained distinction for its good shape.\n\nIn addition to creating porcelain, Hertha Bengtson created tablecloths for several years at Mölnlycke AB. The idea was that the cloths would accentuate her porcelain. She also furnished and chose the colour schemes of factories and offices in collaboration with the journalist [](Willy Maria Lundberg) and served as her exhibition designer at Träslottet in Arbrå from 1969 to 1979. From 1976 to 1981 Hertha Bengtson created sanitary porcelain for Ideal-Standard Europe. In Germany she also developed table- and ornamental-glasses. In the summer of 1980 she travelled to the glass factory Pilchuk in USA in order to learn more about glass production. In 1990 she created a unique kind of glass in an independent project, producing playful glass in simple shapes and strong clear colours, blown in Strömbergshyttan in Småland.\n\nHertha Bengtson’s output attracted both interest and success. She held six separate exhibitions and participated in the Swedish Society of Industrial Design’s exhibitions in Sweden and further afield, such as in London, Cologne and Munich.\n\nHertha Bengtson died in 1993.",
      "translator": {
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        {
          "firstname": "Åsa",
          "lastname": "Bengtsson"
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      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Emelie",
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          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Sandström",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
          "firstname": "Karolina",
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          "description": "Bengtsson, Åsa, *Nyktra kvinnor: folkbildare, företagare och politiska aktörer : Vita bandet 1900-1930*, Makadam, Diss. Lund: Lunds universitet, 2012,Göteborg, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
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        }
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        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Liberalism",
        "Lärare",
        "Politik",
        "Politiker",
        "Nykterhetsrörelsen"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Women's movement",
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        "Teachers",
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        "Temperance movement"
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 56,
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1865-06-22",
            "date": "1865-06-22"
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            "comment": "1922-02-02",
            "date": "1922-02-02"
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Gustava Elisabet (/Elsa/)",
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        {
          "description": "Lärare",
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Lärare",
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            "place": "Gävle"
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            "comment": "1920-talet"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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          "description": "Skribent",
          "detail": "Skribent, föredragshållare, opinionsbildare för Vita Bandet",
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            "date": "1902"
          },
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            },
            "place": "Gävle"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Gävle stadsfullmäktige för Frisinnade landsföreningen",
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            "date": "1915"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.67488,
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            },
            "place": "Gävle"
          },
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            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kommun- och landstingspolitiker",
          "detail": "Ledamot, Gävle folkskolestyrelse och pedagogiska nämnd",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.67488,
              "lon": 17.141273
            },
            "place": "Gävle"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, ordförande, lokalavdelningen, Gävle",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
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          "name": "Vita Bandet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900-talet"
          },
          "name": "Frisinnade landsföreningen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
          "type_eng": "Political party"
        }
      ],
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            "place": "Gävle"
          }
        },
        {
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Elsa Bengtsson (Riksföreningen Vita Bandet. Arkivcentrum, Örebro)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bengtsson_Elsa.jpg"
        }
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Våra nya kvinnliga stadsfullmäktige: några data', *Rösträtt för kvinnor*, 1919:2, s. 2, 1919 (Hämtad 2017-11-29)",
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          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/04/index.xml"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Nykterhetskvinna, politiker, lärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Temperance activist, politician, teacher",
      "text": "Elsa Bengtsson var en framträdande nationell opinionsbildare och lokalpolitiker.\n\nElsa Bengtsson föddes 1865 i Gävle i en familj med bakgrund i en sjömanssläkt. Hon utbildade sig till folkskollärare i Stockholm och arbetade där några år innan hon flyttade tillbaka till Gävle, där hon fortsatte sin yrkesbana. Hon blev medlem i den kvinnliga nykterhetsföreningen Vita Bandets lokalförening som bildades i Gävle 1902. Hon byggde upp föreningen och var dess ordförande under några år. Föreningen drev bland annat Vita Bandets hem Fristad, som var ett övergångshem för kvinnor som var i behov av tillfälligt boende eller väntade på att få komma till ett räddningshem eller en vårdinrättning.\n\nElsa Bengtsson var framför allt engagerad i den riksomfattande Vita Bands-organisationen där hon bland annat ledde avdelningen för nykterhetsundervisning i skolor samt barnverksamheten Sveriges Hopp. Hon var en av Vita Bandets mest framträdande opinionsskapare. Hon betraktades som en god talare och höll regelbundet föredrag samt skrev kontinuerligt i föreningens tidskrift *Hvita Bandet* (fr o m 1909 Vita Bandet). Hon författade broschyrer och flygblad såsom skriften \"Alkoholens inflytande på brottsligheten”. Hennes flygblad \"Hvarför böra kvinnorna ingå i Hvita Bandet?\" trycktes i över 50 000 exemplar.\n\nSom lärare var Elsa Bengtsson även medlem och engagerad i folkskolestyrelsen och dess pedagogiska nämnd. I sitt engagemang för nykterhet fann hon ett politiskt intresse och hon var engagerad i Frisinnade landsföreningen på lokalpolitisk nivå. Hon hade positioner i flera lokalpolitiska nämnder såsom barnavårds-, fosterbarns- och pensionsnämnden. Mellan 1915 och 1919 var hon invald som representant för Frisinnade landsföreningen i Gävle stadsfullmäktige.\n\nElsa Bengtsson engagerade sig för barns och kvinnors frihet och politiska rättigheter och uppfattades som en förebild för kvinnors politiska engagemang. Hon beskrevs som en kvinna med \"arbetsförmåga och energi som gick rakt på målet\" samtidigt som hon var självkritisk. Hon dog i Gävle 1922, 57 år gammal.\n",
      "text_eng": "Elsa Bengtsson was a prominent national creator of public opinion and a local politician.\n\nElsa Bengtsson was born in Gävle in 1865. Her family had a nautical background. She trained to become a school teacher in Stockholm and spent a few years working there. She then moved back to Gävle, where she continued to work as a teacher. She became a member of the local Vita Bandet (White Ribbon) women’s temperance association, which had been established in Gävle in 1902. She developed the association and served as its chair for several years. This association ran the Vita Bandet home Fristad, a transitional home for women who needed temporary accommodation or who were awaiting access to a women’s refuge or an official care facility.\n\nElsa Bengtsson was mainly active within the national Vita Bandet organisation, where she was in charge of the section for temperance education in schools, as well as the children’s agency Sveriges Hopp. She was one of Vita Bandet’s most prominent creators of public opinion. She was considered a good public speaker and regularly gave talks as well as publishing continuously in the association magazine *Hvita Bandet* (from 1909 *Vita Bandet*). She composed brochures and pamphlets such as “Alkoholens inflytanded på brottsligheten”. Her pamphlet “Hvarför böra kvinnorna ingå i Hvita Bandet” was printed in over 50,000 copies.\n\nAs a teacher Elsa Bengtsson was also a member of and active within the national school board and its pedagogic authority. Her political engagement emerged out of her temperance activism and she became active within Frisinnade landsföreningen (the Free-minded National Association) at the local level. She held several posts within local political authorities such as the childcare, adoption and pension authorities. She was elected to serve as the Frisinnade landsföreningen representative on Gävle municipal council between 1915 and 1919.\n\nElsa Bengtsson was active on behalf of children’s and women’s freedom and political rights and was viewed as a role model of women’s political activism. She was described as a woman with “a work ethic and energy which was right on target” while also being critical of herself. She died in Gävle in 1922, aged 57.\n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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          "lastname": "Åshede"
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      "contact": [
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          "lastname": "Stanislavskij",
          "type": "Mentor",
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          "lastname": "Alandh",
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          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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          "lastname": "Myrberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Nilsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
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          "firstname": "Åke",
          "lastname": "Lundqvist",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Rolf",
          "lastname": "Nordström",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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        {
          "firstname": "Thomas",
          "lastname": "Hellberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Leif",
          "lastname": "Liljedahl",
          "type": "Kollega",
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            "place": "Moskva, Ryssland"
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          "description": "Teaterpedagogisk utbildning, regissörsutbildning, för bl a Konstantin Stanislavskij",
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          "description": "Av Manja Benkow",
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          "description": "Manja Benkows arkiv. Musik- och teaterbiblioteket (Hämtad 2020-12-22)",
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          "url": "https://calmview.musikverk.se/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=A12"
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          "name": "Epstein",
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            "place": "Moskva, Ryssland"
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            "date": "1924"
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              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.36296,
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            "place": "Lidingö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-12-22",
      "relation": [
        {
          "firstname": "[Uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Arkady",
          "lastname": "Epstein (osäker uppgift)",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-05-19",
            "date": "1892-05-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-09-06",
            "date": "1952-09-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Moses, kallad Moisé,",
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            "date": "1924"
          },
          "lastname": "Benkowitz, senare Benkow",
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            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
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        }
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Manja Benkow’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-12-22)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manja_Benkow"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Manja Benkow, 1898–1976’, *Svenskt översättarlexikon* (Hämtad 2020-12-22)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttarlexikon/artiklar/Manja_Benkow"
        },
        {
          "description": "’ABF elevteater’ [Annons], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1961-09-05",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Manja Benkow’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1976-09-14",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhn, ’Nya Studion’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 1951-04-27",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Manja Epstein’,  *Meliza’s genealogy* (Hämtad 2020-12-22)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.amitys.com/webtrees/individual.php?pid=I33854&ged=Gedcom.gedVidare"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Teaterpedagog, föreläsare, översättare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Drama teacher, lecturer, translator",
      "text": "Manja Benkow var teaterpedagog, föreläsare, recitatör och översättare av rysk litteratur. Hon introducerade Stanislavskijs system i svensk teaterpedagogik.\n\nManja Benkow föddes under namnet Maria (Mascha) Arkadjevna Epstein i Vilnius som då tillhörde kejsardömet Ryssland. Mycket lite är känt om hennes familj, barndom och uppväxt. År 1917 flyttade hon till Moskva för att avsluta sina universitetsstudier. Hon studerade sedan för den berömde skådespelaren, regissören och författaren Konstantin Stanislavskij på hans Konstnärliga Teater och examinerades som pedagog och regissör 1922. Hon var sedan anställd där som skådespelare.\n\nManja Benkow flyttade till Stockholm där hon 1924 gifte sig med fotografen och bildhuggaren Moses (Moisé) Benkowitz. Paret bytte sedan efternamn till Benkow. Äktenskapet varade till 1943. Samma år startade Manja Benkow en skola för scenisk utbildning, Benkows teaterstudio på Götgatan. Hon var först i Sverige med att använda Stanislavskijs så kallade system. Detta fokuserade på koncentration, röst, fysiska färdigheter, känslominne, observation, och dramatisk analys.\n\nManja Benkow var också en flitig föreläsare om Konstantin Stanislavskij och hon översatte från ryska hans *En skådespelares arbete med sig själv* 1944 och det stora självbiografiska verket *Mitt liv i konsten* som kom 1951. Hon översatte även kortare ryska arbeten som Maksim Gorkijs *Vassa Zjeljeznova*, Vassilij Sjkvarkins *En annans barn* och *Under Prags kastanjer* av Konstantin Simonov. Dessa översättningar gjorde hon för Radioteatern 1947.\n\nSamma år blev hon ledare för Ung Teater och efterhand utökades den med Nya Studion. Där fick många senare kända skådespelare en grundläggande utbildning i rollanalys, plastik, scenframställning och talteknik. [](Lissi Alandh) var en. För sin egen teaterskola översatte Manja Benkow till exempel *Häxan* av Anton Tjechov och Samuil Marsjaks *En nyårssaga*. Hon översatte Sergej Aksakovs *En familjekrönika* och Aleksandr Pusjkins *Spader dam och andra noveller* som kom att ingå i Tidens ryska klassiker 1948.\n\nSom lyrikuppläsare hördes Manja Benkow ofta vid lyrikaftnar i Stockholms kulturliv. Hon valde dikter av bland andra Hans Arp, Olof Lagercrantz, [](Ebba Lindqvist), Hjalmar Gullberg och Harry Martinsson. Med lätt brytning läste hon långsamt med inlevelse, ”nästan inåtvänt”. Under senare delen av 1940-talet presenterade hon den ryska dockteatern som folknöje och konst samt den kinesiska teatern i en serie föreläsningar på Stockholms Högskola.\n\nDå hundraårsjubileet av Stanislavskijs födelse firades år 1963 på Stockholms Stadsteaters Studio, inledde Maja Benkow med att berätta om ”Scenens mästare” och sina personliga minnen från Konstnärliga Teatern. Hon gav under året en rad föreläsningar om hans sceniska metod. Hon anlitades också som lärare och regissör av Stockholms kursverksamhet, Medborgarskolan och Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund (ABF), exempelvis ledde hon en tvåårig elevteater. Även efter pensioneringen fortsatte Manja Benkow att i ABF:s regi resa runt som föredragshållare och recitatör.\n\nManja Benkow avled den 8 september 1976 i en ålder av 78 år. Hennes dödsannons pryddes av Davidsstjärnan.",
      "text_eng": "Manja Benkow was a theatre pedagogue, lecturer, reciter and translator of Russian literature. She introduced Stanislavski’s system to Swedish theatre pedagogics. \n\nManja Benkow was born Maria (Mascha) Arkadyevna Epstein in Vilnius, in the then Russian Empire. Very little is known of her family, childhood and youth. In 1917 she moved to Moscow to complete her university studies. She later studied for the famous actor, director and author Konstantin Stanislavski at his Moscow Art Theatre and qualified as a pedagogue and director in 1922. She was later employed there as an actress. \n\nManja Benkow moved to Stockholm where she married the photographer and sculptor Moses (Moisé) Benkowitz in 1924. The couple later took the surname Benkow. The marriage lasted until 1943. That same year, Manja Benkow started a school for stage education, Benkow’s Theatre Studio in Götgatan, Stockholm. She was the first in Sweden to use Stanislavski’s “system”. It focused on concentration, voice, physical skills, emotional memory, observation and dramatic analysis.\n \nManja Benkow was also a diligent lecturer on Konstantin Stanislavski and she translated his *An Actor’s Work* from Russian to Swedish in 1944 as well as his great autobiographical work *My Life in Art* in 1951. She also translated shorter Russian works like Maxim Gorky’s *Vassa Zheleznova*, Vassili Schvarkin’s *Someone else’s child* and Konstantin Simonov’s *Pod kastanami Praga*. She did these translations for Radioteatern in 1947.\n \nThat same year, she became the leader of the youth theatre Ung Teater that was later expanded with Nya Studion. There, many future actors and actresses received their basic training in role analysis, deportment, stage presentation and voice technique. [](Lissi Alandh) was one. For her own theatre school, she translated for example Anton Chekhov’s *Vedma* and Samuil Marschak’s *A new year’s tale*. She translated Sergei Aksakov’s *A family chronicle* and Aleksandr Pushkin’s *The queen of spades and other short stories* that were included in Tidens ryska klassiker, a collection published in Swedish in 1948.\n \nAs a poetry reader, Manja Benkow was often heard at poetry evenings in the cultural life of Stockholm. She chose poems by among others Hans Arp, Olof Lagercrantz, [](Ebba Lindqvist), Hjalmar Gullberg and Harry Martinsson. With her slight accent, she read slowly and with empathy; ”almost withdrawn”. During the latter part of the 1940s, she introduced Russian marionette theatre as a popular entertainment and art as well as the Chinese theatre in a series of lectures at Stockholm College, later Stockholm University. \n\nWhen the hundredth anniversary of Stanislavski’s birth was celebrated in 1963 at the Stockholms Stadsteater Studio, Maja Benkow introduced the event by talking about ”the master of the stage” and her personal memories from his Moscow Art Theatre. During that year, she gave a number of lectures on his stage method. She was also employed as a teacher and director by the Stockholm adult education institutions: Medborgarskolan and Arbetarnas Bildningsförbund (ABF). For example, she led a two-year theatre course. Manja Benkow continued to travel around the country for the ABF as a lecturer and reciter even after her retirement. \n\nManja Benkow died on 8 September 1976 at 78 years of age. Her obituary was headed by the Star of David.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "ManjaBenkow",
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    },
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          "description": "Sjuksköterskeutbildning",
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            "comment": "1886",
            "date": "1886"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Irene, *Kvinnor mot krig: aktioner och nätverk för fred 1914-1940*,  Diss. Lund : Univ., 2001, Malmö, 2001",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Bengtsson, Åsa, *Nyktra kvinnor: folkbildare, företagare och politiska aktörer : Vita bandet 1900-1930*, Diss. Lund : Univ., 2012, Makadam, Göteborg, 2012",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "100-års jubileum för första kvinnan i stadsfullmäktige. P4 Västmanland (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
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      "lifespan": {
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            "date": "1865-05-30"
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            "date": "1947-03-26"
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          },
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "date": "1913"
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            "comment": "?"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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            "date": "1921"
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            "comment": "?"
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          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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            "date": "1921"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "date": "1923"
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            "comment": "?"
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          },
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            "comment": "?"
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            "date": "1924"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "?"
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              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.143193,
              "lon": 15.415992
            },
            "place": "Smedjebacken"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.6135368,
              "lon": 12.0058822
            },
            "place": "Färgelanda"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1906",
            "date": "1906"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.818188,
              "lon": 8.2275119
            },
            "place": "Schweiz"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.587745,
              "lon": 16.192421
            },
            "place": "Norrköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.6099,
              "lon": 16.544809
            },
            "place": "Västerås"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Nina Benner-Anderson. Porträttmålning av Fanny Brate, våren 1893. I släkten Benners ägo. Foto: Johan Andersson",
          "description_eng": "Nina Benner-Anderson. Portrait by Fanny Brate, spring of 1893. In the possession of the Benner family. Photo: Johan Andersson",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Benner_Anderson_Nina_privat.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1842-10-05",
            "date": "1842-10-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1883-10-13",
            "date": "1883-10-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Johanna Carolina",
          "lastname": "Åhlander, född Nilsson",
          "occupation": "Spisvärdinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1831-08-14",
            "date": "1831-08-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1875-07-17",
            "date": "1875-07-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnus",
          "lastname": "Åhlander",
          "occupation": "Fanjunkare, kamrerare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867-03-21",
            "date": "1867-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1939-09-03",
            "date": "1939-09-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Magnhild Matilda Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Åhlander, gift Craelius",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-02-27",
            "date": "1869-02-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-03-24",
            "date": "1964-03-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Andrea Fredrika Henrietta",
          "lastname": "Åhlander, gift Hellgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1870-11-06",
            "date": "1870-11-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1943-01-21",
            "date": "1943-01-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders Fredrik Hilmer",
          "lastname": "Åhlander",
          "occupation": "Apotekare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-08-05",
            "date": "1872-08-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1872-12-31",
            "date": "1872-12-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Magnus",
          "lastname": "Åhlander",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-01-16",
            "date": "1874-01-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1874-02-28",
            "date": "1874-02-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingegärd Maria Carolina",
          "lastname": "Åhlander",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-08-09",
            "date": "1859-08-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-02-04",
            "date": "1918-02-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "lastname": "Anderson",
          "occupation": "Kemist, verkstadsföreståndare, byggmästare, bruksförvaltare, ingenjör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-11-02",
            "date": "1895-11-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-04-25",
            "date": "1919-04-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Helge",
          "lastname": "Anderson, senare Benner",
          "occupation": "Student",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898-07-28",
            "date": "1898-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940-02-15",
            "date": "1940-02-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Einar",
          "lastname": "Anderson, senare Benner",
          "occupation": "Provinsialläkare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-01-10",
            "date": "1900-01-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1986-02-25",
            "date": "1986-02-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Anderson, senare Benner",
          "occupation": "Professor i radiofysik",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-10-04",
            "date": "1901-10-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1963-04-11",
            "date": "1963-04-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Leif Anders",
          "lastname": "Anderson, senare Benner",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-06-16",
            "date": "1907-06-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1976-05-08",
            "date": "1976-05-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Tord Axel Ingvar",
          "lastname": "Anderson, senare Benner",
          "occupation": "Kompositör, dirigent",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Föreningens för Kvinnans Politiska Rösträtt i Västerås arkiv. Arkiv Västmanland",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kyrkoarkiv vid Landsarkiven i Göteborg, Lund och Uppsala",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stadsfullmäktiges i Västerås arkiv och Västerås stadsarkivs ämbetsarkiv. Västerås stadsarkiv",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Aftonbladet*, 1923-05-28",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carli, Nils, *Västerås genom tiderna Del XI:2, Ideella folkrörelser i Västerås : för nykterhet och folkbildning, för kvinnans samhällstjänst*, 1967",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Dagens Nyheter*, 1920-06-05, 1920-06-14, 1920-08-24, 1921-01-29, 1921-02-19, 1921-03-08, 1921-03-30, 1922-04-19",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgham, Elsa, *Historik över Vita bandets i Sverige 60-åriga verksamhet*, Vita bandet, Stockholm, 1965",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fogelklou, Emilia, 'Hur vi började', *Nordisk kväkartidskrift*, 1949:3, s. 7-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Göteborgs Aftonblad*, 1915-12-01, 1924-05-05",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johanson, Gösta, *Liberal splittring, skilsmässa - och återförening: 1917-1934 = [Swedish liberalism 1914-1934] : [from Karl Staaff to Carl Ekman]*, Folk & samhälle, Diss. Göteborg : Univ.,Stockholm, 1980",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Larson, Margareta, *De arbetade för fred: kvinnoföreningar i Sverige med fred på sitt program 1898-1940*, Författares bokmaskin, Stockholm, 1985",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Melin, Inga-Brita, *Lysistrates döttrar: pionjärer och pedagoger i två kvinnliga fredsorganisationer (1898-1937)*, Univ., Diss. Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1999 (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-16570"
        },
        {
          "description": "Protokoll hållet vid Kvinnornas Representantmöte "Ned med vapnen i alla länder", *Kvinnor och fred*, KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/portaler/fred/organisationer/pdf/protokoll_1_sept.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Reformatorn*, 1916-09-14, 1920-08-25, 1921-02-23, 1925-01-08",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Rösträtt för kvinnor*, 1912:19, 1917:3",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 1923-04-18, 1929-01-02",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Tidevarvet*, 1925:23, 1930:11, 1936:15 (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/08/"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Till Sveriges nykterhetsintresserade kvinnor!', *Morgonbris*, 1921:1, s. 10 (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www2.ub.gu.se/kvinn/digtid/05/1921/index.xml"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Årsberättelser för landsföreningen och lokalföreningarna för kvinnans politiska rösträtt 1906*, Stockholm, 1907",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Årsberättelser för landsföreningen och lokalföreningarna för kvinnans politiska rösträtt 1915*, Stockholm, 1916",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Örebro-Västmanlands distriktsförening av Vita bandet 1914-1939*, Lindesberg, 1939",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden: biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914 (Hämtad 2020-01-30)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lundström, Nils Styrbjörn, *Svenska kvinnor i offentlig verksamhet: porträtt och biografier*, Uppsala, 1924",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Sjuksköterska, politiker, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Nurse, politician, suffragette",
      "text": "Nina Benner-Anderson var sjuksköterska, rösträttskvinna, frisinnad politiker, nykterhetskämpe och fredsivrare. Hon var Västerås första kvinnliga stadsfullmäktigeledamot.\n\nNina Benner-Anderson föddes 1865 i Landskrona som dotter till Magnus Åhlander och Carolina Nilsson. Förlossningen skedde två månader i förtid och det var med stor svårighet som hon överlevde. De första barndomsåren, vilka hon själv skildrat som lyckliga, tillbringade hon tillsammans med tre yngre syskon bland straffångarna på slottet i Landskrona, där hennes far var kamrer. När Nina Benner-Anderson var tio år avled fadern, som då avtjänade ett fängelsestraff för förskingring. Vid denna tid hade familjen redan flyttat från Landskrona till Lund. Där försörjde modern familjen som så kallad spisvärdinna för studenter i staden.\n\nSkolgången tillbringade Nina Benner-Anderson i språkforskaren Edvard Lidforss privatskola i Lund. När hon var 18 år dog även modern och Nina Benner-Anderson fick då axla ansvaret för sina yngre syskon. Tre år senare, strax före jul 1886, lämnade hon Lund och begav sig till Stockholm. I huvudstaden blev hon elev på Drottningens sjuksköterskeskola (senare Sophiahemmet) som hade startats ett par år tidigare. Valet av yrke, liksom hennes livslånga engagemang för jämställdhet, rättvisa och för samhällets utsatta, bottnade säkerligen i barndomens upplevelser, såväl av familjens svårigheter som av närheten till fängelsemiljön. Efter sin examen från skolan arbetade hon som sjuksköterska under ett par år.\n\nNina Benner-Anderson fick 1891 anställning som sjuksköterska vid sjukstugan för arbetarna vid Domnarvets Jernverk. Under sin tid vid sjukstugan träffade hon ingenjören Gustaf Anderson och paret gifte sig hösten 1893. Efter några år av kringflyttande hamnade 40-åriga Nina Benner-Anderson tillsammans med make och fyra söner i Västerås kring årsskiftet 1905—1906. I Västerås började hon engagera sig i olika frågor kring kvinnors rättigheter, nykterhet och fred, vilket skulle komma att prägla mycket av hennes fortsatta liv. Hon lär ha haft en organisatorisk skicklighet, som säkerligen kom väl till pass i föreningslivet.\n\nHösten 1906 bildades i Västerås en avdelning av Föreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (FKPR, lokalavdelning av Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt, LKPR). Nina Benner-Anderson var en av stiftarna och 1909 blev hon även ledamot av styrelsen. När de politiskt aktiva kvinnorna i Västerås gick fram med en egen kandidatlista vid stadsfullmäktigevalet 1912 var hon nybliven ordförande i rösträttsföreningen och placerades därför som förstanamn. Efter ett lyckat val tog Nina Benner-Andersson plats som stadens första kvinnliga fullmäktigeledamot. Hon var mestadels aktiv i olika sociala frågor och motionerade bland annat om inrättandet av en så kallad ”Mjölkdroppe” och föreslog åtgärder mot den akuta livsmedelskrisen.\n\nNina Benner-Anderson omvaldes som fullmäktigeledamot på de frisinnades lista 1916. Samma år frånsade hon sig det lokala ordförandeskapet i FKPR och blev istället ordförande i Västmanlands länsförbund av LKPR. Efter att hennes make avlidit 1918 avslutade hon mandatperioden i fullmäktige i förtid. Tillsammans med sönerna, varav den äldste var svårt sjuk i tuberkulos, flyttade hon till Bromma i Stockholm. Hon var dock fortsatt aktiv i rösträttsrörelsen och ingick 1921 i den kommitté som fortsatte driva LKPR:s internationella arbete. Nina Benner-Anderson var en av delegaterna till den internationella rösträttsalliansens kongress i Rom 1923.\n\nNina Benner-Anderson tillhörde de kvinnor för vilka kampen för rösträtt och jämställdhet var nära relaterad till frågan om att uppnå nykterhet i samhället. År 1902 hade hon blivit medlem i den kvinnliga nykterhetsorganisationen Vita Bandet, och hon var ordförande i lokalavdelningen i Ödeborg fram till 1906. I Västerås-avdelningen var Nina Benner-Anderson sedermera ordförande mellan 1907 och 1918, därtill även i länsdistriktet. Vid Vita Bandets årsmöte 1916 valdes hon till ordförande i riksorganisationens centralstyrelse, en post hon innehade till 1922. Som ordförande i Vita Bandet var Nina Benner-Anderson livligt sysselsatt med opinionsbildningen och lobbyarbetet för ett alkoholförbud. Bland annat ledde hon flera delegationer som uppvaktade regeringen i frågan. År 1921 organiserade hon tillsammans med [](Emilie Rathou) en stor förbudskongress. Hon var senare även verksam i Riksutskottet för de kristnas förbudsrörelse.\n\nVid sidan av rösträtts- och nykterhetsarbetet var Nina Benner-Anderson starkt engagerad i den svenska fredsrörelsen. Inom Vita Bandet bildade hon 1912 ett särskilt organ, ett departement för fredsarbete. På våren 1915 tillhörde hon delegationen som representerade Sverige vid den internationella kvinnokongressen för fred i Haag. Nina Benner-Anderson ingick sedan i styrelsen, som kassaförvaltare, för den svenska sektionen av Internationella Kvinnokommittén för varaktig fred (nuvarande Internationella Kvinnoförbundet för Fred och Frihet, IKFF), vilken hade bildats vid kongressen. Efter ombildningen 1919 av den svenska avdelningen till IKFF var hon fortsatt styrelseledamot fram till 1922. Hon deltog senare i Frankfurtkonferensen om moderna krigsmetoder 1929 och var 1935 utskottsledamot i aktionen Kvinnornas vapenlösa uppror mot kriget, även kallad Första September-Rörelsen.\n\nI och med flytten till Bromma 1918 och närheten till huvudstaden blev Nina Benner-Anderson så småningom verksam också i politiken på riksnivå. Till Frisinnade landsföreningens verkställande utskott invaldes hon 1920 som suppleant. Året därpå deltog hon i bildandet av Stockholms nykterhetsvänliga medborgarförening, en utbrytargrupp ur den liberala valorganisationen, och ingick därefter i dess styrelse. Två år senare var splittringen över rusdrycksfrågan även ett faktum i Frisinnade landsföreningen, fastän Nina Benner-Anderson förespråkade fortsatt sammanhållning. I samband med splittringen tog hon plats i Frisinnade landsföreningens förtroenderåd, först som suppleant och från 1924 som ordinarie ledamot. En period var hon suppleant i Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbunds verkställande utskott, innan hon 1925 avsade sig detta uppdrag. Hon var dessutom, för en kort tid år 1930, ledamot i Östergötlands länsförbund av Frisinnade Kvinnors Riksförbund.\n\nVid 67 års ålder anslöt sig Nina Benner-Anderson till Vännernas samfund (kväkarna), i vilket hon 1933—1935 fungerade som clerk (numera ombud). Som en av de äldsta i den första generationen medlemmar karakteriserades hon av [](Emilia Fogelklou) som ”vår kära ålderspresident, med sitt vita hår och sina unga tindrande ögon”.\n\nNina Benner-Anderson återvände mot slutet av sitt liv, sjuklig och nästan blind, till Västerås. Hon avled 1947, 81 år gammal, och gravsattes på Östra kyrkogården i Västerås.",
      "text_eng": "Nina Benner-Anderson was a nurse, suffragette, liberal politician, temperance fighter and peace activist. She was the first woman member of the town council in Västerås. \n\nNina Benner-Anderson was born in 1865 in Landskrona, the daughter of Carolina Nilsson and Magnus Åhlander. She was born two months prematurely with the consequence that she almost did not survive. Her first childhood years, that she herself has described as happy, were spent with three younger siblings among the convicts in the prison fortress in Landskrona, where her father was an accountant. When Nina Benner-Anderson was only ten, her father died. At that point he himself was serving a prison sentence for embezzlement, and the family had already moved from Landskrona to Lund. Their mother supported them by working as a dinner lady for students in the town.  \n\nNina Benner-Anderson attended the language researcher Edvard Lidforss’ private school in Lund. When she was 18, her mother too died and Nina Benner-Anderson then had to shoulder the responsibility for her younger siblings. Three years later, just before Christmas in 1886, she left Lund and travelled to Stockholm. In the capital, she became a pupil at the nursing school Drottningens sjuksköterskeskola (later Sophiahemmet) that had been started a few years previously. The choice of profession, like her life-long engagement for equality, justice and for the vulnerable groups in society, was certainly stamped by her experiences of the family’s hardships and the proximity to the prison environment during her childhood. After qualifying, she worked as a nurse for a couple of years.  \n\nIn 1891, Nina Benner-Anderson was appointed as a nurse at the cottage hospital for workers at the Domnarvets Jernverk works. During her time at the hospital, she met Gustaf Anderson, an engineer, and the couple were married in the autumn of 1893. After a number of years of moving around, 40-year-old Nina Benner-Anderson with her husband and four sons settled in Västerås in 1905—1906. In Västerås, she began to get involved in associations for women’s rights, temperance and peace, which were to influence much of her life in the future. She is said to have been a skilful organiser, which surely fitted her well for life in such associations.  \n\nIn the autumn of 1906, the National Association for Women’s Suffrage (Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt, LKPR) started a local section (FKPR) in Västerås. Nina Benner-Anderson was one of the founders and in 1909 she was also elected as a board member. When the politically active women in Västerås put their own list of candidates forward at the town council election in 1912, she was their first name, as the newly elected chairwoman of the suffrage association. After a successful election, she took her place as the town’s first woman town councillor. She was mainly active in various social issues and tendered motions on among other things the setting up of a so-called “Milk Drop” (Mjölkdroppe) and suggested measures against the ongoing acute food crisis.  \n\nNina Benner-Anderson was re-elected as a town councillor on the liberal list in 1916. The same year, she resigned from the local chairwomanship of the FKPR and became instead the chairwoman of the Västmanland province’s section of the LKPR. After the death of her husband in 1918, she terminated her membership of the town council prematurely. With her children, of whom her oldest son was seriously ill with tuberculosis, she moved to Bromma in Stockholm.  \n\nShe continued however to be active in the suffrage movement and in 1921 she was made a member of the committee that continued to engage in the LKPR’s international work. Nina Benner-Anderson was one of the delegates at the International Woman Suffrage Alliance’s 9th Congress in Rome in 1923. \n\nNina Benner-Anderson was one of the women for whom the struggle for the right to vote and equality were closely related to the issue of achieving temperance goals in society. In 1902, she had become a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (White Ribbon), and she was the chairwoman of the local section in Ödeborg until 1906. In the Västerås section, Nina Benner-Anderson later became the chairwoman in 1907–1918, also in the provincial district. At the White Ribbon annual general meeting in 1916, she was elected as the chairwoman of the national organisation’s central board, a post she held until 1922. As the chairwoman of the White Ribbon, Nina Benner-Anderson was briskly busy with advocacy and lobbying for the prohibition of alcohol. Among other things, she led several delegations to approach the government on the issue. In 1921, she and [](Emilie Rathou) organised an important prohibition congress. She was also later active in the national committee for the Christian prohibition movement.  \n\nApart from her suffrage and temperance work, Nina Benner-Anderson was strongly engaged in the Swedish peace movement. Within the White Ribbon, she started a special section in 1912, a department for peace work. In the spring of 1915, she was one of a delegation to represent Sweden at the International Congress of Women at The Haag. Nina Benner-Anderson was later a board member, as cashier for the Swedish section of what was to be the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), that had been founded at the Congress. After the reconstruction in 1919 of the Swedish section of WILPF, she continued as a board member until 1922. She later participated in the Frankfurt conference on modern war methods in 1929 and in 1935 she was a committee member in the peace action Kvinnornas vapenlösa uppror mot kriget, also known as the First of September Movement (Första September-Rörelsen).  \n\nOn account of her move to Bromma in 1918 and her proximity to the capital, Nina Benner-Anderson became active as a politician even at the national level. She was elected to the Free-minded National Association’s executive committee in 1920 as a substitute. The year after, she participated in the formation of the Stockholm temperance-friendly citizen’s association, a splinter group of the liberal election organisation, and became a board member thereafter. Two years later, the split over the issue of alcohol was also a fact in the Free-minded National Association, although Nina Benner-Anderson favoured continued unity. In connection with the split, she took up a position as a trustee in the Free-minded National Association, first as a substitute, and from 1924 as a regular member. For one period, she was a substitute in the executive committee of the Liberal Women’s Association but in 1925 she resigned from that assignment. She was also a member of a provincial branch of the Liberal Women’s Association for a brief period in 1930. \n\nAt the age of 67, Nina Benner-Anderson joined the Quakers for whom she acted as a delegate in 1933—1935. As one of the oldest in the first generation of members, she was described by [](Emilia Fogelklou) as “our dear alderwoman president, with her white hair and her youthful, sparkling eyes”.  \n\nNina Benner-Anderson returned to Västerås towards the end of her life, sickly and almost blind. She died in 1947, 81 years of age, and was buried at the Eastern Cemetery in Västerås.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "NinaAmandaConstantiaBennerAnderson",
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Linus",
          "lastname": "Karlsson"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Gavér, Börje, 'Smedjans kvinnor lyfts fram', *Folkbladet Östergötland*, 2019-09-06",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1600-talet",
        "1700-talet",
        "Brukspatroner",
        "Godsägare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "17th century",
        "18th century"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-06-10T11:41:37",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 96,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1672",
            "date": "1672"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Svärta församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.819722,
              "lon": 17.081667
            },
            "place": "Svärta socken"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1768-02-24",
            "date": "1768-02-24"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Björkviks församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.833889,
              "lon": 16.519722
            },
            "place": "Björkvik"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Catharina/",
        "lastname": "von Berchner",
        "sortname": "von Berchner"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Bruksägare",
          "detail": "Brukspatron, Häfla bruk",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1705",
            "date": "1705"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.7077,
              "lon": 15.775899999999979
            },
            "place": "Finspång"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1759",
            "date": "1759"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Godsägare",
          "detail": "Godsägare, Hofsta säteri",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.833889,
              "lon": 16.519722
            },
            "place": "Björkvik"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Catharina von Berchner till Regnaholm och Häfla",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1672",
            "date": "1672"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.819722,
              "lon": 17.081667
            },
            "place": "Svärta socken"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.833889,
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            },
            "place": "Björkvik"
          },
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            "comment": "1768",
            "date": "1768"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-04-15",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1645",
            "date": "1645"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1700",
            "date": "1700"
          },
          "firstname": "Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Störning",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1642",
            "date": "1642"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1705",
            "date": "1705"
          },
          "firstname": "Georg Thomas",
          "lastname": "Berchner, adlad von Berchner",
          "occupation": "Brukspatron",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1670",
            "date": "1670"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1729",
            "date": "1729"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerhard",
          "lastname": "von Berchner",
          "occupation": "Brukspatron",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1671",
            "date": "1671"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1729",
            "date": "1729"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Sabina",
          "lastname": "von Berchner, gift de Besche",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1674",
            "date": "1674"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1721",
            "date": "1721"
          },
          "firstname": "Elisabet",
          "lastname": "von Berchner, gift Hägerflycht",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1684",
            "date": "1684"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1742",
            "date": "1742"
          },
          "firstname": "Brita",
          "lastname": "von Berchner, gift Rosenholm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1650-11-24",
            "date": "1650-11-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1710-07-06",
            "date": "1710-07-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1698",
            "date": "1698"
          },
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok",
          "occupation": "Revisionssekreterare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1710",
            "date": "1710"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1661",
            "date": "1661"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1727",
            "date": "1727"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1723",
            "date": "1723"
          },
          "lastname": "Folkern, adlad Cedercreutz",
          "occupation": "Landshövding, friherre",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1727",
            "date": "1727"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1704",
            "date": "1704"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1764",
            "date": "1764"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok",
          "occupation": "Hovjägmästare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1705",
            "date": "1705"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1741",
            "date": "1741"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok",
          "occupation": "Hovjunkare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1707",
            "date": "1707"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1742",
            "date": "1742"
          },
          "firstname": "Göran",
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok",
          "occupation": "Officer",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1708",
            "date": "1708"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1784",
            "date": "1784"
          },
          "firstname": "Catharina Gustava",
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok, gift von Meijerhelm",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1709",
            "date": "1709"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1736",
            "date": "1736"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Gyllenkrok",
          "occupation": "Auskultant, Åbo hovrätt",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Adliga ätten von Berchner nr 1235', *Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1925–1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Pettersson, Jan-Erik, 'Häfla bruk 300 år', *Dædalus (Stockholm)*, 1982(51), s. 165–167 (Hämtad 2020-04-15)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://digitalamodeller.se/arsbocker/daedalus-1982/hafla-bruk-300-ar-av-jan-erik-pettersson/"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Catharina von Berchner', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-04-15)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharina_von_Berchner"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Hofsta', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-04-15)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofsta"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Godsägare, brukspatron",
      "subtitle_eng": "Property owner, ironworks proprietor",
      "text": "Catharina von Berchner var godsägare och brukspatron som under 1700-talet ägde och drev Häfla bruk i norra Östergötland.\n\nCatharina von Berchner föddes 1672 på Norshammar (Svärta bruk) norr om Nyköping. Hon var dotter till Georg Thomas von Berchner och Elisabet Störning. Fadern hade invandrat från Düringen i Tyskland och hade genom arvet efter svärfadern blivit brukspatron vid Norshammar. Genom arvet kom en rad egendomar i Södermanland och Östergötland i hans ägo. Han adlades von Berchner 1691. Catharina von Berchner hade fyra syskon, en bror och tre systrar. Som barn lär hon ha bott på Svärta gård och hon fick sannolikt den form av utbildning som erbjöds unga adelsfröknar i hemmet.\n\nÅr 1698 gifte sig Catharina von Berchner med änklingen och revisionssekreteraren Johan Gyllenkrok. Hon födde fem barn, fyra söner och en dotter, under 1700-talets första decennium. Alla överlevde till vuxen ålder. När fadern Georg Thomas von Berchner dog år 1705 ärvde Catharina von Berchner tillsammans med maken Häfla bruk och möjligen också Hofsta säteri i Björkviks socken. Johan Gyllenkrok avled år 1710, då barnen ännu var små. De från fadern ärvda egendomarna tillföll därmed Catharina von Berchner. År 1723 gifte hon dock om sig med friherren Jonas Folkern Cedercreutz som hade varit landshövding i Kopparbergs och Västmanlands län och varit gift två gånger tidigare. Han dog dock redan efter fyra år och ett barnlöst äktenskap. Därefter förblev Catharina von Berchner änka till sin död.\n\nCatharina von Berchner drev bruksrörelsen vid Häfla framgångsrikt. Till sin hjälp hade hon en bokhållare och en mästersmed som ansvarade för den dagliga driften. Genom brukets privilegier medgavs en stångjärnstillverkning till en årlig produktion omfattande 300 skeppund (cirka 45 ton). En ny smedja uppfördes år 1728 och samtidigt byggdes vattenkraftanläggningen om. Åren 1729, 1737 och 1740 fick Catharina von Berchner Bergskollegiums tillstånd att tillverka mer stångjärn än den fastställda årliga kvoten. Det argument som hon framförde i samband med sin ansökan till kollegiet var att lönsamheten annars skulle bli så dålig att en nedläggning av bruket skulle vara att föredra framför fortsatt produktion.\n\nÅr 1742 fick Catharina von Berchner tillstånd att öka brukets produktion till 600 skeppund stångjärnssmide per år. Tillverkningen fördubblades alltså. På grund av vikande konjunkturer och brist på vatten, träkol och tackjärn, tvingades dock bruket att åtskilliga år producera långt mindre än den fastställda årliga stångjärnskvoten. År 1762 sänktes därför brukets privilegierade smide till 500 skeppund. Några år tidigare, 1759, hade dock Catharina von Berchner lämnat över Häfla bruk till en sonson.\n\nVid sidan av bruksrörelsen drev Catharina von Berchner godset Hofsta i Björkviks socken. Där lät hon år 1746 bygga om herrgårdens huvudbyggnad till den form den har idag. Catharina von Berchner dog på Hofsta 1768. Häfla hammarsmedja är idag ett välbevarat industriminne och museum som speglar verksamheten vid ett svenskt järnbruk i början av 1900-talet, då bruket var känt för sin produktion av hästskor.",
      "text_eng": "Catharina von Berchner was an estate owner and a works owner who during the 1700s owned and ran Häfla works in northern Östergötland.  \n\nCatharina von Berchner was born in 1672 at Norshammar (Svärta bruk) north of Nyköping. She was the daughter of Georg Thomas von Berchner and Elisabet Störning. Her father had immigrated from Düringen in Germany and had, after inheriting his father-in-law become the works owner at Norshammar. A number of estates in Södermanland and Östergötland also fell into his hands through inheritance. He was knighted von Berchner in 1691. Catharina von Berchner had three sisters and one brother. As a child, she is said to have lived on the estate Svärta gård where she probably received the kind of education that was offered to young noble girls in their homes.  \n\nIn 1698, Catharina von Berchner married Johan Gyllenkrok, a widower and accounts secretary. She had five children during the first decade of the 1700s, one daughter and four sons. All survived until adulthood. When her father died in 1705, Catharina von Berchner and her husband inherited Häfla works and possibly also Hofsta Manor in Björkvik parish. Johan Gyllenkrok died in 1710, when the children were still small. The properties that they had inherited from her father thereby fell to Catharina von Berchner. In 1723, she married Baron Jonas Folkern Cedercreutz who had been county governor in the county of Kopparberg and the province of Västmanland. He had been married twice before. He died however after only four years and a childless marriage. After that, Catharina von Berchner remained a widow until her death. \n\nCatharina von Berchner ran the works at Häfla successfully. To help her, she had an accountant and a master smith who were responsible for the daily operations. The works’ privileges allowed bar iron production up to 300 ship’s pounds (about 45 tons). A new forge was built in 1728 and at the same time, the waterpower plant was rebuilt. In 1729, 1737 and 1740, Catharina von Berchner received the permission of the authority Bergskollegium to produce more bar iron than the stipulated annual quota. The argument that she presented in connection with her application to the authority was that profitability would otherwise be so bad that closure of the works would be preferable to continued production. \n\nIn 1742, Catharina von Bercher was given permission to increase the works’ production to 600 ship’s pounds of bar iron per year. Production was thus doubled. On account of deterioration in the economic situation and shortages of water, charcoal and pig iron, for a considerable number of years the works was forced however to produce much less than its stipulated annual bar iron quota. In 1762, the works’ privileged wrought iron was therefore reduced to 500 ship’s pounds. Some years earlier, in 1759, Catharina von Berchner had handed over Häfla bruk to a grandson.  \n\nApart from the works, Catharina von Berchner also ran the Hofsta estate in Björkvik parish. There she had the estate’s manor house rebuilt in 1746 to look as it does today. Catharina von Berchner died at Hofsta in 1768. Häfla hammer and forge are today well-preserved industrial memorials with a museum that shows the operations at a Swedish iron works at the beginning of the 1900s, when the works was renowned for its production of horseshoes.  ",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "CatharinavonBerchner0",
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        {
          "firstname": "Carl",
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          "description_eng": "By Märta Berendes",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(M%C3%A4rta+Berendes)&r=&g=&p=1&spell=true&noredirect=true&d=libris&s=r&t=v&m=10&f=simp"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Märta Berendes",
          "description_eng": "About Märta Berendes",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(M%C3%A4rta+Berendes)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
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      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1700-talet",
        "1600-talet",
        "Adel",
        "Självbiografier",
        "Kristendom",
        "Hovdamer",
        "Landshövdingskor"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "18th century",
        "17th century",
        "Nobility",
        "Autobiographies",
        "Christianity"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-24T14:44:13",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 78,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1639-01-21",
            "date": "1639-01-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Näshulta församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.227654,
              "lon": 16.343542
            },
            "place": "Näshulta"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1717-10-18",
            "date": "1717-10-18"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Märta/",
        "lastname": "Berendes",
        "sortname": "Berendes"
      },
      "num_children": 11,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Hovdam",
          "detail": "Hovdam, bl a hovjungfru, överhovmästarinna, drottning Kristinas hov",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1654",
            "date": "1654"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1717",
            "date": "1717"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1676",
            "date": "1676"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1698",
            "date": "1698"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Godsägare",
          "detail": "Godsägare",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.371249",
              "lon": "16.509804"
            },
            "place": "Eskilstuna"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.782614",
              "lon": "14.161788"
            },
            "place": "Jönköping"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.8351,
              "lon": 9.450690000000009
            },
            "place": "Ems, Schweiz"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1618",
            "date": "1618"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1654-10-05",
            "date": "1654-10-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Kurck",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1603-09-08",
            "date": "1603-09-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1652-02-10",
            "date": "1652-02-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "lastname": "Berendes",
          "occupation": "Officer, diplomat, landshövding, Kopparbergs län, president, Kommerskollegium",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1642",
            "date": "1642"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1725-12-19",
            "date": "1725-12-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Berendes, gift Cruus af Edeby",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Joakim",
          "lastname": "Berendes",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1630-03-15",
            "date": "1630-03-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1659-04-20",
            "date": "1659-04-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1656",
            "date": "1656"
          },
          "lastname": "Sparre",
          "occupation": "Friherre, assessor, Kommerskollegium",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1659",
            "date": "1659"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1626-05-29",
            "date": "1626-05-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1676-04-13",
            "date": "1676-04-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1662",
            "date": "1662"
          },
          "lastname": "Posse af Hedensund",
          "occupation": "Friherre, hovman, riksråd",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1676",
            "date": "1676"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1657",
            "date": "1657"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1689-10-05",
            "date": "1689-10-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel",
          "lastname": "Sparre",
          "occupation": "Kapten",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1659-04-01",
            "date": "1659-04-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1698-04-15",
            "date": "1698-04-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Ebba Margareta",
          "lastname": "Sparre",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1663-05-01",
            "date": "1663-05-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1676-04-01",
            "date": "1676-04-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingeborg Gustaviana",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1664",
            "date": "1664"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1664",
            "date": "1664"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Lage",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1664",
            "date": "1664"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1665-06-12",
            "date": "1665-06-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1704-11-16",
            "date": "1704-11-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Elisabet",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1666",
            "date": "1666"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1689-10-05",
            "date": "1689-10-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1667",
            "date": "1667"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1727-12-06",
            "date": "1727-12-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Marta Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1667",
            "date": "1667"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1725-03-21",
            "date": "1725-03-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1668",
            "date": "1668"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1670",
            "date": "1670"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1694-11-06",
            "date": "1694-11-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Posse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Hanselli, Per, *Samlade vitterhetsarbeten af svenska författare från Stjernhjelm till Dalin. 8*, Hanselli, Upsala, 1867 (Hämtad 2017-11-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/svsf/8/0007.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lindgärde, Valborg, '"Som en ensam fogel på taket": om en bönbok från 1600-talet', *I diktens spegel / red.: Lars Elleström, Peter Luthersson, Anders Mortensen.*, S. 185-203, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Persson, Fabian, '"Dog utlefwad cammarfröken": det svenska hovfruntimret under stormaktstiden', *Jämmerdal och fröjdesal / redaktör: Eva Österberg.*, S. 306-[333], 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anrep, Gabriel (red.), *Svenska adelns ättar-taflor. Afd. 1, Abrahamsson-Granfelt*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1858",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stenbock, Louise, 'Marta Berendes och hennes bönbok', *Hertha*, 1918(5):8, S. 124-127, 1918 (Hämtad 2017-11-30)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/62338"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Hovdam, författare, friherrinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lady courtier, author, baroness",
      "text": "Märta Berendes var friherrinna, hovdam och självbiografisk författare vid 1600-talets slut.\n\nMärta Berendes föddes 1639 och växte upp i en högadlig familj på mödernegodset Hedensö. Hon tillhörde livet igenom samhällets främsta elit. Fadern, Johan Berendes, kom från en gammal frälsesläkt i Estland och modern, Ingeborg Kurck, var också av hög börd med anor från den finska frälsesläkten Kurcke och ätten Oxenstierna. Föräldrarna fick tre barn men endast Märta Berendes och systern Anna levde till vuxen ålder. Fadern var högt uppsatt i den statliga förvaltningen och ägde säterierna Sollentunaholm (nuvarande Sollentuna) och Hofsta (i nuvarande Katrineholm). \n\nI enlighet med högadelns skick och bruk fick Märta Berendes sannolikt en god utbildning i hemmet. År 1652 dog fadern och modern var sjuklig men två år senare blev Märta Berendes och systern Anna tillsammans med en farbror upphöjda till faderns friherrestatus. Vid samma tid blev hon hovdam vid drottning [Kristina](0000000112298199)s hov. I varierande befattningar, från hovjungfru till överhovmästarinna, och med skiftande intensitet, var hovtjänstgöring därefter en verksamhet hon bedrev till livets slut. Parallellt med hovlivet var hon gift två gånger och födde sammanlagt elva barn, varav endast två nådde vuxen ålder. När hon för andra gången blev änka, 1676, författade hon en självbiografisk bönbok. I bokens böner kan viktiga händelser, främst sorgliga, i Märta Berendes liv följas. Det var inte bara Märta Berendes egna böner som samlades i boken. Någon bön hämtade hon från svärmodern Ebba Oxenstiernas bönbok, och några skrevs av hennes syster. Andaktslitteraturen lästes och begrundades. Likt de kända självbiografiska texterna från 1600-talet som författats av kvinnor, det vill säga Maria Euphrosyne De la Gardies och [](Agneta Horn)s, var Märta Berendes skrift till både form och innehåll präglad av tidens religiösa fromhet. \n\nMärta Berendes bönbok tar sin början med den andre makens frånfälle och blickar sedan bakåt till det år hon föddes för att därefter gå framåt igen. Efter 1698 upphörde skrivandet, då var den lilla boken fullskriven även på pärmarna. Bönerna varvas med självbiografiska notiser. Om sitt första och kortvariga äktenskap med Johan Sparre noterade Märta Berendes att det var ljuvligt och maken var ”from och dygdig”. Efter hans frånfälle vistades hon hos svärmodern Ebba Oxenstierna. Det andra giftet 1662 med landshövdingen Gustaf Posse erbjöd lyckan på nytt. Maken drabbades emellertid av olika elakartade sjukdomar. I syfte att få adekvat vård for paret från hemmet i Jönköping till Ems i Schweiz och tillbaka. De orter som passerades noterades i bönboken. \n\nÅr 1676 var ett sorgens år. Först förlorade Märta Berendes sin lilla dotter Ingeborg och därefter avled maken, Gustaf Posse. I bönboken framgår hur svår sorgen var men också en stark förtröstan på att Gud bistod henne. Ekonomiskt led hon ingen nöd; den förmögenhet hon ärvt efter sin far var stor, men förlusten av maken var oöverkomlig. Samtidigt som Märta Berendes i skrift delgav sitt livs stora händelser gav hon också en bild av sin makes. År 1689 förlorade hon sina bägge söner som gått i venetiansk krigstjänst (i republiken Venedigs krig mot Osmanska riket), de drabbades båda av ”hetsig feber”. Dottern Ebba Margaretas bröllop 1696 var därtill ett kortvarigt glädjeämne, då hon två år senare dog i barnsäng.\n\nBönbokens funktion var tröstens men den ger också uttryck för hur fromhet och religion formade en livsstil. Genom de korta notiserna och bönerna tecknas sorgerna i ett människoliv och samtidigt ges inblick i det mångsyssleri som var nödvändigt för de flesta. Märta Berendes högadliga, och genom hovtjänstgöringen även kungliga sammanhang, innebar att hon varvade skötseln av ärvda gods och säterier med att också förestå den kungliga betjäningen. Hon framställde dock livet som en räcka av personliga förluster. \n\nMärta Berendes avled 1717, och var vid nära 80 års ålder fortfarande i tjänst vid det kungliga hovet.",
      "text_eng": "Märta Berendes was a baroness and a lady courtier who wrote her autobiography towards the end of the seventeenth century.\n\nMärta Berendes was born in 1639. She was brought up within an aristocratic family at her mother’s estate of Hedensö. She belonged to the social elite. Her father, Johan Berendes, came from an old noble family in Estonia whilst her mother, Ingeborg Kurck, had noble roots through the Finnish Kurcke family and the Swedish Oxenstiernas. Although the couple had three children only Märta and her sister Anna survived into adulthood. Johan Berendes occupied an elevated position within the state administration and owned Sollentunaholm farmstead (now Sollentuna) and Hofsta (in modern Katrineholm).\n\nBefitting aristocratic custom Märta Berendes probably received a good home education. Her father died in 1652, and her mother was very poorly. However, two years later Märta Berendes, along with her sister Anna and an uncle, were raised to her father’s baronial status. At this time she also became a courtier at Queen [Kristina](0000000112298199)’s court. She maintained her courtly service until the end of her life, serving in various positions and with varying degrees of intensity from lady-in-waiting to mistress of the robes. During her period of courtly service she was twice married and bore a total of eleven children, of which only two survived into adulthood. When she became widowed for the second time, in 1676, she wrote an autobiographical prayer book. The prayers allow the reader to follow the most important events of Märta Berendes’ largely sorrowful life. The book did not just include her own prayers but also included some from her mother-in-law Ebba Oxenstierna’s prayer book, and some written by her sister. Devotional literature was read and reflected on. Like other well-known autobiographical texts of the seventeenth century written by women such as [](Maria Euphrosyne) and [](Agneta Horn), Märta Berendes’ writings were informed by the religious devotion of the era both in their form and content.\n\nMärta Berendes’ prayer book begins with the loss of her second husband and then looks backwards to the year of her birth before moving forwards chronologically. Nothing is written after 1698 as at that point the book was so full that even the covers had been fully covered with text. The prayers are alternated with autobiographical anecdotes. Märta Berendes commented on her first marriage to Johan Sparre by stating that it was a lively marriage and that her husband was “devout and virtuous”. She lived with her mother-in-law Ebba Oxenstierna following his death. Märta Berendes’ second marriage to Gustaf Posse in 1662 brought new happiness to her life. However, her husband suffered from various serious illnesses. The couple travelled from their home in Jönköping to Ems in Switzerland and back in search of appropriate treatment for the ailing man. The prayer book contains references to all the places they passed.\n\n1676 was a year of sorrow. Märta Berendes first lost her young daughter Ingeborg and then her husband, Gustaf Posse. The prayer book reveals how deep her sorrow was but also how confident she was of God’s support. Having inherited a significant fortune from her father she had no financial worries, but the loss of her husband was unbearable. Märta Berendes annotations not only revealed the main events of her life but also those of her husband’s. In 1689 Märta Berendes lost both of her sons, who were in Venetian military service (during the Venetian republic’s war with the Ottoman empire), to a severe bout of fever. Further, the 1696 wedding of her daughter, Ebba Margareta, was only a brief happy interlude as Ebba Margareta died two years later in childbirth.\n\nThe main function of the prayer book was to provide a source of comfort but it also expresses how devotion and religion informed a lifestyle. The short anecdotes and prayers portray the sorrows of a human life and also provide an insight into the many different occupations that were necessary for most people. Märta Berendes’ aristocratic and royal – due to her court service – existence meant that she alternated managing her inherited property and farmsteads with fulfilling her royal service. She portrayed her life, however, as a series of personal losses.\n\nMärta Berendes died in 1717. At almost 80 years of age she was still in royal service at the court.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MartaBerendes",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Ems, Schweiz|46.8351|9.450690000000009",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Jönköping|57.782614|14.161788",
        "Näshulta|59.227654|16.343542",
        "Eskilstuna|59.371249|16.509804"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "51665495"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Lennart K",
          "lastname": "Persson"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1912, 1922, 1925, 1926"
          },
          "description": "Gulmedalj, SM i 100 meter frisim",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "description": "Bronsmedalj, OS i 4x100 meter frisim",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "description": "Guldmedalj, Internationella kvinnospelen, 100 meter frisim",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "description": "Guldmedalj, Internationella kvinnospelen, 4x200 meter frisim",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "description": "Bronsmedalj, OS i 4x100 meter frisim",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "description": "Svenska Simförbundets hedersmärke",
          "type": "Övrigt",
          "type_eng": "Other"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "description": "Stora Grabbars Märke (retroaktivt)",
          "type": "Övrigt",
          "type_eng": "Other"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hjördis",
          "lastname": "Töpel",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Jane",
          "lastname": "Gylling",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Emy",
          "lastname": "Machnow",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carin",
          "lastname": "Nilsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Wivan",
          "lastname": "Pettersson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gurli, kallad Gulli,",
          "lastname": "Ewerlund",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
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        {
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Sport",
        "Simning"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Sport",
        "Swimming"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-24T14:45:51",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 90,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1902-01-07",
            "date": "1902-01-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Masthuggs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1992-10-27",
            "date": "1992-10-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Johannebergs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          }
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Aina/",
        "lastname": "Berg",
        "sortname": "Berg"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Idrottare",
          "detail": "Idrottare, simmare, frisim och lagkapp",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        },
        {
          "description": "Modist",
          "detail": "Modist",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hotell- och restaurangarbete",
          "detail": "Städare och stewart, AB Svenska Amerika Linien",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "name": "SK Najaden",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, damavdelningen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "name": "GS Widar",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "type": "Idrottsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sports organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Brolin",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Heinze",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902-01-07",
            "date": "1902-01-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1992-10-27",
            "date": "1992-10-27"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-01-06",
            "date": "1874-01-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-11-20",
            "date": "1954-11-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Berg, född Eriksson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-03-04",
            "date": "1871-03-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931-03-20",
            "date": "1931-03-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Harald",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "occupation": "Ingenjör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896-04-09",
            "date": "1896-04-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1989-02-18",
            "date": "1989-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Ewa Lejla Maria",
          "lastname": "Berg, gift Persson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1897-07-29",
            "date": "1897-07-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1908-04-28",
            "date": "1908-04-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigrid Margareta Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1899-01-20",
            "date": "1899-01-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1988-09-18",
            "date": "1988-09-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Judith",
          "lastname": "Berg, gift Mardell",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1905-02-11",
            "date": "1905-02-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982-09-23",
            "date": "1982-09-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Sigvard Erik Harald",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Bengt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "lastname": "Brolin",
          "occupation": "Styrman, banktjänsteman, utvandrad till USA",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-09-23",
            "date": "1914-09-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-04-08",
            "date": "2005-04-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Gustaf Adolf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "lastname": "Heinze",
          "occupation": "Styrman",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1928-12-02",
            "date": "1928-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2012-06-09",
            "date": "2012-06-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Ulf Benny",
          "lastname": "Brolin",
          "occupation": "Matros, bilplåtslagare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Allhems sportlexikon. 1, A-Draghundklubben*, Allhem, Malmö, 1948",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Nordisk familjeboks sportlexikon: uppslagsverk för sport, gymnastik och friluftsliv. Bd 1, A-Brännboll*, Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag, Stockholm, 1938",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Aina Berg', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2017-11-16)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aina_Berg"
        },
        {
          "description": "Alm, Bo, *Historiska simtag: svensk simidrott under hundra år*, Svenska simförb., Solna, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergvall, Erik (red.), *Berättelse över Olympiska spelen i Paris 1924*, Nordiskt idrottsliv, Stockholm, 1924",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergvall, Erik, *De olympiska spelen i Antwerpen 1920: skildrade i ord och bild*, Åhlén & Åkerlund, Stockholm, 1920",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hofgren, Ralph & Windström, Per-Olof (red.), *Göteborgs simförbund 50 år: jubileumsskrift 1938-1988*, Förb., Göteborg, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jerneryd, Roland, *Hur idrotten kom till stan: Göteborgs idrottshistoria 1800-1950*, Göteborgs hembygdsförb., Göteborg, 1981",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Persson, Lennart K., 'Den tidiga damfotbollen i Göteborg', *Idrottsarvet.*, 2015, s. 66-91, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Holmström, Agne (red.), *Sveriges idrottsspel Göteborg 1923: Officiell berättelse*, Göteborgs litogr. a.-b., Göteborg, 1924",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens intervju med med sondottern Annika Brolin",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Simmare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Swimmer",
      "text": "Aina Berg var landets bästa simmare på 100 meter frisim under 1920-talets första hälft. Hon\ntillhörde göteborgska SK Najaden som hade bildats 1917.\n\nAina Berg föddes i Göteborg 1902. Familjen var stor och bestod av mor, far och fem syskon.\n\nInför Olympiska spelen (OS) i Antwerpen 1920 anordnades uttagningstävlingar i Stockholm,\nvilka samtidigt tjänade som svenska mästerskap (SM). SK Najaden skickade flera av sina\nsimmare dit. Några av de tävlande kvinnorna, bland dem Aina Berg, befanns tillräckligt\nduktiga för att få företa resan till Belgien. I OS-tävlingarna, där svenskorna deltog i flera\ngrenar, vann Sverige bronsmedalj på lagkappen 4x100 meter frisim. Prestationen var likväl\ninte särskilt anmärkningsvärd då bara tre lag ställde upp. I det svenska laget ingick Aina Berg\noch [](Jane Gylling) från SK Najaden i Göteborg samt Emy Machnow från Malmö\nSimsällskap och 17-åriga Carin Nilsson från Stockholms Kappsimningsklubb.\n\nDen första officiella så kallade kvinnliga olympiaden inleddes på våren 1922 med\nsimtävlingar, vilka var förlagda till Monte Carlo. Till detta evenemang sände Svenska\nSimförbundet fem tävlande av vilka en var Aina Berg. Hon vann finalen på 100 meter fritt\nföre sin landsmaninna Carin Nilsson. Sveriges lag med bland andra Aina Berg triumferade i\nden stafett som gällde frisim.\n\nÄven 1924 tillhörde Aina Berg den grupp som kom att företräda Sverige vid OS, som detta år\nhölls i Paris. Också denna gång blev det bronsmedalj på stafetten 4x100 meter fritt, där sex\nnationer kom till start. Det svenska laget bestod denna gång, förutom Aina Berg, av Wivan Pettersson från Eskilstuna Simsällskap, Gulli Ewerlund från Malmö Simsällskap samt\ngöteborgskan [](Hjördis Töpel).\n\nAina Berg vann många tävlingar i nationell konkurrens. Hon hemförde SM på 100 meter\nfrisim åren 1912, 1922, 1925 och 1926. Under åren 1921–1923 innehade hon det svenska\nrekordet på denna distans med tiden 1.19,7. I de simtävlingar som ägde rum under Sveriges\nIdrottsspel i Göteborg 1923 kom Aina Berg i 100-metersloppet på andra plats sedan hon i\nspurten fått ge sig för klubbkamraten Hjördis Töpel. År 1925 segrade Aina Berg överlägset i\nden så kallade Älvsborgssimningen, som omfattade 2 000 meter och i vilken tävling hon\nföregående år hade blivit besegrad av just Hjördis Töpel. Aina Berg vann denna simning även\n1926 och 1927. Att damer tilläts tävla på en så lång distans kan förvåna med hänsyn till samtidens utbredda uppfattning om kvinnors oförmåga att genomföra mera avancerade styrkeprov.\n\nDet kan noteras att flera av de kvinnliga simmarna i SK Najaden tillhörde GS Widar. Detta\ngymnastiksällskap började omkring 1920 att under sommartid praktisera friidrott i form av\nlöpning 60 meter och stafettlöpning samma distans. I denna aktivitet var också de kvinnliga\nsimmarna verksamma. De kom även att vara involverade i den tidiga damfotbollen i\nGöteborg, vilken i detta skede hade funktionen av muntration. Vid en offentlig\ndamfotbollsmatch 1924 utgjorde SK Najaden ett av lagen. Målvakt var Aina Berg.\n\nÄktenskap och barnafödande 1928 markerade slutet på Aina Bergs karriär som simmare. I sitt yrkesverksamma liv arbetade hon först som modist och senare som städare och steward på Svenska Amerika Liniens fartyg.\n\nAina Berg dog i Göteborg 1992. Hon är begravd på Västra kyrkogården i Göteborg.",
      "text_eng": "Aina Berg was Sweden’s top 100m freestyle swimmer during the first half of the 1920s. She was a member of Gothenburg SK Najaden, a swimming club which had been set up in 1917.\n\nAina Berg was born in Gothenburg in 1902. She came from a large family and had five siblings.\n\nBefore the 1920 Olympic Games in Antwerp selection competitions were held in Stockholm, which also served as national championship races. Several of the SK Najaden swimmers were sent to compete and some of the female swimmers, including Aina Berg, were deemed good enough to be sent to Belgium. Sweden competed in several sports at the Olympic Games and won the bronze medal in the 4x100m freestyle relay race. Given that only three teams entered the race the result was perhaps not that remarkable. The Swedish team comprised Aina Berg, [](Jane Gylling) from SK Najaden, [](Emy Machnow) from Malmö Simsällskap, and the 17-year-old Carin Nilsson from Stockholm Kappsimningsklubb.\n\nThe first official so-called female Olympics were held in the spring of 1922 and opened with swimming competitions held in Monte Carlo. Svenska Simförbundet (the Swedish swimming association) sent five swimmers to the races, of which one was Aina Berg. She won the 100m freestyle final, beating her countrywoman Carin Nilsson. Aina Berg also competed in the Swedish relay team, which triumphed in the freestyle relay race.\n\nAina Berg once again represented Sweden at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. The Swedish team won the bronze medal in the 4x100m freestyle relay race again; this time there were six competing teams. The Swedish team comprised [](Wivan Pettersson) from Eskilstuna Simsällskap, [](Gurli Ewerlund) from Malmö Simsällskap, and the Gothenburg swimmer [](Hjördis Töpel) in addition to Aina Berg.\n\nAina Berg won many national competitions. She won the national championships in 100m freestyle in 1912, 1922, 1925, and 1926. From 1921 to 1923 she held the Swedish 100m record with a time of 1:19.7. Aina Berg came second in the 100m race of the 1923 swimming competitions held as part of Sveriges Idrottsspel (Swedish games) in Gothenburg. She was beaten in the sprint by her club mate Hjördis Töpel. In 1925 Aina Berg easily won the so-called Älvsborgssimningen, a 2000m swim in which Hjördis Töpel had beaten her the previous years. Aina Berg went on to win this particular competition in 1926 and 1927. That women were permitted to compete on such long distances can be considered surprising given the time’s perception of women’s limited ability to perform physically at an advanced level. \n\nSeveral of the female swimmers in SK Najaden were members of GS Widar. This was a physical training society established around 1920 to practise athletics, namely 60m runs and 60m relay races, during the summer months. Female swimmers also partook in these exercises, as well as in the early days of women’s football in Gothenburg, which at the time was seen purely as entertainment. SK Najaden had a team which played at a public women’s football match held in 1924, and Aina Berg was the goalie.\n\nAina Berg got married and had children in 1928 and this brought an end to her career as a swimmer. She later worked as a model, cleaner and steward on the Svenska Amerika Liniens vessels.\n\nAina Berg died in Gothenburg in 1992. She is buried at the Västra cemetery in Gothenburg.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AinaBerg",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Göteborg|57.70887|11.97456"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Fällman"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Hilma",
          "lastname": "Börjesson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ida",
          "lastname": "Petersson",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Missionärsutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "institution": "Svenska Missionsförbundets missionsskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.36296,
              "lon": 18.1468
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Intensivkurs i engelska",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "institution": "China Inland Mission (CIM)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "extra": [
        {}
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Kinamissionen. Svenska Missionsförbundet/ Missionskyrkan. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2020-12-02)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/9Qmd1EDNKKEmFqhGjtQhL1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Anna Bergs hus, "Bergagården". Huangzhou, Kina (Hämtad 2020-12-03)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_14ecea62f0102ya4h.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Delar av Anna Bergs samling av föremål. Missionskyrkan, Leksand",
          "type": "Museum",
          "type_eng": "Museum"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Missionärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Missionaries"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-18T14:39:24",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 81,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1872-01-21",
            "date": "1872-01-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Leskands församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1953-06-24",
            "date": "1953-06-24"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Leksands församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          }
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Jakobs /Anna/",
        "lastname": "Berg",
        "sortname": "Berg"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "detail": "Missionär, Svenska Missionsförbundet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 30.5941,
              "lon": 114.298
            },
            "place": "Wuhan, Kina"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "detail": "Missionär, Svenska Missionsförbundet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 30.4369576,
              "lon": 114.8750766
            },
            "place": "Huangzhou, Kina"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Missionär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1901",
            "date": "1901"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Missionsförbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Jakobsdotter",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Wei Yong’en (卫永恩)",
          "type": "Alternativ namnform",
          "type_eng": "Alternate name"
        }
      ],
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            "place": "Leksand"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1887",
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            "date": "1887"
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            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.60646,
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Wuhan, Kina"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 30.4369576,
              "lon": 114.8750766
            },
            "place": "Huangzhou, Kina"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.730308,
              "lon": 14.999892
            },
            "place": "Leksand"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Anna Berg. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Anna Berg. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berg_Anna.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-12-03",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1830-08-07",
            "date": "1830-08-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1907-03-24",
            "date": "1907-03-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Fisk Karin",
          "lastname": "Ersdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1827-03-11",
            "date": "1827-03-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1896-02-27",
            "date": "1896-02-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Jakobs Jakob",
          "lastname": "Mattsson",
          "occupation": "Hemmansägare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-01-03",
            "date": "1850-01-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-04-18",
            "date": "1929-04-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Jakobs Erik",
          "lastname": "Jakobsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854-10-10",
            "date": "1854-10-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-05-14",
            "date": "1944-05-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Årjes Jakob",
          "lastname": "Jakobsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-08-30",
            "date": "1863-08-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-11-04",
            "date": "1935-11-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Mats",
          "lastname": "Jakobsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-02-07",
            "date": "1866-02-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1928-12-26",
            "date": "1928-12-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Jakobs Karin",
          "lastname": "Jakobsdotter",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1868-07-05",
            "date": "1868-07-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders",
          "lastname": "Jakobsson",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Walter",
          "lastname": "Jakobsson",
          "occupation": "Utvandrade till USA",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Ytterligare 6 syskon, döda unga, uppgifter saknas]",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1860-01-21",
            "date": "1860-01-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-05-09",
            "date": "1900-05-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Erik",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1889",
            "date": "1889"
          },
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "occupation": "Affärsman",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Fällman, Fredrik, *60 år för Gud i Kina: Svenska Missionsförbundet i Hubei 1890-1951*, Centrum för Stillahavsasienstudier, Stockholm, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Storén, Lars, *Tibbleflickan som blev Kinamissionär: ett sällsamt och spännande livsöde*, [L. Storén], [Leksand], 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Waldenström, Paul Peter, *Till Kina: reseskildringar. H. 1-12*, Norman, Stockholm, 1908",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Missionär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Missionary",
      "text": "Anna Berg var verksam som missionär i Kina, utsänd av Svenska Missionsförbundet (SMF).\n\nAnna Berg föddes och växte upp på Jakobsgården i Tibble utanför Leksand, en familjegård där även hennes far var född. Hon var trettonde barnet av fjorton, alla födda på gården. Familjen hade det inte så väl ställt och barnen fick tidigt hjälpa till i hemmet. Flera av Anna Bergs bröder hade redan tidigare flyttat till Falun för att arbeta och 1887 när hon fyllt 15 år bestämde familjen att också hon skulle bege sig dit för att arbeta. För att spara pengar gick Anna Berg till fots hela vägen till Falun på en dag tillsammans med en svägerska, ca fem mils vandring. I Falun träffade hon redan samma år sin blivande man, Carl Berg. De förlovade sig året därpå. Carl Berg och hans familj var aktiva inom Svenska Missionsförbundet (SMF).\n\nAnna Berg gifte sig 17 år gammal hösten 1889 och det nygifta paret flyttade in i ett hus i centrala Falun som familjen Berg ägde. Carl Berg startade 1888 en framgångsrik grossistfirma och paret hade det mycket gott ställt. År 1900 planerade Anna och Carl Berg att resa till Paris för att delta i världsutställningen men Carl Berg insjuknade hastigt i blindtarmsinflammation och dog den 9 maj 1900. Anna Berg var då 28 år gammal och paret hade inga barn.\n\nVåren 1901 kom Anna Bergs liv återigen att förändras helt då hon träffade [](Hilma Börjesson) som kom för att hålla missionsföredrag i Falun. Anna Berg blev fascinerad av Hilma Börjessons berättelser och brevväxlade med henne under kommande månader. Brevväxlingen resulterade i att Anna Berg antogs som Kinamissionär för SMF. Hon hade ingen utbildning förutom folkskola men gick en kortare missionärsutbildning våren 1902 i Stockholm. När hon avskildes som Kinamissionär den 5 juni 1902 noterade man särskilt i protokollet att hon reste ut helt på egen bekostnad. I juli 1902 reste hon till London för språkstudier och missionärssamlingar som ordnades av China Inland Mission (CIM). I oktober 1902 reste Anna Berg och Hilma Börjesson tillsammans till Kina och de anlände till Wuhan i Hubeiprovinsen i slutet av november samma år.\n\nAnna Berg bodde i Wuhan i två år och studerade kinesiska och gjorde sina första insatser som missionär i en flickskola och för kvinnor som hade bundna fötter. År 1903 beslöt SMF att öppna en ny större flickskola med praktisk inriktning och Anna Berg utsågs till föreståndare. Efter att i början av 1904 ha besökt staden Huangzhou, belägen vid Yangzifloden öster om Wuhan, bestämde Anna Berg att skolan skulle placeras där. Hon köpte med egna medel flera tomter åt missionen och förutom hennes privata hus, Bergagården, uppfördes på samma tomt ett hus för så kallade ogifta systrar inom missionen. Det var också hon som betalade för tomten där det första kapellet stod färdigt i december 1906. I kapellet öppnades senare också den första lilla kliniken i Huangzhou. Genom sina ekonomiska resurser kom Anna Berg att prägla arbetet i Huangzhou och när SMF:s ledare P.P. Waldenström besökte Kina 1907 lovordade han Anna Bergs arbete och han nämnde också särskilt hennes ekonomiska bidrag i sin bok *Till Kina: Reseskildringar*.\n\nAnna Berg fick ganska tidigt ett smeknamn av sina elever och lokala medarbetare, ”Anna-Mor”, och de barn och unga hon undervisade och tog hand om blev i stället för de egna barn hon aldrig fick. Sin barnlöshet och att hon blev änka som ung talade hon ibland om i sina missionsföredrag under hemmavistelser på 1910- och 1920-talen. Anna Berg beskrivs av andra missionärer som ett ”solsken” i jämförelse med Hilma Börjesson som var ganska strikt. Anna Berg skriver efter några år i Huangzhou i sin dagbok: ”Jag känner mig lycklig i arbetet härute och visst inte ångrar att jag lydde Herrens röst då han kallade mig att lämna hem och kära för att tjäna honom på missionsfältet”, 1908.\n\nAnna Berg och Hilma Börjesson blev ett kvinnligt radarpar i en miljö där de manliga missionärerna i övrigt hade stort inflytande. Anna Berg fick rollen som föreståndare i Huangzhou praktiska skola som öppnade 1906 och Hilma Börjesson var rektor och styrde utbildningen. Anna Berg undervisade i engelska och ledde också bibelkurser, men var engagerad i hela missionsstationens verksamhet. Hon var duktig på att väva och sy och bidrog också på detta sätt till arbetet. Anna Berg reste regelbundet till missionsstationens utposter i byarna och de mindre orterna några mil runt Huangzhou där hon höll andakter och gjorde hembesök, men det var skolarbetet som låg henne närmast.\n\nAnna Bergs hus i Huangzhou kallades Bergagården efter hennes namn, men i lokal folkmun blev det känt som ”åttkantiga huset” efter den åttkantiga utbyggnad som finns på huset. Bergagården har under 2010-talet renoverats av lokala myndigheter i Huangzhou och förklarats för byggnadsminne efter att ha förfallit under flera decennier. Huset byggdes 1922–1923 till med en våning och var också bostad för andra missionärer och användes periodvis för skolundervisning. Under Anna Bergs sista år i Kina på 1930-talet inhystes skolan för SMF:s missionärsbarn i Bergagården och Anna Berg fungerade som husmor. Svenska skolan på Jigongshan i Henan som varit gemensam för alla svenska missionärer i Kina hade fått stänga 1927 i samband med Chiang Kai-sheks ”nordliga expedition” mot krigsherrarna i centrala Kina. Redan 1907 kom läraren Ida Petersson ut till Hubei för att undervisa SMF-missionärernas barn, då i Yichang, senare på Jigongshan och under 1930-talet i Bergagården. Ida Petersson och Anna Berg blev nära vänner och Ida Petersson flyttade också till Tibble när hon slutade sin tjänst i Kina 1938.\n\nAnna Berg var en ovanlig missionär på grund av sina ekonomiska resurser. Förutom Bergagården byggde hon ett hus för egna pengar i Guling på berget Lushan i grannprovinsen Jiangxi dit många missionärer drog sig undan hettan längs Yangzifloden under sommaren. Huset kallades Borgen då det låg på en sluttning och var byggt av kraftig sten. Anna Berg gjorde också privata resor och besökte andra missionsfält under sina ledighetsperioder. Missionärerna arbetade normalt sju år på fältet innan en ledighet, vilken kunde vara upp till två år. Under sin första hemmaperiod 1910 deltog Anna Berg som inofficiell delegat från SMF vid World Missionary Conference i Edinburgh i juni 1910 som en av få svenska kvinnor.\n\nDen andra hemresan 1920 gick via Hawaii och USA:s fastland, där hon besökte sin äldre brors familj i Los Angeles men också såg Chicago, Niagarafallen och New York. Sommaren 1920 gjorde Anna Berg flera resor runt i Dalarna, till Stockholm och i västra Sverige för att hålla missionsföredrag. Året därpå gjorde hon en lång resa till SMF:s missionsfält i Kongo och besökte flera missionsstationer i både Kongo-Kinshasa och Kongo-Brazzaville. Anna Berg reste tillsammans med SMF:s missionsföreståndare Janne Nyrén och hans fru vilka var ute på en officiell inspektionsresa. I februari 1922 reste hon åter till Kina.\n\nI september 1928 reste Anna Berg till Kina för sista gången och blev denna gång kvar i hela nio år. Hon fortsatte sitt arbete i Huangzhou och lämnade Kina för gott våren 1937 då hon nyss fyllt 65 år. Hon hade då arbetat 35 år som missionär, varav 30 år på plats i Kina. Hemma i Sverige bosatte hon sig i sitt föräldrahem i Tibble och var under 1940-talet en flitig talare på olika kyrkliga möten och konferenser.\n\nAnna Berg avled den 24 juni 1953 efter en hjärnblödning och hennes död noterades i flera av de stora dagstidningarna. Hon är begravd på Norslunds kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Berg was a missionary who was active in China where she worked on behalf of Svenska Missionsförbundet (SMF, Mission Covenant Church of Sweden).\n\nAnna Berg was born and grew up at Jakobsgården in Tibble, near Leksand. Tibble was a family farm where her father had also been born. She was the thirteenth child in a family of fourteen children, all of whom were born at the farm. Given the family’s less than well-off financial status the children were expected, from an early age, to help out at home. By the time Anna Berg was born several of her brothers had already moved away to Falun in search of employment. In 1887, when Anna Berg was 15, it was decided that she should follow her brothers to Falun to find work. In order to save money she and her her sister-in-law, made the journey to Falun on foot, a distance of 50 kilometers, which they completed in one day. That same year in Falun she met Carl Berg. They became engaged the next year. Carl Berg and his family were all active members of Svenska Missionsförbundet (SMF).\nAnna Berg was only 17 when she got married in the autumn of 1889. The newlyweds moved to a house belonging to the Berg family in central Falun. Carl Berg had the year before set up a profitable wholesale company and the couple were financially very comfortable. They intended to travel to Paris in 1900 in order to attend the Exposition Universelle, but Carl Berg suffered a sudden case of appendicitis which led to his death on 9 May 1900. Anna Berg was then 28 years old. Her marriage was childless.\n\nFollowing a meeting with [](Hilma Börjesson), in the spring of 1901, Anna Berg’s life underwent a complete change. Börjesson had come to Falun in order to give a talk on missionary work. Anna Berg became enthralled by Börjesson’s accounts of missionary life and began to correspond with her in the ensuing months. Eventually, Anna Berg was taken on by SMF to serve as a missionary to China. In Stockholm she attended a brief training course for missionaries in the spring of 1902. This, apart from the basic schooling she had completed as a child, was the extent of her professional qualifications. On her departure to China on 5 June 1902 a special note was made in the SMF records that she was travelling entirely at her own expense. In July 1902 she headed for London, where she took language lessons and attended missionary meetings hosted by the China Inland Mission (CIM). In October 1902 Anna Berg travelled to China in the company of Hilma Börjesson, arriving in Wuhan, Hubei province, towards the end of November that same year.\n\nAnna Berg spent two years living in Wuhan, studying Chinese and making her first contributions as a missionary by working at a girls’ school and with women whose feet were bound. In 1903 SMF decided to open a new larger girls’ school, focused on practical skills, and Anna Berg was appointed as school director. After a visit in eraly 1904 to the town of Huangzhou, which lies to the east of Wuhan on the Yangtze river, Anna Berg decided to relocate her shool there. She used her own money to purchase several plots of land for the use of SMF. At the new site she oversaw the building of her own private house, named Bergagården, along with a house accommodating the so-called ‘missionary sisters’, unmarried women who worked for SMF. She also funded the construction of the first chapel, completed in December 1906. A small medical clinic, the first of its kind in Huangzhou, was included within the chapel. Anna Berg also used her own personal wealth to fund missionary efforts in Huangzhou. When the head of SMF, P.P. Waldenström, visited China in 1907 he praised Anna Berg’s efforts, making particular reference to her financial contributions in his book entitled *Till Kina: Reseskildringar*.\n\nBefore long Anna Berg was given the nickname “Anna-Mor” (“Mother Anna”) by her pupils and local colleagues. The children and youth whom she taught and cared for became her ersatz children. Anna Berg sometimes spoke about being childless and being widowed at a young age when she gave talks on her missionary work back in Sweden during the 1910s and the 1920s. Other missionaries described Anna Berg as a “ray of sunshine”, in contrast to Hilma Börjesson who was considered quite strict. In 1908, after a few years in Huangzhou, Anna Berg noted in her diary: “I am happy working out here and certainly do not regret following the Lord’s call to leave my home and my nearest and dearest in order to serve Him as a missionary”.\n\nAnna Berg and Hilma Börjesson served as a female double-act in an environment dominated by male missionaries. Anna Berg was appointed director of the Huangzhou practical school, opened in 1906, while Hilma Börjesson served as its principal and ran the educational programme. Anna Berg taught English and ran Bible classes whilst also taking an active role in the missionary enterprise as a whole. She also used her weaving and sewing skills to contribute to the missionary effort. Anna Berg regularly visited villages and smaller places forming the furthest outposts of the mission a around Huangzhou. She ran church services and made home visits, although working with the school remained her favourite activity.\n\nAnna Berg’s house in Huangzhou, Bergagården, was named after her, but in the local dialect it became known as “the eight-sided house” due to its the shape of its extension. The building fell into disrepair following several decades of abandonment before the local authorities in Haungzhou in the 2010s listed Bergagården as a protected site and had it completely renovated. An additional storey had been added to the original building in the 1922-1923 period when it also served as accommodation for other missionaries and was sometimes used for teaching purposes. During Anna Berg’s final years in China, in the 1930s, the building accommodated the school for the children of SMF missionaries with Anna Berg serving as matron. This came about after the Swedish school at Xinyang in Henan, which had served all the Swedish missionaries in China, had been forced to close in 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek headed north on his campaign against the warlords of central China. The teacher Ida Petersson had been in Hubei since 1907 teaching the SMF missionary children there, initially at Yichang and subsequently at Xinyang, and finally, during the 1930s, at Bergagården. Ida Petersson and Anna Berg became close friends, with Ida Petersson also moving to Tibble upon retiring from her work in China in 1938.\nAnna Berg was an unusual missionary because of her personal wealth. In addition to Bergagården she also, again at her own expense, had another house built at Guling on mount Lushan, in the neighbouring province of Jiangxi. Many missionaries would travel there during the summers to seek respite from the heat along the Yangtze river. The house was called “Borgen” (“the Fort”) as it lay on a hill and was constructed out of large stones. Anna Berg also undertook private travels, visiting other missionary stations during her spare time. Missionaries usually spent seven years in the field before they were given a sabbatical, which could last up to two years. During her first visit home in 1910 Anna Berg served as an unofficial SMF delegate to the 1910 World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh. She was one of very few Swedish women present.\n\nHer second visit home, in 1920, included visits along the way to Hawaii and mainland America. There she visited her eldest brother’s family in Los Angeles, whilst also taking in Chicago, Niagara Falls, and New York. In the summer of 1920 Anna Berg made several trips to Dalarna, Stockholm, and western Sweden giving talks on behalf of SMF. The following year she went on a long trip to the SMF missionary enterprise in the Congo, visiting several missionary stations in Congo-Kinshasa and Congo-Brazzaville. Anna Berg travelled in the company of SMF director Janne Nyrén and his wife who were undertaking an inspection tour. In February 1922 Anna Berg returned to China.\n\nIn September 1928 Anna Berg travelled to China for the last time, remaining in place for nine full years. She continued her work at Huangzhou and, when she left China for good in the spring of 1937, she was 65 years old. By then she had spent 35 years working as a missionary, and 30 years in China. On her return to Sweden she settled in her parents’ home in Tibble. During the 1940s she often gave talks at various church meetings and other conferences.\n\nAnna Berg died on 24 June 1953 as the result of a brain haemorrhage. Her death was marked in several of the major daily newspapers. She is buried at Norslund cemetery in Falun.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "AnnaBerg",
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        "London, Storbritannien|51.507351|-0.127758",
        "Falun|60.60646|15.6355",
        "Huangzhou, Kina|30.4369576|114.8750766",
        "Lidingö|59.36296|18.1468",
        "Wuhan, Kina|30.5941|114.298",
        "Leksand|60.730308|14.999892"
      ]
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Christer",
          "lastname": "Bergin"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gerda",
          "lastname": "Söderlund",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Berta",
          "lastname": "Hallgren",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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          "firstname": "Selma",
          "lastname": "Westberg",
          "type": "Kollega",
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        {
          "firstname": "Margit",
          "lastname": "Karlsson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
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      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Fotografisk lärling hos fadern",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 60.872222,
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            "place": "Rättvik"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Lindenor, Rune, 'Tre fotografgenerationer: Gudmund Berg, Märta Berg, Greta Norling', *Rättvikskrus*, 1995 (15), s. 5-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rättviks bildarkiv, Rättviks kommun",
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          "type_eng": "Archive"
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      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
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        "19th century",
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        "Photographers"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-08-05T11:08:55",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 80,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1880-07-26",
            "date": "1880-07-26"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Öregrunds församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.30707,
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            "place": "Öregrund"
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        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1960-11-06",
            "date": "1960-11-06"
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          "place": {
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Märta Berg iklädd Rättviksdräkt. Förmodat självporträtt, år okänt. Rättviks bildarkiv ©",
          "description_eng": "Märta Berg wearing traditional Rättvik dress. Assumed self-portrait, year unknown. Rättviks bildarkiv ©",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berg_Marta.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-25",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-01-01",
            "date": "1856-01-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-05-18",
            "date": "1906-05-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Karls Karin",
          "lastname": "Berg, född Jonsdotter",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854-03-21",
            "date": "1854-03-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900-01-17",
            "date": "1900-01-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Gudmund",
          "lastname": "Olsson Berg",
          "occupation": "Fotograf",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-11-12",
            "date": "1881-11-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1888-01-27",
            "date": "1888-01-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Olsson",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1883-10-18",
            "date": "1883-10-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1945-01-25",
            "date": "1945-01-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Berg, gift Söderström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-09-26",
            "date": "1885-09-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-08-03",
            "date": "1954-08-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Gudmund Evald",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-04-29",
            "date": "1895-04-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1895-08-15",
            "date": "1895-08-15"
          },
          "firstname": "John Gudmund",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895-04-29",
            "date": "1895-04-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1895-08-14",
            "date": "1895-08-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar Gudmund",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896-05-28",
            "date": "1896-05-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "John Gudmund",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1882-12-20",
            "date": "1882-12-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1961-03-23",
            "date": "1961-03-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Yngve Valfrid",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "occupation": "Kontorsbiträde, fotoassistent",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908-02-21",
            "date": "1908-02-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-06-16",
            "date": "1998-06-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Yngve",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-06-09",
            "date": "1909-06-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1998-10-15",
            "date": "1998-10-15"
          },
          "firstname": "John Edmund Börje",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-07-28",
            "date": "1910-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1988-12-16",
            "date": "1988-12-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Anders Valdemar",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1912-03-23",
            "date": "1912-03-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2003-12-14",
            "date": "2003-12-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Gerda Kristina",
          "lastname": "Kronberg, gift Petersson",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1913-07-09",
            "date": "1913-07-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-04-05",
            "date": "2005-04-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Kari-Mari",
          "lastname": "Kronberg, gift Lundquist",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-11-30",
            "date": "1914-11-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1915-04-30",
            "date": "1915-04-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Brita",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1916-01-08",
            "date": "1916-01-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-03-30",
            "date": "2005-03-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta Margareta, kallad Greta,",
          "lastname": "Kronberg, gift Norling",
          "occupation": "Fotograf",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-01-25",
            "date": "1917-01-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-08-12",
            "date": "1917-08-12"
          },
          "firstname": "June Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-06-15",
            "date": "1918-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2005-02-01",
            "date": "2005-02-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Lisa",
          "lastname": "Kronberg, gift Pers",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-06-27",
            "date": "1920-06-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2013-06-12",
            "date": "2013-06-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunn Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Kronberg, gift Böhlmark",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921-11-04",
            "date": "1921-11-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921-12-31",
            "date": "1921-12-31"
          },
          "firstname": "Birgit",
          "lastname": "Kronberg",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergin, Christer, *Fotografer i Dalarna*, Dalarnes fornminnes- och hembygdsförbund i samarbete med Dalarnas museum, Falun, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Berg, Märta (1880 - 1960)', *KulturNav* (Hämtad 2021-03-25)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://kulturnav.org/ca9cec0f-e850-44f4-82bd-ce61b8944b71"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johanson, Bernhard, *Fotografregister 1860-1920*, Bernhard Johanson, Gävle, 2009",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg, Märta (1880 - 1960). DigitaltMuseum (Hämtad 2021-03-25)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "https://digitaltmuseum.org/021035591655/berg-marta-1880-1960"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Fotograf",
      "subtitle_eng": "Photographer",
      "text": "Märta Berg var en färgstark fotograf, klädd i rättviksdräkt.\n\nMärta Berg föddes i Öregrund 1880. Hon döptes till Martha men ändrade senare sitt förnamn till Märta. Hennes far Gudmund Berg vistades tillfälligt i Öregrund där han gick och lärde sig till målare och fotograf. Fadern, som kom från Västbjörka, gifte sig 1878 med Karls Karin Jonsdotter från Vikarbyn. De bosatte sig på hustruns gård i Mårsbacken och där fick paret sju barn.\n\nOmkring 1883–1884 byggde Gudmund Berg ett pampigt tvåvåningshus med ett åttkantigt trapphus med tornhuv i Mårsbacken. På Storgatan i Rättvik byggde han ungefär samtidigt ett tvåvåningshus och på övervåningen inredde han en fotoateljé med stora fönster mot Storgatan och ett mycket stort takfönster. I huset i Vikarbyn inreddes också en fotoateljé på övervåningen. En lång rad fönster fanns för ljusinsläpp och fonden hade målats av Gudmund Berg själv. Då och då klistrade han över de gamla motiven och nya motiv målades dit för att få nya bakgrunder.\n\nRedan i tonåren hade Märta Berg hjälpt sin far i ateljén som fotografbiträde. När fadern hastigt avled i lunginflammation 1900 tog hon över ateljéerna i Rättvik och Vikarbyn. Ateljén i Rättvik drevs i början under namnet Gudmund Berg Fotografiatelier. Innan Märta Berg tog detta beslut besökte hon sin far på sjukbädden och visade honom en glasplåt som hon exponerat, framkallat och retuscherat. Hon ville att fadern skulle granska den och avgöra om arbetet var så välgjort att hon kunde fortsätta fotografera. Vad han svarade är tydligt. Då huset saknade elektricitet lades glasplåtarna ut på plåttaket där fick de exponeras i solljuset.\n\nÅr 1907 gifte sig Märta Berg med Yngve Valfrid Kronberg som arbetade som kontorsbiträde på Rättviks järnvägsstation. Kronberg slutade vid järnvägen och på kort tid lärde han sig hjälpa till i fotoverksamheten. Han blev med tiden mycket duktig i mörkrummet. Tillsammans fick paret elva barn och av dessa blev dottern Greta också fotograf. Tre generationer har fotograferat rättviksfolk under nästan 100 år. Märta Berg arbetade som fotograf mellan åren 1900–1950, alltid klädd i sin rättviksdräkt, eller åtminstone med rättvikskjolen och en ”slimsblus”, som den tidens modeblus kallades.\n\nI Rättvik och i grannsocknen Boda fanns det många fotografer. När kundunderlaget inte räckte till sökte de sig till andra orter i Sverige men även utomlands. I Vikarbyn, Rättviks största by, fanns det också många fotografer och Märta Berg omgavs, förutom fadern Gudmund Berg, av två grannar som båda var fotografer. Det var Anders Skötsner och hans hustru [](Brita Skötsner) från Backa, som också hon var fotograf. De flyttade sin verksamhet till Östhammar och Öregrund när konkurrensen i Rättvik blev för stor. En annan granne i Västbjörka var Perols Lars Ersson (senare Mårs Lars Ersson efter hustruns gårdsnamn och därefter Wiklander efter Vikarbyn). Han var både målare och fotograf liksom grannen Gudmund Berg. Att Märta Berg valde fotograf som yrke var nog inte så konstigt med tanke på faderns och grannarnas yrken.\n\nMärta Bergs dotter Greta, född 1916, följde i sin mors och morfars fotspår. Genom moderns kontakter fick hon arbete hos hovfotograf Herman Bergne i dennes filial i Ängby under ett år. År 1948 kom Greta hem och började hjälpa till i moderns fotoateljé. Hon gifte sig och skrev sig fortsättningsvis Greta Norling. Året därpå tog hon över all porträttfotografering och det höll hon på med till 1975. Färgfotografering hade då blivit modernt och Greta som hela tiden arbetat med svartvitt ansåg sig för gammal för att lära sig något nytt och dessutom behöva skaffa ny dyrbar fotoutrustning. Hon bestämde sig då för att sluta och i stället ägna sin tid åt familjen.\n\nFlera kvinnliga fotografer som gifte sig är kända både under sitt flicknamn och det namn de fick vid giftermålet. Några kvinnliga fotografer valde dock att behålla sitt flicknamn även efter att de gift sig. Märta Berg, som var gift Kronberg, hade kvar flicknamnet då ett väl inarbetat namn var värt att behålla. Märta Berg umgicks med fyra andra kvinnliga fotografer som också hade fotoateljéer vid Siljan. Det var [](Gerda Söderlund) med ateljé i Leksand, [](Berta Hallgren) med ateljéer i Mora och Leksand, [](Selma Westberg) i Mora och [](Margit Karlsson) i Leksand.\n\nMärta Berg avled i Rättvik 1960.",
      "text_eng": "Märta Berg was a photographer with a colourful personality, who dressed in folk costume from Rättvik in the province of Dalarna. \n\nMärta Berg was born in Öregrund in 1880. She was christened Martha but changed her name later on to Märta. Her father Gudmund Berg came from Västbjörka but was staying temporarily in Öregrund where he was studying to be a painter and photographer. He married Karls Karin Jonsdotter from Vikarbyn in 1878. They settled down on her farm in Mårsbacken and had seven children.\n \nAround 1883–1884, Gudmund Berg built a grand two-storey house with an octagonal stairway with a tower roof in Mårsbacken. In Storgatan in Rättvik he built at almost the same time another two-storey house and on the second floor he equipped a photographer’s studio with large windows facing onto Storgatan and a very big roof-window. In the house in Vikarbyn, a photographer’s studio was also equipped on the upper floor. A long row of windows let in the light and a background theme wall had been painted by Gudmund Berg himself. Now and then, he covered over the old motifs and new ones were painted to have new backgrounds. \n\nEven when she was only a teenager, Märta Berg had helped her father in the atelier as an assistant photographer. When he died hastily of pneumonia in 1900, she took over the ateliers in Rättvik and Vikarbyn. The one in Rättvik was run to start with under the name Gudmund Berg Fotografiatelier. Before Märta Berg took her decision, she visited her father on his sickbed and showed him a glass plate that she had exposed, developed and touched up. She wanted her father to examine it and decided whether or not the work was so skilfully done that she could continue as a photographer. What he replied is obvious. Since the house lacked electricity, the glass plates were laid out on the tin roof so they could be exposed to the sunlight.\n \nIn 1907, Märta Berg married Yngve Valfrid Kronberg who worked as an office clerk at the Rättvik railway station. He resigned from the railway and in a short time learned to help in the photography enterprise. In due course, he became very skilled in the darkroom. The couple had eleven children and of them one daughter, Greta, also became a photographer. Thus three generations photographed people from Rättvik for almost 100 years. Märta Berg worked as a photographer in 1900–1950, always dressed in her Rättvik folk costume, or at least the Rättvik skirt and “slimsblus”, as the fashionable blouse of the day was called.\n \nIn Rättvik and the neighbouring parish of Boda, there were many photographers. When the number of clients was insufficient, the photographers travelled to other places in Sweden and also abroad. In Vikarbyn, the largest village in Rättvik, there were also many photographers, and Märta Berg had two neighbours who were both photographers, apart from her father Gudmund Berg in his day. The two were Anders Skötsner and his wife [](Brita Skötsner) from Backa. They moved their enterprise to Östhammar and Öregrund when the competition in Rättvik was too great. Another neighbour in Västbjörka, Perols Lars Ersson, was both a painter and a photographer like Gudmund Berg. That Märta Berg chose to be a photographer is therefore not at all surprising. \n\nMärta Berg’s daughter Greta, born in 1916, followed in her mother’s and maternal grandfather’s footsteps. Via her mother’s contacts, she was employed by the court photographer Herman Bergne in his branch in Ängby for one year. In 1948, Greta came home and started helping in her mother’s atelier. She married and signed her name thereafter as Greta Norling. The year after, she took over all the portrait photography with which she continued until 1975. Colour photographs had by then become modern and Greta Norling, who had up until then worked only with black and white photography considered herself too old to learn anything new, which also involved acquiring new, expensive photography equipment. She decided to stop and devote her time to the family. \n\nSeveral women photographers who married are known both under their maiden names and under their married names. Others chose however to keep their maiden names even after they had married. Märta Berg, whose married name was Kronberg, kept her maiden name, since it was well known and worth keeping. Märta Berg socialised with four other women photographers who also had ateliers near Lake Siljan. They were [](Gerda Söderlund) with an atelier in Leksand, [](Berta Hallgren) with ateliers in Mora and Leksand, [](Selma Westberg) in Mora and [](Margit Karlsson) in Leksand.\n \nMärta Berg died in Rättvik in 1960.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "MartaKristinaBerg"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Agneta",
          "lastname": "Gefors"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "description": "Illis quorum",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "description": "Hushållningssällskapets mindre guldmedalj",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Victoria, drottning",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Axel, kallad Döderhultarn,",
          "lastname": "Petersson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lilli",
          "lastname": "Zickerman",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Stina",
          "lastname": "Rodenstam",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gerda",
          "lastname": "Brütte",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Emma",
          "lastname": "Zorn",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Cederkrantz",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "type": "Folkskola"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Ahlmér, Klaes & Berg, Oda, *Om fisk*, [Dillbergska bokh.], Kalmar, 1926",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Hemslöjd",
        "Pionjärer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Domestic handicraft",
        "Pioneers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-08-12T10:17:37",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 78,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1853-07-01",
            "date": "1853-07-01"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Östra Broby församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.25,
              "lon": 14.066667
            },
            "place": "Östra Göinge"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1931-12-23",
            "date": "1931-12-23"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.663445,
              "lon": 16.356779
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Oda/ Sophia Ulrika Wilhelmina",
        "lastname": "Berg",
        "sortname": "Berg"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Föreståndare",
          "detail": "Slöjdombud, föreståndare, Kalmar Slöjdmagasin",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.663445,
              "lon": 16.356779
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Föreståndare",
          "detail": "Ansvarig, Södra Kalmar läns Hemslöjdsförening",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.663445,
              "lon": 16.356779
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Grundare, styrelseledamot, kassör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "name": "Södra Kalmar Läns Hemslöjdsförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1922",
            "date": "1922"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas Riksförbund (SHR)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Angeldorff",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1853",
            "date": "1853"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.25,
              "lon": 14.066667
            },
            "place": "Östra Göinge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1866",
            "date": "1866"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.879004,
              "lon": 14.805852
            },
            "place": "Växjö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1871",
            "date": "1871"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1871",
            "date": "1871"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.8326,
              "lon": 13.936000000000035
            },
            "place": "Ljungby"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.663445,
              "lon": 16.356779
            },
            "place": "Kalmar"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Oda Berg. Fotograf Henry B Goodwin, 1923. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Oda Berg. Photographer Henry B Goodwin, 1923. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berg_Oda.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-11-26",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819-04-07",
            "date": "1819-04-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1853-07-01",
            "date": "1853-07-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Sophia Ulrica",
          "lastname": "Angeldorff, född Wahlbom",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1808-07-07",
            "date": "1808-07-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1866-03-06",
            "date": "1866-03-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Christopher",
          "lastname": "Olofsson Angeldorff",
          "occupation": "Kyrkoherde, hovpredikant, journalist, uppfinnare, författare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1856-08-05",
            "date": "1856-08-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1864-11-12",
            "date": "1864-11-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Magnus Wilhelm Bero",
          "lastname": "Angeldorff",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859-10-27",
            "date": "1859-10-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1889",
            "date": "1889"
          },
          "firstname": "Sophie Marie Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Angeldorff, gift Blix, omgift Malm",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1864-12-14",
            "date": "1864-12-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof Wilhelm Benjamin",
          "lastname": "Angeldorff",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, utvandrade till England",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1831-08-03",
            "date": "1831-08-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1897-07-05",
            "date": "1897-07-05"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Johan Fabian",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "occupation": "Läroverksadjunkt",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-06-15",
            "date": "1876-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1936-03-25",
            "date": "1936-03-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen",
          "lastname": "Berg, gift Hjorton",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-01-09",
            "date": "1885-01-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-07-30",
            "date": "1967-07-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Magnus Kristoffer",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "occupation": "Ornitolog, zoolog, fotograf, författare, jägare, debattör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Kalmar läns hemslöjd (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://kalmarhemslojd.se/"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Nyttoslöjd och konsthantverk kring Kalmarsund: en historik över Södra Kalmar läns hemslöjdsförening*, Fören., Kalmar, 1970",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Släktingen och släktforskaren Ted Rosvall, Falköping",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Oda Berg', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_Berg"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bengt Berg-Sällskapet  (Hämtad 2020-10-20)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://bengtberg.se/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wickbom, Ulf, *Idén som slog rot: jubileumsbok : Hushållningssällskapet Kalmar-Kronoberg-Blekinge 1811-2011*, Hushållningssällskapet, Kalmar, Kalmar, 2011",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Hemslöjdspionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneer of regional handicrafts",
      "text": "Oda Berg var från 1899 chef för Kalmar Slöjdmagasin som drevs av Hushållningssällskapet. Hon var en av hemslöjdens pionjärer och hävdade hemslöjdsvarans estetiska och kulturella värden.\n\nOda Berg föddes 1853 i prästgården i Broby, Skåne. Hennes far Christopher Olofsson Angeldorff var präst, hovpredikant och tidningsman. Modern Sophia Wahlbom från Kalmar dog i samband med förlossningen av dottern. Fadern gifte om sig två gånger och Oda Berg fick tre halvsyskon. Efter faderns död 1866 flyttade hon med sin halvsyster Sofia till sin morbror, häradshövdingen Fredrik Magnus Wahlbom i Växjö. Efter morbroderns död 1871 flyttade hon vidare till Ljungby strax söder om Kalmar. Oda Berg bodde då hos sin kusin och ingifta moster på Köhlby säteri. Två år senare flyttade hon till Kalmar, där hon ingick äktenskap med den 22 år äldre läroverksadjunkten Fabian Berg.\n\nFabian och Oda Berg fick dottern Ellen 1876 och så småningom sonen Bengt år 1885. Bengt Berg blev en känd fågelfotograf och införde kanadagåsen till Kalmar län. Redan 1897 avled maken och Oda Berg behövde skaffa sig en försörjning.\n\nHushållningssällskapet med sin permanenta exposition av slöjd i Kalmar hade beslutat att delta i den stora Stockholmsutställningen 1897. Oda Berg fick i uppdrag att vara prisdomare för spånad, vävnad och andra kvinnliga arbeten i den skol- och hemslöjdsutställning som anordnades i Kalmar samma år, för att välja lämpliga föremål inför Allmänna konst- och industriutställningen i Stockholm. Oda Berg lämnade själv in bidrag i slöjdtekniker som en annan jury bedömde i gruppen ”Andra alster av hemslöjd”. Hennes glödritade och målade arbeten var utförda på småslöjd som till exempel skedar från Torsås och Gullabo.\n\nKalmar Läns Södra Hushållningssällskap hade 1863–1899 en permanent utställning med hemslöjd i Kalmar vilket gör att den räknas som Sveriges äldsta hemslöjdsbutik. Omsättningen minskade på slutet, men man bestämde sig för att omorganisera och satsa på ett Slöjdmagasin med ny ledning. Änkefru Oda Berg utsågs till föreståndare och slöjdombud för en period av tre år från 1899. Slöjdmagasinets omsättning första året var 10 000 kronor vilket var mer än tre gånger så mycket som året innan. Omsättningen ökade i stort sett varje år vilket visar att Oda Berg var en mycket duglig affärsföreståndare. År 1917 var omsättning på Slöjdmagasinet drygt 61 000 kronor trots rådande kristid.\n\nOda Berg var en eldsjäl, energisk och rik på uppslag och kunde entusiasmera sin omgivning. Hon såg till att ta fram en ölandsdräkt till den hemslöjdsintresserade drottning [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798) i början på 1900-talet. Den var till viss del modebetonad med brett skärp och användes på Solliden, även av personal vilket gav många kvinnor sömnadsarbete.\n\nSlöjdmagasinets grundtanke var att ställa ut och sälja slöjd i kommission med en avgift på 5 %. Mindre slöjd från fattiga kunde köpas in och för det fanns en årlig summa på 1 000 kronor. Hushållningssällskapets tillsynsman inkom 1903 med klagomål på att Slöjdmagasinet drevs som föreståndarens privata affär, slöjd köptes in utöver vad det fanns kontanta medel till och lönerna till slöjdarna hölls nere. Då brände det till för Oda Berg och hon inkom med en skrivelse där hon förklarade sig. Hon sa upp sig från den 1 januari 1904. Hushållningssällskapet annonserade efter en ny föreståndare för Slöjdmagasinet, och fem kvinnor inkom med ansökan. En av dem var Oda Berg och hon återfick platsen.\n\nEn stor kraftsamling gjordes på Norrköpingsutställningen 1906 då Finnsjö-Bankebergsbolaget monterade en hel villa som Slöjdmagasinet i Kalmar inredde med möbler, textilier och slöjd. Den grönskande omgivningen kring villan möjliggjorde exponeringen av trädgårdsmöbler som också levererades av Slöjdmagasinet. Förhoppningarna var att detta skulle ge slöjden ett uppsving utanför länet. Detta sätt att exponera slöjd i en hel inredning var Oda Bergs idé.\n\nOda Berg var initiativtagare till Södra Kalmar Läns hemslöjdsförening som bildades 1908. Den ideella hemslöjdsföreningens syfte var att förnya slöjden i Kalmar län med mönster och modeller med utgångspunkt från gammal slöjd och anordna kurser och utställningar. Ett årligt hemslöjdslotteri startades för att finansiera verksamheten vilket hemslöjdsföreningen kunde göra, men inte hushållningssällskapet enligt stadgarna. Modellerna var vinster de första åren, men efter några år övergick vinsterna till valfria slöjdalster i Slöjdmagasinet. De första tio lottserierna reserverades till drottning Victoria så länge hon levde. I samband med den nya hemslöjdsföreningen anställdes [](Gerda Brütte) som biträde för att ta hand om lotteriet. Från 1921 efterträdde hon Oda Berg på tjänsten som föreståndare.\n\nHemslöjden i Kalmar öppnade en provvävningsanstalt 1910 ledd av vävlärarinnan Anna Stenros. Där kopierades gamla mönster och skapades nya på den gamla textiltraditionens grund. På anstalten bedrevs även undervisning för vävintresserade elever. Hemslöjdsföreningen anordnade även kurser i andra slöjdtekniker – växtfärgning, flätning som avslut på vävar, korgflätning och halmflätning med mera – för att öka möjligheterna för människor att helt eller delvis försörja sig på slöjd.\n\nOda Berg var känd inte bara i Kalmar län utan även i övriga Sverige i samband med otaliga utställningar och genom sin medverkan i bildandet av Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas Riksförbund 1912. Den appell som hade skickats ut innan bildandet var undertecknad av initiativtagaren [](Stina Rodenstam), Oda Berg, [](Emma Zorn) och dåvarande landshövdingskan i Kalmar Elisabeth Cederkrantz.\n\nÅr 1912 uppmanade Oda Berg ölänningarna att leta i sina gömmor efter gamla stickade plagg för att ta upp äldre mönster som kunde sättas i produktion. Genom ombud i socknarna skedde många inventeringar av gammal slöjd i Kalmar län. Ibland gjordes inköp till uppbyggandet av ett arkiv av mönster för framtida utveckling. Inventeringarna ledde till utställningar som lyfte fram slöjden. På utställningen i Borgholm 1913 lyftes den gamla öländska slöjden fram, både trä och textil, och Oda Berg medverkade till bildandet av Ölands Kulturminnesförening året därpå. I samband med utställningar delades både medaljer och penninggåvor ut som erkännande till duktiga slöjdare.\n\nOda Berg höll många föredrag om slöjd och visade då skioptikonbilder för att inspirera och entusiasmera åhörarna till att ta vara på gammal slöjd och själva slöjda. Hennes organisationsförmåga var vida känd och år 1913 tilldelades hon den kungliga medaljen Illis quorum som ett bevis på hennes duglighet. År 1920 fick hon även ta emot Hushållningssällskapets mindre guldmedalj.\n\nOda Berg var starkt engagerad i den Baltiska utställningen i Malmö 1914. Hemslöjdsföreningen hade där inrett en hel fiskarstuga från Öland med långsoffa, gåsabänk med tallrikshylla, gångmattor i drällmönster och en kopia av en öländsk slitrya, ursprungligen använd som täcke men här placerad som matta. Utöver det visades ett rum med bland annat herrgårdsmöbler i björk vilket inspirerade [](Selma Lagerlöf) att beställa möbler både till Mårbacka och till hemmet i Falun.\n\nI samband med att Hushållningssällskapet överlät Slöjdmagasinet till hemslöjdsföreningen 1921 valde Oda Berg att gå i pension. Hon stannade dock kvar ytterligare ett år för att ta hand om hemslöjdsföreningens ideella del med lotteri, nya mönster och modeller med mera. Oda Berg medverkade också till att Hemslöjdsförbundet i Sverige bildades 1928 för att idka gemensam försäljning i Stockholm för de lokala hemslöjdsföreningarna.\n\nOda Berg avled 1931 i Kalmar, och ligger begravd på Tegnérkyrkogården i Växjö bredvid sin make.",
      "text_eng": "Oda Berg was the manager of Slöjdmagasinet in Kalmar from 1899. It was run by Hushållningssällskapet. She was one of the pioneers of home crafts and asserted the aesthetic and cultural values of home crafts products. \n\nOda Berg was born in 1853 at the vicarage in Broby in the southern province of Skåne. Her father Christopher Olofsson Angeldorff was a clergyman, court chaplain and newspaperman. Her mother Sophia Wahlbom from Kalmar died when her daughter was born. Her father remarried twice and Oda Berg had three half-siblings. After her father’s death in 1866, she moved with her half-sister Sofia to her maternal uncle Fredrik Magnus Wahlbom i Växjö, a senior county official. After his death in 1871, she moved to Ljungby just south of Kalmar. Oda Berg lived then with her cousin and married maternal aunt at Köhlby manor house. Two years later, she moved to Kalmar, where she married Fabian Berg who was a grammar school teacher and 22 years older. \n\nFabian and Oda Berg had a daughter, Ellen, in 1876 and a son, Bengt, in 1885. Bengt Berg became a well-known bird photographer who introduced Canada geese to Kalmar county. Her husband died early, in 1897, and Oda Berg had to find a living. \n\nHushållningssällskapet with its permanent exhibition in Kalmar had decided to participate in the great Stockholm Exhibition in 1897. Oda Berg was given the assignment of being the judge of the section of women’s work like spinning and weaving in the school and home crafts exhibition organised in Kalmar the same year to select suitable objects for the great exhibition in Stockholm. Oda Berg handed in her own crafts contributions too which were judged by another jury for the group ”Other home crafts products”. Examples of her work were spoons from Torsås and Gullabo.\n \nThe Southern Kalmar County home crafts association had a permanent exhibition of home crafts in 1863–1899 in Kalmar, which has meant that it is counted as Sweden’s oldest home crafts shop. Their turnover diminished towards the end, but they decided to reorganise and invest in Slöjdmagasinet under new leadership. The widow Oda Berg was appointed as manager and crafts agent for a period of three years from 1899. The turnover of Slöjdmagasinet the first year was 10,000 kronor which was more than three times as much as the year before. The turnover increased generally speaking every year which showed that Oda Berg was a very capable shop manager. In 1917, Slöjdmagasinet’s turnover was over 61,000 kronor despite the crisis of the war. \n\nOda Berg was an enthusiast, energetic and full of ideas, and she was able to inspire people around her. She saw to it to produce an Öland costume for Queen [Victoria](0000 0003 6844 9798), who was very interested in home crafts, at the beginning of the 1900s. It was influenced by fashion to a certain extent, with a broad belt. It was used at the royal summer residence Solliden on Öland, and costumes were made even for the staff, which gave many women work as seamstresses. \n\nSlöjdmagasinet’s basic idea was to exhibit and sell crafts on commission for a fee of 5 %. Lesser crafts products from poor people could be bought with the aid of an annual sum of 1,000 kronor put aside for that purpose. Hushållningssällskapet’s inspector handed in a complaint in 1903 that Slöjdmagasinet was run as the manager’s private shop, that crafts products were purchased over and above what there was cash for and that wages to the crafts people were kept low. That was when Oda Berg lost her temper and submitted a letter of explanation. She resigned from 1 January 1904. Hushållningssällskapet advertised for a new manager for Slöjdmagasinet, and five women applied. One of them was Oda Berg and she was reinstated. \n\nAn enormous effort was made at the Norrköping Exhibition in 1906 when the Finnsjö-Bankeberg company constructed a whole villa that Slöjdmagasinet in Kalmar fitted out with furniture, textiles and crafts products. The green surroundings made it possible to exhibit garden furniture that was also delivered by Slöjdmagasinet. The hope was that this would create a boom outside the county. This way of exhibiting crafts as part of an entire interior decoration was Oda Berg’s idea. \n\nShe took the initiative to the South Kalmar County’s home crafts association that was founded in 1908. The aim of this non-profit association was to renew crafts in Kalmar County using patterns and models based on old crafts, and to organise courses and exhibitions. An annual crafts lottery was started to finance the enterprise, which was permitted for the home crafts association but not for hushållningssällskapet according to its statutes. The models were the prizes the first years, but after a few years a free choice of products from Slöjdmagasinet became the prizes. The first ten lottery series were reserved for Queen Victoria for as long as she lived. [](Gerda Brütte) was employed as an assistant by the new home crafts association to look after the lottery. From 1921 onwards, she succeeded Oda Berg as the manager. \n\nHome crafts in Kalmar opened a test weaving institute in 1910 led by the weaving teacher Anna Stenros. There old patterns were copied and new created according to the old textile tradition. At the institute, pupils interested in weaving were also given lessons. The home crafts association also organised courses in other crafts techniques like plant dyeing, braiding as a finish to weaves, basket-making and straw braiding to increase the opportunities for people to support themselves partially or completely by means of their craft. \n\nOda Berg was not only famous in Kalmar County but also in the rest of Sweden in connection with numerous exhibitions and through her cooperation in the founding of the national association Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarnas Riksförbund in 1912. The call sent out before the foundation was signed by the initiative-takers [](Stina Rodenstam), Oda Berg, [](Emma Zorn) and the wife of the county governor at that time in Kalmar, Elisabeth Cederkrantz. \n\nIn 1912, Oda Berg encouraged the inhabitants of Öland to search their drawers and attics for old knitted garments to find old patterns that could be produced anew. Through agents in the parishes, many inventories of old crafts were made in Kalmar County. Sometimes purchases were made towards the building-up of a pattern archive for future development. The inventories led to exhibitions highlighting crafts. At an exhibition in Borgholm in 1913, old Öland crafts were in focus, wood as well as textiles, and Oda Berg cooperated in the founding of the Ölands Kulturminnesförening the year after. In connection with exhibitions, medals and money were handed out in recognition of skillful crafters.\n\nOda Berg held many lectures on crafts and showed magic lantern pictures to inspire and enthuse her audiences to preserve old crafts and themselves start crafting. Her organizational skills were widely known and in 1913 she was awarded the royal medal Illis quorum partly as a reward for this capability. In 1920 she was also awarded the smaller gold medal of the national association Hushållningssällskapet. \n\nOda Berg was strongly engaged in the Baltic exhibition in Malmö in 1914. The crafts association there had furnished a whole fisherman’s cottage from Öland with a long sofa, ”goose bench” with plate rack, passage mats with grid patterns and a copy of an Öland rag rug, formerly used as a quilt but used here on the floor. Apart from this, a room was shown with, among other things, manor house furniture of birch which inspired [](Selma Lagerlöf) to order furniture for both Mårbacka and her home in Falun. \n\nIn connection with the handing over of Slöjdmagasinet by Hushållningssällskapet to the home crafts association in 1921, Oda Berg chose to retire. She remained however for a further year to look after the home crafts association’s non-profit side with the lottery, new patterns and models among other things. Oda Berg also contributed to the founding of the national association in Sweden, Hemslöjdsförbundet, in 1928, to share sales in Stockholm for the local home crafts associations.\n \nOda Berg died in 1931 in Kalmar. She lies buried in the Tegnér Cemetery in Växjö, beside her husband.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "description": "Konstnären Siri Berg är död. SVT Nyheter, 2002-04-20 (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
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            "date": "1921-09-14"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Mosaiska församlingen i Stockholm",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2020-04-08",
            "date": "2020-04-08"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Siri/",
        "lastname": "Berg",
        "sortname": "Berg"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Dekoratör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1970-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konstnär",
          "detail": "Konstnär",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1970",
            "date": "1970"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2020",
            "date": "2020"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Konstlärare, New School University,  Parsons School of Design",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "Ca 2011"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "American Abstract Artists",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Schlossman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Tanier",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.401213,
              "lon": 18.089121
            },
            "place": "Djursholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 50.075538,
              "lon": 14.4378
            },
            "place": "Prag, Tjeckien"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 50.85034,
              "lon": 4.35171
            },
            "place": "Bryssel, Belgien"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 40.712784,
              "lon": -74.005941
            },
            "place": "New York, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2020",
            "date": "2020"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Siri Berg, 2012. Foto: Staffan Löwstedt/SvD/TT",
          "description_eng": "Siri Berg, 2012. Photo: Staffan Löwstedt/SvD/TT",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berg_Siri.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-16",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1901-08-01",
            "date": "1901-08-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1988",
            "date": "1988"
          },
          "firstname": "Henrietta, kallad Henia,",
          "lastname": "Schlossman, född Gassler",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-10-25",
            "date": "1884-10-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "firstname": "Arthur",
          "lastname": "Schlossman",
          "occupation": "Grosshandlare, disponent, verkställande direktör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-10-17",
            "date": "1917-10-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-09-07",
            "date": "2001-09-07"
          },
          "firstname": "George Isaac",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "lastname": "Tanier, även Tenenbaum",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          },
          "firstname": "Robert",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "Ca 1949"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Jeffrey",
          "lastname": "Tanier Berg",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Arthur",
          "lastname": "Berg",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Representerad på The Salomon R Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA, National Museum of American Jewish History, Philadelphia, USA, Moderna Museet, Stockholm, mfl.",
          "type": "Museum"
        },
        {
          "description": "Backman, Dan, ’Siri Berg’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 2018-05-30",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Baker, Bratt, Siri Berg: All About Color Painters' Table (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.painters-table.com/blog/siri-berg-all-about-color"
        },
        {
          "description": "Barslund Martensson, Ulf, ’Artist making statements in DC’, *Nordstjernan*, 2019-01-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jansch, Jennifer, ’Studio i konst’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 2012-03-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jenkins, Mark, ’Siri Berg’, *Washington Post*, 2019-05-03",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ringborg, Theodor, *Better dimension: Edgar Cleijne & Ellen Gallagher ; Siri Berg / ett liv i färg ; Artists' film international*, Bonniers konsthall, Stockholm, 2018",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "‘Siri Berg’ [Nekrolog] : *New York Times*, 2020-04-12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Slöör, Susanna, ’Den återfunna tiden’, *Omkonst*, 2018-05-16 (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://omkonst.se/18-cleijne-gallagher-berg.shtml"
        },
        {
          "description": "Zachrison, Linda, ’Siri Berg’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*,  2020-05-08",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Color my world-a meeting with artist Siri Berg, Nordstjernan, 2018  januari (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Film",
          "url": "http://www.nordstjernan.com/trueswedish/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Benari, Richard, Siri Berg. Tilted Arc (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.tilted-arc.com/2014/03/07/siri-berg/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sandelin, Ann-Charlotte. Siri Bergs nyfikna färgsinne på NP33 (recension). Kultursidan.nu (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.kultursidan.nu/?p=22196"
        },
        {
          "description": "Siri Berg (Hämtad 2021-03-16)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.siriberg.com/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, lärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, teacher",
      "text": "Siri Berg var en svensk-amerikansk konstnär med inriktning på abstrakt måler.\n\nSiri Berg föddes i Djursholm 1921 i en judisk familj och var enda barnet till Arthur Schlossman, från Tyskland, och Henia, född Gassler, från Polen. Fadern var grosshandlare och disponent och startade 1914 ett företag som importerade textil.\n\nSiri Berg bodde under uppväxttiden även i Prag och Bryssel. I Bryssel genomförde hon universitetsstudier i konst och arkitektur. 1940 reste hon 19 år gammal med ett fraktfartyg från Norge till Baltimore och tog därefter buss till New York där hon togs emot av en faster. Hennes mor hade avrått från resan medan fadern hade tillstyrkt med tanke på judarnas situation i andra världskrigets Europa. Kort därefter utvandrade även föräldrarna till Amerika. I New York bildade Arthur Schlossmann tillsammans med två andra en importfirma av svenska möbler, Swedish Modern Inc, vars verkställande direktör han blev.\n\nI New York arbetade Siri Berg med mode och inredningsdesign för bland annat varuhuset Franklin Simon men även för privatpersoner. Hon studerade grafik vid Pratt Graphic Art Center. Hon var gift två gånger och fick två söner. I trettioårsåldern började hon måla och använde hemmets stora sängkammare som ateljé och därefter äldsta sonens rum när han lämnade hemmet för collegestudier. 1981 flyttade Siri Berg till en studio i Soho på Manhattan där hon fortsatt verkade och bodde.\n\nSiri Berg inspirerades i sina tidiga verk av litteratur, som av den österrikisk-judiske författaren Arthur Schlitzers dramatik eller irländaren William Yeats poesi och dramatik. Den judiske 1500-talsmystikern Moses Cordoveros Kabbalah gav inspiration till femtio målningar.\n\n1970 var året för Siri Bergs första separatutställning på East Hampton Gallery i New York. Hon ställde ut verket *La Ronde* inspirerat av Schitzlers teaterpjäs *Reigen* (*Ringlek*). Teaterpjäsen granskade i tio scener sexualmoral och klassperspektiv hos olika kärlekspar. Siri Berg som fascinerats av siffran sju målade endast sju av dem, med möten och skeenden mellan cirklar i avgränsande färger. Cirkeln är återkommande, hel eller delad, i hennes konstnärskap.\n\nSiri Berg målade abstrakt eftersom det abstrakta erbjöd en utmaning som verkligheten inte gjorde. ”Jag vill inte göra mitt liv till en kopia eller reproducera verkligheten”, sade Siri Berg i en intervju för *Nordstjernan* 2018. Med duken eller i projektet förlorade hon sig i skapandet inifrån och ut snarare än omvänt. Hon var medlem i American Abstract Artists grundat av den tysk-amerikanske konstnären Josef Albers som genom sin lärargärning och boken *Interaction of Color* från 1963 fick stor betydelse för många konstnärer, så även Siri Berg. Hon experimenterade med färg, monokrom eller med nyanser och graderingar, under hela sitt konstnärskap och målade ofta serier. Hennes färgskala var reducerad till nio färger. Hon var under drygt trettio år lärare i färgteori på Parsons School of Design och slutade sitt arbete där vid 91 års ålder.\n\nSiri Berg hade sju separatutställningar under 1970-talet i New York. Sina sjuttiotalsmålningar *Aspects of the Circle* ställde hon 1980 ut på Ward-Nasse Gallery i Soho med titlar som *Black Series* och *Four Elements Series*, den senare finns i Guggenheimmuseets samling. 1984 visade hon första gången assemblage i utställningen The Geometric Angle in Sculpture på Martin Molinary Art and Design. De nya verken med runda sugkoppar, målade och omålade, monterade på masonit och presenterade i plexiglaslådor, benämnde Siri Berg *Environmental Boxes*. Hon intresserade sig alltmer för det skulpturala och infogade industriella objekt i geometriska former som disketter, CD-ROM-skivor med mera. Collagen har ofta inslag av träsnitt.\n\nUnder åren 2000–2018 ställde Siri Berg ut flitigt separat eller i grupp. Hon visade *It’s All About Color* första gången 2011 på det konstnärsdrivna galleriet Painting Center i New York. Det var två serier med nio dukar vardera. En serie med kalla och en med varma färger, i vilka hon skapade ett spektrum med gradering av färger. År 2012 valde hon att visa sina svart-vita målningar från mellan 1976–1981 på Hionas Art Gallery i New York. Peter Hionas blev fortsatt hennes gallerister och kurerade senare tre retrospektiva utställningar. Den första, In Color, visades 2017 på Fiterman Art Center i New York. Efter utställningen filmade Sara Jegeman Siri Bergs arbete i ateljén i Soho. Hur hon blandade färg, graderade den och visade hur färgerna uppfattas beroende av intilliggande färger. Dokumentärfilmen *Siri Berg. Ett liv i färg* sändes i Sveriges Television i november 2020.\n\nSiri Berg ställde ut i ett flertal länder både separat och i grupp. I Sverige, där hon hade vänner och bland dem några samlare, knöts hon i början av 1990-talet till Galleri Konkret Tendens och hade 1992 en separatutställning på galleriet i Stockholm. Hallwylska museet visade ett tjugotal målningar år 2000. På Konstnärshuset i Stockholm visades hennes verk 2003. När organisationen SWEA (Swedish Women’s Educational Association International) firade tjugofem år 2004 deltog Siri Berg i jubileumsutställningen på Millesgården. Embrace var titeln på en utställning på Utvandrarnas hus i Växjö 2011–2012 där Siri Berg fanns med som en av utställarna. I Linköping och Norrköping ställdes hennes konst ut på Galleri Sander år 2015. Utställningen Siri Berg – Ett liv i färg var hennes andra retrospektiva utställning och visades på Bonniers konsthall i Stockholm i maj–juni 2018. Utställningen var liten och koncentrerad kring målningar från 1970-talet och var enligt recensenten i *om konst* ”intressant i sin pedagogiska tydlighet av de poetiska formproblem som sparsmakade abstrakta målare ofta ägnat/ägnar sig åt”. Recensenten i *Svenska Dagbladet* uppskattade hennes stramt monokroma måleri i en både minimalistisk och konstruktivistisk anda. Särskilt *Bottom circle* från 1970 där konstnären med små medel uppnår ”en mångfacetterad dynamik. Det är som en balansakt där de olika formelementen är föränderliga och bildplanen tycks byta plats.”\n\nMålningarnas materialitet betonas som ett viktigt uttryck i Siri Bergs verk. Den tredje och sista retrospektiva utställningen, Statements, visades under våren 2019 i House of Sweden på Svenska Ambassaden i Washington. Skribenten från *Washington Post* fann hennes cirklar ”hard-edge and crisply defined” och fann även en lekfullhet i verket *Mouseballs*; en räcka av sex dissekerade datormöss subtilt målade i olika gråskalor. I början av samma år hade Siri Berg medverkat i grupputställningen Continuity to Change: Recent History of American Abstraction på Tower Fine Arts Gallery i Brockport, New York. Hon är främst representerad vid amerikanska museer.\n\nSiri Berg avled i april 2020 i New York i en ålder av 98 år.",
      "text_eng": "Siri Berg was an artist with abstract painting as her speciality. \n\nSiri Berg was born in Djursholm in Stockholm in 1921. Her family was Jewish and she was the only child of Henia Schlossman, née Gassler, from Poland and her husband Arthur Schlossman from Germany. Her father was a wholesale merchant and factory manager who started his own company in 1914 to import textiles. \n\nWhen she was growing up, Siri Berg also lived in Prague and Brussels. In Brussels, she completed her university studies in art and architecture. In 1940, at the age of 19, she travelled on a cargo ship from Norway to Baltimore and took the bus from there to New York where she was met by a paternal aunt. Her mother had advised against the journey while her father had approved of it with consideration to the situation of the Jews in second-world-war Europe. Shortly afterwards, her parents emigrated to the USA as well. In New York, Arthur Schlossmann and two others started an import company for Swedish furniture, Swedish Modern Inc, the managing director of which he became.\n \nIn New York, Siri Berg worked in fashion and interior decoration for among others the department store Franklin Simon but also for private persons. She also studied at graphic design at the Pratt Graphic Art Center. She married twice and had two sons. In her thirties, she started painting and used their home’s large bedroom as her atelier and after that their eldest son’s room when he left home for college. In 1981, Siri Berg moved to a studio in Soho on Manhattan where she continued to live and work. \n\nSiri Berg’s early works were inspired by literature like the Austrian-Jewish author Arthur Schlitzer’s dramas or the Irishman William Yeats’ poetry and drama. The Jewish mystic Moses Cordoveros Kabbalah from the 1500s gave inspiration to fifty paintings. \n\n1970 was the year of Siri Berg’s first separate exhibition at the East Hampton Gallery in New York. She exhibited the work *La Ronde* inspired by Schitzler’s theatre play *Reigen* (*Ring Game*). The theatre play investigated various loving couples’ sexual morality and class perspective in ten scenes. Siri Berg, who was fascinated by the figure seven, only painted seven of them, with meetings and happenings between circles of demarcating colours. Circles are recurrent, whole or divided, in her total artistic production. \n\nSiri Berg painted abstracts since the abstract offered a challenge not presented by reality: “I do not want to make my life into a copy or to reproduce reality”, as Siri Berg said in an interview for *Nordstjernan* in 2018. With a canvas or in a project, she lost herself in her creativity from within herself and outwards, rather than the opposite. She was a member of the American Abstract Artists founded by the German-American artist Josef Albers, who through his teaching work and the book *Interaction of Color* from 1963 acquired great significance for many artists, including Siri Berg. She experimented with colour, monochrome or with nuances and shades, during the whole of her life as an artist, and she often painted in series. Her colour scale was reduced to nine colours. She was a teacher for thirty years in colour theory at Parsons School of Design and stopped working there only when she was 91 years of age.\n \nSiri Berg had seven solo exhibitions during the 1970s in New York. Her paintings from the 1970s entitled *Aspects of the Circle* were exhibited by her in 1980 at the Ward-Nasse Gallery in Soho with titles like *Black Series* and *Four Elements Series*, the latter now in the Guggenheim Museum’s collections. In 1984, she showed assemblage for the first time in the exhibition The Geometric Angle in Sculpture at Martin Molinary Art and Design. The new works with rounded suction cups, painted and unpainted, mounted on wooden panels and presented in plexiglass boxes were called by *Environmental Boxes*. She was more and more interested in sculpture and inserted industrial objects like floppy discs, CD-Roms and so on into geometrical forms. Her collages often have elements of woodcut. \n\nIn 2000–2018, Siri Berg exhibited diligently, either separately or as one of a group. She showed *It’s All About Color* for the first time in 2011 at the artist-run gallery Painting Center in New York. It consisted of two series of nine canvases each. One was a series with cold and one with warm colours, in which she created a spectrum with a calibration of the colours. In 2012, she chose to show her black-and-white paintings from 1976–1981 at Hionas Art Gallery in New York. Peter Hionas continued to be her gallery owner and was the curator for three retrospective exhibitions later on. The first, In Color was shown in 2017 at the Fiterman Art Center in New York. After the exhibitions, Sara Jegeman filmed Siri Berg working in her atelier in Soho. We see how she mixed colours and calibrated them, and how the colours change in our perception according to which other colours are beside them. The documentary film *Siri Berg. Ett liv i färg* was broadcast on Sveriges Television in November 2020.\n \nSiri Berg exhibited in several countries both separately and in groups. In Sweden, where she had friends among whom were some collectors, she had links at the beginning of the 1990s with Galleri Konkret Tendens and she had a separate exhibition at the gallery in Stockholm in 1992. The Hallwylska Museum showed about twenty paintings in 2000. At Konstnärshuset in Stockholm her work was shown in 2003. When the organisation SWEA (Swedish Women’s Educational Association International) celebrated its twenty-fifth jubilee in 2004, Siri Berg participated in the jubilee exhibition at Millesgården, also in Stockholm. Embrace was the title of an exhibition at Utvandrarnas hus in Växjö in 2011–2012 where Siri Berg was one of the exhibitors. In Linköping and Norrköping, her art was exhibited at Galleri Sander in 2015. The exhibition Siri Berg – Ett liv i färg was her second retrospective exhibition and it was shown at Bonniers konsthall in Stockholm in May-June 2018. The exhibition was small and concentrated to paintings from the 1970s. According to the critic from *om konst*, it was “interesting in its pedagogical explicitness of the poetic form problems to which fastidious abstract painters often dedicate themselves”. The critic on the major daily newspaper *Svenska Dagbladet* appreciated her strictly monochrome painting in both a minimalist and constructivist spirit. Particularly *Bottom circle* from 1970, in which the artist with small resources achieves “multi-facetted dynamics. It is like in a balance act in which the various formal elements are changeable and the planes of the image seem to change place.” \n\nThe materiality of the paintings is emphasised as an important expression in Siri Berg’s work. The third and final retrospective exhibition Statements was shown during the spring of 2019 at House of Sweden at the Swedish Embassy in Washington. The critic from *Washington Post* found her circles “hard-edged and crisply defined” and also found a playfulness in the work *Mouseballs*; a line of six dissected computer mice subtly painted in different grey scales. At the beginning of that same year, Siri Berg had collaborated in the group exhibition Continuity to Change: Recent History of American Abstraction at Tower Fine Arts Gallery in Brockport, New York.\n \nSiri Berg died in April 2020 in New York, at 98 years of age.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "SiriBerg0",
      "viaf_id": "7634147605378457760000"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Chris",
          "lastname": "Bergendorff"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Sofie",
          "lastname": "Holmström, mormor",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Birgit",
          "lastname": "Bergendorff. svägerska",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lisa",
          "lastname": "Schörling, gift Stenberger",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Carin Grete",
          "lastname": "Thorstensson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "institution": "Nya Elementarskolan för flickor (Ahlströmska skolan), privatskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ottilienhaus flickpension, privatskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.520007,
              "lon": 13.404954
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "type": "Flickskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärarutbildning, småskollärare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "institution": "Högre lärarinneseminariet",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Lärare",
        "Företagare",
        "Formgivare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Teachers",
        "Entrepreneurs"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2020-10-16T15:30:46",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 92,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1904-04-23",
            "date": "1904-04-23"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.782614,
              "lon": 14.161788
            },
            "place": "Jönköping"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1996-08-07",
            "date": "1996-08-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Västerleds församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Margit/ Agnes Sofia",
        "lastname": "Bergendorff",
        "sortname": "Bergendorff"
      },
      "num_children": 3,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Guvernant",
          "detail": "Guvernant hos landshövding Sigfrid Linnér",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 63.176683,
              "lon": 14.636068
            },
            "place": "Östersund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolföreståndare",
          "detail": "Föreståndare, Stureskolan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1928",
            "date": "1928"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Delägare, föreståndare, Småttingarnas Ateljé, med systern Hervor Brusewitz",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Ägare, Bruse Barnkläder",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Småskollärare, Nya Elementar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Blåvingeledare",
          "name": "Sveriges Flickors Scoutförbund",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem, Hem och Skola i Djursholm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "name": "Riksförbundet Hem och Skola",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Brusewitz",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gittan",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "name": "Bruse",
          "type": "Pseudonym",
          "type_eng": "Pseudonym"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1904",
            "date": "1904"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.782614,
              "lon": 14.161788
            },
            "place": "Jönköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1910",
            "date": "1910"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.520007,
              "lon": 13.404954
            },
            "place": "Berlin, Tyskland"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Margit Bergendorff avbildad i Husmodern nr 29, 1938. Fotograf okänd",
          "description_eng": "Margit Bergendorff in Husmodern nr 29, 1938. Photographer unknown",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bergendorff_Margit.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-08-31",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-11-10",
            "date": "1878-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-05-17",
            "date": "1952-05-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Ellen Maria",
          "lastname": "Brusewitz, född Holmström",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1869-04-30",
            "date": "1869-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1940-11-26",
            "date": "1940-11-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Elis Fredric Leopold",
          "lastname": "Brusewitz",
          "occupation": "Major",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-02-15",
            "date": "1903-02-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-12-08",
            "date": "1990-12-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Elis Leopold",
          "lastname": "Brusewitz",
          "occupation": "Överste",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-03-11",
            "date": "1910-03-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1990-04-30",
            "date": "1990-04-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Hervor Annie Ellenore",
          "lastname": "Brusewitz",
          "occupation": "Delägare, Småttingarnas Ateljé",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-03-25",
            "date": "1906-03-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1964-10-24",
            "date": "1964-10-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Sture",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergendorff",
          "occupation": "Revisor, ekonomidirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1940-18-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Peter Elis Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Bergendorff",
          "occupation": "Pol.mag., ekonom",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1941-11-18",
            "date": "1941-11-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Göran Edgar Sturesson",
          "lastname": "Bergendorff",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son\t"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1943-09-23",
            "date": "1943-09-23"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Ruth Ellen Christina",
          "lastname": "Bergendorff",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Allt i hemmet*, 1982:7/8",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Dagens Nyheter*, 1935-05-17",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svensk Damtidning*, 1938-06-17, 1939-06-03",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svenska Dagbladet*, 1928-08-13, 1929-04-30, 1929-08-13, 1929-09-30, 1930-02-08, 1931-08-27, 1935-03-06, 1935-12-12, 1939-04-05, 1939-09-03",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dagböcker i privat ägo",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lärare, entreprenör, formgivare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Teacher, entrepreneur, designer",
      "text": "Margit Bergendorff var lärare, entreprenör och formgivare. Tillsammans med sin syster Hervor Brusewitz startade hon affären Småttingarnas Ateljé i Stockholm och senare barnklädesmärket Bruse Barnkläder.\n\nMargit Bergendorff föddes som Margit Agnes Sofia Brusewitz i Jönköping, 1904. Hon hade då en ett år äldre bror, Bengt. Fadern Elis Brusewtiz var löjtnant vid Andra Göta Artilleriregemente, och hade ett stort intresse för musik, teater och uppfödning av höns. Modern Ellen, född Holmström, var uppvuxen i Jönköping, och hennes mor Sofie, änka efter vinhandlaren Frantz, bodde kvar i staden.\n\nRedan 1910 flyttade familjen till Stockholm, eftersom fadern efter en sjukdom inte längre kunde delta i fältövningar. Han fick ett intendentjobb vid Generalstaben i Stockholm. De flyttade in i en stor våning på Banérgatan 5 på Östermalm och där föddes lillasyster Hervor 1910. På hösten samma år började Margit Bergendorff i Nya Elementarskolan för flickor på Kommendörsgatan, en skola grundad av [](Anna Ahlström) och [](Ellen Terserus). Gittan, som hon kallades, anpassade sig snabbt och fick många vänner i klassen, bland andra Lisa Schörling som fanns i hennes vänkrets hela livet. Margit Bergendorff var duktig på att teckna pappersdockor och sålde sina alster till klasskamraterna för 10 öre arket. En liten entreprenör var född!\n\nMargit Bergendorff sydde dockkläder och drömde om ett liv med många barn. Efter avslutad skolgång, där tyska var det första främmande språket, reste hon tillsammans med modern Ellen till Berlin, där hon fick börja i flickpensionen Ottilienhaus i Zehlendorf. Vid hemkomsten 1924 påbörjade Margit Bergendorff sin enda högre utbildning, ett år på Högre lärarinneseminariet på Riddargatan, som ledde fram till en småskollärarinneexamen. På seminariet kom hon att gå i samma klass som Birgit Bergendorff. De blev goda vänner och femton år senare gifte hon sig med Birgits lillebror Sture.\n\nEfter sin examen tog Margit Bergendorff plats som guvernant hos landshövding Sigfrid Linnér och tog hand om tre barn i flera år. Familjen Brusewitz flyttade till en våning på Sturegatan 60, vilket fick betydelse för henne, då hon ville öppna en egen skola. Hon hade pedagogiska idéer om att barnen med mer individuell undervisning kunde lära sig allt som ingick i läroplanen mycket fortare än i den traditionella skolan. I huset på Sturegatan 60 fick hon tillgång till lokaler och startade 1928 först en Kindergarten. Redan året därpå var hon igång med de förberedande klasserna ettan och tvåan, som utvidgades till de förberedande klasserna ett till fyra året därpå. Det var max 10 barn i varje klass och utomhusaktiviteterna förlades till den närbelägna Humlegården. Det ekonomiska utfallet blev magert och redan 1931 lades lekskolan ned och snart även de förberedande klasserna.\n\nEn ny fas började när Margit Bergendorff och lillasyster Hervor startade Småttingarnas Ateljé. Fadern, modern och senare även en farbror, som bodde i New York, bidrog med aktiekapitalet och 5 mars 1935 bildades AB Småttingarnas Ateljé med ett aktiekapital på 12 000 kronor. En månad senare hyrde systrarna affär på Hamngatan 1 och man hade en lyckad pressvisning. Affären öppnades och beskrevs som välförsedd med de näpnaste plagg från spädbarnsåldern till tidiga tonår. Stickning var populärt och garner lämpade för barnkläder samt en stickexpert fanns även i affären.\n\nAffären vid Norrmalmstorg blev snabbt populär och framåt jultiden var dagskassorna uppe i över 800 kronor per dag. Prinsessan Sibylla besökte affären i slutet av juni 1935 och köpte några praktiska barnkläder till lilla Margaretha. När kung Gustav V i juni 1938 skulle åka i öppen vagn med kronprinsen Gustaf Adolf och de små prinsessorna Margaretha och Birgitta, anlitades Margit Brusewitz för uppdraget att förse de små flickorna med fina, vita sammetskappor med svandun runt kragarna och bahytternas kant. Efter denna lyckade start var Margit Bergendorff ofta på Haga slott och samarbetade med de kungliga barnens barnsköterska, [](Ingrid Björnberg), kallad ”Nenne”. Margit Bergendorff blev hovskräddare och designade många söta klänningar med smock och puffärmar till flickorna Margaretha, Birgitta, Desirée och sedermera Christina samt finkläder till lillprinsen Carl-Gustaf. De tryckte upp en 20-sidig postorderkatalog med fina teckningar och bilder på plaggen.\n\nPå våren 1939 undersökte Margit Bergendorff om hon kunde öppna en syfabrik för att bättre kunna framställa alla barnkläder som behövdes i Småttingarnas Ateljé. Snart blev drömmen om en egen barnklädesfabrik verklighet. Med ekonomisk hjälp från modern, fadern och storebror Bengt kom man upp till aktiekapitalet 24 000 kronor.\n\nBruse Barnkläder, med varumärket ”De tre bockarna Bruse”, grundades i april 1939 med Margit Bergendorff som ägare. Hervor blev direktris i affären. Margit Bergendorff anställde flera sömmerskor, strykerskor och springflickor och skaffade en lokal på Tulegatan 19. Krigsåret 1939 blev bokslutet för Bruse Barnkläder mycket dåligt. Efter ett lån i Skandinaviska Banken beslöt man att fortsätta, trots allt krångel med kuponger och leveranser av tyger från England och Tyskland. En order från svenska krigsmakten höll också företaget flytande.\n\nPå hösten 1939 gifte sig Sture och Margit Bergendorff. Bröllopsresan fick gå till Köpenhamn och inte, som de hade tänkt, till Berlin. När Margit Bergendorff snabbt blev med barn och i rask takt födde Peter 1940, Göran året efter och Christina 1943, anställdes en barnsköterska som tog hand om barnen. Maken var inkallad och gjorde militärtjänst vid norska gränsen.\n\nEfter kriget i slutet av fyrtiotalet kände Margit Bergendorff att det var slitsamt med tre barn och en stor barnklädesfabrik. Varje år var det mannekänguppvisning, bland annat i Marmorhallarna vid Stureplan, och alla tre barnen var vana att visa upp sig i mammas designade kläder. Fabriken Bruse Barnkläder fick problem med lönsamheten och i februari 1948 tecknade Margit ett avtal med Stefan Schwarcz som övertog företaget. Hon var kvar i ett år för att göra kollektionerna och ge direktiv om material och tillverkning.\n\nFamiljen flyttade till Djursholm 1948. Ett liv som hemmafru var inte riktigt Margit Bergendorffs melodi. Hon var visserligen mycket aktiv i Hem och Skola-föreningen och flickscouterna, men sömnaden kunde hon inte helt sluta med. Den händige maken Sture inredde ett specialdesignat syrum med symaskinsbord med många lådor och ett stort tillskärarbord. Margit Bergendorff importerade nylontyger från Amerika och började skära till nylonoveraller, som hon lade ut till hemsömnad. Kontakterna hade hon från Bruse Barnkläder-tiden.\n\nI nästa fas av Margit Bergendorffs liv återvände hon till sitt gamla yrke, småskollärarinnans, och dessutom till barndomens skola, Nya Elementarskolan för flickor, på Kommendörsgatan, som fortfarande var ren flickskola. Hon fick en fast tjänst för årskurserna ett till tre och var en ganska sträng, men mycket älskad, ”småskolefröken” ända till pensioneringen 1971. Hon dramatiserade flera barnbokstexter, till exempel *Anne på Grönkulla*, och hennes elever framförde fina teaterföreställningar både till höst- och vårterminens slut. Alla skådespelarnas dräkter var sydda av henne och kulisserna målades hemma på matsalsbordet i Djursholm.\n\nEfter att maken Sture avlidit i hjärtinfarkt flyttade Margit Bergendorff till Tessinparken på Gärdet i Stockholm. Efter flytten kom hon och systern Hervor, som hade kvar Småttingarnas Ateljé ända till 1963, varandra mycket nära. Vid en av Margit Bergendorffs årliga resor till London köpte hon pälstyger i syntet, mönster, nosar och ögon till mjuka djur och började tillverka en lång rad av uppskattade mjukisdjur. De första nallarna Bruse Brum tillverkade hon redan 1946 till Småttingarnas ateljé. Hon började med nallar och tillverkade sedan hundar, hästar, zebror, kaniner, sälar, leoparder, tigrar och några katter. Småbitarna som blev över räckte till små söta, vita möss. Detta var innan marknaden översvämmades av mjukisdjur. Hon skar till tyget med stor precision, sydde ihop delarna för hand och stoppade med syntetvadd.\n\nRedan före sin pensionering 1972 hade Margit Bergendorff flyttat till Nockebyhem i Bromma. Dit kom så småningom även syster Hervor och de levnadsglada damerna hade en mängd stora och mindre fester i de generösa samlingslokalerna på Nockebyhem, där det endast bodde ensamstående damer. Margit Bergendorff hade inga problem med att bo i en liten etta med kokvrå och umgås med sina generationskamrater. ”Varför skulle jag inte trivas med dem, nu när vi är gamla”, sa hon alltid.\n\nMargit Bergendorff avled i Stockholm 1996. Hon vilar på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Margit Bergendorff was a teacher, an entrepreneur, and a designer. Along with her sister, Hervor Brusewitz, she set up the Småttingarnas Ateljé business in Stockholm and later on established the children’s clothing company called Bruse Barnkläder.\n\nMargit Bergendorff was born Margit Agnes Sofia Brusewitz in Jönköping in 1904. At that time her family included a brother named Bengt who was one year her senior. Their father, Elis Brusewitz, was a lieutenant in Andra Göta Artilleriregemente and was a great lover of music, the theatre, and he also reared chickens. Their mother, Ellen, née Holmström, had grown up in Jönköping. Further, Margit Bergendorff’s maternal grandmother, Sofie, widow of the wine merchant Frantz, also lived in Jönköping.\n\nBy 1910 the family was already living in Stockholm. After suffering an illness Elis Brusewitz found he was no longer able to undertake field exercises and so he was appointed steward at Generalstaben (military headquarters) in Stockholm. The family moved into a large apartment on Banérsgatan 5 in the Östermalm section of the city. It was there that Margit Bergendorff’s younger sister, Hervor, was born in 1910. In the autumn of that year Margit Bergendorff began to attend Nya Elementarskolan för flickor (girls’ school) on Kommendörsgatan. The school had been founded by [](Anna Ahlström) and [](Ellen Terserus). Margit Bergendorff – known as Gittan – quickly settled in and made a lot of friends in her class, including Lisa Schörling who remained a life-long friend. Margit Bergendorff was good at drawing paper dolls and sold her efforts to her classmates for 10 öre each. Thus a young entrepreneur was born!\n\nMargit Bergendorff spent her time making doll’s clothes and dreaming of a future in which she had a lot of children. On completing her schooling, which included learning German, she and her mother Ellen travelled to Berlin together. There she attended the Ottilienhaus boarding school for girls in Zehlendorf. Upon her return to Sweden in 1924 Margit Bergendorff began the one bit of further education she took, namely a year spent at Högre lärarinneseminariet (advanced female teacher-training programme) on Riddargatan, where women went to gain the junior-school female-teacher qualification. Margit Bergendorff was in the same class as Birgit Bergendorff, with whom she became close friends and five years later Margit Bergendorff married Birgit’s younger brother, Sture.\n\nAfter graduating Margit Bergendorff gained a position as a governess for Governor Sigfrid Linnér, and she spent several years caring for his three children. The Brusewitz family moved to an apartment on Sturegatan 60 and this became an important factor in Margit Bergendorff’s plan to open her own school. Her pedagogical ideas involved giving children more individual teaching, thus enabling them to master the curriculum far faster than they did in traditional schools. At the Sturegatan 60 premises Margit Bergendorff had access to an area where she established her first Kindergarten in 1928. By the following year, however, she was preparing primary 1 and primary 2 classes, and the next year after that her school expanded to offer primary 1 through primary 4 classes. Each class numbered a maximum of 10 children and all the outdoor activities took place in the nearby Humlegården. Margit Bergendorff barely made a profit and by 1931 the Kindergarten had closed and shortly thereafter so did the primary classes.\n\nMargit Bergendorff and her sister Hervor then entered a new business phase by setting up Småttingarnas Ateljé. Their father, mother, and later on even an uncle who lived in New York, all contributed capital providing a capital pot of 12,000 kronor and enabling the establishment of AB Småttingarnas Ateljé  on 5 March 1935. One month later the sisters rented premises at Hamngatan 1 where they held a successful press meeting. The shop was open for business and was described as well-supplied with the most fetching children’s clothes, covering infants through to young teenagers. Knitwear was popular and wool suitable for making children’s clothes as well as a knitting-expert could be found at the shop.\n\nThe Norrmalmstorg shop quickly became popular and by Christmastime the daily returns were over 800 kronor. Princess Sibylla made a visit to the shop towards the end of June 1935, purchasing a few practical children’s clothes for young Margaretha. When King Gustav V was due to parade in an open carriage in 1938, along with Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and the young princesses, Margaretha and Birgitta, it was Margit Bergendorff who was tasked with providing the girls with fine white silken capes with swan-feathered collars and bonnets. Following this successful start Margit Bergendorff could often be seen at Haga palace working with the royal children’s nurse, [](Ingrid Björnberg) – known as Nenne. Margit Bergendorff became the royal seamstress and designed many sweet outfits, which included aprons and blousy sleeves, for the royal daughters Margaretha, Birgitta, Desirée and later on Christina, as well as special clothes for the young prince Carl-Gustaf. Margit Bergendorff had a 20-page postal order catalogue printed, containing delicate drawings to illustrate the clothes for sale.\n\nIn the spring of 1939 Margit Bergendorff looked into the option of opening a sewing factory to improve production of the children’s clothing required for Småttingarnas Ateljé. It was not long before the dream of running her own children’s clothing factory became reality. 24,000 kronor of capital was raised with help from her mother, father and her older brother, Bengt.\n\nBruse Barnkläder, bearing the trademark “De tre bockarna Bruse”, was established in April 1939. Margit Bergendorff was the registered owner while Hervor served as the shop director. Margit Bergendorff employed more seamstresses, ironing-women, and errand-girls and she procured premises on Tulegatan 19. However, the Bruse Barnkläder accounts for that year – 1939 saw the outbreak of the Second World War – were very poor. Margit Bergendorff decided, after taking a loan at Skandinaviska Banken, that the business would carry on despite the difficulties caused by coupons and issues with cloth deliveries from Great Britain and Germany. The company was also kept afloat through an order received from the Swedish military authorities.\n\nIn the autumn of 1939 Sture and Margit Bergendorff got married. Their honeymoon was spent in Copenhagen and not, as planned, in Berlin. Margit Bergendorff quickly fell pregnant and in 1940 she gave birth to Peter, followed in 1941 by Göran, and by Christina in 1943. A nanny was hired to care for the children. Margit Bergendorff’s husband was called up for military service on the Norwegian border.\n\nAfter the war ended Margit Bergendorff found life during the second half of the 1940s very tiring, trying to manage raising three children and running a major children’s clothing factory. Every year an exhibition using mannequins was held in Marmorhallarna at Stureplan in Stockholm at which Margit Bergendorff’s three children frequently appeared dressed in their mother’s designs. However, Bruse Barnkläder found it difficult to turn a profit and in February 1948 Margit Bergendorff signed an agreement with Stefan Schwarcz which placed him in charge of the company. Margit Bergendorff stayed on for a further year in order to produce the next collection and to provide directions regarding materials and production.\n\nIn 1948 the Bergdorff family moved to Djursholm. Life as a housewife was not entirely to Margit Bergendorff’s liking. She was very active within the Hem och Skola (parent-teacher) association and the girl guides but she never gave up sewing. Her practical husband, Sture, set up a specially designed sewing room, furnished with a sewing machine and many drawers and a large cutting-table. Margit Bergendorff imported nylon cloth from America and began to cut nylon overalls, which she prepared for home-assembly. She continued to make use of her business connections from her time as head of Bruse Barnkläder.\n\nThe next phase of Margit Bergendorff’s life involved a return to her former trade, namely that of being a junior-school teacher. Indeed, she actually returned to her childhood school, Nya Elementarskolan för flickor, on Kommendörsgatan, which was still run as a girls’ school. She gained a permanent post as teacher for the first through third year classes and was a relatively strict, albeit well-loved, “småskolefröken” (junior-school teacher) right up until she retired in 1972. She adapted several children’s books as stage plays, including *Anne of Green Gables*, and her pupils put on lovely theatrical productions at the ends of both the autumn and spring terms. Margit Bergendorff sewed all the costumes and painted the stage sets at her kitchen table at home in Djursholm.\n\nFollowing Sture’s death from a myocardial infarction Margit Bergendorff moved to Tessinparken in the Gärdet area of Stockholm. After moving she became ever closer to her sister Hervor, who had retained Småttingarnas Ateljé until 1963. During one of Margit Bergendorff’s annual trips to London she purchased synthetic furs, patterns, noses and eyes in order to produce stuffed animals and began to create what became a long series of much-loved soft toys. She started off making teddy-bears and moved on to producing dogs, horses, zebras, rabbits, seals, leopards, tigers, and a few cats. She used the small left-over pieces to create sweet small white mice. This was before the soft-toy market became swamped. She would cut the material with great precision, then hand-sew each piece and stuff the toys with synthetic wadding.\n\nMargit Bergendorff had already moved to Nockebyhem in Bromma before she retired in 1971. Her sister Hervor eventually also moved in with her and the bon-vivant women held a number of larger and smaller parties in the generously-proportioned assembly area at Nockebyhem. Only single women lived at that address. Margit Bergendorff happily settled into her studio apartment with a kitchenette and socialised with her contemporaries. She was frequently given to commenting: “Why should I not be happy in their company now that we are seniors”.\n\nMargit Bergendorff died in Stockholm in 1996. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern Cemetery) in Solna. \n",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MargitBergendorff",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Berlin, Tyskland|52.520007|13.404954",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Östersund|63.176683|14.636068",
        "Jönköping|57.782614|14.161788"
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    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Brita",
          "lastname": "Planck"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Carl Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Ridderstad",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ulrika",
          "lastname": "von Strussenfeldt",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Ståndsmässig uppfostran",
          "type": "Privatundervisning i hemmet"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Charlotta Berger",
          "description_eng": "By Charlotta Berger",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Berger%2c+Charlotta)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Charlotta Berger, 1784-1852. Kulturarv Östergötland",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://k-arv.se/posts/231"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Charlotta Berger",
          "description_eng": "About Charlotta Berger",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Berger%2c+Charlotta)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        }
      ],
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          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "Författare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "Authors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-03T10:49:31",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 67,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1784-08-21",
            "date": "1784-08-21"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.410807,
              "lon": 15.621373
            },
            "place": "Linköping"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1852-05-25",
            "date": "1852-05-25"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
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            "place": "Linköping"
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      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Christina /Charlotta/ Ulrika",
        "lastname": "Berger",
        "sortname": "Berger"
      },
      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare, skillingtrycksförfattare, även översättare",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Ch********",
          "type": "Pseudonym",
          "type_eng": "Pseudonym"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
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            "comment": "1784",
            "date": "1784"
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            "place": "Linköping"
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            "comment": "1817",
            "date": "1817"
          }
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        {
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            "comment": "1817",
            "date": "1817"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.392222,
              "lon": 15.087778
            },
            "place": "Skänninge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1844",
            "date": "1844"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1844",
            "date": "1844"
          },
          "place": {
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            "place": "Linköping"
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      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Charlotta Berger. Miniatyr av Eric Reuterborg, 1818.",
          "description_eng": "Charlotta Berger. Miniature portrait by Eric Reuterborg, 1818.",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berger_Charlotta_Okand.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1761-05-21",
            "date": "1761-05-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1843-09-27",
            "date": "1843-09-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Ulrika",
          "lastname": "Boije af Gennäs",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1752-09-09",
            "date": "1752-09-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1806-12-03",
            "date": "1806-12-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Emil, även kallad Charles,",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "occupation": "Officer",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1781-08-19",
            "date": "1781-08-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1782-04-28",
            "date": "1782-04-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Christina Amalia",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1786-08-16",
            "date": "1786-08-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1789-03-09",
            "date": "1789-03-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Fredrik Gustava",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1787-07-20",
            "date": "1787-07-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1854-04-03",
            "date": "1854-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Ottiliana Carolina",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1789-06-22",
            "date": "1789-06-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1855-04-14",
            "date": "1855-04-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Salomon Adolf Gustav",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1790-09-28",
            "date": "1790-09-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1810-04-03",
            "date": "1810-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Emil",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "occupation": "Officer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1791-12-13",
            "date": "1791-12-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1796-07-02",
            "date": "1796-07-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1797-01-30",
            "date": "1797-01-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1856-11-21",
            "date": "1856-11-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Polykarpus Erik",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1798-09-16",
            "date": "1798-09-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1800-04-12",
            "date": "1800-04-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1800-02-10",
            "date": "1800-02-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1834-09-09",
            "date": "1834-09-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Otto August",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "occupation": "Officer, politiker",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1801-05-30",
            "date": "1801-05-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1870-10-20",
            "date": "1870-10-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Sofia Eleonora",
          "lastname": "Cronhielm af Hakunge",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1778-11-07",
            "date": "1778-11-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1856-12-25",
            "date": "1856-12-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Göran, kallad Georg,",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1817",
            "date": "1817"
          },
          "lastname": "Berger",
          "occupation": "Officer, kompositör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1852",
            "date": "1852"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1818-11-27",
            "date": "1818-11-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1828-07-12",
            "date": "1828-07-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Göran Adolf",
          "lastname": "Berger",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819-12-10",
            "date": "1819-12-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1831-01-02",
            "date": "1831-01-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Hjalmar Bengt",
          "lastname": "Berger",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1821-10-28",
            "date": "1821-10-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1842-05-08",
            "date": "1842-05-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Clara Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Berger",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1822-10-13",
            "date": "1822-10-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1826-06-17",
            "date": "1826-06-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Christina Ottiliana Augusta Amalia",
          "lastname": "Berger",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Hassler, Ove, *Narcissen på Stångån: brott och romantik i Linköping för 150 år sen*, [Linköping], 1978",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Leijonhufvud, Sigrid & Brithelli, Sigrid, *Kvinnan inom svenska litteraturen intill år 1893: en bibliografi*, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1893 (Hämtad 2020-02-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33651"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ljunggren, Gustaf, *Svenska vitterhetens häfder efter Gustaf III:s död. 5, Striden emellan gamla och nya skolan, 1815-1821*, Lund, 1895 (Hämtad 2020-02-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://litteraturbanken.se/f%C3%B6rfattare/LjunggrenG/titlar/SvenskaVitterhetens5/sida/-3/faksimil"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skänninge församling",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, skillingtrycksförfattare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, chapbook writer",
      "text": "Charlotta Berger var författare och diktare, verksam under 1800-talets första hälft. Hon är framförallt känd för skillingtrycket ”Korset på Idas grav”.\n\nCharlotta Berger föddes 1784 i Linköping, som dotter till greve Charles Emil Cronhielm och friherrinnan Hedvig Ulrika Boije af Gennäs. Hon hade fyra bröder och två systrar. Fadern var innehavare av kronobränneriet i Linköping tills det lades ner 1789. Därefter var han godsägare på Ryds gård utanför Linköping. Efter hans död flyttade familjen in till Linköping.\n\nCharlotta Berger debuterade 1815 med *De franska krigs-fångarna i Sverige* och kan ses som en av pionjärerna bland svenska romanförfattare. Charlotta Bergers verk har bedömts tillhöra genren sentimentala familjeromaner. För den moderne läsaren är de stereotypa och moraliserande, men de vann stor uppskattning i sin samtid. Detta berodde dock i stor utsträckning på att svensk prosalitteratur i 1800-talets början till största delen bestod av översättningar. Originalverk uppmärksammades, även om de kunde föranleda kritik.\n\nÅr 1817 gifte sig Charlotta Berger med Johan Georg Berger, major vid Smålands dragoner. Två år senare tog han avsked, varefter de bosatte sig på Biskopsberga herrgård i Skänninge. I äktenskapet föddes fyra barn, varav samtliga dog i ung ålder. Det mesta tyder på att äktenskapet inte var särskilt harmoniskt, och att Berger var mindre framgångsrik som lantbrukare. År 1844 såldes Biskopsberga och makarna flyttade in till Linköping. Johan Georg Berger vistades dock mestadels i Stockholm.\n\nUnder tiden på Biskopsberga hann Charlotta Berger inte med att skriva romaner. Hon författade dock en stor mängd poetiska bidrag som framförallt publicerades i tidskriften *Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder*. Några av dessa var översättningar från franska, men de flesta var egna verk. Den mest kända av alla dessa är utan tvekan ”Korset på Idas grav”, som tonsattes av maken. Dikten publicerades första gången 1826 och kom som skillingtryck 1828. Visan ska vara det i särklass mest tryckta skillingtrycket, och blev så populär att namnet Ida kom med i almanackan.\n\nDet går att se en tydlig utveckling i Charlotta Bergers författarskap. Mycket av det hon publicerade under tiden på Biskopsberga utmärks av humor och en mild satir. Detta märks inte minst i ”Ungkarlslivet”, en betraktelse över fördelarna att leva ogift, som också blev ett mycket populärt skillingtryck. Det är sannolikt en ironisk släng åt maken Johan Georg Berger. När hon efter uppbrottet från Biskopsberga återigen började publicera prosa kännetecknades denna av en tydligare realism. Hon skrev nu noveller som publicerades i *Aftonbladet*, och därmed nådde hon en läsekrets i hela landet. Många av dem blev publiksuccéer och ett urval utgavs i *Noveller* 1846.\n\nCharlotta Bergers sista år blev ganska besvärliga. Trots de stora framgångarna tjänade hon inga större pengar på sitt författarskap. Hennes man hade dessutom dyrbara vanor och dåligt affärssinne. För att försörja sig stickade Charlotta Berger strumpor, men inte heller det var särskilt lönsamt. Hon led också av dålig hälsa, i synnerhet efter en svår infektion efter ett sår i armen.\n\nCharlotta Berger avled i maj 1852. En staty över henne är rest i Ridderstads minnespark vid Berga.",
      "text_eng": "Charlotta Berger was an author and a poet who was active during the first half of the nineteenth century. She is primarily known for the chapbook entitled “Korset på Idas grav”.\n\nCharlotta Berger was born in Linköping in 1784. She was the daughter of Count Charles Emil Cronhielm and Baroness Hedvig Ulrika Boije af Gennäs. She had four brothers and two sisters. Her father owned the Crown distillery in Linköping until its closure in 1789. He then became the squire of Ryds farm near Linköping. After her father died Charlotta Berger and her family moved into Linköping.\n\nCharlotta Berger made her literary debut in 1815 with *De franska krigs-fångarna i Sverige*. She can be considered to be a pioneer of Swedish novel-writing and her work has been deemed to belong to the genre known as sentimental family sagas. To the modern reader they appear stereotypical and moralising but they found a lot of favour with Charlotta Berger’s contemporaries. This was probably mainly due to the fact that Swedish prose of the early nineteenth century largely comprised works of translation. Original works received special attention, even if it involved criticism.\n\nIn 1817 Charlotta Berger married Johan Georg Berger, a major in the Småland dragoons. He resigned from service two years later, after which the couple settled at Biskopsberga manor in Skänninge. The couple had four children, all of whom died young. From surviving evidence it appears that the marriage was not a happy one and that Berger was not particularly successful at farming. In 1844 Biskopsberga was sold and the couple moved into Linköping. Johan Georg Berger, however, spent most of his time in Stockholm.\n\nWhilst living at Biskopsberga Charlotta Berger did not have the time to write novels. She did, however, produce a large number of bits of poetry which were mainly published in the journal called *Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder*. Some of these pieces were translations from French but the majority were her own originals. The best known of these is, without doubt “Korset på Idas grav”, for which her husband wrote accompanying music. The poem was first published in 1826 and then released as a chapbook in 1828. This ballad was apparently the most frequently printed broadside of its kind and became so popular that the name Ida was introduced into the almanac.\n\nOne can clearly see development in Charlotta Berger’s writing. Much of what was published while she lived at Biskopsberga is characterised by elements of humour and mild satire. This is particularly notable in “Ungkarlslivet”, an account of the benefits of remaining single, which similarly became a highly popular chapbook. It probably was an ironic comment on her husband Johan Georg Berger. Charlotta Berger returned to writing prose after leaving Biskopsberga, and then her work came to be characterised by a more obvious element of realism. She began to write short stories which were published in the newspaper *Aftonbladet*. This meant that she now had a readership which spanned the nation. Many of her stories became readers’ favourites and a selection of them were published in 1846 in a collection simply entitled *Noveller*.\n\nCharlotta Berger’s final years were quite difficult. She had never earned a lot of money from her writing, despite her considerable success. Further, her husband had expensive habits and had a poor business sense. In order to make ends meet Charlotta Berger began to knit socks, but did not manage to secure a sufficient income. She also suffered from poor health, particularly following a serious infection she developed from a wound on her arm.\n\nCharlotta Berger died in May 1852. A statue was raised in her memory in the Ridderstad memorial park near Berga.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "ChristinaCharlottaUlrikaBerger",
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        {
          "description": "Av Margareta Berger",
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        {
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          "to": {
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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          "name": "Moberg",
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          "name": "M. B-r.",
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1876-12-29",
            "date": "1876-12-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-06-30",
            "date": "1967-06-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Cecilia (Ien)",
          "lastname": "Moberg, född Nilsson-Rodhe",
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          "type_eng": "Mother"
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            "comment": "1872-06-15",
            "date": "1872-06-15"
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          "firstname": "Carl Axel",
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            "date": "1905-01-05"
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            "date": "1906-10-08"
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            "date": "1911-01-09"
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            "date": "2007-06-04"
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          "firstname": "Birgitta Axelsdotter",
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            "date": "1910-03-22"
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            "date": "2000-06-10"
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          "firstname": "Sven Erik Gustaf",
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          "to": {
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          "firstname": "Rolf",
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      ],
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Margareta Bergers Samling, A 53. , KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2019-09-30))",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-114959"
        },
        {
          "description": "Margareta Bergers korrespondens med Barbro Alving, A 96:93. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2019-09-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-133673"
        },
        {
          "description": "Margareta Bergers korrespondens med Asta Ekenvall, A 117:1. KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek (Hämtad 2019-09-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-133844"
        },
        {
          "description": "Handelsidkerskorna i Lund: Manus samt därtill hörande korrespondens. Universitetsbiblioteket, Lunds universitet (Hämtad 2019-09-30)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:alvin:portal:record-177887"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Förteckning över medlemmarna i Publicistklubben', *Publicistklubbens årsbok*, 1952",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Clayhills, Harriet och Lena Persson, 'Margareta Berger död: forskade i kvinnopresshistoria', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1987-10-02",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Margareta Berger' [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1987-10-03",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Journalist, redaktör, presshistoriker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Journalist, editor, newspaper historian",
      "text": "Margareta Berger var journalist, redaktör och presshistoriker med särskilt intresse för kvinnor inom journalistiken.\n\nMargareta Berger föddes 1903 i en professorsfamilj i Lund. Hennes far Axel Moberg var orientalist (född i Norrköping) och modern Maria Cecilia (Ien) var godsägardotter, född Nilsson-Rodhe i Dörby, Kalmar.\n\nMargareta Berger tog examen som trädgårdsmästare i Alnarp och studerade därefter till trädgårdsarkitekt i London. Därefter övergick hon till att under åren 1933—1935 vara utgivare av Skånska Trädgårdsföreningens tidskrift *Täppan*. Hon skrev även ett par böcker om trädgårdsskötsel som kom ut i början av 1930-talet.  År 1935 tog Margareta Berger steget över till dagspressjournalistiken när hon blev medarbetare på *Sydsvenska Dagbladets* redaktion. På redaktionen verkade hon bland annat som litteraturrecensent. Hon stannade på *Sydsvenska Dagbladet* till det tidiga 1950-talet då hon flyttade till Stockholm med sina två barn.\n\nI Stockholm arbetade Margareta Berger på förlaget Åhlén & Åkerlund, inledningsvis som andre redaktör för tidningen *Husmodern*, och fram till sin pensionering år 1970 som chef för förlagets jultidningar. Hon fick fin kritik för sitt arbete med tidningen *Julstämning*. Samtidigt med sina olika anställningar tycks Margareta Berger ha frilansat redan på 1940-talet för bland annat *Vecko-Journalen* och senare även för*Svenska Dagbladet*. I slutet av 1960-talet översatte och bearbetade hon dessutom flera danska böcker om mat och blommor för serien *Husmoderns kakelböcker*. \n\nEfter sin pensionering var Margareta Berger verksam som presshistoriker. Hon publicerade först boken *Fruar och damer, kvinnoroller i veckopress*, 1974, följd av *Pennskaft, kvinnliga journalister i svensk dagspress 1690–1975*, 1977, och slutligen *Äntligen ord från Qwinnohopen, om kvinnopress under 1700-talet*, 1984. Hon var även aktiv i Stockholmsjournalisternas Seniorer och var i hög grad inblandad i att boken *Vi som var med!  23 journalistveteraner berättar* skrevs och publicerades 1976.\n\nMargareta Berger var också med i ett par kvinnogrupper. På det tidiga 1940-talet deltog hon i en resa till Finland med Yrkeskvinnors riksförbund; i skånsk dagspress rapporteras från hennes föreläsningar om den finska resan för olika kvinnoklubbar. Hon fanns även med i den grupp kvinnor som på 1970-talet var verksamma i bokhandeln Kvinnfolk på Södermalm i Stockholm. [](Harriet Clayhills) och [](Lena Persson) berättar i sin runa i *Dagens Nyheter* att Margareta Bergers närvaro i bokhandeln kunde väcka viss förvåning bland strökunder, som i butiken möttes av en äldre, vänlig och oändligt kultiverad kvinna — med rejäla fonder viljestyrka, humor och kritisk intelligens under den skira ytan.\n\nMargareta Berger avled i Stockholm hösten 1987 och begravdes på Galärvarvskyrkogården.",
      "text_eng": "Margareta Berger was a journalist, editor and press historian with a special interest in women in journalism.  \n\nMargareta Berger was born in Lund. Her father Axel Moberg was a professor and orientalist and her mother Maria Cecilia (Ien) née Nilsson-Rodhe was the daughter of a landowner in the southern Swedish province of Småland.  \n\nMargareta Berger qualified as a gardener at Alnarp agricultural college and then studied in London to become a landscape architect. After that, in 1933—1935, she became the publisher of the Skåne garden society’s (Skånska Trädgårdsförenings) journal *Täppan*. She also wrote a couple of books on gardening which were published in the early 1930s. In 1935, Margareta Berger transferred to journalism on daily newspapers, as a member of the editorial office at a major southern Swedish daily, *Sydsvenska Dagbladet*. At the editorial office, she worked as a literary critic, among other things. She remained at *Sydsvenska Dagbladet* until she moved to Stockholm with her two children in the early 1950s.  \n\nIn Stockholm, Margareta Berger worked at the publishers Åhlén & Åkerlund, initially as the second editor for the weekly magazine *Husmodern*, and then until her retirement in 1970 as the head of the company’s Christmas magazines. She was commended for her work on the magazine *Julstämning*. Simultaneously with her various appointments, Margareta Berger seems to have freelanced as early as the 1940s for among others the weekly magazine *Vecko-Journalen* and later also for the major Swedish daily newspaper *Svenska Dagbladet*. At the end of the 1960s, she also translated and adapted several Danish books on food and flowers for the series *Husmoderns kakelböcker*.  \n\nAfter her retirement, Margareta Berger was active as a press historian. She published her first book in 1974: *Fruar och damer, kvinnoroller i veckopress*. It was followed in 1977 by *Pennskaft, kvinnliga journalister i svensk dagspress 1690–1975*. Her last book came out in 1984: *Äntligen ord från Qwinnohopen, om kvinnopress under 1700-talet*. As an active member of the Stockholm journalists’ pensioners’ group, Seniorer, Margareta Berger was very much involved in the writing and publication in 1976 of the book *Vi som var med! 23 journalistveteraner berättar*.  \n\nMargareta Berger was also a member of a couple of women’s groups. In the early 1940s, she participated in a trip to Finland with the Swedish National Association of Professional Women (Yrkeskvinnors riksförbund). In the southern Swedish dailies there were reports from her lectures on the Finnish trip for various women’s clubs. She was also a member of the group of women who were active in the bookshop Kvinnfolk (Womankind) at Södermalm in Stockholm in the1970s. [](Harriet Clayhills) and [](Lena Persson) recount in their obituary in *Dagens Nyheter* that Margareta Berger’s presence at the bookshop could arouse a certain astonishment in casual customers, who were confronted by an older, friendly, infinitely cultured woman with a hearty store of will power, humour and critical intelligence under her delicate surface.  \n\nMargareta Berger died in Stockholm in the autumn of 1987 and was buried at the Galley Shipyard Cemetery on Djurgården in Stockholm.",
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          "description": "Andersson, Per, 'Sångerskan Inger Berggren är död', *SVT Kultur*, 2019-07-29 (Hämtad 2019-11-27)",
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          "type_eng": "Literature",
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        {
          "description": "Mörberg, Josefine, 'Sångerskan Inger Berggren är död', *Expressen*, 2019-07-29",
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        {
          "description": "Olofsson, Hans & Aulin, Leif, 'Inger Berggren', *Stora Schlagerboken*, S. 80-84, 2005",
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        {
          "description": "'Sångerskan Inger Berggren är död', *Gaffa* (Hämtad 2019-11-27)",
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        },
        {
          "description": "'Sångerskan Inger Berggren är död: vann Melodifestivalen 1962', *Aftonbladet*, 2019-07-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ericson, Uno & Engström, Klas (red.), *Myggans nöjeslexikon: ett uppslagsverk om underhållning. 2 Bard-Bud*, Bra bok, Höganäs, 1989",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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      "subtitle": "Sångare, orkesterledare, musiklärare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Singer, bandleader, music teacher",
      "text": "Inger Berggren vann Melodifestivalen 1962 med sången ”Sol och vår”. Hon kom att verka som sångare, orkesterledare, musiklärare och skådespelare. \n\nInger Berggren föddes i Stockholm den 23 februari 1934. Hon kom från en musikalisk familj där fadern Gösta Berggren spelade violin och piano. Han hade också arbetat som stumfilmspianist. Modern Hanna spelade piano och dottern visade sig tidigt ha ärvt ådran, och kallades musikaliskt underbarn. Inger Berggren scendebuterade redan som fjortonåring på Nalen. När Thore Swanerud två år senare hörde talas om henne fick hon efterträda Bibi Jones som vokalist i hans orkester som uppträdde på La Visite i Stockholm.\n\nInger Berggren ville, trots sina tidiga framgångar, satsa på utbildning och antogs 1952 vid Kungl. Musikaliska Akademien i Stockholm. Efter fyra år kunde hon titulera sig musikdirektör och hade därefter en egen orkester fram till 1962. I den spelade hon fiol och sjöng och uppträdde bland annat på Skansen. Hon skivdebuterade 1952, och när filmen *Raggare!* med bland andra Christina Schollin och Hans Wahlgren spelades in 1959 var det Inger Berggren som sjöng succémelodierna ”Vad som än händer” och ”Jag blev den du ser”. I denna tid gifte hon sig och fick en dotter, skådespelaren och regissören Gunilla Röör.\n\nInger Berggren sjöng också med Thore Ehrling, Simon Brehm och Göte Wilhelmsson, och den största framgången kom 1962. Då var det dags för uttagning till den svenska Melodifestivalen. Tävlingen var det här året annorlunda upplagd och varje låt framfördes två gånger. Förutom Inger Berggren sjöng också [](Lily Berglund) ”Sol och vår” och sedan fick tittarna rösta via brev och vykort. Det blev Inger Berggren som fick representera Sverige i Eurovision Song Contest i Luxemburg och där slutade hon på en delad sjundeplats tillsammans med det finländska bidraget. Den svenska vinnarsången hördes sedan ofta i Sveriges Radio under hela 1960-talet.\n\nPå skiva hade hon en gedigen produktion under de följande årtiondena och hon toppade Svensktoppen två gånger. År 1962 med ”Elisabeth serenade” och ”Twist till Menuett” året efter. Inger Berggren komponerade och arrangerade också musik. År 1967 medverkade hon återigen i Melodifestivalen, denna gång som kompositör till ”Vem frågar vinden”, som framfördes av Towa Carson.\n\nUnder 1965–1967 drev Inger Berggren, tillsammans med sin andre make, Stadshotellet i Ulricehamn och från 1970-talet och framåt arbetade hon som musiklärare i Täby. Under en tid var hon också kapellmästare på Stockholms stadsteater. Hon fortsatte samtidigt att framträda och spela in skivor och hon medverkade också i några filmer. I *Anderssonskans Kalle i busform*, 1973, agerade hon biografkassörska, tio år senare spelade hon fru Bergholm i TV-serien *Spanarna*. När *Sömnen*, efter Ulf Lundells bok med samma namn, spelades in 1984, gjorde hon rollen som Lilian.\n\nI pjäsen *En skandal i Wien* på Stockholms stadsteater 1979 fick Inger Berggren användning av sitt stora musikaliska kunnande samtidigt som hon tillsammans med tre andra musiker agerade dekadenta damer. På Mosebacke gjorde hon och [](Git Magnusson) showen *Kyss grodan* och inför den tyckte de att unga, smala blondiner fått alltför stor uppmärksamhet: ”Nu är det på tiden att den svenska kärringen gör revolution!”\n\nInger Berggren avled 19 juli 2019 i en ålder av 85 år. Hennes stoft vilar i Minneslunden på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Inger Berggren won Melodifestivalen (the Swedish national song contest) in 1962 with a song called “Sol och vår”. She then worked as a singer, band leader, music teacher, and actor. \n\nInger Berggren was born in Stockholm on 23 February 1934. She hailed from a musical background. Her father, Gösta Berggren, was both a violinist and a pianist. He had also worked as a silent-film pianist. Her mother, Hanna, similarly played the piano. Inger Berggren’s talents were revealed at an early age and she was described as a musical child prodigy. Aged only 14 Inger Berggren made her stage debut at Nalen. By chance Thore Swanerud came to hear of her two years later and invited her to succeed Bibi Jones as the singer in his band which was playing La Visite in Stockholm. \n\nDespite her early successes Inger Berggren wanted to focus on her musical training and in 1952 she entered the Royal Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm. Four years later she was a qualified musical director and then led her own band until 1962. She played violin and sang and performed at places including Skansen. Her first recording was released in 1952 and when the 1959 film *Raggare!* starring Christina Schollin and Hans Wahlgren was released it was she who sang the hit tunes “Vad som än händer” and “Jag blev den du ser” in it. Around this time Inger Berggren got married and had a daughter, named Gunilla Röör, who later became an actor and director in her own right. \n\nInger Berggren also sang with Thore Ehrling, Simon Brehm and Göte Wilhelmsson. Her greatest success came in 1962, during the qualifying rounds of Melodifestivalen. The competition was organised in a different way from previous years as each song was performed twice. In addition to Inger Berggren’s performance of “Sol och vår” the song was also sung by [](Lily Berglund) after which viewers then had to submit their votes via postcards and letters. Inger Berggren was chosen to represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in Luxembourg where she achieved joint seventh place along with the Finnish entry. Subsequently, throughout the 1960s, the Swedish song was often aired on Sveriges Radio. \n\nInger Berggren produced a fair number of recordings over the ensuing decades and twice she hit the top spot on the Swedish charts: once in 1962 with “Elisabeth serenade” and then the following year with “Twist till Menuett”. Inger Berggren also composed and arranged music. In 1967 She returned to Melodifestivalen in 1967 but this time as a composer of “Vem frågar vinden”, which was performed by Towa Carson. \n\nInger Berggren and her husband ran Stadshotellet in Ulricehamn during the 1965–1967 period and then from the 1970s onwards she worked as a music teacher in Täby. She also served as the musical director of Stockholms stadsteater. She continued performing and recording and also appeared in several films. She played the part of a movie-theatre cashier in the 1973 film *Anderssonskans Kalle i busform* and ten years later she played the part of Mrs Bergholm in the TV-series called *Spanarna*. When Ulf Lundell’s book, *Sömnen*, was adapted for the silver screen in 1984 Inger Berggren appeared as the character Lilian. \n\nInger Berggren made use of her musical knowledge in the 1979 production of the play *En skandal i Wien* performed at Stockholms stadsteater. She and three other musicians played the parts of decadent ladies in the play. She and [](Git Magnusson) put on a show called *Kyss grodan* at Mosebacke, announcing beforehand: “It is time now for older Swedish women to revolt!” in response to their belief that far too much attention was being given to young, thin blondes. \n\nInger Berggren died on 19 July 2019, aged 85. Her remains lie in the Memorial Garden at the Woodland Cemetery in Stockholm.",
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          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Kerstin+Berggren+1915-1997)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Bibliotekarie Kerstin Berggren’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1997-10-20",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Kerstin Berggren’ [Nekrolog],* Göteborgs-Posten*, 1997-10-15",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
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          "id": "000000005150893X",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
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        "Bibliotekarier",
        "Redaktörer"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Librarians"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-08-05T11:14:51",
      "libris_uri": [
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1915-07-28",
            "date": "1915-07-28"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Södra Möckleby församling",
            "pin": {
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            "place": "Degerhamn"
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            "date": "1997-08-09"
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          "place": {
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            "pin": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Siri /Kerstin/ Marianne",
        "lastname": "Berggren",
        "sortname": "Berggren"
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
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          "description": "Bibliotekarie",
          "detail": "Förste biblioteksassistent, Borås stadsbibliotek",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
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            "place": "Borås"
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            "date": "1957"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliotekarie",
          "detail": "Förste biblioteksassistent, Örebro Stadsbibliotek",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
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            "place": "Örebro"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliotekarie",
          "detail": "Bibliotekarie, lektör, skribent, Bibliotekstjänst i Lund",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
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          "to": {
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            "date": "1980"
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          "type": "Flicknamn",
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            "comment": "1940-talet"
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            "date": "1957"
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          },
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            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
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            "date": "1997"
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        {
          "description": "Kerstin Berggren. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Kerstin Berggren. Photographer and year unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berggren_Kerstin_1.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-11",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1880-03-30",
            "date": "1880-03-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1952-10-09",
            "date": "1952-10-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Victoria",
          "lastname": "Freidenwall, född Henriksson",
          "occupation": "Småskollärare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-03-24",
            "date": "1881-03-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-12-17",
            "date": "1967-12-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Hilmer Fredrik",
          "lastname": "Freidenwall",
          "occupation": "Kantor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1911-11-26",
            "date": "1911-11-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-01-09",
            "date": "1984-01-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingegärd Viktoria",
          "lastname": "Freidenwall, gift Sandén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-07-21",
            "date": "1920-07-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2006-04-21",
            "date": "2006-04-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna-Lisa Margareta",
          "lastname": "Freidenwall, gift Melén",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-04-14",
            "date": "1906-04-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1979-07-11",
            "date": "1979-07-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Gösta",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "lastname": "Berggren",
          "occupation": "Bibliotekarie",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "’Berggren, Siri Kerstin Marianne’, *Svenskt författarlexikon: biobibliografisk handbok till Sveriges moderna litteratur. [5] 1961-1965*, S. 43, 1968",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lövgren, Ulla & Fries, Carl-Thore (red.), *Svensk biblioteksmatrikel 1955*, Bibliotekstjänst, [Lund], 1956",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0057.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Bibliotekarie, lektör, recensent",
      "subtitle_eng": "Librarian, literary reviewer",
      "text": "Kerstin Berggren var bibliotekarie, lektör och en uppskattad lyrikrecensent.\n\nKerstin Berggren föddes 1915 i Södra Möckleby på Öland. Hon var dotter till småskollärare Viktoria Freidenvall, född Henriksson, och kantor Axel Freidenvall. Hon var näst yngst i syskonskaran och hade två systrar.\n\nKerstin Berggren tog studenten vid Kalmar läroverk 1936. Efter studier i Lund och en filosofie magisterexamen 1941 fortsatte hon att studera till bibliotekarie vid Statens Biblioteksskola i Stockholm, där hon blev färdig 1943. Sin första bibliotekarietjänst fick hon vid stadsbiblioteket i Borås, där hon stannade i drygt tio år. Där arbetade hon tillsammans med sin man Gösta Berggren, också bibliotekarie, som hon gifte sig med 1944. Efter en kortare anställning vid Örebro stadsbibliotek sökte hon sig i början av sextiotalet till det nyetablerade företaget Bibliotekstjänst i Lund, där hon kom att arbeta som bibliotekarie, redaktör, lektör och recensent fram till sin pensionering.\n\nKerstin Berggrens stora intresse var litteratur och hon skrev egna dikter och prosastycken som publicerades bland annat i *Dagens Nyheter*, *Borås Tidning* och i olika kulturtidskrifter. Men hennes främsta litterära insats var kanske att introducera svensk litteratur, framför allt lyrik, i tidnings- och tidskriftsartiklar. I tidskriften *Studiekamraten* stod hon, under hela 1980-talet och ett par år in på 1990-talet, för den återkommande rubriken *Lyrisk Färdknäpp*, under vilken hon formulerade sina personliga kommentarer, i essäform, till valda dikter. Exempel på dessa, mycket finstämda betraktelser över några lyriker och deras verk, är ”Till min sentida” av [](Ella Hillbäck), ”Porträttet” av Edith Södergran, ”Två gudlösa böner 1” av [](Anna Greta Wide) och ”Skulden” av [](Sonja Åkesson).\n\nKerstin Berggren var en flitig medarbetare i Bibliotekstjänsts många småskriftserier. Under åren presenterade hon regelbundet litterära teman för biblioteksbesökare i broschyrserien *Vandringar med böcker*. Och i serien *Bibliotekstjänsts bokurval* var hon en återkommande redaktör, där hon under en tioårsperiod, presenterade boknyheter inom olika ämnesområden. En av dessa skrifter behandlar till exempel nordiska folklivsskildringar, en annan tar upp den spanskspråkiga litteraturen. I skriften *[Fredrika Bremer](0000000123200572) till [](Eva Moberg)* från 1965 förtecknar hon litteratur med fokus på kvinnan i samhället och i litteraturen. Det är framför allt skrifter som belyser och debatterar den samtida kvinnans två roller: i hemmet och på arbetsplatsen. I urvalet ryms även skönlitterära kvinnoskildringar, biografier och levnadsteckningar. Tillsammans med sin man Gösta Berggren var hon också redaktör för *Läs vidare*, en serie litteraturvägledningar.\n\nI essäsamlingen *Så nära varandra* från 1965 porträtterar Kerstin Berggren sex kvinnliga 1900-talsförfattare, [](Eva Neander), Anita Nathorst, [Karin Ek](Karin Valborg Ek), Anna Cederlund, Anna Greta Wide och [](Ebba Lindqvist). Det finns något gemensamt hos dessa diktare, vilket också titeln antyder. Essäerna är ömsinta skildringar av livskamp och personliga erfarenheter. Några år senare var hon medredaktör till en sammanställning av Kerstin Söderholms dikter och prosa.\n\n1969 belönades hon för sina insatser på det litterära området, då hon blev den första mottagaren av Studieförbundet Vuxenskolans litteraturstipendium. Motiveringen löd ”för hennes lågmälda men inträngande litteraturtolkning i bildningsarbetets tjänst och för den säkra slagruta varmed hon övertygat om värdet i några eljest föga uppmärksammade författarskap”.\n\nLångt efter att Kerstin Berggren gått i pension recenserade hon skönlitteratur och litteraturhistoria för Bibliotekstjänsts sambindningskatalog och hon var särskilt uppskattad som lyrikrecensent.\n\nKerstin Berggren avled 1997 och ligger begravd på Lunds norra kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Kerstin Berggren was a librarian, lecturer and acclaimed poetry critic. \n\nKerstin Berggren was born in 1915 in Södra Möckleby on the Baltic island of Öland. She was the daughter of Viktoria Freidenvall, née Henriksson, an elementary schoolteacher, and Axel Freidenvall, a church organist. She was the middle child with two sisters. \n\nKerstin Berggren matriculated at the Kalmar grammar school in 1936. After university studies in Lund and her M.A. Degree in 1941, she continued on to study as a librarian at the Statens Biblioteksskola in Stockholm, where she qualified in 1943. Her first librarian appointment was at the city library in Borås, where she remained for over ten years. There she worked with her husband Gösta Berggren, also a librarian, whom she married in 1944. After a shortish appointment at the Örebro city library, she applied at the beginning of the 1960s to the recently established company Bibliotekstjänst in Lund, where she worked as a librarian, editor, lecturer and critic until her retirement. \n\nKerstin Berggren’s greatest interest was literature, and she wrote poetry herself and also prose, both of which were published in among others the major daily newspaper *Dagens Nyheter*, *Borås Tidning* and various cultural magazines. However, her chief literary contribution was perhaps the introduction of Swedish literature, first and foremost poetry, in newspaper and magazine articles. In the magazine *Studiekamraten* she stood for the recurrent heading “Lyrisk Färdknäpp” during the entire 1980s and the early 1990s, under which she formulated her personal comments, in essay form, on chosen poems. Examples of these very finely tuned observations of chosen poets and their works, are: ”Till min sentida” by [](Ella Hillbäck); ”Porträttet” by Edith Södergran; ”Två gudlösa böner 1” by [](Anna Greta Wide) and ”Skulden” by [](Sonja Åkesson). \n\nKerstin Berggren was a diligent contributor to Bibliotekstjänst’s many small series of pamphlets. During the years, she regularly presented literary themes for library visitors in the series of brochures *Vandringar med böcker*. And in the series *Bibliotekstjänsts bokurval* she was a recurrent editor, during a ten-year period presenting book news in various subject fields. One of those series deals for instance with description of Nordic country life, and another takes up literature in the Spanish language. In the series *[Fredrika Bremer](0000000123200572) till [](Eva Moberg)* from 1965, she lists literature focusing on women in society and in literature. These are above all pamphlets illustrating and discussing the contemporary woman’s two roles: in the home and in the workplace. In this selection can be found literary depictions of women, biographies and life stories. With her husband Gösta Berggren, she was also the editor for *Läs vidare*, a series of literary guides.\n \nI n her essay collection *Så nära varandra* from 1965, Kerstin Berggren portrays six women poets from the 1900s: [](Eva Neander), Anita Nathorst, [Karin Ek](Karin Valborg Ek), Anna Cederlund, Anna Greta Wide and [](Ebba Lindqvist). There is something that all these poets share, which the title also intimates. The essays are tender depictions of life struggles and personal experiences. Some years later, she was the co-editor of a collection of Kerstin Söderholm’s poems and prose. \n\nIn 1969, she was rewarded for her contributions in the literary field when she was the first person to receive the Studieförbundet Vuxenskolan’s literary bursary. The motivation was: “for her low-key but penetrating literary interpretations in the service of education and for the sure dowsing rod with which she has convinced us of the value in some otherwise scarcely noticed authorships”.\n \nLong after Kerstin Berggren had retired, she reviewed fiction and the history of literature for Bibliotekstjänst’s catalogue and she was especially acclaimed as a poetry critic. \n\nKerstin Berggren died in 1997. She lies buried in the Northern Cemetery in Lund.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
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          "description": "Av Gunhild Bergh",
          "description_eng": "By Gunhild Bergh",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Gunhild+Bergh+1888)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "description": "Om Gunhild Bergh",
          "description_eng": "About Gunhild Bergh",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Gunhild+Bergh+1888)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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          "description": "Bergh, Gunhild, 'Brev från Italien', *Bonniers litterära magasin*, 1946(15):2, S. 135–141, 1946",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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        {
          "description": "Bergh, Gunhild, 'Brev från Italien', *Bonniers litterära magasin*, 1948(17):7, S. 518–521, 1948",
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          "description": "Forskare",
          "detail": "Forskare, författare, litteraturhistoria, bl a utgivare av Ehrensvärds skrifter",
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            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
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            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, utrikeskorrespondent för bl a Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten, Stockholms-Tidningen, Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning, reseskildrare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "41.902701",
              "lon": "12.496235"
            },
            "place": "Rom, Italien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "41.902701",
              "lon": "12.496235"
            },
            "place": "Rom, Italien"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
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          "description": "Medlem",
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            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
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          "name": "Uppsala kvinnliga studentförening",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
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            "comment": "1930",
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          "name": "Accademia Pontaniana, Neapel",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Akademi",
          "type_eng": "Academy"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Pier Gudro",
          "type": "Pseudonym",
          "type_eng": "Pseudonym"
        },
        {
          "name": "Gebel",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "Varo",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        },
        {
          "name": "B. von S.",
          "type": "Signatur",
          "type_eng": "Signature"
        }
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            "date": "1888"
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            "place": "Gävle"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "?"
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            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
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              "lon": "12.496235"
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            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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      ],
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      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1854",
            "date": "1854"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "firstname": "Alfhild",
          "lastname": "Bergh, född Uggla",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1846",
            "date": "1846"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl-Axel Christian",
          "lastname": "Bergh",
          "occupation": "Överläkare, Gävle Länslasarett, fil.dr., hedersdoktor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1885-05-06",
            "date": "1885-05-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1946-10-12",
            "date": "1946-10-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Ragnar Alf",
          "lastname": "Axelsson Bergh",
          "occupation": "Direktör, AB Kol och Koks",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1887-01-28",
            "date": "1887-01-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-03-02",
            "date": "1919-03-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Einar Alf",
          "lastname": "Axelsson Bergh",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin",
          "lastname": "Bergh",
          "occupation": "Bibliotekarie",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Gunhild Berghs arkiv. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2017-11-29)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?postid=Arkis%203ee28d24-9b89-11d5-a701-0002440207bb&s=Balder"
        },
        {
          "description": "Henrysson, Meg, *Gunhild Bergh och hennes efterlämnade brevsamling*, Borås, 1978",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Krey-Lange, Elisabeth, 'Ett budskap från Italien. Dr Gunhild Bergh i Rom och hennes arbete', *Idun*, 1930(43):11, S. 283, 1930",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kungliga bibliotekets brevskrivarregister (Tillgängligt på KB)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.kb.se/samlingarna/Databaser/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Litteraturhistoriker, utrikeskorrespondent, reseskildrare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Literary historian, foreign correspondent, travel writer",
      "text": "Gunhild Bergh var den andra kvinnan som disputerade i litteraturhistoria i Sverige. Hon var den främsta svenska utrikeskorrespondenten från fascismens Italien.\n\nGunhild Bergh föddes 1888 i Gävle där hennes far, Carl-Axel Bergh, var verksam som överläkare vid länslasarettet. I familjen fanns också, förutom modern Alfhild Bergh, de tre syskonen Ragnar, Einar och Karin.\n\nÅr 1907 tog Gunhild Bergh studenten på Whitlockska samskolan i Stockholm och började därefter studera litteraturhistoria och språk vid Uppsala universitet. Hon erhöll filosofie kandidatexamen 1911, blev filosofie licentiat 1914 och den 26 maj 1916 disputerade hon i litteraturhistoria som den andra kvinnan i ämnet och vid Uppsala universitet, på en gradualavhandling med titeln *Litterär kritik i Sverige under 1600–1700-talen*. De stora dagstidningarna rapporterade om tilldragelsen: ”Disputationen var ett evenemang i lärdomsstaden, ty på långliga tider har ingen kvinnlig humanist disputerat här.”\n\nEfter disputationen vidtog en intensiv forskningsaktivitet. Gunhild Bergh hade under arbetet med avhandlingen blivit fascinerad av konstfilosofen, författaren och tecknaren Carl August Ehrensvärd (1745–1800). Hon gav under åren 1916–1917 ut hans brev i två volymer på Albert Bonniers Förlag. I Ehrensvärds spår reste Gunhild Bergh till Rom för att fördjupa sig i nyklassicismen och under åren 1922–1925 gav hon ut Ehrensvärds samlade skrifter i tre volymer. Snart stod det dock klart för henne att hon inte hade någon möjlighet att fortsätta sin karriär inom akademin. Samtidigt hade hon hunnit rota sig i Rom dit hon kommit 1920 och hon kom att bli kvar där ända till sin död.\n\nI samband med att Italien förvandlades till en fascistisk diktatur, inledde Gunhild Bergh sin journalistiska bana som medarbetare i *Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten*, där hon verkade 1923–1924 och 1937–1943, samt i *Stockholms-Tidningen* 1924–1930. Det var också under dessa år som hon inledde sitt medarbetarskap i *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*, vilken hon blev trogen livet ut. Hon medverkade även regelbundet i den feministiska tidskriften *Tidevarvet* redan från det fjärde numret av den första årgången 1923. Möjligen hade Gunhild Bergh tänkt sig en mer litterär inriktning på sitt yrkesliv. Under de första tio åren i Rom skrev hon ofta om italiensk litteratur, hon översatte Giovanni Vergas stora roman *Familjen Malavoglia* 1926 och blev bekant med Grazia Deledda tre år innan denna tilldelades Nobelpriset i litteratur. År 1930 utkom dessutom boken *Modern italiensk litteratur* med en genomgång av samtidslitteraturens strömningar samt analyser och porträtt av samtidens främsta italienska författare.\n\nParallellt med de litterära arbetena började Gunhild Bergh alltmer att ägna sig åt nyhetsjournalistik. Hon blev den svenska journalist som närmast följde Mussolinis maktövertagande. Trots att den efterlämnade brevkorrespondensen innehåller spår av förakt mot fascisterna, lyckades hon förhålla sig relativt neutralt registrerande av de samhälleliga skeendena. Hon var dock kontrollerad och bevakad såväl av den italienska regimen som av fascistiska sympatisörer i den svenska diasporan i Rom. Under många år undertecknade hon sina artiklar med ett flertal pseudonymer, till exempel Gebel, Varo, B. von S. och Pier Gudro.\n\nVid sidan av arbetet med att följa det politiska läget i Italien var Gunhild Bergh en flitig deltagare i den italienska huvudstadens religiösa liv. År 1924 konverterade hon till katolicismen och var, precis som vännen Sigrid Undset, fascinerad av den italienska 1300-talsmystikern Katarina av Siena. När Gunhild Bergh rapporterade om Vatikanens förehavanden var det dock i samma nyktra och smått ironiska tonläge som präglar hela hennes journalistiska arbete.\n\nYtterligare en genre som Gunhild Bergh gjorde sig bemärkt inom var reseskildringen. Tidigt företog hon strapatsrika resor till bland annat de italienska kolonierna i Nordafrika. Det var inga vanliga turistresor, utan hon färdades på det enda sätt som var möjligt i början av 1930- talet, det vill säga tillsammans med italienska militärkonvojer, och fick på så sätt på nära håll uppleva det hårda libyska motståndet mot Italiens ockupation. Gunhild Berghs rapportering därifrån är märkbart fattig på iakttagelser av det italienska protektoratets förmenta storslagenhet. I stället fascinerades hon av öknens stillhet, kamelernas värdighet och den muslimska befolkningens fromhet.\n\nÅr 1946 reste Gunhild Bergh till Palestina för att på plats följa ”den judiska kolonisationens framsteg och arbetsvillkor”. Året därpå samlade *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning* dessa artiklar i skriften *Till Palestina*.\n\nUnder de 40 åren i Rom bodde Gunhild Bergh spartanskt men centralt på pensionatet Albergo Santa Chiara i närheten av Pantheon. Så var hon också allt annat än materialist: på sina långa resor såg hon till att ha lätt bagage och minimala krav på komfort. I den omfattande brevsamlingen på Kungliga biblioteket i Stockholm framträder bilden av en fascinerande människa. Hon beskrivs ofta som barsk, nästan otrevlig, samtidigt som hon blev något av en ciceron för svenskar som kom till Rom för att lära sig något om stadens historia. Svenska institutet i Rom besökte hon flitigt liksom Skandinaviska föreningen. Hennes egentliga arbetsplats var dock på Internationella Pressklubben.\n\nEfter andra världskriget återupptog Gunhild Bergh sitt litteraturintresse som nu kom väl till pass som förmedlare mellan svensk och italiensk litteratur. I den italienskspråkiga volymen *Svezia: Saggi sulla Svezia odierna*, 1945, bidrog hon med en text om svensk litteratur som utmärker sig på grund av det relativt stora antalet kvinnliga författare som presenteras, från [](Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht) till [](Karin Boye). I den omvända riktningen bidrog Gunhild Bergh med genomgångar av den italienska samtidslitteraturen i några nummer av *Bonniers Litterära Magasin* i slutet av 1940-talet samt med en essä om dagstidningarna *Corriere della Sera* och *La Stampa* i *Världens bästa tidningar*, 1952. Dessutom anlitades hon av Svenska Akademien för att skriva utlåtanden om de italienska nobelpriskandidaterna Alberto Moravia och Riccardo Bacchelli.\n\nGunhild Bergh avled 1961 och begravdes på kyrkogården Verano i Rom. Några år senare restes där en gravsten till hennes minne, på vilken det står inristat att hon var en svensk journalist och skriftställare som hade funnit lyckan i Italien.",
      "text_eng": "Gunhild Bergh was the second woman in Sweden to be awarded a PhD in literary history. She was also the principal Swedish foreign correspondent from Italy during its fascist regime.\n\nGunhild Bergh was born in Gävle in 1888. Her father, Carl-Axel Bergh, was the chief physician at the county hospital. The family also included her mother Alfhild Bergh, and Gunhild Bergh’s two siblings, Ragnar and Karin.\n\nIn 1907 Gunhild Bergh gained her school-leaving certificate from the Whitlock co-educational school in Stockholm and then began her studies in literary history and languages at Uppsala University. She earned her Bachelor’s degree in 1911 and her licentiate in philosophy in 1914. On 26 May 1916 she became the second woman in Sweden to defend her thesis in literary history at Uppsala University with a thesis entitled *Litterär kritik i Sverige under 1600-1700-talen*. The leading newspapers of the day reported on the event: “The defence was a major event within the academic town as no female humanist has defended her thesis there for many a year.”\n\nFollowing her defence Gunhild Bergh embarked on intensive research. During her work on her thesis she had become fascinated by Carl August Ehrensvärd (1745-1800), an aesthete, author and artist. Between 1916-1017 Gunhild Bergh published his letters in two volumes, through Albert Bonnier publishers. Gunhild Bergh then travelled, in Ehrensvärd’s footsteps, to Rome in order to deepen her knowledge of neoclassicism, and over the course of 1922-1925 she published Ehrensvärd’s collected writings in three volumes. She soon realised, however, that it would not be possible for her to continue her career within academia. At this point she had become fairly settled in Rome, where she had lived since 1920, and she would remain there until her death.\n\nAs Italy became transformed into a fascist dictatorship, Gunhild Bergh set out on a career as a journalist. She worked for *Sydsvenska Dagbladet Snällposten* during two periods, 1923-1924 and 1937-1943. In addition she worked for *Stockholms-Tidningen* from 1924-1930. During these years she also began to write for *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning*, to which she remained loyal throughout her life. She also regularly wrote for the feminist journal *Tidevarvet*, with a first article in the fourth edition during its first year of publication, 1923. Gunhild Bergh probably hoped to find a more literary direction in her working life. During the first ten years of living in Rome she often wrote about Italian literature, and in 1926 she translated Giovanni Verga’s major novel, *Familjen Malavoglia*. She also became friendly with Grazia Deledda three years before she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1930 Gunhild Bergh released a book entitled *Modern italiensk litteratur*, which was a survey of contemporary Italian literary trends with analyses and individual portraits of the most prominent contemporary Italian authors.\n\nAlongside these literary efforts Gunhild Bergh increasingly began to turn her hand towards news reporting. She became the Swedish journalist who most closely followed Mussolini’s rise to power. Despite visible traces of anti-fascist contempt in her surviving correspondence, Gunhild Bergh was able to remain relatively neutral in her reporting of contemporary events. She was, however, subjected to checks and surveillance both by the Italian regime and by fascist sympathisers amongst the Swedish diaspora in Rome. For many years she used a variety of pseudonyms to sign off her articles, including Gebel, Varo, B. von S., and Pier Gudro.\n\nApart from reporting on the political situation in Italy, Gunhild Bergh frequently participated in the religious life of the Italian capital city. In 1924 she converted to Catholicism and, just like her friend Sigrid Undset, became fascinated by the fourteenth century Italian mystic Catherine of Sienna. When Gunhild Bergh reported on developments in the Vatican, however, she did so in the same sober and vaguely ironic tone which informs all of her journalistic endeavours.\n\nTravelogue writing was yet another genre which Gunhild Bergh became known for. She began to undertake exhausting journeys to places such as the Italian colonies in North Africa. These were not ordinary tourist visits. She travelled in the only way available in the early 1930s, namely in the company of Italian military convoys, which thus gave her close-up exposure to the serious Libyan opposition to their Italian occupiers. Gunhild Bergh’s reports from that area are remarkably devoid of evidence of the Italian protectorate’s alleged benevolence. She was instead fascinated by the silence of the desert, the dignity of the camels, and the devout nature of the Muslim population.\n\nIn 1946 Gunhild Bergh travelled to Palestine in order to cover the “advances and working conditions of the Jewish colonisation” on the spot. The following year *Göteborgs Handels- och Sjöfarts-Tidning* collated her articles into a publication entitled *Till Palestina*.\n\nGunhild Bergh’s 40 years in Rome were spent in the Spartan but centrally located Albergo Santa Chiara guesthouse, not far from the Pantheon. She was no materialist; she only brought minimal baggage on her long trips and made only minor demands for comfort. An impression of a fascinating personality emerges from her comprehensive letter collection at Kungliga biblioteket in Stockholm. She is often described as gruff, and almost unpleasant, whilst also embodying some sort of Cicero for Swedes who came to Rome in order to learn about the city’s history. She was a frequent visitor to the Swedish Institute in Rome as well as to the Scandinavian association there. Her actual office was, however, the Swedish Internationella Pressklubben.\n\nAfter the Second World War Gunhild Bergh returned to her literary interests which served her very well in her work as an intermediary between Swedish and Italian literature. She contributed to the 1945 Italian-language volume entitled *Svezia. Saggi sulla Svezia odierna* with a piece on Swedish literature which is remarkable due to the relatively large number of female authors it presents, including the likes of [](Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht) and [](Karin Boye). In the late 1940s Gunhild Bergh also contributed overviews of contemporary Italian literature to several editions of *Bonnier’s Litterära Magasin*, as well as an essay on the daily papers *Corriere della Sera* and *La Stampa* which she supplied to *Världens bästa tidningar*, 1952. Further, the Swedish Academy recruited her to write the reports on the Italian Nobel Prize winners Alberto Moravia and Riccardo Bacchelli.\n\nGunhild Bergh died in 1961 and was buried at the Verano cemetery in Rome. A few years later a funerary monument was raised in her memory, on which it is engraved that she was a Swedish journalist and writer who found happiness in Italy.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "description": "L.S., 'Jeanette Berglind: tysta skolans stiftarinna', *Idun*., 1895:34, s. 265-267",
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          "firstname": "Kristina",
          "lastname": "Engman",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Okänd",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
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          "firstname": "Johanna",
          "lastname": "Gille",
          "type": "Fostermor",
          "type_eng": "Foster mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "J.O.",
          "lastname": "Berglind",
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        {
          "description": "'Jeanette A Berglind', urn:sbl:18627, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Erik Hanson.) (Hämtad 2017-09-26)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18627"
        },
        {
          "description": "Eriksson, Per, *Dövas historia. D. 2, I Sverige och något om övriga Norden*, SIH Läromedel, Örebro, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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      "subtitle": "Dövpedagog, pionjär inom specialpedagogiken, skolledare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Deaf teacher, pioneer of specialised teaching, founder and director of Tysta skolan",
      "text": "Jeanette Berglind var en av de första svenska pedagogerna som undervisade barn med\nhörselnedsättning. Som grundare och föreståndarinna för Tysta skolan i Stockholm blev hon en\nföregångare för pedagoger inriktade mot funktionshindrade barn.\n\nJeanette Berglind föddes 1816 och var en avlägsen släkting till Pär Aron Borg som i Sverige lade grunden till vad som vid 1800-talets första hälft kallades för dövstumundervisningen. Jeanette Berglind bodde i Borgs hem och hade vistats vid hans skola för dövstumma barn, Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda å Manilla i Stockholm. Där fick hon en första kontakt med undervisningen av barn med hörselnedsättning och andra funktionshinder. Under denna tid lärde hon sig även teckenspråk.\n\nEfter Borgs död arbetade Jeanette Berglind under ett antal år som lärare i olika familjer innan hon återvände till Manilla för att verka som undervisningsbiträde och lärare. Hennes engagemang i funktionshindrade barns undervisning var stort och hon drevs av en önskan att få inrätta en egen skola. Under flera år sparade hon pengar från sin lön för att så småningom kunna uppnå detta mål. Fram till 1858 var hon som kvinna omyndig, men detta år ändrades lagen så att ogifta kvinnor över 25 år kunde förklaras myndiga och få ärva. Jeanette Berglind ansökte vid domstol om att få bli myndig och få arvsrätt. Det arv hon nu fick tillgång till bidrog till besparingarna. År 1860 hade hon tillräckligt med kapital för att instifta Tysta skolan i Stockholm. Där verkade hon som föreståndare och lärare fram till sin pension år 1882. Skolan blev uppmärksammad i sin samtid och fick donationer och gåvor för att kunna driva sin verksamhet. Karl XV och drottning [Lovisa](0000 0003 8798 8156) fungerade som skolans beskyddare.\n\nJeanette Berglind dog 1903.",
      "text_eng": "Jeanette Berglind was one of the first Swedish pedagogues who taught children with hearing difficulties. As a founder and director of the Tysta school in Stockholm she was a forerunner of pedagogues who specialised in children with functional impairments.\n\nJeanette Berglind was born in 1816. She was a distant relative of Per Aron Borg, who paved the way in Sweden for what in the first half of the nineteenth century was known as deaf-mute teaching. Jeanette Berglind lived in Borg’s home and spent time at his school for deaf-mute children, Allmänna institutet för döfstumma och blinda (the general institute for deaf-mutes and blind) at Manilla in Stockholm. It was there that she was first exposed to teaching children with hearing impairments as well as other functional difficulties. She also learned sign language during this time.\n\nAfter Borg died Jeanette Berglind spent a few years working as a teacher for various families before she returned to Manilla to work as an assistant teacher and teacher. She was extremely dedicated to teaching functionally impaired children and she was driven by a desire to establish her own school. She set aside money from her earnings for several years in order to achieve this dream. She was legally a minor until 1858 but that year the law was changed and women over 25 years of age became eligible to be declared legally adult and legally able to inherit. Jeanette Berglind thus applied for legal entitlement to become an adult and to gain the right to inherit. The inheritance she now could access allowed her to add to her savings. By 1860 she had enough capital to establish the Tysta school in Stockholm. She ran it and taught there until her retirement in 1882. The school enjoyed a positive reputation and received donations and financial gifts in contribution towards its running costs. King Karl XV and Queen [Lovisa](0000 0003 8798 8156) were the school patrons.\n\nJeanette Berglind died in 1903.",
      "translator": {
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          "description": "Wikars, Katarina, Ann-Marie Berglund - ett minnesprogram. Sveriges Radio (Hämtad 2020-09-30)",
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          "description": "’Anne-Marie Berglund’, *Svensk Filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2020-09-30)",
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          "description": "Lindroth, Malin, ’Anne-Marie Berglund 1952-2020’, *Göteborgs-Posten*, 2020-03-13",
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          "description": "Milles Ulrika, ’Flaskpost från rastlös resenär’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 2020-03-15",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Jordahl, Anneli, ’Om damer med dåligt rykte’, *Var kommer du ifrån? : reportage, intervjuer och essäer*, S. 119-124, 2006",
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        {
          "description": "Leandoer, Kristoffer, ’Hotell Världen: Anne-Marie Berglunds författarskap’, *Att skriva sin tid* / redaktörer: Madeleine Grive & Claes Wahlin., S. 194-[203], 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Nydahl, Thomas, *Skrivandets portar: litterära samtal med tio kvinnliga författare*, Artéa, Ryd, 2006",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Sohl, Lena, ’Rimbo blues: Lena Sohl och författaren Anne-Marie Berglund åker hem’, *Bang*, 2000:4, s. 29-32",
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      "text": "Anne-Marie Berglunds författarskap räknas till den svenska litteraturens mest egensinniga. Hon var prisbelönad och erkänd av kritiker, författarkollegor, litteraturvetare och litterärt intresserade läsare. För den breda läsekretsen förblev hon dock okänd.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund föddes 1952 i Finland av finlandssvenska föräldrar, de var bosatta i staden Esbo, drygt en mil från Helsingfors. När Anne-Marie Berglund var fyra år flyttade familjen till Bergslagen där fadern Arne Berglund var verksam som skogsarbetare och modern Rut Linnea Berglund tog tillfälliga jobb som städerska. Familjen flyttade sedan till Rimbo i Norrtäljetrakten där föräldrarna arbetade på ackord på landstingstvätten. Redan 1977 i första strofen i debutdiktsamlingen *Luftberusningen*, ställs den uppfordrande frågan ”är det sant att jag är dömd till tystnad / av kulturtraditioners förakt och försprång, att mina ord /  är fel ord, att göra dikter av”.\n\nI *Dagens Nyheter*, 1996, berättade Anne-Marie Berglund att hon började skriva utifrån en ”proletär ilska”. Hon var arg över hur hennes närmaste for illa, men när hon skrev blev det inte socialrealism. Hon tyckte om att ”trolla med ord” och ilskan formades till absurda berättelser. Anne-Marie Berglunds andra diktsamling, *Mellan extas och fångenskap*, 1978, har en titel som fångar känsloläget.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund flyttade till Stockholm och utbildade sig till gymnastikdirektör och sjukgymnast. Nära två år levde hon i Frankrike där hon skrev och influerades av fransk kultur och gick på en konstskola. Hon hade ett förhållande med en fransman och hon blev en frankofil som ständigt återvände till Paris eller till Rivieran. Där hämtade hon stoff till författandet och till reseberättelser som publicerades på kultursidor och i kulturtidskrifter. I *Episoderna. 33 reseminiatyrer*, 1997, skriver hon i ”Genernas kedjor” om arbetarklassarvet och om rastlösheten som tvingar henne att ständigt vara på väg. Utgåvan har ett urval av författarens fotokonst: svartvita ofta dubbelexponerade foton med tomma hotellrum och caféer som motiv. Här finns också egna teckningar. Ett par utställningar i Stockholm hade hon under åren med teckningar, akvareller och dockor. Den senaste 2017 på Galleri Örhänget i Stockholm där Anne-Marie Berglund läste nyskrivet vid vernissagen. Intresset för fotografi delade hon med sin partner fotografen Hideo Matsumoto som hon under trettio år levde i ett särboförhållande med. Han är upphovsman till flera författarporträtt av Anne-Marie Berglund.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund var en föregångare till den litteratur som växte fram på 1980-talet. Hon angav riktning åt kvinnliga författare som skrev poesi och kortprosa om destruktivitet och frihetsbegär, exempelvis [](Kristina Lugn), Agneta Klingspor och Beate Grimsrud. Anne-Marie Berglunds stil kan vara både flickaktigt sirlig och rått burlesk, karaktärerna är stundom provocerande oskuldsfulla. Det kvittar att hennes kvinnor befinner sig i traditionellt manliga positioner som ensamma vagabonderande författare. I mötet med mannen – oavsett om det är en clochard eller en ”greve med ömma händer” – tvingas kvinnan i underläge. Det erotiska språket används för att gestalta makt, inte sexuell njutning.\n\nHon gav ut tolv titlar och hennes signum blev noveller och sagoartad lyrisk kortprosa om kvinnliga resenärer. De tar in på slitna hotell där de skriver skönlitterärt om skrivaraktens nyckfullhet, döden, mannen och ensamheten. De odlar också konsten att möta främlingar. En humoristisk krock uppstår mellan den eggande fantasin om Mannen och de snopet lustbefriade verkliga kärleksmötena. Den skrivande unga kvinnan sätter en ära i att möta samhällets lägst rankade, som om hon i deras blick, i deras händer, finner vägar till skriften. Ibland är de erotiska äventyren skildrade som våldsamma och destruktiva; berättarjagets dilemma är oförmågan att säga nej; någonstans har självbevarelsedriften gått förlorad.\n\nI ”Hotell världen” i essäsamlingen *Att skriva sin tid – nedslag i 80-och 90-talet* (red. Madeleine Grive och Claes Wahlin) skriver Kristoffer Leandoer om Anne-Marie Berglund som mystiker och romantiker som strävar efter att ”bryta sig ur samhällsbygget, att möta livet fri från varje social bestämning.” Han ser släktskap med den franske romantikern Gérard de Nerval som Anne-Marie Berglund också nämner ett par gånger i sina skönlitterära texter. Leandoer syftar bland annat på Nervals anor från gnostikerna. ”… den kärlek till livets heliga inre enhet som uttrycks i en formulering som ”Elden, vattnet, jorden, luften … möts för att drömma i kristallen”." Anne-Marie Berglund sade sig samla på mystiker. Nerval skapade en symbolvärld där mytiska figurer skrevs in på natthärbärgen och eller på krogen. Aurélia, som nämns i *Dam med dåligt rykte på sin vanliga runda*, kom till på ett sjukhus efter ett psykiskt sammanbrott.\n\nBesläktad med Nerval iscensätter Anne-Marie Berglund surrealistiska eller absurda draman där berättarjaget, som en lek och ett tidsfördriv, intar olika roller. Olika röstlägen provas där den djärvt självsäkra samtalar med den livrädda sköra, den introverta med den extroverta. I *Staden vid gränsen*, 1987, skriver hon om att gå på en främmande gata och nås av insikten att vara Irina Papescu, och inte alls den ”man iklätt er och ni hittills spelat upp”. Berättelserna är uppdelade i fyra avsnitt: Stränder, Rum, Slottsruiner och vägar. Författarskapet ligger med andra ord inte långt från dramatiken. I Sveriges Radios arkiv finns fyra pjäser av Anne-Marie Berglund. Den första från 1993 är *Jag är en annan* i regi av Claire Wikholm. *Uti vår hage*, 1997, regisserades av Torsten Flinck.\n\nKvinnorna i Anne-Marie Berglunds berättarvärld är anarkister som inte bara flyr arbetarklassens bojor. De flyr tvånget att inordna sig i borgerlig kärnfamilj och tillvarons sociala maktspel. Några typiska svenska miljöer förekommer knappast alls i författarskapet: en medelklassfamilj som grillar vid sin villa och åker till Ikea vore otänkbart. I *Dam med dåligt rykte på sin vanliga runda*, 1991, talar berättarjaget hellre med en portier på ett slitet hotell i Frankrike än med en äkta make. Här riggas scener för erotik, men extasen kommer av sig.\n\nI *Raserier*,1994, skriver hon återigen om ”anländandets konst och avresornas smärta och tågens toalettskrubbar…”, men också om vådan av att fånga den lynniga skriften, och vanmakten som uppstår när inget blir av den. Kommentarer om rollen som författare, skrivandets sinne, finns med som en tråd i författarskapet, inte sällan med en klang av Kristina Lugns naivism. ”Jag tycker synd om berättelser som har så ont i sina öron av allt de hört, att de skriker så fort man blåser på dem. / Jag tycker synd om alla berättelser som måste dö innan de blivit födda, bara för att deras organ är så svaga och deras utsikter så små.” I sitt skrivande förmedlar Anne-Marie Berglund också en språkkänslighet; ett sökande efter ord bortom flosklerna. ”Rest runt i världen som en främling för att slippa förblindas av det gemensamma språkets lögner.” Ibland går det att förnimma ett finlandssvenskt idiom i språket, lite högstämt och vackert. Galghumorn och understatements är typisk finländska.\n\nHennes enda roman *Dansa min flicka*, 1989, utspelar sig på en begravning i en fransk by där en kvinnokarl lämnat jordelivet. Änkan minns tillbaka på en man som ville förlösa kvinnorna, unga och äldre, sexuellt. Här finns ingen intrig. Det är snarare en långnovell som fångar ett inre tillstånd av tankar om Änkans barndom, uppväxten och hennes relation till mannen. Detta är också den ende av Anne-Marie Berglunds fiktiva män som inte omskrivs med ironi, sarkasm eller krasshet. Dessutom rymmer den för författarskapet sällsynta scener från en svensk småstad.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglunds sista diktsamling *Jag vill stå träd nu*, 2000, är det verk där hon är som minst romantiskt teatral. Här finns en vardaglig direkthet och kanske uttrycker titeln en längtan efter att rota sig. Eller jorda sig. Frånvaro, avsked och döden är återkommande motiv. Efter den utgivningen tilldelades hon *Svenska Dagbladets* pris och 2005 erhöll hon Sveriges Radios lyrikpris.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund blev aldrig folkkär. Hon blev en författarnas författare som jämförts med Jean Rhys och Marguerite Duras. Själv har hon uttryckt släktskap med bland andra den argentinsk-italienska konstnären Leonor Fini, som levde i Paris på 1930-talet och var surrealist. Hon utforskade sexualitet och gestaltade kvinnor i dominanta positioner.\n\nAnvändningen av ”Anne-Marie” i författarskapet har ofta misstagits för autofiktion. Uttalat självbiografisk var Anne-Marie Berglund endast i *Breven till mamma*, som blev hennes sista bok, 2005. Här skriver hon definitivt in sig i arbetarlitteraturen. Under de trettio år som hon reste iväg för att författa, skrev hon hem till mamma Rut Linnea Berglund som katalogiserade breven kronologiskt. I de publicerade breven ryms klassresenärens dilemman. När världen öppnade sig ökade skulden till föräldrarna som inte hade möjlighet att förverkliga sina drömmar. Förordets porträtt av arbetarklassmamman ger inblickar i arbetskraftsinvandrarnas underbetalda slit och hur det präglar relationer när det inte finns utrymme för något annat än överlevnad. Dotterns rapporter från stora världen blev den kvästa mammans livselixir. Men för dottern blev resenärslivet med tiden ett nytt slags fängelse.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund avled i Stockholm den 6 mars 2020. Begravningen hölls i Högalidskyrkan den 20 mars 2020.",
      "text_eng": "Anne-Marie Berglund’s writings are considered to be the most idiosyncratic of Swedish literature as a whole. She was a prize-winning writer who gained the recognition of critics, fellow writers, literary specialists, and keen readers. Nevertheless she remained unknown to the wider readership.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund was born in Finland in 1952. Her parents were Finnish-Swedes, who resided in Esbo, about a Swedish mile outside of Helsinki. When Anne-Marie Berglund was four years old the family moved to Bergslagen where her father, Arne Berglund, worked within forestry and her mother, Rut Linnea Berglund, took temporary cleaning jobs. The family then moved to Rimbo in the Norrland region. There Anne-Marie Berglund’s parents were contract workers for the county council laundry services. From the very first stanza of her debut poetry collection, *Luftberusningen* published in 1977, she poses a challenging question: “är det sant att jag är dömd till tystnad av kulturtraditioners förakt och försprång, att mina ord är fel ord, att göra dikter av” (is it true that I am condemned to silence by the contempt and advantages embodied in cultural tradition, that my words are the wrong kind with which to create poems).\n\nIn a 1996 interview for the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper Anne-Marie Berglund revealed that it was a sense of “proletarian anger” which drove her to begin to write. She was angered by the suffering of her nearest and dearest, but her writing did not take the form of social realism. She enjoyed “conjuring up words” and her anger became stories of the absurd. Anne-Marie Berglund’s second poetry collection, *Mellan extas och fångenskap* published in 1978, captures her emotions in its very title.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund moved to Stockholm and trained as a physical education instructor and as a physiotherapist. She spent almost two years living in France where she wrote and became influenced by French culture, attending an art school there. She entered into a relationship with a Frenchman and became a Francophile who made regular return visits to Paris or the Riviera where she would amass material for her writing and for travelogues which were published in the cultural pages and in cultural magazines. In “Genernas kedjor”, published in 1997 in *Episoderna. 33 reseminiatyrer*, she writes about her working-class background and about the restlessness which forces her to be constantly on the go. This edition contains a selection of her photographic art: black and white photographs, often double exposures, of empty hotel rooms and cafés. This work also includes her drawings. Over the years she held a couple of exhibitions in Stockholm displaying her drawings, water colours, and dolls she had made. Her final exhibition was in 2017 at Galleri Örhänget in Stockholm. Anne-Marie Berglund read out newly-written work at the vernissage. Her interest in photography was shared by her partner, Hideo Matsumoto, with whom she maintained a thirty-year relationship, albeit they did not share a home. He has produced several author portraits of Anne-Marie Berglund.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund’s work can now be seen as a precursor to the literature which emerged during the 1980s. Her writing served as a signpost for female writers of poetry and short prose expressing destructiveness and the need for freedom. Examples of these writers are [](Kristina Lugn), Agneta Klingspor, and Beate Grimsund. Anne-Marie Berglund’s style is both girlishly fussy and pure burlesque, the characterisations are sometimes provocatively virginal. It’s irrelevant that her female characters find themselves in the traditionally ‘male’ position of single vagabond writers. When confronted by a man, irrespective of whether he is a vagrant or a “count with gentle hands”, the woman is forced into a subsidiary position. In Anne-Marie Berglund’s use of erotic language it represents power instead of sexual pleasure. \n\nShe released twelve publications and her trademark form of expression was the short story and fairy-tale like lyrical short prose about women who travel. They stay in worn out hotels in which they write fictional accounts of the arbitrary nature of writing, about death, about men, and about loneliness. These women also cultivate the art of engaging with strangers. Enticing imaginary encounters with men are humorously juxtaposed with the disappointing reality of joyless actual sexual encounters. The young female author turns meeting society’s lowest into an honour as though through their eyes, in their hands, she can find her way to the written word. Sometimes the erotic adventures are portrayed as violent and destructive: the narrator’s dilemma is her inability to say ‘no’ - somewhere, somehow, the instinct for self-preservation has been lost.\n\nIn “Hotell världen”, part of the essay collection entitled *Att skriva sin tid – nedslag i 80-och 90-talet* (edited by Madeleine Grive and Claes Wahlin), Kristoffer Leandoer describes Anne-Marie Berglund as a mystic and a romantic who seeks to “break out of the social construct, to freely engage with life at every social level”. He sees a similarity with the French romanticist Gérard de Nerval, and Anne-Marie Berglund does reference him a couple of times in her literary texts. Leandoer mentions, amongst other things, Nerval’s gnostic roots, “…the love for the holy inner entity of life which is expressed as ‘Fire, water, earth, air … which meet to dream in the crystal’.” Anne-Marie Berglund claimed that she collected mystics. Nerval created a mystical world of symbols in which mystical figures spent the night at night-shelters and/or at the pub. Similarly, one of her characters called Aurélia, who appears in *Dam med dåligt rykte på sin vanliga runda*, comes round in a hospital following a psychological breakdown.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund, like Nerval, stages surrealist or absurd dramas in which the narrator playfully assumes various roles as a way to pass time. She plays with various voices, such as when a boldly self-confident one converses with a terrified fragile one, the introvert speaks to the extrovert. In *Staden vid gränsen* published in 1987, Anne-Marie Berglund writes about walking on an unfamiliar street and the realisation that she is Irina Papescu and not “the person one is dressed up as and has hitherto performed as”. The stories are divided into four episodes: Beaches, Rooms, Ruined castles, and Roads. Writing, in other words, is not very different from the theatre. In the archives of Sveriges Radio one finds four plays by Anne-Marie Berglund. The first dates from 1993 and is called *Jag är en annan*, directed by Claire Wikholm. *Uti vår hage*, from 1997, was directed by Torsten Flinck.\n\nThe women in Anne-Marie Berglund’s fictional world are anarchists who are not just fleeing from the working class chains. They are fleeing from the necessity of creating a bourgeois nuclear family and from the social power-games of existence. Her writing rarely describes typical Swedish milieus: for example, a middle-class family having a barbecue at home and going to Ikea is impossible in her fiction. *Dam med dåligt rykte på sin vanliga runda*, published in 1991, has the narrator preferring to converse with the doorman at a worn-out hotel rather than with her own husband. Although the stage seems set for eroticism, in the end there is no ecstasy.\n\nIn *Raserier*, published in 1994, Anne-Marie Berglund once again writes about “the art of arrival and the pain of departure and the train toilet…” as well as about the jeopardy of trying to capture the mood in writing, and the impotence that results when it remains elusive. Commentary on the role of the author, the mentality of writing, can be found as a theme of her writing, often reflecting Kristina Lugn’s naiveté. “I feel sorry for stories which cause such earache that they scream as soon as you blow on them. / I feel sorry for all the stories which have to die before they are born, just because their organs are weak and their perspectives are narrow”. Anne-Marie Berglund’s writings also exude a sensitivity for language, a search for words beyond empty phrases. “I’ve travelled around the world like a stranger in order to avoid being blinded by the common lies of language”. Sometimes one can detect Finnish-Swedish idioms in her language, slightly elevated and beautiful. Gallows humour and understatements are typical of Finnish.\n\nHer sole novel, *Dansa min flicka*, published in 1989, is set at a funeral in a French village, where a ladies’ man has passed away. His widow looks back on a man who wanted to redeem women sexually, both old and young. There is no intrigue. Instead it is a lengthy novel which captures the inner essence of thoughts regarding the widow’s childhood, youth, and her relationship to her husband. This is also the only one of Anne-Marie Berglund’s fictional male characters which she has not written ironically, sarcastically, or crudely. Indeed, this work even contains rare views from a small Swedish town.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund’s final poetry collection, entitled *Jag vill stå träd nu*, from 2000, is her least romantically theatrical piece. It contains an everyday directness and the title, perhaps, expresses a longing to be settled. Or to be grounded. Absence, departures, and death are all recurring themes. After this publication she was awarded the *Svenska Dagbladet* prize and in 2005 she received the Sveriges Radios prize for lyricism.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund never really became popular. She remained an author’s author who is compared to Jean Rhys and Marguerite Duras. She herself felt she had a connection to the Argentinian-Italian artist Leonor Fini, a surrealist who lived in Paris during the 1930s. She examined sexuality and portrayed women in dominant positions.\n\nThe use of “Anne-Marie” in her writings has often been mistaken for autobiography. However, she was only expressly autobiographical in *Breven till mamma*, her last book, published in 2005. Here she definitively enters into the school of working-class literature. Throughout her 30 years of the travelling she undertook in order to write Anne-Marie Berglund sent letters to her mother Rut Linnéa Berglund, who subsequently catalogued these letters chronologically. The published letters contain the dilemma of one who transgressed class divisions. When the world opened up before her so did her sense of guilt towards her parents who never had the chance to realise their dreams. The portrait of the working-class mother contained in the introduction offers insights into the underpaid slog of immigrant workers and how this impacts on relationships when there is no space beyond the need to survive. The daughter’s reports from the wider world became an elixir for the repressed mother. However, as time passed this travelling lifestyle itself became a new type of prison for the daughter.\n\nAnne-Marie Berglund died in Stockholm on 6 March 2020. The funeral was held at Högalid church on 20 March 2020.",
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          "occupation": "Brandingenjör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1957-03-05",
            "date": "1957-03-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Pia Margareta",
          "lastname": "Wilhelmson",
          "occupation": "Migrationskonsult",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1962-05-31",
            "date": "1962-05-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Göte Christer",
          "lastname": "Wilhelmson",
          "occupation": "Egenföretagare, båtförsäljare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "'Göte Wilhelmson', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2018-03-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6te_Wilhelmson"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Lilly Berglund', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2018-03-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Berglund"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Per Lindqvist', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2018-03-13)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Lindqvist"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olofsson, Hans & Aulin, Leif, *Stora schlagerboken: de svenska sångerskorna 1954-1969. Vol. 1, A-L*, Premium Publishing, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Svensktoppen: [uppslagsverk med samtliga artister och melodier från Svensktoppen 1962-1974]*, Dominique music-club, Vara, 1975",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olsson, Sven-Erik, 'Lily Berglund är död', *Dalarnas Tidningar*, 2010-08-17 (Hämtad 2018-03-13)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.dt.se/slakt-o-vanner/lily-berglund-ar-dod"
        },
        {
          "description": "Simonsson, Karin, 'Lily Berglund - en av Sveriges största schlagersångerskor - trivs i Lergärdet', *Dala-Demokraten*, 2008-07-07 (Hämtad 2018-03-13)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.dalademokraten.se/lily-berglund-en-av-sveriges-storsta-schlagersangerskor-trivs-i-lergardet"
        },
        {
          "description": "Thorsson, Leif, *Melodifestivalen genom tiderna: de svenska uttagningarna och internationella finalerna*, Ny, utök. och rev. utg., Premium, Stockholm, 2006",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens samtal med sonhustrun Maj Järvinen",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens samtal med dottern Pia Wilhelmson",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Sångare, revyartist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Singer, actress",
      "text": "Lily Berglund var en av landets mest populära sångerskor under 1950- och delar av 1960-talet.\n\nLily Berglund föddes i Kvarnsveden i Stora Tuna församling 1928. Hon var yngst i en syskonskara på fyra, varav en dog i späd ålder. Som liten följde hon sin mor till möten i pingstförsamlingen där hon lärde sig så kallade läsarsånger. Påverkan från annat håll medförde emellertid att [](Alice Babs Sjöblom) blev hennes första idol. Detta var, har Lily Berglund berättat, inte något som gladde hennes mor och inte heller hennes skollärare. Det var likväl läraren som upplyste den lokala revygruppen om hennes talang. Härigenom kom hon vid 11 års ålder att göra debut i Kvarnsvedens nyårsrevy i Folkets Hus. Här sjöng hon några låtar från Alice Babs repertoar.\n\nLily Berglunds intresse för musik fortsatte att utvecklas. År 1943, när hon således var 15 år, vann hon en tävling där man utsåg Borlänges bästa jazzsångerska. Priset var att få sjunga med Union, stadens främsta dansorkester. Under ett år var hon vokalist i detta band. Vid denna tid kom hon också att ingå i flera revyer. Hon yrkesarbetade dels som damfrisörselev, dels som biträde i ett konditori och i en musikaffär.\n\nEtt viktigt stopp – temporärt skulle det visa sig – på vägen mot det fulla artistlivet inträffade 1945. Den 17-åriga Lily blev gravid, gifte sig – efter att ha ”skrivit till kungs” som det hette – och födde i mars 1946 sonen Kenneth. Det nygifta paret bosatte sig på övervåningen i svärföräldrarnas hus. Lily Berglunds längtan till scenen och sången fortsatte dock att vara stark. Det blev, något märkligt kan det tyckas, hennes svärmor Sigrid Hagberg som bidrog till att få fart på karriären. Hon inspirerade Lily Berglund att 1949 lämna den äktenskapliga samvaron och flytta till Göteborg för att sjunga med Gösta Haags orkester från Ludvika. Svärmor tog hand om barnet. Under sommaren 1950 var Lily Berglund (hon återgick till födelsenamnet efter skilsmässa detta år) vokalist hos Sam Samsons orkester som då spelade i Tylösand utanför Halmstad.\n\nPå hösten 1950 flyttade Lily Berglund till Stockholm. Här blev hon till en början engagerad som så kallad refrängsångerska i Emil Irwings välkända orkester. På våren 1951 var det dags för skivdebut. Tillsammans med Stig Rehnberg och till Sam Samsons ackompanjemang sjöng hon då in ”Lite, lite solsken”. Kort därefter debuterade hon i radio tillsammans med Emil Irwing och i radio fortsatte hon senare att sjunga med Charlie Norman och Thore Swanerud. Hennes andra grammofonskiva kom ett år efter den första. Inför skivbolaget Sonora skulle hon göra en provspelning av låten ”Lilla hemlighet” med Emil Irwings orkester. Bolaget blev mycket belåtet och det som skulle vara ett prov blev i verkligheten en inspelning. Under dessa år förekom Lily Berglund som vokalist i flera olika dansband. År 1953 fick hon erbjudandet att bli sångerska i Thore Ehrlings storband, vilket hon uppenbarligen accepterade med glädje. I detta band hette pianisten Göte Wilhelmson. Mellan Lily Berglund och Göte uppstod tycke. När han bildade egen orkester hösten 1954 följde hon honom till denna. De två gifte sig på senhösten 1956 och fick dottern Pia följande vår och sonen Christer fem år senare.\n\nLily Berglunds båda första skivor bemöttes positivt och bildade upptakt till vad som under resten av 1950-talet skulle medföra en mängd inspelningar med ett flertal succéer. Redan 1952 kom ”Vildandens sång” men här blev [](Thory Bernhards) version den mest sålda. En klar framgång blev ”Valpen i fönstret” från 1953 där Lily Berglund övertrumfade Alice Babs i popularitet. Under detta år gick Lily Berglund över till det nybildade skivbolaget Karusell för vilket Simon Brehm kom att bli chef. Hans orkester kompade Lily Berglund i ”Vaya Con Dios” från 1953 och i ”Uppå källarbacken” (ursprung American Patrol) från 1954. Vid inspelningen av ”Vildrosen” samma år sköttes dock musiken av Dick Harris. I fortsättningen blev det maken och kapellmästaren Göte Wilhelmson som svarade för den musikaliska bakgrunden på Lily Berglunds skivor. Så var exempelvis fallet med ”Lycko-Per” från 1956 och de fyra inspelningarna från 1957 ”Jorden runt” (ursprung Around the world), ”Kärlek, nål och tråd”, ”Bär du solsken i ditt sinne” samt den största succén ”Vita syrener” som sålde uppemot 70 000 exemplar och där Lisbeth Stahl hade satt svensk text till det tyska originalet ”Weisser Holunder” från filmen med samma namn.\n\nEfter 1958 gjordes alla inspelningar på vinylskivor. På en sådan utgavs 1959 Lily Berglunds uppmärksammade duett ”Så kom våren till Tarina” med den meriterade ”smörsångaren” Sven-Olof Sandberg, en låt som hämtades från Norges topplistor. Samma år spelade hon in en svenskspråkig version av Kathy Lindens internationella megahit ”Goodbye Jimmy Goodbye”. Båda dessa skivor noterade goda placeringar på olika försäljningslistor. Under detta år hade Lily Berglund under en tid en framträdande roll i Hasseåtages första revymusikal *Doktor Kotte slår till eller Siv Olson*. Ett av de nummer hon sjöng i denna var ”Jag har ju ingenting att ta på mig”. Bland de melodier hon spelade in under 1960 var den oftast hörda sannolikt ”Fröken Johansson och jag”, en komisk visa om en sol-och-vårare, skriven av Thore Skogman. Under 1961 låg hon överst på Radio Nords topplista De tio med låten ”Förlåt att det handlar om tårar” och in på denna lista kom också baksidan ”Sånt går inte an i våra da´r”. På Svensktoppen lyckades Lily Berglund placera sig hösten 1962, när detta program var helt nytt, med sin svenska version av den italienska storsäljaren ”Quando, quando, quando”. Samma år kunde man vid åtskilliga tillfällen i radio höra hennes inspelning ”Sommar´n med dej”. Två gånger under 1963 röstades låtar som hon hade gjort in på Svensktoppen men vistelsen där blev i båda fallen mycket kortvarig.\n\nI Melodifestivalen deltog Lily Berglund vid tre tillfällen. Första gången detta skedde var 1961. Hon fick då rycka in med mycket kort varsel sedan [](Inger Berggren) drabbats av halsfluss natten före finalen. Fem melodier tävlade och de skulle sjungas två gånger av olika artister till två skilda orkestrar. En jury på 12 personer utsåg ”April, april” till vinnare. Lily Berglund sjöng dels ”Spela på regnbågen” som blev tvåa, dels ”Stockholm” som kom sist. Redan 1962 var det dags för hennes andra uppträdande i Melodifestivalen. Detta år tävlade sex melodier och även nu skulle de sjungas av två artister till olika orkestrar. Resultatet avgjordes av radio- och TV-publiken som fick poströsta. Överlägsen vinnare blev låten ”Sol och vår” som sjöngs av Inger Berggren och Lily Berglund. Det blev av någon anledning Inger Berggren som kom att företräda Sverige i Luxemburg och hon hamnade på sjunde plats. Både hennes och Lily Berglunds inspelningar gjorde  succé hos skivköparna. Lily Berglund tillhörde även de deltagande 1963. På nytt hade en jury uppdraget att kora vinnaren bland 12 tävlande bidrag. Endast placeringarna ett, två och tre tillkännagavs. Segrare blev ”En gång i Stockholm” som sjöngs av [](Monica Zetterlund) och Carli Tornehave. Lily Berglund framförde dels ”Rosen och vinden”, dels ”Sen igår är vi kära”. Båda tillhörde de oplacerade. I sluttävlingen i London erhöll Monica Zetterlund inte en enda poäng.\n\nI början av 1960-talet minskade Lily Berglunds svenska turnéer i omfattning och i mitten av årtiondet upphörde de helt. En förklaring härtill var givetvis den så kallade folkparksdöden som reducerade antalet arbetstillfällen och en annan konkurrens från nya popband om tillgängliga engagemang. En tredje orsak utgjorde de två barnen som nu krävde ökat familjeumgänge. Maken Göte Wilhelmson lade ned sin egen orkester 1964. Hans arbete som inspelningschef på skivbolagen Karusell och senare Philips gav honom full sysselsättning på hemorten. Det var han, kan det sägas, som ”upptäckte” såväl Sven-Ingvars som Cool Candys.\n\nLily Berglund gjorde flera musikaliska besök i utlandet. Det första ägde rum i Västtyskland 1954. Då framträdde hon vid ett antal tillfällen i radio och sjöng dessutom för amerikanska officerare. År 1956 genomförde hon en sex veckor lång turné i Sovjet med besök på ett stort antal platser. En uppgift anger att hon vid ett tillfälle sjöng inför 50 000 personer i Moskva. Under andra hälften av 1960-talet, då hon upphört att resa runt i Sverige, företog hon flera turnéer i Europa. Hon besökte både Väst- och Östtyskland, Belgien, Österrike och Rumänien. I Wien uppträdde hon i såväl radio som TV och i Bukarest deltog hon i en internationell sångfestival. Vid olika tillfällen gästspelade hon också i alla våra nordiska länder.\n\nEtt radioprogram som bidrog till att bevara och öka Lily Berglunds popularitet var Refrängen för vilket Hasse Tellemar var producent. År 1957 började hon här sjunga gamla örhängen tillsammans med sångaren och skådespelaren Per Lindqvist samt gruppen Gastarna, senare även Papegojorna. Programmet fick många lyssnare och de EP-skivor med titeln *Sjung med Lily och Per* som gavs ut 1959 sålde bra. Duon Berglund-Lindqvist kom att fortsätta sitt samarbete under ett tiotal år. Under 1960-talets gång sjöng de in flera LP-skivor, vilka vann god spridning och kom att tjäna som underlag för viss återutgivning på 1970-talet.\n\nLily Berglund medverkade i två långfilmer. Den första var komedin *Flyg-Bom* från 1952 med Nils Poppe i huvudrollen och den andra *Het är min längtan* från 1955, ett drama med kärleksförvecklingar gestaltat av Margit Carlqvist och Alf Kjellin. Lily Berglunds roll var liten i båda filmerna där hon uppträdde som sångerska.\n\nLily Berglund fortsatte att framträda och spela in skivor långt upp i åren. År 1973 gjorde hon en LP tillsammans med den andlige sångaren Jan Sparring, vilken gavs titeln *Jubla nu mitt sälla hjärta*. En annan uppmärksammad LP kom 1980. Den kallades *Jag har en liten melodi* och här sjöng hon kända och mindre kända sånger av [Kai Gullmar](0000 0000 6345 3032), en av de stora kompositörerna inom populärmusiken. Den skivan gavs för övrigt ut av skivbolaget Good Will, vilket makarna Berglund-Wilhelmson nyligen hade bildat. När Lily Berglund år 2000 kunde fira 50 år som artist hedrades hon med utgivandet av en samlings-CD med namnet ”Musik vi minns”. Totalt under hela sin karriär spelade hon in ungefär 550 melodier.\n\nSommaren 2003 drabbades Lily Berglund av en stroke. Den berövade henne såväl tal som sångröst. När talet efter en tid återvände talade hon dalmål, vilket hon 50 år tidigare hade varit tvungen att arbeta bort för att erhålla en dialektfri stämma. Sångrösten återfick hon aldrig, men hon klagade inte över detta. Hon hade sjungit så mycket genom åren att det räckte, yttrade hon i en intervju inför sin 80-årsdag. Ju äldre hon blev, desto oftare sökte hon sig med familjen från Stockholm till föräldrahemmet i Lergärdet i Kvarnsveden. Lily Berglund avled 2010. Hon är gravsatt på Norra Griftegården i Kvarnsveden.",
      "text_eng": "Lily Berglund was one of the most popular Swedish singers of the 1950s and into the 1960s.\n\nLily Berglund was born in Kvarnsvedan, Stora Tuna parish, in 1928. She was the youngest of four siblings, one of whom died in infancy. When she was a child she would accompany her mother to Pentecostal church meetings where she learned the so-called ‘läsarsång’ (readers’ songs). [](Alice Babs Sjöblom), however, provided a distinctly different influence when she became Lily Berglund’s first idol. Lily Berglund has described how this displeased her mother and her school teacher. Nevertheless, it was Lily Berglund’s school teacher who informed the local revue-group about her singing ability. This led to Lily Berglund, aged 11, making her debut as part of the Kvarnsveden new year revue show performed at Folkets Hus. She sang a few songs from Alice Babs’ repertoire.\n\nLily Berglund’s interest in music deepened. In 1943, aged only 15, she won a competition as the best jazz singer in Borlänge. The prize was an opportunity to sing with Union, which was the town’s best dance band. She remained the singer with this band for a year, and during this time she also performed in several revue shows. Her other jobs included being a trainee hairdresser, an assistant at a confectioner’s, and in a music shop.\n\nIn 1945 Lily Berglund experienced an important – but temporary, as time would show – obstacle on her road towards became a singer. Only 17 years old, Lily fell pregnant, got married – after having ‘written to the king’ (ie seeking royal dispensation as she was underage) – and in March 1946 she gave birth to her son Kenneth. The newlyweds lived on the top floor of their in-laws’ home. Lily Berglund still longed to be on the stage and to sing, and her desire for this only grew stronger. Somewhat unusually it was her mother-in-law Sigrid Hagberg who actually helped Lily Berglund to kickstart her career. She inspired Lily Berglund to leave her marital existence behind in 1949 and move to Gothenburg in order to sing with Gösta Haag’s band from Ludvika, leaving her son in the care of Sigrid Hagberg. During the summer of 1950 Lily Berglund (following her divorce that year she returned to using her maiden name) sang with Sam Samson’s band which was performing in Tylösand near Halmstad at that time.\n\nIn the autumn of 1950 Lily Berglund moved to Stockholm. Initially she was employed as a so-called ‘refrängsångerska’ (female chorus singer) for Emil Irwing’s well-known band. She released her first record in the spring of 1951. She and Stig Rehnberg sang ‘Lite, lite solsken’ to accompaniment by Sam Samson. Shortly thereafter she made her radio debut together with Emil Irwing, and later she sang with Charlie Norman and Thore Swanerud. She released her second record a year after her first one. She was to do an audition with the Sonora record company, singing ‘Lilla hemlighet’, accompanied by Emil Irwing’s band. The record company was very pleased with the result and what was meant to be a trial run became an actual recording. At this time Lily Berglund was performing as the singer with several dance bands. In 1953 she was invited to sing in Thore Ehrling’s big band and she accepted this invitation happily. The pianist in the band was Göte Wilhelmson and a relationship developed between him and Lily Berglund. When he set up his own band in 1954 Lily Berglund went with him. The two of them got married in the late autumn of 1956 and the following spring their daughter Pia was born, followed five years later by their son Christer.\n\nBoth of Lily Berglund’s first two records were favourably received and set the pace for what led to a series of successful recordings through the rest of the 1950s. In 1952 she released ‘Vildandens sång’, but [](Thory Bernhards)’ version outsold hers. She had better success with ‘Valpen i fönstret’, from 1953, even surpassing Alice Babs in popularity. During this year Lily Berglund transferred to the newly established record company Karusell, where Simon Brehm became the boss. His band accompanied Lily Berglund in ‘Vaya Con Dios’ in 1953 and in ‘Uppå källarbacken’ (originally American Patrol) in 1954. When she recorded ‘Vildrosen’ that year the music was arranged by Dick Harris. Afterwards it was her husband and bandleader Göte Wilhelmson who was responsible for the musical arrangements on Lily Berglund’s records, as seen on ‘Lycko-Per’ from 1956 and four recordings from 1957, namely ‘Jorden runt’ (originally Around the world), ‘Kärlek, nål och tråd’, ‘Bär du solsken i ditt sinne’, as well as her biggest hit ‘Vita syrener’. She sold almost 70,000 copies of this record, for which Lisbeth Stahl had supplied a Swedish text for the German original of ‘Weisser Holunder’ from the eponymous film.\n\nAfter 1958 all recordings were made on vinyl. Lily released a vinyl record in 1959 called ‘Så kom våren till Tarina’. It was a much-noted duet with the crooner Sven-Olof Sandberg, and the tune had been plucked from the Norwegian charts. That same year she recorded a Swedish-language version of Kathy Linden’s international mega-hit ‘Goodbye Jimmy Goodbye’. Both of these records achieved reasonable positions on various sales charts. During that year Lily Berglund had played a prominent role for a while in Hassåtage’s first revue-musical called *Doktor Kotte slår till eller Siv Olson*. One of the numbers she sang was ‘Jag har ju ingenting att ta på mig’. The most frequently listened to tunes that she recorded during 1960 was likely ‘Fröken Johansson och jag’, a comical song about a confidence trickster written by Thore Skogman. In 1961 she hit the top spot in Radio Nord’s chart De Tio with the record ‘Förlåt att det handlar om tårar’, whilst the B-side ‘Sånt går inte an i våra da’r’ also entered this chart. Lily Berglund made the *Svensktoppen* in the autumn of 1962, just as that programme got started, with her Swedish version of the Italian big-seller ‘Quando, quando, quando’. That same year she could be heard on the radio at various times singing ‘Sommar’n med dej’. Songs performed by her were twice voted onto *Svensktoppen* but both times they only remained in the chart for a brief period.\n\nLily Berglund appeared three times in the ‘Melodifestival’ (annual music competition). The first time was in 1961 when she jumped in at short notice because [](Inger Berggren) had developed tonsillitis the night before the final. There were five competing songs and each had to be sung twice by different artists accompanied by two different bands. The 12-person jury chose ‘April, april’ as the winner. Lily Berglund had sung ‘Spela på regnbågen’, which got to number 2, and ‘Stockholm, which came in last place. Lily Berglund’s second appearance at the Melodifestival was in 1962. That year six songs were in competition and, like before, each had to be sung by two different artists and with two different bands. The results were determined by radio and tv audiences who sent their votes in by mail. The overwhelming winner was ‘Sol och vår’ sung by Inger Berggren and Lily Berglund. For some reason it was Inger Berggren who represented Sweden in Luxemburg, and she achieved 7th place. Both singers achieved good record sales. Lily Berglund also competed in 1963, when a jury was tasked with choosing a winner from 12 entries. Only the top three rankings were made public. The winner was ‘En gång i Stockholm’ sung by [](Monica Zetterlund) and Carli Tornehave. Lily Berglund performed ‘Rosen och vinden’ and ‘Sen igår är vi kära’, but neither of these ranked in the top 3. Monica Zetterlund did not get a single point during the final competition held in London.\n\nIn the early 1960s Lily Berglund reduced her Swedish tours and then completely stopped by the mid-1960s. One of the reasons for this was probably the so-called death of amusement parks which reduced the number of gigs available, whilst another reason was likely increased competition for available gigs from the latest popstars. A third reason was Lily Berglund’s two children who demanded more family time. Her husband Göte Wilhelmson disbanded his band in 1964. His work as master recorder for the Karusell record company, and later for Philips, kept him fully occupied at home. It can be said that it was he who ‘discovered’ both Sven-Ingvars and Cool Candys.\n\nLily Berglund undertook several musical visits abroad. The first was to West Germany in 1954 during which she performed a number of times on the radio and even sang in front of American officers. In 1956 she undertook a six-week long tour of the Soviet Union, visiting a lot of places. At one point she sang before 50,000 people in Moscow. During the second half of the 1960s, when she had stopped touring in Sweden, she did several tours in Europe. She visited both West and East Germany, Belgium, Austria, and Romania. In Vienna she performed both on the radio and on tv, whilst in Bucharest she participated in an international song competition. At various times she also made guest appearances throughout the Nordic countries.\n\nOne of the radio programmes which contributed to safeguarding and increasing Lily Berglund’s popularity was *Refrängen*, produced by Hasse Tellemar. She began singing old catchy tunes for the show in 1957 together with the singer and actor Per Lindqvist, as well as the group Gastarna, and later also Papegojorna. The programme had a sizable audience and the EPs of ‘Sjung med Lily och Per’ which were released in 1959 sold very well. The Berglund-Lindqvist duo maintained their collaborative work for about a decade. During the 1960s they recorded several LPs which became widely distributed and laid the basis for re-release during the 1970s.\n\nLily Berglund appeared in two films. The first was a comedy entitled *Flyg-Bom*, from 1952, starring Nils Poppe in the leading role. The second was *Het är min längtan*, from 1955, which was a drama based on love intrigues, and starred Margit Carlqvist and Alf Kjellin. Lily Berglund only had small parts in each film, both times appearing as a singer.\n\nLily Berglund continued to perform and make records late on in life. In 1973 she made an LP with the spiritual singer Jan Sparring, entitled ‘Jubla nu mitt sälla hjärta’. She released another notable LP in 1980, called ‘Jag har en liten melodi’. It contained both well-known and lesser-known songs by [Kai Gullmar](0000 0000 6345 3032), one of the major composers within the world of popular music. This record was released by the Good Will record company, which had just been set up by the Berglund-Wilhelmson couple. When Lily Berglund celebrated her 50th year as a singer in the year 2000 she was honoured by the release of a compilation CD entitled ‘Musik vi minns’. Throughout her lengthy career she recorded about 550 tunes.\n\nLily Berglund suffered a stroke in the summer of 2003 which robbed her not only of her ability to speak but also to sing. She eventually regained her ability to talk and she found herself speaking in the Dalarna dialect, which she had previously been forced to suppress in order to sing without an accent. Although she never regained her singing voice she did not complain. As she said in an interview before her 80th birthday, she had sung so much over the preceding years that she had had enough of it. The older she got, the more she wanted to spend time with her family in her parental home of Lergärdet in Kvarnsveden.\n\nLily Berglund died in 2010. She is buried at the Norra Griftegård in Kvarnsveden.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "LilyBerglund",
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        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Margareta",
          "lastname": "Wallin Wictorin"
        }
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      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Elsa",
          "lastname": "Björkman-Goldschmidt",
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          "description": "Medlem, arkivarie",
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
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          "description": "Annie Bergman. Fotograf och år okänt. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
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        }
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            "date": "1865-09-20"
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          "type": "Far",
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        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1891-04-28"
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            "date": "1983-10-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Ivan",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
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            "date": "1900-10-09"
          },
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            "date": "1989-07-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Stig Williamsson",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Bror",
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        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Carlsund, Otto G., 'Annie Bergman', *Konstvärlden*, 1941:19/20, s. 431",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Munklinde, Kristina, 'En annan Annie', *Grafiknytt*,1989:5, s. 12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Palmgren, Nils, 'Annie Bergman', *Svenskt konstnärslexikon: Band 1*, Malmö, 1952, S. 155",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wallin Wictorin, Margareta, *Föreningen Original-träsnitt: grafik och grafiker på ett tidigt modernistiskt konstfält*, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Diss. Göteborg : Univ., 2004, Göteborg, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wessel-Fougstedt, Erik, 'Annie Bergman', *Grafiknytt*,1989:5, s. 3-4",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wingård, Ulrika, 'Annie Bergman: träsnidare, Illustratör, kortfabrikör och  idunes', *Biblis*, 2012/2013(60), s. 61-71, 2012 (Hämtad 2020-02-17)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://biblis.se/digitalt-arkiv/biblis-60/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Annie Bergman. Sällskapet Nya Idun. (Hämtad 2020-02-17)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://nyaidun.se/annie-bergman-2/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, illustratör, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, illustrator, author",
      "text": "Annie Bergman var målare, tecknare, grafiker, illustratör och barnboksförfattare, aktiv under en stor del av 1900-talet.\n\nAnnie Bergman föddes 1889 i Liège där hennes far William Bergman, som var löjtnant i artilleriet, arbetade med vapenkonstruktioner under åren 1889—1894. Efter en kort period i Paris flyttade familjen till Stockholm, där fadern var född och uppvuxen. Annie Bergmans mor hette Ingeborg Billquist och var från Göteborg. Hon hade en konstnärlig läggning och målade bland annat porslin. Även fadern var intresserad av konst, och båda föräldrarna stödde Annie Bergmans val att utbilda sig till konstnär.\n\nEfter studentexamen i Stockholm 1907 genomgick Annie Bergman förberedande konstutbildning på Tekniska skolan (nuvarande Konstfack) och Caleb Althins målarskola. Hösten 1908 antogs hon som aspirant vid Konstakademien, där hon spenderade fyra år som elev. Vid akademien studerade hon figurteckning för Axel Jungstedt och måleri för Oskar Björk. Hon lärde sig också grafik av Axel Tallberg på akademiens etsningsskola, och gjorde där gärna landskap i akvatint- och linjeetsning. Bland de kvinnliga studiekamraterna fanns bland annat [](Elsa Björkman-Goldschmidt), [](Siri Derkert), [](Harriet Löwenhjelm), Ragnhild Nordensten, Gerda Nordling och Elvi Tondén. År 1917 slutade Bergman att göra koppargrafik och övergick till att trycka grafiska blad i träsnitt, det vill säga högtryck skurna i trä.\n\nEfter akademien reste Annie Bergman år 1913 till Italien. Vägen gick över Tyskland, med uppehåll i Berlin, Dresden, Nürnberg och München, där hon studerade konst på museer. Väl framme i Italien stannade hon ett år, och besökte Florens, Siena, Rom, Neapel och många mindre orter. Hon fascinerades av folklivet, landskapet och byarna, vilket senare visade sig i träsnitt med motiv härifrån, till exempel *Pratande gummor, Firenze* från 1916. Våren 1914 fortsatte hon till Paris, där hon gick på museer och studerade på Académie de la Grande Chaumière. När första världskriget bröt ut 1914 reste hon hem till Sverige. Hon stannade i hemlandet tills hon år 1921 fick möjlighet att göra en tre månaders resa till Spanien.\n\nAnnie Bergman kom framförallt att ägna sig åt grafik. Hennes tidiga träsnitt byggde på svarta konturlinjer och svarta ytor mot vit botten, utan volymskapande graderingar, ofta med människor i helfigur och ofta dekorativt stiliserade. Med tiden började hon också göra färgträsnitt, och här kom blomstermotiven att dominera. Inför julen 1929 startade hon det som hon själv kom att kalla ”kortfabriken”. Hon skar i linoleum små jul- och gratulationskort som trycktes med sked på tunt papper och monterades på dubbla kartonger, Med tiden skaffade hon också en egen tryckpress. Korten såldes genom konst- och pappershandlare över landet. Ur denna anspråkslösa verksamhet utvecklades med tiden en stor mängd utsökta blomsterbilder i trä- och linoleumsnitt, också i större format och tryckta i begränsade upplagor. Dekorativa och föreställande på en gång, med en fläkt från de japanska färgträsnittens eleganta stilisering, se exempelvis bilderna *Mimosa* från 1936 och *Slån* från 1956. Hennes bilder trycktes i tidskrifter såsom *Grafiknytt* och *The Studio*, och gavs även ut i grafikmappar av Föreningen för Grafisk Konst. Fem blomsterbilder fick också utgöra förlagor till frimärksserien *Nordiska vildblommor* 1968.\n\nAnnie Bergman släppte dock inte måleriet helt. Hon målade gärna porträtt, och särskilt barnporträtt, men även landskap och blomsterstilleben. Teckning utövade hon både som förstudium för måleri och grafik och som illustrationskonst. Hon illustrerade artiklar i tidningar, tidskrifter och böcker, och gjorde ofta bilder för barn, bland annat i serien *Barnbiblioteket Saga*. Hon skrev också egna barnböcker som hon illustrerade med egna bilder, och gav ut på olika förlag. Bland dessa kan nämnas *Dalhästen*, som utkom första gången år 1923, *Sagan om jätten och barnen*, 1924, *Sagan om kattungen som kom bort*, 1933, och *Kasper Kul och andra äldre och nyare sagor på vers och prosa*, 1942. Denna produktion hängde ihop med att hon tyckte om att berätta sagor, gärna för sina syskonbarn. Själv hade hon inga barn, och hon gifte sig inte heller.\n\nUnder 1920- och 1930-talet tecknade Annie Bergman också bilder från Stockholms teaterliv, först till teaterkrönikor för *Bonniers veckotidning*, och senare för *Svenska Dagbladet*. Det handlade om rollporträtt, till exempel Gösta Ekman som Hamlet och Anders de Wahl som Erik XIV. Teaterbilderna kunde också vara gjorda i träsnitt, såsom en av Ingolf Schanche som Hamlet.\n\nUnder sin långa konstnärsbana ställde hon ut sin konst många gånger, bland annat separat i Stockholm 1925, 1927 och 1941. Dessutom deltog hon i grafiska samlingsutställningar i Sverige och utlandet. Hon är bland annat representerad vid Nationalmuseum i Stockholm, museet Albertina i Wien, Musée des Arts Décoratifs i Paris och Centre de la gravure et de l'image imprimée i Bryssel.\n\nAnnie Bergman var aktiv i konstnärsföreningar som Föreningen Original-Träsnitt, Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor, Grafiska Sällskapet, där hon var med i styrelsen från 1933—1965, och i Svenska Konstnärernas Förening. Hon var också aktiv i Sällskapet Nya Idun, som arkivarie, i konstutskottet och som författare till spex och kupletter.\n\nHon testamenterade delar av sin förmögenhet till Grafiska Sällskapet som idag delar ut Annie Bergmans stipendium till trägrafiker. Efter hennes död skänktes 85 teckningar och skisser samt ett hundratal av hennes tryckta kort till Kungliga biblioteket där det nu finns en särskild Annie Bergman-samling.\n\nAnnie Bergman var aktiv långt upp i åren. Hon avled 1987, 97 år gammal, och ligger begravd på Solna kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Annie Bergman was a painter, drawer, graphic artist, illustrator, and author of children’s books. She was active for much of the twentieth century.\n\nAnnie Bergman was born in Liège in 1889. Her father, William Bergman, was a serving lieutenant in the artillery there and was engaged in weapons production during the 1889—1894 period. Following a brief stint in Paris the family moved to Stockholm, where William Bergman had grown up. Annie Bergman’s mother was called Ingeborg Billquist and hailed from Gothenburg. She was artistically inclined and would paint, sometimes on porcelain. Annie Bergman’s father was also interested in art and both of her parents supported her choice to become an artist.\n\nAfter graduating from school in Stockholm in 1907 Annie Bergman attended a preparatory art course at Tekniska skolan (now Konstfack or University of Arts, Crafts and Design) and at Caleb Althin’s school of painting. In the autumn of 1908 she was accepted as an applicant at the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts, where she spent four years as a pupil. At the Academy she studied figure drawing with Axel Jungstedt and painting with Oskar Björk. In the Academy’s school of etching she also learned how to make graphic art with Axel Tallberg, with her preferred medium being aquatint and etched landscapes. Her female fellow students included [](Elsa Björkman-Goldschmidt), [](Siri Derkert), [](Harriet Löwenhjelm), Ragnhild Nordensten, Gerda Nordling, and Elvi Tondén. In 1917 Annie Bergman stopped producing copper engravings and instead began to print woodcuts.\n\nUpon completing her time at the Academy Annie Bergman travelled to Italy in 1913. She went via Germany, stopping in Berlin, Dresden, Nürnberg, and Münich, studying the art in the museums. She remained in Italy for a year, visiting Florence, Sienna, Rome, Naples and many other smaller places. She was fascinated by streetlife, the landscape, and the villages, and later this found expression in her woodcuts, such as *Pratande gummor, Firenze*, from 1916. Annie Bergman continued on to Paris in the spring of 1914, visiting museums and attending classes at Académie de la Grand Chaumière. On the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 she then travelled home to Sweden where she remained until the opportunity of a three-month trip to Spain arose in 1921.\n\nAnnie Bergman primarily focused on graphic art. In her early woodcuts she mainly used black contour lines and black spaces against a white background, without expansive gradations, often comprising whole-bodied human figures and frequently decorated in a stylised manner. She gradually began to produce colour woodcuts and these were dominated by flower motifs. Just before Christmas 1929 Annie Bergman began what she came to call the “card factory”. She cut pieces of linoleum into small Christmas and congratulations cards which were printed using a spoon on thin paper and then mounted on double-thick cardboard. She eventually came to own her own printing press. Her cards were sold at art- and paper shops nationwide. Her modest enterprise gradually developed into a major production of exquisite images of flowers, both woodcuts and linocuts, including larger sizes and printed in limited editions. These were simultaneously decorative and representative, with a touch of elegance lifted from Japanese colour woodcuts, clearly represented in *Mimosa*, from 1936, and *Slån*, from 1956. Her images were printed in journals such as *Grafiknytt* and *The Studio* and were also published as graphic art folders by *Föreningen för Grafisk Konst*. Five of her pictures of flowers also served as models for the series of stamps called *Nordiska vildblommor*, in 1968.\n\nAnnie Bergman did not gave up painting entirely. She was happy to paint portraits, particularly children’s portraits, as well as landscapes and still lifes with flowers. She would make drawings as studies for her paintings and graphic and illustrative art. She supplied illustrations for articles in newspapers, journals, and books, and often produced pictures for children, including for the series called *Barnbiblioteket Saga*. She also wrote her own children’s books, which she illustrated herself and which were published through various publishing houses. These include *Dalhästen*, first released in 1923, *Sagan om jätten och barnen*, published in 1924, *Sagan om kattungen som kom bort*, from 1933, and *Kasper Kul och andra äldre och nyare sagor på vers och prosa*, published in 1942. This output resulted from her love of telling stories, especially to her nieces and nephews. Annie Bergman had no children of her own and she never married.\n\nDuring the 1920s and 1930s Annie Bergman also illustrated Stockholm’s theatre life, initially for theatrical reviews in *Bonniers veckotidning* and subsequently for *Svenska Dagbladet*. These tended to be character portraits, such as Gösta Ekman playing Hamlet and Anders de Wahl playing Erik XIV. These theatre images were sometimes produced as woodcuts, such as the one of Ingolf Schanche playing Hamlet.\n\nDuring her extended period of artistic output Annie Bergman often exhibited her work, including solo exhibitions in Stockholm in 1925, 1927 and 1941. She also contributed to group displays of graphic art in Sweden and abroad. Her work can also be found in Nationalmuseum in Stockholm, the Albertina museum in Vienna, Musée des Arts Décoratifs in Paris, and Centre de la gravure et de l’image imprimée in Brussels.\n\nAnnie Bergman was an active member of artists associations such as Föreningen Original-Träsnitt, Föreningen Svenska Konstnärinnor, Svenska Konstnärernas Förening, and Grafiska Sällskapet, for which she served on the board from 1933-1965. She was also an active member of Sällskapet Nya Idun serving as the society’s archivist, on its art committee, and as the author of humorous songs and sketches.\n\nAnnie Bergman willed some of her wealth to Grafiska Sällskapet,  who today award the Annie Bergman stipend to graphic artists who work in wood. Following Annie Bergman’s death 85 of her drawings and sketches, along with around one hundred of her printed cards, were donated to the National Library of Sweden, which now houses a special Annie Bergman collection.\n\nAnnie Bergman was active until late on in her life. She died in 1987, aged 97. She is buried in Solna Cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AnnieBergman",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Camilla",
          "lastname": "Bergvall"
        }
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      "awards": [
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
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          "description": "Organistexamen",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1921-05-12"
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          "description": "Lärare",
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          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
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          "name": "Teosofiska Samfundet",
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            "date": "1921"
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            "date": "1869-03-17"
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            "date": "1883-12-20"
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          "firstname": "Axel Theodor",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1840-03-15"
          },
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            "comment": "1931-08-07",
            "date": "1931-08-07"
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            "date": "1896-09-20"
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          "firstname": "Siri Axelina Fredrika",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1847-07-02"
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            "date": "1939-12-14"
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          "firstname": "Alfhilda Theodora Mathilda",
          "lastname": "Bergman, gift von Bahr",
          "type": "Syster",
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          "description": "'Ellen Bergman 70 år', *Dagny*, 1912:2, s. 13-14 (Hämtad 2021-02-19)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/55773"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svanström, Yvonne, 'Ellen Bergman och svenska Federationen: kvinnoemancipation och sedlighet i Sverige 1880-1900', *Sedligt, renligt, lagligt : prostitution i Norden 1880-1940*, S. 71-105, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "'Ellen Bergman', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-02-19)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Bergman_(s%C3%A5ngpedagog)"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ellen Bergman. Kvinnofronten (Hämtad 2021-02-19)",
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        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Musiker, lärare, kvinnosakskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Musician, teacher, proponent of women's issues",
      "text": "Ellen Bergman var musiker, sångpedagog och kvinnosakskvinna.\n\nEllen Bergman föddes i Strängnäs 1842. Föräldrarna var Mathilda Bergman, född Scholander och Axel Theodor Bergman som var kyrkoherde. I familjen fanns sex döttrar som växte upp i ett kulturellt och intellektuellt välbärgat prästhem. De fick därför gedigen hemundervisning av föräldrarna. Det sägs att Ellen Bergman var ostyrig och vild som barn, att hon inte ville anpassa sig till dåtida normer om hur flickor skulle bete sig.\n\nMusiken var en viktig och stor del av familjens liv. Till en början spelade Ellen Bergman cello men med tiden kom hon huvudsakligen att ägna sig åt sång. Hon studerade cello, orgel, harmonilära och solosång vid musikkonservatoriet i Stockholm 1864–1869 och avlade organistexamen 1867 samt examen vid Kungliga Musikaliska Akademin 1870. Redan under pågående utbildning började Ellen Bergman undervisa i sång, både på institutioner och som privatlärare. Bland hennes sångelever finns namn som Sven och Lisa Scholander, Selma Ek, Valborg Svärdström och Dagmar Möller. I flera av sina uppdrag avstod hon sin lön för att skapa stipendiefonder åt mindre bemedlade elever.\n\nUnder första hälften av 1880-talet var Ellen Bergman medlem i den svenska avdelningen av The International Abolitionist Federation, en internationell organisation som kämpade mot prostitutionens reglering. Framförallt kristna kvinnor ur medelklassen engagerade sig i frågan. År 1878 bildades organisationen i Stockholm och samma år började den ge ut tidskriften *Sedlighets-vännen: den Allmänna abolitionist-federationens organ för Sverige* som kom att bli dess huvudorgan. Ellen Bergman var en aktiv skribent och debattör under de tidiga åren men lämnade organisationen 1885. Hon var vid den här tiden för radikal för rörelsen och argumenterade mot både prostitution och äktenskap. August Strindberg kallade i ett brev Ellen Bergman för ”den djefla maran” med anledning av hennes feministiska åsikter. Hon skrev till exempel att inom äktenskapet hade kvinnan alla skyldigheter och mannen alla rättigheter. Hon ansåg att kvinnor hade viktigare uppgifter i livet än äktenskap och moderskap. Själv gifte hon sig aldrig.\n\nUnder 1890-talet engagerade hon sig istället i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet och i Teosofiska samfundets svenska avdelning och hon gav populära föreläsningar i religionsfilosofi och teosofi. Ellen Bergman donerade större summor till båda dessa föreningar. När Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) skulle arrangera en internationell kongress bidrog hon med ekonomiskt stöd. Hon påstås ha varit arbetsam och levt sparsamt med enkla levnadsvanor för att kunna använda pengarna till samhällelig nytta.\n\nÅr 1900–1906 undervisade Ellen Bergman i solo- och körsång vid Isis Conservatory of Music i Point Loma i USA. Hon var också biträdande föreståndare och särskilt uppskattad för sin undervisningsmetod.\n\nEllen Bergman invaldes som ledamot nr 455 av Kungliga Musikaliska Akademien den 28 september 1876 och belönades med Illis quorum 1899. Hon avled den 5 december 1921, en månad innan hon skulle fylla 80 år. Hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Ellen Bergman was a musician, a singing instructor, and active within the women’s movement. \n\nEllen Bergman was born in Strängnäs in 1842. Her parents were Mathilda Bergman, née Scholander, and Axel Theodor Bergman, a pastor. The family comprised six daughters who were raised in the culturally and intellectually rich environment of a clerical home. The girls were thoroughly home-schooled by their parents. It was said that Ellen Bergman was an unruly and wild child who did not want to conform to the contemporary norms deemed appropriate to girls.\n\nMusic played an important and large part in the Bergman family life. Initially Ellen Bergman played the cello but as time passed she primarily focused on singing. From 1864–1869 she attended the Stockholm music conservatory where she studied the cello, the organ, how to harmonise and solo singing and gained her Master of Arts in Church Music in 1867. In 1870 she gained her qualification from the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. Ellen Bergman already began to give singing lessons, both within institutions and in private, during her student years. Her clients included Sven and Lisa Scholander, Selma Ek, Valborg Svärdström, and Dagmar Möller. She frequently refused her pay in order to form funds to award stipends to students of lesser means.\n\nDuring the first half of the 1880s Ellen Bergman was a member of the Swedish section of The International Abolitionist Federation, an organisation which campaigned against the regulation of prostitution. This was a subject which largely exercised middle-class Christian women. The Swedish division was set up in Stockholm in 1878 and that year it began to publish a magazine called *Sedlighets-vännen: den Allmänna abolitionist-federationens organ för Sverige* which became its primary organ. Ellen Bergman frequently supplied contributions to the publication and engaged in debate during the early years but then left the organisation in 1885. At that point she had become too radical for the movement as she was campaigning not just against prostitution but also against marriage. August Strindberg once, in a letter, referred to Ellen Bergman as “den djefla maran” (that damn fiend) with regard to her feminist views. She herself wrote, for example, that women bore all the obligations within marriage whilst men retained all the rights. She believed that women had more important roles to play in life that just to get married and have children. She herself never did marry.\n\nDuring the 1890s Ellen Bergman became an active member of Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet and in the Swedish section of the Theosophical Society, giving several popular lectures on religious philosophy and theosophy. Ellen Bergman donated larger sums of money to both of these organisations and she also supplied financial support to Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR, national association for women’s suffrage) for their international congress. She is said to have been a hard worker and to have lived a simple Spartan lifestyle so that more of her money could be used for the benefit of the needy.\n\nDuring the 1900–1906 period Ellen Bergman taught both solo singing and choir song classes at Isis Conservatory of Music at Point Loma, USA. Her teaching methods were very popular with the students. She also served as the school’s deputy director.\n\nEllen Bergman was elected as member number 455 of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music on 28 September 1876 and in 1899 she was awarded the Illis quorum medal. She died on 5 December 1921 just a month before what would have been her 80th birthday. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern cemetery) in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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          "lastname": "Ek",
          "type": "Kollega",
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            "date": "2007"
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          "type": "Ideell organisation",
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
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        },
        {
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            "date": "1940"
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              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1944",
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "56.046467",
              "lon": "12.6945121"
            },
            "place": "Helsingborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "59.402181",
              "lon": "13.511498"
            },
            "place": "Karlstad"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
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        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.858564,
              "lon": 17.638927
            },
            "place": "Uppsala"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
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        },
        {
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            "date": "1965"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.70887",
              "lon": "11.97456"
            },
            "place": "Göteborg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2007",
            "date": "2007"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898-12-21",
            "date": "1898-12-21"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991",
            "date": "1991"
          },
          "firstname": "Inger Aina Berta Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Hollender, född Lindman, omgift Lundström",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894",
            "date": "1894"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1975-08-08",
            "date": "1975-08-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar Yngve",
          "lastname": "Hollender",
          "occupation": "Direktör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas Enar Alard",
          "lastname": "Lundström",
          "type": "Adoptivfar",
          "type_eng": "Adoptive father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-12-26",
            "date": "1920-12-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Rustan Yngve Gunnarsson",
          "lastname": "Hollender",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-07-22",
            "date": "1918-07-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002-01-11",
            "date": "2002-01-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Christer",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "lastname": "Strömholm",
          "occupation": "Fotograf",
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            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
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          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918-07-14",
            "date": "1918-07-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2007-07-30",
            "date": "2007-07-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Ernst Ingmar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Regissör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1945",
            "date": "1945"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Eva",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Regissör",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1946-09-07",
            "date": "1946-09-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000-03-08",
            "date": "2000-03-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Jan",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Lokförare, regissör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Mats",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Skådespelare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Skådespelerska",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Enqvist, Victoria, 'Victoria Enquist, V. (2006). ’Sista julen - sedan vill Ellen få dö’, *Expressen*, 2006-12-27 (Hämtad 2017-11-29)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/sista-julen---sedan-vill-ellen-fa-do/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kellberg, Christina, 'Modig och egensinnig hela livet' [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 2002-05-26",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.dn.se/nyheter/modig-och-egensinnig-hela-livet/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ellen Bergman. Ingmar Bergman (Hämtad 2017-11-29)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://ingmarbergman.se/medarbetare/ellen-bergman"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0059.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Scenografier. Göteborgs stadsmuseum (hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://62.88.129.39/carlotta/web/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Koreograf, regissör, danspedagog",
      "subtitle_eng": "Choreographer, director, dance pedagogue",
      "text": "Ellen Bergman var en expansiv och innovativ koreograf och regissör.\n\nEllen Bergman var dotter till direktör Gunnar Hollender och hans hustru Inger, född Lindman. I samband med moderns andra äktenskap erhöll hon efternamnet Lundström. Hon gifte sig 1944 med fotografen Christer Strömholm. Äktenskapet blev emellertid kortvarigt. År 1947 gifte hon om sig med regissören Ingmar Bergman med vilken hon redan hade dottern Eva. De fick ytterligare tre barn, Jan och tvillingarna Anna och Mats. Den formella skilsmässan från Ingmar Bergman ägde rum 1952.\n\nEllen Bergman växte upp i ett strikt borgerligt hem i Värmland. Hennes dröm var att bli regissör men på moderns inrådan studerade hon dans och koreografi vid Mary Wigman Schule i Dresden 1937–1939 för att bli danspedagog. Därefter arbetade hon vid Studioscenen i Stockholm. År 1944 fick hon anställning som koreograf vid Helsingborgs stadsteater, där Ingmar Bergman var chef och regissör. De inledde ett kreativt samarbete och tillsammans gjorde de flera uppmärksammade uppsättningar som exempelvis av [](Elsa Collin)s och [](Brita von Horn)s *Aschebergskan på Widtskövle*, Carl Erik Soyas *Fan ger ett anbud* och Hjalmar Bergmans *Sagan*. Utöver sitt arbete som koreograf regisserade och skådespelade Ellen Bergman under denna period i ett flertal pjäser på teatern.\n\nÅr 1946, då Ingmar Bergman blev chef för Göteborgs stadsteater, flyttade familjen till Göteborg. Premiärföreställningen av Albert Camus *Caligula* var tillika världspremiär och uppsättningen blev mycket lovordad. Den var inte bara en seger för Ingmar Bergman som teaterregissör. Anders Ek, som spelade titelrollen, fick också ett storartat genombrott som skådespelare. Ellen Bergman nämns sällan i detta teaterhistoriska sammanhang, men makarnas samarbete var tätt. De gjorde även en mycket lovordad uppsättning av Jean Anouilhs *Tjuvarnas bal*.\n\nÅr 1955 utsågs Ellen Bergman till chef för Karlstads teater. Mellan 1957 och 1959 arbetade hon som regissör och koreograf vid Uppsala stadsteater. Därefter drev hon friluftsteatern Slottsskogsteatern 1961–1962 och Atelierteatern 1965–1969. Atelierteatern, som hade bildats 1951, var en scen för experimentell teater och under Ellen Bergmans ledning fick flera av samtidens nya europeiska dramer sin Sverigepremiär där. Teatern blev också en språngbräda för många unga skådespelare. På båda dessa teatrar, och på Folkets Hus Teater, satte hon upp barnteaterpjäser, som hon själv författat.\n\nÅr 1974 skapade hon Göteborgs kammarteater på herrgården Stora Holm på Hisingen, där hon också bodde. Här kombinerade hon mat- och avancerade teaterupplevelser på ett för den tiden unikt sätt. Verksamheten lades ner 1986.\n\nEllen Bergman var hela sitt liv mycket engagerad i barnkultur. Åren 1950–1951 publicerades den numera berömde serietecknaren Rune Andréassons serie ”Tant Ellens dansskola” i *Göteborgs-Postens* lördagsbilaga. Det var ett samarbete som utgick från Ellen Bergmans verksamhet som danspedagog och koreograf. Hon verkade också för en förnyelse av barnteatern och arbetade med teaterverksamhet för funktionsnedsatta, bland annat med barnpatienter på Sahlgrenska sjukhusets psykiatriska avdelning. År 1996 startade hon Teater med stol, en teatergrupp där alla skådespelarna var rullstolsburna.\n\nPå 2000-talet var Ellen Bergman en av dem som aktivt arbetade för rätten till dödshjälp. Tillsammans med sitt barnbarn, fotografen Lina Ikse Bergman, gjorde hon 2006 boken *Tre frågor* där hon ställde frågor om åldrandet och döden till 48 personer. År 1982 erhöll hon Göteborgs Stads förtjänsttecken för sin gärning.\n\nEllen Bergman dog i Stockholm 2007. Hon är begravd på Örgryte gamla kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Ellen Bergman was an expansive and innovative choreographer and director. \n\nEllen Bergman was the daughter of director Gunnar Hollender and his wife Inger (née Lindman). Following her mother’s second marriage Ellen Bergman took the surname of Lundström. In 1944 Ellen Bergman married Christer Strömholm, a photographer, but their marriage was short-lived. Ellen Bergman got married for a second time, in 1947, to the director Ingmar Bergman, with whom she had already had a daughter called Eva. They went on to have another three children: Jan and the twins Anna and Mats. In 1952 Ellen Bergman formally divorced Ingmar Bergman. \n\nEllen Bergman had grown up in a strictly bourgeois home in Värmland. She dreamt of becoming a director but following her mother’s advice she studied dance and choreography at the Mary Wigman-Schule in Dresden from 1937–1939, intending to become a dance teacher. She then worked at Studioscenen in Stockholm. In 1944 she became employed as choreographer for Helsingborgs stadsteater (city theatre), of which Ingmar Bergman was the head and director. They began a creative collaboration and put on several notable productions such as [](Elsa Collin)’s and [](Brita von Horn)’s *Aschebergskan på Widtskövle*, Carl Erik Soya’s *Fan ger ett anbud*, and Hjalmar Bergman’s *Sagan*. In addition to her choreographic work Ellen Bergman also directed and acted in several plays at that theatre. \n\nIn 1946, when Ingmar Bergman became the head of Göteborgs stadsteater, the whole family moved to Gothenburg. The premiere of Albert Camus’ *Caligula* was also a global premiere and the production earned a lot of praise. This was not just a victory for Ingmar Bergman as a theatre director. Anders Ek, who performed the title role, also made a major public breakthrough with his performance. Ellen Bergman’s name rarely appears in this context although the husband and wife team collaborated closely on the production. They also put on a highly praised production of Jean Anouilh’s *Tjuvarnas bal*. \n\nIn 1955 Ellen Bergman was appointed head of the Karlstad theatre. From 1957–1959 she then served as the director and choreographer for Uppsala stadsteater. Her subsequent engagements included running the Slottsskogen outdoor theatre from 1961–1962 and Atelierteatern from 1965–1969. Atelierteatern, which had been established in 1951, provided a stage for experimental theatre at which several of the contemporary new European plays had their Swedish premieres during Ellen Bergman’s time in charge. This theatre also served as a springboard for many young actors. Ellen Bergman staged children’s plays which she had written herself at both of these theatres as well as at the Folkets Hus theatre. \n\nIn 1974 she set up the Gothenburg chamber theatre at the Stora Holm manor on Hisingen where she lived. In what was then a unique enterprise she combined food- and advanced theatrical-experiences. This enterprise ended in 1986. \n\nEllen Bergman was heavily involved in children’s culture throughout her life. From 1950–1951 the now-famous cartoonist Rune Andréasson’s serial “Tant Ellens dansskola” appeared in the *Göteborgs-Posten* Saturday supplement. This collaboration between the two of them was based on Ellen Bergman’s work as a dance teacher and choreographer. Ellen Bergman also contributed to reinvigorating children’s theatre and worked with the theatre for functionally-challenged children, including with child patients in the psychiatric department of the Sahlgrenska hospital. In 1996 she set up Teater med stol, which was a theatre group in which all the actors were wheelchair-bound. \n\nDuring the 2000s Ellen Bergman became actively engaged in promoting euthanasia. She and her grandchild, the photographer Lina Iksa Bergman, co-produced a book called *Tre frågor* in 2006. In this book Ellen Bergman questioned 48 people on issues concerning aging and death. In 1982 she was awarded Gothenburg city’s merit badge in recognition of her efforts. \n\nEllen Bergman died in Stockholm in 2007. She is buried at the old Örgryte cemetery.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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      "url": "EllenBergman",
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    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Gunnel",
          "lastname": "Furuland"
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      ],
      "civil_status": "Änka",
      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Irma",
          "lastname": "S:t Cyr Jonsson, makens systerdotter",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
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          "firstname": "Ragnhild",
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      ],
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        {
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        {
          "description": "Av Stina Bergman",
          "description_eng": "By Stina Bergman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%C3%B6rf%3A%28Bergman%2C+Stina%29&r=;pers:(Bergman+Stina+1888+1976)&p=1&f=ext&g=&s=r&t=v&m=10&d=libris"
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        {
          "description": "Om Stina Bergman",
          "description_eng": "About Stina Bergman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(Stina+Bergman)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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      "lastmodified": "2021-05-25T10:48:46",
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      "lifespan": {
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            "comment": "1888-04-29",
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            "parish": "Adolf Fredriks församling",
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            "date": "1866-03-17"
          },
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            "date": "1943-12-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Augusta Vilhelmina",
          "lastname": "Lindberg, född Blomstedt",
          "occupation": "Skådespelare",
          "type": "Mor",
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        {
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          "lastname": "Lindberg",
          "occupation": "Regissör, teaterledare, filmskapare",
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          "type_eng": "Brother"
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            "comment": "1931-01-01",
            "date": "1931-01-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Hjalmar",
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            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergman",
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "type": "Make",
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        }
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Lindén, Astrid & Thor, Clas, *Författarna och staden: Örebro - 750 år i litteraturen*, Thor media, Örebro, 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sundstedt, Kjell & Forsman, Johanna, 'Stina Bergman, i skuggan av Hjalmar', *Nordic Women in Film*, (Hämtad 2019-09-10)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.nordicwomeninfilm.com/stina-bergman-i-skuggan-av-hjalmar/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare, dramatiker",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author, playwright",
      "text": "Stina Bergman var en svensk författare och dramatiker. \n\nStina Bergmans bägge föräldrar verkade inom teatervärlden. Fadern August Lindberg var skådespelare och teaterledare. Hans paradroll blev Hamlet. Lindberg ledde 1882–1897 ett ambulerande teatersällskap och var en period teaterchef i Göteborg. Hans skådespelarbana fortsatte därefter med uppläsningsturnéer. I början av 1900-talet regisserade han på Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern (Dramaten). Han kom att introducera Henrik Ibsen för den svenska publiken. Makan Augusta, född Blomstedt, var även hon skådespelare vid makens teatersällskap och på Dramaten.\n\nStina Bergman var således uppfödd vid sidan av teatertiljan. När faderns sällskap gästade Örebro kom de i kontakt med Hjalmar Bergmans far Claes, bankdirektören, som även var försäkringsagent. Detta kom väl till pass då Örebro Teater brann 1882. Långt senare fick Hjalmar Bergmans mor Fredrique infallet att låta sin trulige son, som studerade filosofi i Uppsala, att börja umgås i den livfulla teaterfamiljen Lindberg. Då var Stina Bergman en ung flicka i tonåren. Hjalmar Bergman började skriva brev till henne där han tydligt markerade att han krävde lydnad och underkastelse. Men breven skrämde inte, utan innehöll en magi som fångade henne. År 1908 gifte sig Hjalmar Bergman och Stina Bergman. Vid deras förlovning fick Stina en kedja med tre berlocker som skulle tydas ”SB tillhör HjB”.\n\nRedan i början av äktenskapet visade sig Hjalmar Bergmans drag av tyrannisk kontrollerande svartsjuka. I mitten av 1910-talet började hans homosexualitet bli tydlig och de sista decennierna av livet sökte han sig till unga män. Under 1920-talet var äktenskapet i svår kris. Hur kunde Stina Bergman stå ut? På något märkligt sätt blev hon besatt av den fantasirike författaren. Deras intima liv kunde stundtals vara en lek och hon hade en förmåga att lugna hans nerver.\n\nParet fick inga barn, men Hjalmar Bergmans syster Elna hade en dotter, Irma S:t Cyr, född 1902, som tidvis bodde hos Bergmans och följde med dem på deras utlandsresor. Irma blev senare författare inom det barnlitterära fältet. Men en berättelse för vuxna ter sig som en nyckelroman i fråga om systerdotterns erfarenheter av den egocentriske författaren Hjalmar Bergman. *Jag behöver dig* från 1942 är en skoningslös skildring av ett äktenskap präglat av svartsjuka och kvinnlig uppoffring.\n\nStina Bergman hade tidigt börjat arbeta med manusbearbetning som sin makes sekreterare. Redan 1913 köpte hon ett häfte om hur man skriver filmmanus. När Hjalmar Bergman blev faderlös 1915 måste han skaffa sig försörjning själv. Samtidigt nådde Victor Sjöström stora framgångar. Den svenska filmen behövde nya berättelser och det attraherade Hjalmar Bergman. Tillsammans skrev paret Bergman 40 filmmanus i slutet av 1910-talet, främst för inkomsternas skull.\n\nStina Bergman var trots det krävande livet tillsammans med Hjalmar Bergman, som hon hjälpte med renskrivning och bearbetningar, också i egen person skapande med ett antal skönlitterära verk publicerade, främst för barn. Sagosamlingen *Stygga barn och snälla* från 1927 och pjäsen *Unga kvinnor* (efter Alcotts roman) från 1934 är exempel på detta. Därtill ägnade ho sig åt översättningar och 1931 utkom *Paris mysterier* av Eugène Sue i hennes språkdräkt.\n\nMen det var framför allt inom dramatiken och filmen som Stina Bergman skulle göra sin huvudsakliga insats. Hon skrev ett antal filmmanus 1935–1940 där alla är värda är nämnas: *Swedenhielms*, *En kvinnas ansikte*, *Dollar*, *Gubben kommer*, *Gläd dig i din ungdom* och *Hans nåds testamente*. Stina Bergman uppnådde efter sin krävande makes frånfälle 1931 en central position i framväxten av den moderna svenska filmen.\n\nStina Bergmans första filmmanus efter makens död och hennes efterföljande kollaps, blev *Swedenhielms* 1935. Regissören Gustaf Molander var medförfattare. Denna pjäs skrev Hjalmar Bergman 1925 och uppsättningen hade turnerat utomlands med Stina Bergman som regissör. En stor framgång fick hon med manuset till *En kvinnas ansikte*, 1938 (tillsammans med Gösta Stevens och Ragnhild Prim). När Stina Bergman blev chef på Svensk Filmindustris manusavdelning 1940 påverkade det pågående världskriget tillgången på utländsk film, vilket innebar att den inhemska behövdes desto mer. Tunga teman togs upp och Stina Bergman förde in god litteratur i manusutbudet – detta till skillnad mot 1930-talets lättare komedier.\n\nStina Bergman var chef för Svensk Filmindustris manusavdelning 1940–1947. Hon gav 1942 ut ett litet häfte med *Några ord om hur man skriver en film*. Den märkliga situationen inträffade att Ingmar Bergman i slutet av 1940-talet gjorde debut som dramatiker på Svensk Filmindustri hos Stina Bergman. Hon lät honom provjobba som ”manustvättare”. Författarna som Stina Bergman engagerade hade regelbundna arbetstider och arbetade fram manus som byggde på romaner och noveller. Ingmar Bergman har vittnat om att Stina Bergmans skola varit honom till nytta i det framtida filmarbetet.\n\nSymptomatiskt är att det enda manus som Stina Bergman skrev helt på egen hand var *Hans nåds testamente*, 1940. Det blev en nyinspelning av en stumfilm som Hjalmar Bergman och Victor Sjöström kreerade 1919. Stina Bergmans bearbetning blev en stor succé, vilket bevisar att hennes begåvning för filmmediet var självständig och hade verkshöjd.\n\nSå sent som 1962 regisserade Stina Bergman *Patrasket* på Stockholms stadsteater – en pjäs som Hjalmar Bergman skrivit 1928. Hon fortsatte att förmedla och tolka sin komplicerade makes skapelser – in i det sista. Efter att Stina Bergman avled 1976, 45 år efter sin make, sammanfördes de i samma urna och fördes till Norra kyrkogården i Örebro.",
      "text_eng": "Stina Bergman, née Lindberg, was a Swedish author and dramatist. \n\nBoth Stina Bergman’s parents were active in the theatre world. Her father August Lindberg was an actor and theatre leader. His most famous role was as Hamlet. Lindberg led a travelling theatre company between 1882–1897 and was for a time theatre director in Gothenburg. His acting career continued with reading tours. At the beginning of the 1900s, he directed drama at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm (Dramaten). It was he who introduced Henrik Ibsen to Swedish audiences. His wife Augusta, née Blomstedt, was an actress in her husband’s theatre company and at Dramaten.  \n\nStina Bergman was thus born practically on the stage. When her father’s company visited Örebro, they came in contact with Hjalmar Bergman’s father Claes, a bank director, who was also an insurance agent. This came in very handy since the Örebro Theatre was burnt down in 1882. A long time later, the fancy crossed Hjalmar Bergman’s mother Fredrique’s mind, of letting her sulky son, then a philosophy student at Uppsala, start socialising with the lively Lindberg theatre family. At that time Stina Bergman was a young girl in her teens. Hjalmar Bergman started to write letters to her in which he emphasised explicitly that he demanded obedience and submission from her. However, his letters did not frighten her but held a magic that captured her. In 1908, Hjalmar Bergman and Stina Bergman were married. Upon their engagement, Stina received a chain with three charms that were to be deciphered as ”SB belongs to HjB”.  \n\nRight from the beginning of their marriage, Hjalmar Bergman’s streak of tyrannically controlling jealousy was evident. Some time after 1910, his homosexuality began to be obvious and during the last decades of his life he turned to young men. During the 1920s, the marriage went through a deep crisis. How did Stina Bergman cope? In some strange way, she became obsessed by the imaginative author. Their intimate life could sometimes be a game and she had the ability to calm his nerves.  \n\nThe couple did not have any children but Hjalmar Bergman’s sister Elna had a daughter, Irma S:t Cyr, born in 1902, who at times lived with the Bergmans and accompanied them on their travels abroad. Irma later became an author of children’s literature. However, her key novel seems to have been a story for adults, recounting the niece’s experiences of her egocentric uncle Hjalmar Bergman. *Jag behöver dig* from 1942 is a merciless depiction of a marriage characterised by jealousy and feminine sacrifice.  \n\nStina Bergman had early on started to work on the preparation of her husband’s manuscripts as his secretary. As early as 1913, she bought a booklet on how to write a film script. When Hjalmar Bergman’s father died in 1915, he had to start earning his own living. During the same period, Victor Sjöström was harvesting great successes. Swedish film needed new stories and that attracted Hjalmar Bergman. The Bergman couple wrote 40 film scripts together at the end of the 1910s, mainly for the income.  \n\nDespite her demanding life with Hjalmar Bergman, whom she helped with editing and manuscript preparation, Stina Bergman was also in her own right a creative person who had a number of fictional works published, mainly for children. Her collection of stories *Stygga barn och snälla*, from 1927 and the play *Young Women* from 1934, after Alcott’s novel, are examples of this. In addition, she devoted herself to translation and in 1931 *The Mysteries of Paris* by Eugène Sue appeared clad in her linguistic style.  \n\nHowever, it was as a dramatist and film writer that Stina Bergman was to make her chief contribution. She wrote a number of film scripts between 1935–1940 of which all deserve to be named: *Swedenhielms*, *A Woman’s Face*, *Dollar*, *Gubben kommer*, *Gläd dig i din ungdom* and *His Grace's Will*. After her demanding husband’s death in 1931, Stina Bergman achieved a central position in the emergence of modern Swedish film.  \n\nHer first film script after her husband’s death and her consequent collapse was *Swedenhielms* in 1935. The Director Gustaf Molander was her co-author. The play had been written by Hjalmar Bergman in 1925 and the production had toured abroad with Stina Bergman as the director. She received much acclaim for the film script to *A Woman’s Face*, in 1938 (with Gösta Stevens and Ragnhild Prim). When Stina Bergman became the Director of Swedish Film’s script section in 1940, the ongoing world war affected Sweden’s access to foreign film, which meant that Swedish film was needed even more. Serious subjects were taken up and Stina Bergman introduced good literature into the range of film scripts – in contrast to the light comedies of the 1930s.  \n\nStina Bergman was the director of the Swedish Film Industry’s script section in 1940–1947. She published a small booklet in 1942 with *Några ord om hur man skriver en film*. Strangely enough, Ingmar Bergman made his debut as a dramatist at the end of the 1940s, at Swedish Film Industry’s script section, under Stina Bergman. She let him work on trial as a ”script washer”. Authors engaged by Stina Bergman had regular working hours, producing scripts based on novels and short stories. Ingmar Bergman has witnessed that Stina Bergman’s schooling was useful to him in his future film work.  \n\nSymptomatically, the only script that Stina Bergman wrote completely on her own was *His Grace's Will*, in 1940. It was a new screen adaptation of a silent film created by Hjalmar Bergman and Victor Sjöström in 1919. Stina Bergman’s adaptation was a great success, which shows that her gift for film as a medium was independent and high-standing.  \n\nStina Bergman directed *Patrasket* at the Stockholm City Theatre as late as in 1962 – a play that Hjalmar Bergman had written in 1928. She continued to communicate and interpret her difficult husband’s creations right up to the last. After Stina Bergman’s death in 1976, 45 years after her husband died, they were united in the same urn and transported to Norra kyrkogården (the Northern Cemetery) in Örebro.",
      "translator": {
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            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
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          "firstname": "Ebba Ulrika",
          "lastname": "Hagberg, född Westerberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1886",
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            "comment": "1976",
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        {
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            "date": "1942"
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          "lastname": "Grut",
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        {
          "description": "Bergman, Ingmar, *Laterna magica*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1987",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Donner, Jörn, 'Männen från Veletovo' [recension]], *Bonniers Litterära Magasin*, 1963:4, S. 324, 1963",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Jandrić, Ljubo, *Sa Ivom Andrićem: 1968-1975*, Beograd, 1977",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Lundkvist, Artur, 'Gun Bergman död', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1971-07-04",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Nešković, Jasmina, *Prevodilačka sveska: Ivo Andrić*, Novi Sad, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjöman, Vilgot, *Mitt personregister. Urval 98, "-in i filmateljén"*, Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 1998",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Steene, Birgitta, *Ingmar Bergman: a reference guide*, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam, 2005",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Timm, Mikael, *Lusten och dämonerna: boken om Bergman*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Franzén, Lars-Olof, '"Jag är en ren lustöversättare" [Intervju]', *Dagens Nyheter*, 1971-04-25",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Artikelförfattarens samtal med Örjan Sturesjö",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Stiftelsen Ingmar Bergman, Ingmar Bergmans arkiv, Brev, K186:1–2",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.ingmarbergman.se/stiftelsen"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kungliga bibliotekets brevskrivarregister (Tillgängligt på KB)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.kb.se/samlingarna/Databaser/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Översättare, språkforskare, journalist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Translator, language scholar, journalist",
      "text": "Gun Bergman var journalist och översättare från sydslaviska språk, ryska och franska.\n\nGun Bergman föddes i Linköping 1916 som dotter till källarmästaren Robert Hagberg och hans hustru Ebba Hagberg. Efter studentexamen i hemstaden kom Gun Bergman till Stockholm, där hon bland annat arbetade som dansös på privatteatrar, samt på AB Tipstjänst och Albert Bonniers Förlag. Senare var hon verksam som journalist och danspedagog, bland annat bevakade hon mode för *Expressen*.\n\nGun Bergman var gift två gånger. Det första äktenskapet med ingenjör Hugo Grut slutade med en uppslitande skilsmässa. Kort därefter gifte hon om sig med regissören Ingmar Bergman och äktenskapet varade under åren 1951–1959. I sin självbiografiska bok *Laterna magica* menar Ingmar Bergman att Gun Bergman stått som förebild för flera starka kvinnor i hans filmer. Hennes samtida vittnar om en karismatisk kvinna med ett ljust sinne. I sitt första äktenskap fick hon två söner, och med sin andra make ytterligare en son.\n\nFörst under 1950-talet började Gun Bergman forska och undervisa. Samtidigt inleddes hennes översättarverksamhet. År 1964 disputerade hon i slaviska språk vid Uppsala universitet på en utgåva av ett ryskt manuskript. Efter flera resestipendier till Sovjetunionen och Jugoslavien blev hon också god kännare av dessa länder, något som märks i hennes initierade guidebok om Jugoslavien, utgiven våren 1971. Gun Bergman fungerade ofta som en osynlig kulturförmedlare och anlitades emellanåt av bland andra Sveriges Radio för att bedöma jugoslaviska pjäser som kunde vara intressanta att producera. Hon översatte också flera ryska pjäser för Radioteatern.\n\nSina främsta professionella insatser gjorde Gun Bergman som översättare från serbokroatiska. Hon översatte flera verk av jugoslaven Ivo Andrić, Nobelpristagare i litteratur 1961, däribland *Bron över Drina*, 1960, och *Konsulerna*, 1961. Att ta sig an Andrićs historiska romaner var ett krävande arbete, som ställde höga krav på textanalytisk förmåga och kunskaper i ett arkaiskt och dialektalt ordförråd. Andrić själv menade att Gun Bergmans översättningar bidrog till att han tilldelades Nobelpriset. Bedriften är desto större när man beaktar att Gun Bergman sällan kände sig bekväm med att använda serbokroatiska i sina brev till Andrić: breven är nästan uteslutande skrivna på franska.\n År 1962 belönades Gun Bergman med Svenska Akademiens översättarpris.\n\nDe sista åren av sitt liv var Gun Bergman involverad i dikttolkningar av sydslaviska respektive franskspråkiga afrikanska poeter, varav två utkom postumt: *Elegier* av senegalesen Léopold Sédar Senghor 1969, *Livet jag ville göra till dikt* av bulgariskan Elisaveta Bagrjana 1970, *Den ena benknotan till den andra* av den serbiskspråkige poeten Vasko Popa 1972, och *De underbara vapnen* av den franskspråkige Aimé Césaire från Martinique 1975. Tre av dessa samlingar tolkades i samarbete med Artur Lundkvist och Bagrjanas verk tillsammans med Carin Davidsson.\n\nGun Bergman omkom i en trafikolycka i Jugoslavien 1971. Hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Gun Bergman was a journalist and a translator of South Slavic, Russian, and French literature.\n\nGun Bergman was born in Linköping in 1916. She was the daughter of Robert Hagberg, a restaurateur, and his wife Ebba Hagberg. Once she gained her school-leaving certificate in her hometown, Gun Bergman moved to Stockholm where she worked partly as a dancer for private theatres, and partly for AB Tipstjänst and Albert Bonnier publishing house. She later worked as a journalist and a dance teacher, including covering fashion for *Expressen*.\n\nGun Bergman married twice. Her first marriage was to Hugo Grut, an engineer, and it ended in a grueling divorce. Shortly afterwards she remarried, this time to the famous film director Ingmar Bergman and their marriage lasted from 1951 to 1959. Ingmar Bergman wrote in his autobiographical book *Laterna magica* that Gun Bergman had been the role model for many of the strong women portrayed in his films. Her contemporaries spoke of her as a charismatic cheerful woman. Gun Bergman had two sons in her first marriage, and a third son in her second marriage.\n\nGun Bergman began to research and teach during the 1950s. This was also when she began to translate. In 1964 she defended her thesis in Slavic languages at Uppsala university. It was based on an edition of a Russian manuscript. Having made use of several travel stipends to go to the Soviet Union and to Yugoslavia, she became very knowledgeable about those countries, as displayed in the well-informed guidebook on Yugoslavia she published in the spring of 1971. Gun Bergman often functioned like an invisible cultural mediator and was sometimes employed by the likes of Sveriges Radio, for example, to critique Yugoslavian plays which could prove worth producing. She also translated several Russian plays for the Radioteater.\n\nGun Bergman’s major professional efforts consisted in translating from Serbo-Croatian. She translated several works by the Yugoslav Ivo Andrić, who was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1961, including *Bron över Drina*, from 1960, and *Konsulerna*, from 1961. Taking on Andrić’s historical novels was demanding work, requiring skills in textual analysis as well as knowledge of an archaic and dialectical vocabulary. Andrić himself believed that Gun Bergman’s translations helped in the decision to award him the Nobel prize. The task appears even greater when it is considered that Gun Bergman rarely felt comfortable writing in Serbo-Croatian when corresponding with Andrić, and so she almost only wrote to him in French. In 1962 Gun Bergman received the Swedish Academy’s prize for translation.\n\nGun Bergman spent the latter part of her life translating poetry by South Slav and French-language African poets, two of which were posthumously published: *Elegier*, by the Senegalese Léopold Sédar Senghor, in 1969, and *Livet jag ville göra till dikt*, by the Bulgarian Elisaveta Bagrjana, in 1970, *Den ena benknotan till den andra*, by the Serbian-language poet Vasko Popa, in 1972, and *De underbara vapnen*, by the French-speaking Aimé Césaire from Martinique, in 1975. Three of these collections were interpreted in collaboration with Artur Lundkvist, and Bagrjana’s work was undertaken with Carin Davidsson.\n\nGun Bergman died as a result of a motorcycle accident in Yugoslavia in 1971. She is buried at the Norra cemetery in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "GunBergman",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Uppsala|59.858564|17.638927",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Linköping|58.410807|15.621373"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "91255585"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Tytti",
          "lastname": "Soila"
        }
      ],
      "awards": [
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1941, 1944"
          },
          "description": "National Board of Review (NBR) Award för bästa skådespelarprestation",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "description": "New York Film Critics Circle (NYFCC) Award för bästa skådespelerska, Andra pris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1945, 1957"
          },
          "description": "Oscar för bästa kvinnliga huvudroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1945 – 1946, 1957, 1983"
          },
          "description": "Golden Globe Award",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1946, 1956, 1978"
          },
          "description": "NYFCC Award för bästa skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "description": "Tony Award för bästa kvinnliga huvudroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1947, 1948, 1949"
          },
          "description": "Photoplay Award för mest populära kvinnliga stjärna",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1950, 1955"
          },
          "description": "Bambi Awards, bästa skådespelerska, internationellt, Andra pris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1951 – 1954"
          },
          "description": "Bambi Award för bästa skådespelerska, internationellt",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "description": "Nastro d'Argento för bästa utländska skådespelerska i en italiensk film",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "description": "Volpi Cup för bästa skådespelerska vid Filmfestivalen i Venedig",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "description": "Nastro d'Argento för bästa rollprestation",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1957, 1979"
          },
          "description": "Premi David di Donatello för bästa utländska skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "description": "Golden Laurel för största kvinnliga stjärna, Andra pris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1958, 1978"
          },
          "description": "NBR Award för bästa skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1960, 1982"
          },
          "description": "Emmy Award för bästa kvinnliga huvudroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "description": "Stjärna på Hollywood Walk of Fame",
          "type": "Övrigt",
          "type_eng": "Other"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
          "description": "BAFTA Award",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
          "description": "Oscar för bästa kvinnliga biroll",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "description": "César d'Honneur",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
          },
          "description": "Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award för bästa skådespelerska, Andra pris",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "description": "Illis quorum",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "description": "National Society of Film Critics Award för bästa skådespelerska",
          "type": "Pris",
          "type_eng": "Prize"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "description": "David di Donatello Awards, Italienska filmakademiens guldmedalj",
          "type": "Medalj",
          "type_eng": "Medal"
        },
        {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1998",
            "date": "1998"
          },
          "description": "Film Hall of Fame, Online Film & Television Association",
          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Karin",
          "lastname": "Swanström",
          "type": "Mentor",
          "type_eng": "Mentor"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Molander",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Gösta",
          "lastname": "Ekman d.ä.",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ruth",
          "lastname": "Roberts",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kay",
          "lastname": "Brown",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Irene",
          "lastname": "Selznick",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Robert",
          "lastname": "Capa",
          "type": "Kärleksrelation",
          "type_eng": "Love relationship"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1933",
            "date": "1933"
          },
          "institution": "Dramatens elevskola (nuvarande Stockholms dramatiska högskola)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        }
      ],
      "externallink": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Bergman i Fjällbacka. Fjällbacka Information",
          "url": "http://fjallbackainfo.se/sv/ingrid-bergman/"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Ingrid Bergman",
          "description_eng": "By Ingrid Bergman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(ingrid+bergman+1915)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Ingrid Bergman",
          "description_eng": "About Ingrid Bergman",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=%c3%a4mne%3a(ingrid+bergman+1915)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ingrid Bergman', *Internet Movie Database* (Hämtad 2020-05-12)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000006/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlander, Lars & Qvist, Per Olov (red.), *Svenska skådespelare i film och TV 1897-2000. Bd 1, A-K*, Svenska filminstitutet [distributör bokh.], Stockholm, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000110287904",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Skådespelare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Actors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-25T10:51:38",
      "libris_uri": [
        "sq466wwb20pqspz"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 67,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1915-08-29",
            "date": "1915-08-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hedvig Eleonora församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1982-08-29",
            "date": "1982-08-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Ingrid/",
        "lastname": "Bergman",
        "sortname": "Bergman"
      },
      "num_children": 4,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Skådespelare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1931",
            "date": "1931"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Lindström",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Rossellini",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Schmidt",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "ca 1939"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "34.07362",
              "lon": "-118.400356"
            },
            "place": "Beverly Hills, USA"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "ca 1950"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "Ca 1950"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 41.87194,
              "lon": 12.56738
            },
            "place": "Italien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          }
        },
        {
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 46.227638,
              "lon": 2.213749
            },
            "place": "Frankrike"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "58.599776",
              "lon": "11.288224"
            },
            "place": "Fjällbacka"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Bergman, pressfoto för filmen Gaslight, 1944. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
          "description_eng": "Ingrid Bergman, publicity photo for the film Gaslight, 1944. Photographer unknown. Image source: Svenskt Porträttarkiv (CC-BY-NC-SA 4.0)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bergman_Ingrid_SVPA.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-09-12",
            "date": "1884-09-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1918-01-25",
            "date": "1918-01-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Friedel Henrietta Augusta Louise, kallad Frieda,",
          "lastname": "Bergman, född Adler",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-02-02",
            "date": "1871-02-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1929-07-29",
            "date": "1929-07-29"
          },
          "firstname": "Justus Samuel",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, fotograf, amatörfilmare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "firstname": "[Dödfödd]",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "[Dog kort efter födseln]",
          "type": "Syskon",
          "type_eng": "Sibling"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907",
            "date": "1907"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000",
            "date": "2000"
          },
          "firstname": "Petter Aron",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "lastname": "Lindström",
          "occupation": "Tandläkare, professor i neurokirurgi",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-05-08",
            "date": "1906-05-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1977-06-03",
            "date": "1977-06-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Roberto",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950",
            "date": "1950"
          },
          "lastname": "Rossellini",
          "occupation": "Filmregissör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-06-11",
            "date": "1917-06-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-10-18",
            "date": "2009-10-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Reinholdt",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
          },
          "lastname": "Schmidt",
          "occupation": "Förläggare, teaterproducent",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1938-09-20",
            "date": "1938-09-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Friedel Pia",
          "lastname": "Lindström",
          "occupation": "Journalist, programledare, skådespelare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1950-02-02",
            "date": "1950-02-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Renato Roberto Giusto Giuseppe",
          "lastname": "Rossellini",
          "occupation": "Affärsman",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1952-06-18",
            "date": "1952-06-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Isabella",
          "lastname": "Rossellini",
          "occupation": "Skådespelare, fotomodell",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1952-06-18",
            "date": "1952-06-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Isotta Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Rossellini",
          "occupation": "Litteraturforskare, skribent",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ingrid Bergman. Svenska Filminstitutet (Hämtad 2017-07-04)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "http://www.filminstitutet.se/sv/sok/?q=ingrid+bergman"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ingrid Bergman', *Svensk Filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2017-11-10)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/item/?type=person&itemid=59640"
        },
        {
          "description": "Carter, Grace, *Ingrid Bergman*, Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, [S.l.], 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergman, Ingrid & Burgess, Alan, *Ingrid Bergman, mitt liv*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1980",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Phillips, Alastair & Vincendeau, Ginette (red.), *Journeys of desire: European actors in Hollywood : a critical companion*, BFI, London, 2006",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schaake, Erich, *Ingrid Bergman: heilige und Verführerin*, CreateSpace Independent Publishing, [S.l.], 2014",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Schmidt, Lars, *Mitt livs teater*, Btj, Lund, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jungstedt, Torsten (red.), *Svensk filmografi. 3, 1930-1939*, Svenska filminstitutet, Stockholm, 1979",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åhlander, Lars (red.), *Svensk filmografi. D. 4, 6, 7, 9*, Svenska filminstitutet, Stockholm, 1980-2000",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Skådespelare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Actor",
      "text": "Ingrid Bergman var och är en av världens mest kända filmstjärnor och en av de internationellt mest kända svenskarna. \n\nIngrid Bergmans far, Justus Bergman, var konstnär och hade fått sin utbildning i USA. Han träffade sin blivande maka och Ingrid Bergmans mor, Frieda, i Kiel under en Tysklandsresa. Frieda dog när dottern bara var tre år. Fadern dog tio år senare och den unga Ingrid Bergman växte upp hos olika släktingar i Stockholm. Kontakterna med moderns familj i Tyskland förblev dock intakta. \n\nJustus Bergman uppmuntrade sin dotters konstnärliga intressen och hon fick öva pianospel, sång och dans – inte sällan framför kameran. Fadern drev en fotoateljé i centrala Stockholm och spelade in rörliga bilder. Ingrid Bergman förblev genom livet en ivrig amatörfilmare vid sidan av sitt arbete framför kameran. \n\nIngrid Bergman antogs till Kungliga Dramatiska Teaterns (Dramatens) elevskola men drömde, som sina kamrater, om att få arbeta vid Svensk Filmindustris (SF) nya ateljéer i Råsunda. Den stora och välbärgade familjen hade många kontakter, och hon fick möjlighet att träffa SF:s konstnärliga chef, [](Karin Swanström). Karin Swanström var en förfaren skådespelerska som hade rekryterat många talanger under sina år som ledare för framgångsrika, turnerande teatersällskap. Hon fattade tycke för Ingrid Bergman och engagerade henne nära nog omgående.\n\nDet finns många berättelser om Ingrid Bergmans levnadsbana. Gemensamt för de flesta är att de stödjer tanken om att hennes privata liv underordnades hennes yrkeskarriär. I sin tur kan denna delas upp i fyra tydliga faser. Den första omfattar ungdomsåren och den löftesrika debuten på teatern, varefter filmframgångarna tog vid. Den andra delen består av det hårda arbetet i Hollywood som ledde till de stora succéerna. Den tredje perioden fick sin början i och med att hon flyttade till Italien för att filma med Roberto Rossellini. Den fjärde präglas av återkomster på olika plan: till filmgenrer och -stilar, till Hollywood, och även till Sverige. \n\nIngrid Bergman debuterade i filmen *Landskamp*, 1932, en samtidsmelodram där konflikten mellan land och stad, tradition och modernitet stod i centrum. Anmälningarna var till en början måttligt välvilliga. Man tyckte att hon var söt men representerade en ”typ” som det egentligen fanns nog av, bland annat genom [](Birgit Tengroth) och [](Birgit Rosengren). Men ledningen i SF tänkte annorlunda och inför spelåret 1935 tilldelades Ingrid Bergman ledande roller i inte mindre än fem filmer. Av dessa bör nämnas *Swedenhielms*, en komedi av Hjalmar Bergman med regi av Gustaf Molander, och *Valborgsmässoafton*, en melodram regisserad av Gustaf Edgren. \n\nDet står klart att Ingrid Bergman redan då började räknas till den unga generationen skådespelare som i Sverige kom att stå för en naturalistisk skådespelarkonst i kontrast till den som odlades fram och upprätthölls främst vid Dramaten, där spelstilen kännetecknades av stora gester, högdragen röstanvändning och modulerad diktion. Kanske var det spexandet framför faderns filmkamera i kombination med att hon efter bara ett par terminer bröt med sitt lärosäte, som bidrog till att hennes spelstil avvek från många andra teaterskådespelares. Hennes agerande var dämpat, ”naturligt” och dröjande i jämförelse med den dominerande stilen. Hon var en hängiven beundrare av Gösta Ekman d.ä., som skolats till yrket genom att spela amatörteater och som också hade utvecklat en lågmäld spelstil framför filmkameran. \n\nTotalt gjorde Ingrid Bergman elva spelfilmer i Sverige, ett par av dem när hon redan hade fått kontrakt i Hollywood. Hon hade huvudrollerna i de av Gustaf Molander regisserade filmerna *Intermezzo*, 1936, och *En kvinnas ansikte*, 1938. Bägge blev internationella framgångar och den amerikanske producenten David Selznick köpte manuskripten för att göra amerikanska versioner av dem. *Intermezzo: A Love Story*, som den amerikanska versionen kom att heta, blev Ingrid Bergmans Hollywooddebut år 1939. Hennes motspelare var Leslie Howard, en blek kopia av Gösta Ekman enligt sakkunniga. Filmen fick ett ljummet mottagande, men den svenska skönheten välkomnades. \n\nUnder andra världskriget var Hollywood mitt i sin glansperiod och uppbyggt kring ett välorganiserat studiosystem som mer än något annat liknade en fabrik. Varje fas i en filmproduktion sköttes av en kader specialiserade medarbetare som visste föga om helheten. Ingrid Bergman blev genast introducerad till personer som skulle träna hennes röst och språk, hennes kläder och sätt att föra sig. Uppdraget gavs till tre kvinnor som skulle bli hennes närmaste vänner genom livet, hennes ”tre pelare i tillvaron”: Irene Selznick, hustru till producenten som presenterade Ingrid Bergman i Hollywood, Kay Brown, som var Selznicks talangscout och den som övertalade Ingrid Bergman att lämna filmstjärneskapet i Sverige, och Ruth Roberts, som hade uppgiften att slipa bort den blivande stjärnans svenska brytning. \n\nDet är från denna tid som den image av ”naturlighet” som kom att förknippas med Ingrid Bergman livet ut härstammar. Enligt vad som berättas vägrade hon att ändra på sitt namn, plocka ögonbrynen eller fylla på i sin behå. Därmed sällade hon sig till en liten och exklusiv skara av stjärnor med en air av integritet och självständighet. Det var också under denna tid som hon fällde flera av de fraser som framöver kommer att citeras, som ”I did not choose acting, it chose me”, ”keep it simple”, ”be yourself” och ”the world worships the original”. Sanna eller inte, bilden av en devot och kunnig yrkesmänniska mejslades fram. \n\nEfter *Intermezzo: A Love Story* gjorde Ingrid Bergman ännu en mindre uppmärksammad film, men så blev hon kontrakterad till en roll i filmen *Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde*, 1941, med Spencer Tracy i titelrollen och i regi av den mycket respekterade Victor Fleming. Hon gjorde stor succé, och hennes nästa film *Casablanca*, 1942, i regi av Michael Curtis, där hon spelar mot Humphrey Bogart, har förblivit ikonisk inom den internationella populärfilmkulturen. Under en tioårsperiod spelade hon in ett pärlband av storfilmer, bland annat *Gaslight*, 1944, *Spellbound*, 1945, och *Jeanne d’Arc*, 1946. Flera av de stora framgångarna var regisserade av Alfred Hitchcock. Tänkbart är att hennes spelstil svarade perfekt mot Hitchcocks krav på ”uttryckslöshet” framför kameran. Om det lär hon ha sagt: ”It is not whether you really cry. It is whether the audience thinks you are crying”. \n\nIngrid Bergmans goda rykte var ojämförligt och beundrande människor flockades runt henne varhelst hon visade sig. Hon var vid denna tidpunkt gift med professorn Petter Aron Lindström och hade fått dottern Friedel Pia Lindström tillsammans med honom. Den lilla familjen hade flyttat till USA och inrättat sig vid 1220 Benedict Canyon Drive i Beverly Hills. Så kom katastrofen och början till den tredje fasen i Ingrid Bergmans liv, till synes genom en obetydlig händelse, ett slumpmässigt biobesök. Ingrid Bergman såg filmen *Roma città aperta*, 1945, av den italienske regissören Roberto Rossellini. Hon blev djupt gripen; till skillnad från Hollywood där allt gjordes i studio, fanns här en film som föreföll komma direkt från verkligheten. I stället för att te sig som fel, föreföll klumpiga klipp, bristfällig ljussättning och ofokuserade bilder understryka berättelsens autenticitet och livsnärvaro. Skådespelarna verkade sakna utbildning och deras diktion var inte värd namnet. Ingrid Bergmans ”uttyckslöshet” och ”lågmäldhet”, hennes professionella strävan, hade fått ett namn: (neo)realism. \n\nEfter att ha sett ännu en film, *Paisá*, 1946, av denne i Hollywood okände italienare, skrev Ingrid Bergman ett brev till honom. Hon erbjöd sig att arbeta med honom, att spela med i någon av hans kommande filmer. Rossellini föreslog henne en roll i en kommande film som skulle heta *Stromboli, terra di Dio*, 1950. Denna film räknas sedermera in i den filmhistoriska kanon och är den enda där Ingrid Bergman nämns som producent. Det nära samarbetet mellan stjärnan och hennes regissör ledde till en romans, och ett halvår innan filmen fick sin premiär hade Ingrid Bergman och Roberto Rossellini fått en son. Båda var fortfarande gifta på var sitt håll och skandalen blev monumental. Vågor av indignation nådde ända till den amerikanska senaten där senatorn från Colorado, Edwin Johnson, fördömde Ingrid Bergman som en ”powerful influence of evil”. Publiken, särskilt den amerikanska, kunde inte förlåta den hyllade idolen. Den föreställt rakryggade, intelligenta helyllekvinnan hade inte bara visat sig välja bort make och dotter för arbete utomlands, hon hade också varit otrogen. Hon var alltså en dubbel äktenskapsbryterska, som dessutom fött barn utanför äktenskapet. Intressant nog tog man det hela med större ro i det katolska Italien än i det protestantiska USA.\n\nIngrid Bergman och Roberto Rossellini arbetade tillsammans i flera filmer som i neorealismens anda strävade efter dokumentärfilmens estetik, med lätt och rörlig kamerautrustning, ”on-location”-filmande och med relativt lite pengar. Paret gjorde några kortfilmer och långfilmerna *Europa ’51*, 1952, och *Viaggio in Italia*, 1954. Framgångarna uteblev dock. I brist på filmengagemang sökte Ingrid Bergman sig till teatern och spelade titelrollen i en pjäs om Jeanne d’Arc i Neapel. Det var omöjligt att få kontrakt i USA där mediedrevet inte visade några tecken på utmattning. Familjen hade utökats med ett tvillingpar redan år 1952 och äktenskapet tålde påfrestningarna dåligt. \n\nI denna situation valde Ingrid Bergman att söka sig till Frankrike och spelade där in filmen *Éléna et les hommes*, 1956, en komedi i regi av Jean Renoir. Filmen var inte framgångsrik, men valet av genre var det. På 1930-talet hade Ingrid Bergman spelat med i flera populära filmkomedier i Gustaf Molanders sofistikerade regi. I Hollywood hade hon dock blivit känd från melodramer och thrillers, och detta föreföll därför som något nytt. Hon tackade också ja till att medverka i den populära Broadwaypjäsen *Tea and Sympathy* på Théâtre de Paris, som spelades länge efter ett gott mottagande. Ingrid Bergman hade även under sin första period i USA spelat teater och debuterat på Broadway redan 1940. Det förnyade engagemanget i teater förde henne samman med Lars Schmidt. Schmidt var teateragent med New York som bas men han var född i Uddevalla och hade ett sommarnöje i Fjällbacka, som kom att betyda mycket för Ingrid Bergman. Paret gifte sig 1958, samma år som den romantiska komedin *Indiscreet* i regi av Stanley Donen hade sin premiär. Denna film var en brittisk-amerikansk produktion, spelades in i London, och blev Ingrid Bergmans returbiljett till Hollywood. Som hennes verkliga comeback betraktas dock filmen *Anastasia*, 1956. I denna, liksom i sin *Goodbye again*, 1961, spelar hon mer komplexa, runda karaktärer. För rollen som Anastasia fick hon både en Golden Globe Award och en Oscar år 1957.\n\nFör den amerikanska publiken var Ingrid Bergman och komedi något överraskande och, som det kom att visa sig, en oemotståndlig kombination. I filmen *Cactus Flower*, 1969, visar hon sina talanger som komedienne, liksom i *Murder on the Orient Express*, 1974. Denna Agatha Christie-filmatisering gav henne en Oscar för bästa kvinnliga biroll.  Ingrid Bergmans professionella återkomst till Sverige ägde rum 1967 i episodfilmen *Smycket*, i regi av Gustaf Molander. Hennes sista stora framgång inom den svenska filmbranschen utgjordes dock av den komplicerade rollen som pianisten Charlotte Andergast i *Höstsonaten* av Ingmar Bergman, 1978. För denna roll, som inte saknade beröringspunkter med hennes eget liv, blev hon nominerad till flera priser.\n\nÅr 1979 fick Ingrid Bergman ta emot medaljen Illis quorum som belöning för betydelsefulla kulturella insatser. American Film Institute har utsett henne till nummer fyra bland de största kvinnliga legenderna på den vita duken och hon är därmed placerad före Greta Garbo. Filmen *Casablanca*, där hon spelar den kvinnliga huvudrollen, har utsetts till den tredje största filmen i USA någonsin. \n\nIngrid Bergman avled i London 1982. Hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Ingrid Bergman was – and still is – one of the most famous film stars in the world and one of the most internationally renowned Swedes.\n\nIngrid Bergman’s father was Justus Bergman, an artist who had trained in the USA. He met Frieda, the woman who became his wife and Ingrid Bergman’s mother, in Kiel while he was travelling through Germany. Frieda died when Ingrid Bergman was just three years old. Justus died ten years later and the young Ingrid Bergman was subsequently brought up by various relatives in Stockholm. She also maintained contact with her mother’s family in Germany.\n\nJustus Bergman had encouraged his daughter’s artistic interest and saw to it that she learned to play the piano, to sing and to dance – often in front of a camera. Justus ran a photographer’s studio in central Stockholm and recorded moving pictures. Throughout her life Ingrid Bergman remained a keen amateur film-maker alongside her work as an on-screen actress.\n\nIngrid Bergman was accepted at the Kungliga Dramatiska Teaterns (Dramaten) school but she, like her fellow students, dreamt of working for Svensk Filmindustri (SF) at their new studios in Råsunda. Through her extensive and well-to-do family’s many contacts she received an opportunity to meet SF’s artistic director, [](Karin Swanström). Karin Swanström was an experienced actress who had recruited many talents during her years at the head of successful touring theatre companies. She took a shine to Ingrid Bergman and hired her almost immediately.\n\nThere are many accounts of Ingrid Bergman’s life. Most of them share the common view that her private life was sacrificed in favour of her professional life. Her career can be divided into four clear phases. The first of these covers her youth and her promising theatrical debut, which was followed by cinematic advances. The second phase covers her hard-working period in Hollywood which led to major success. The third phase began when she moved to Italy in order to make films with Roberto Rossellini. The fourth phase is marked by returns of various types: returns to film genres and styles, a return to Hollywood, and also a return to Sweden.\n\nIngrid Bergman made her debut in the film *Landskamp*, 1932, a contemporary melodrama that focuses on the conflict between the countryside and the city, tradition and modernity. Initially it received moderately favourable reviews. She was considered sweet but as representative of an over-used “type”, already portrayed by the likes of [](Birgit Tengroth) and [](Birgit Rosengren). However, the directors at SF didn’t agree and by 1935 Ingrid Bergman had been given lead rolls in no less than five separate films. Of these *Swedenhielms*, a comedy by Hjalmar Bergman and directed by Gustaf Molander, and *Valborgsmässoafton*, a melodrama directed by Gustaf Edgren, deserve special mention.\n\nAlready at that point Ingrid Bergman was included in the younger generation of Swedish actors who represented a natural form of acting, in contrast to the style of acting which was nurtured and maintained largely at Dramaten. The latter style was marked by the use of exaggerated movements, a haughty use of the voice and inflected articulation. Perhaps the larking about in front of her father’s camera, combined with the fact that she very quickly broke with her original training, contributed to an acting style which differed considerably from that of many of her contemporaries. Her acting was muted, more “natural” and lingering than the dominant style. She was a devoted admirer of Gösta Ekman senior who had learned his trade through the amateur theatre and who had developed a similar low-key on-screen acting style.\n\nIn total Ingrid Bergman made eleven films in Sweden, including two which were made after she had obtained a Hollywood contract. She played the lead roles in Gustaf Molander’s films *Intermezzo*, 1936, and *En kvinnas ansikte*, 1938, which both became international successes. The American producer David Selznick acquired the manuscripts of both in order to film American versions of the films. *Intermezzo, a love story*, as the American version was titled, was Ingrid Bergman’s Hollywood debut in 1939. Her co-star was Leslie Howard, whose performance, according to the experts, was but a pale copy of Gösta Ekman’s portrayal. The film gained a lukewarm reception, although the beautiful Swede was welcomed.\n\nHollywood, in its heyday during the Second World War, was structured around a well-organised system of studios reminiscent of a factory complex. Each phase of film production was handled by a cadre of specialised workers who knew little of the entire product. Ingrid Bergman was quickly introduced to people who became her voice and language coaches, fashion and presentation stylists. These tasks were given to three women who became her lifelong and closest friends, her three “pillars of support”: Irene Selznik, wife of the producer who had introduced Ingrid Bergman to Hollywood, Kay Brown, who was Selznik’s talent scout and who convinced Ingrid Bergman to give up being a film star in Sweden, and Ruth Roberts, who was tasked with removing the rising star’s Swedish accent.\n\nThe “natural” image of which remained associated with Ingrid Bergman throughout her life dates from this period. According to all accounts she refused to change her name, to pluck her eyebrows, or to stuff her brassiere. She thereby became linked to a small and exclusive crew of stars who exuded integrity and independence. This was also the period during which she made several statements which continued to be repeated long into the future, such as “I did not choose acting, it chose me”, “keep it simple”, “be yourself”, and “the world worships the original”. Whether it was real or not, the image of a devoted and capable professional was gradually consolidated.\n\nAfter *Intermezzo, a love story*, Ingrid Bergman made a film which received even less attention before she was contracted to play a role in the film *Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde*, 1941, directed by the well-respected Victor Fleming with Spencer Tracy in the lead role. The film was a great success, and her next film, *Casablanca*, 1942, directed by Michael Curtis, where she acted opposite Humphrey Bogart, became an icon of the international popular film culture. She recorded a string of major films during a ten-year period including *Gaslight*, 1944, *Spellbound*, 1945, and *Jeanne D’Arc*, 1946. Several of her great successes were directed by Alfred Hitchcock, possibly because her style of acting was so well compatible with Hitchcock’s demands for “free expression” in front of the camera. Ingrid Bergman allegedly said: “It is not whether you really cry. It is whether the audience thinks you are crying.”\n\nIngrid Bergman’s good reputation was unprecedented and she attracted admirers wherever she went. At this time she was married to professor Petter Aron Lindström and they had a daughter, Friedel Pia Lindström, together. The whole family had moved to the USA and settled at 1220 Benedict Canyon Drive in Beverly Hills. However, disaster was to follow – seemingly through an innocuous visit to the cinema – which initiated the third phase of Ingrid Bergman’s life. She saw the film *Roma, cittá aperta*, 1945, by the Italian director Roberto Rossellini. She was deeply moved by the film; in contrast to Hollywood, where almost everything was filmed in a studio, this was a film purporting to portray reality. Instead of appearing as mistakes, clumsy sequences, irregular lighting and unfocused images served to emphasise authenticity and closeness to real life. The actors seemed to be untrained and their articulation was terrible. Ingrid Bergman had finally found a name for her professional aspirations with “free expression” and a “low-key approach”: (neo)realism.\n\nAfter having seen *Paisá*, 1946, another film by this Italian who was unknown in Hollywood, Ingrid Bergman wrote him a letter. She offered to work with him, and act in some of his future films. Rossellini suggested that she play a part in his next film which was going to be called *Stromboli (Terra di Dio)*, to be released in 1950. This film is now considered to belong to the canon of film history. It is also the only one which lists Ingrid Bergman as a producer. Working closely together led Ingrid Bergman and Roberto Rossellini to develop a relationship, and six months before their film had its premier they had a son together. They were both married to other people and the ensuing scandal was enormous. Indignation even extended itself to the American senate when the Colorado senator, Edwin Johnson, condemned Ingrid Bergman as a “powerful influence of evil”. The public, in particular in America, could not bring themselves to forgive their adored idol. What they had thought to be an upright, intelligent, respectable woman had not only abandoned her husband and daughter in order to work abroad, but she had even been unfaithful. She was not only a double homewrecker, but had also had a child out of wedlock. Intriguingly enough the reaction in Catholic Italy was far more muted than it was in the Protestant USA.\n\nIngrid Bergman and Roberto Rossellini collaborated on several films made in the spirit of neorealism, which sought to match the aesthetics of documentary films, using lightweight and mobile cameras, “on-location” film sets and relatively low budgets. The couple made a few shorter and longer films: *Europa ’51*, 1952, *Viaggio in Italia*, 1954. They met with little success. Unable to get film contracts Ingrid Bergman turned to the theatre where she played the leading role in a play about Jeanne D’Arc in Naples. As the media frenzy in the USA remained unabated she found it impossible to get a film contract there. By 1952 she had had twins and the growing family placed her marriage to Rossellini under strain.\n\nThus Ingrid Bergman opted to go to France in order to make the film *Éléna et les hommes*, 1956, which was a comedy directed by Jean Renoir. This film was not a success, but her choice of genre was. During the 1930s Ingrid Bergman had acted in several popular comedy films directed by Gustaf Molander. Her Hollywood career had, however, consisted of melodramas and thrillers, and so this return to comedy was taken by many as a new turn. She then agreed to act in the popular Broadway play *Tea and Sympathy* at Théâtre de Paris, which enjoyed a lengthy run and was well-received by the critics. Ingrid Bergman had already done theatre during her first stint in America and had made her Broadway debut in 1940. Her return to theatrical acting brought her into contact with Lars Schmidt, a theatrical agent based in New York who had been born in Uddevalla. His summer house was in Fjällbacka, and this came to take an important place in Ingrid Bergman’s life. The couple married in 1958, the same year that the romantic comedy *Indiscreet*, directed by Stanley Donen, was released. This was a British-American production, filmed in London, and it facilitated Ingrid Bergman’s return to Hollywood. Her actual comeback film is considered to be *Anastasia*, 1956. In this film, as in *Goodbye again*, 1961, Ingrid Bergman plays more rounded, complex characters. In 1957 she was awarded both a Golden Globe and an Oscar for her role as Anastasia.\n\nThe combination of Ingrid Bergman and comedy came as somewhat of a surprise to the American public, albeit an irresistible one. She displayed her comedic talents in *Cactus Flower*, 1969, and in *Murder on the Orient Express*, 1974. For her role in the latter she won the Oscar for best supporting female. Ingrid Bergman made her professional return to Sweden in 1967 with the multiple storyline film *Smycket*, directed by Gustav Molander. However, her last significant success in the Swedish film industry was the complicated role of the pianist Charlotte Andergast in *Höstsonaten* by Ingmar Bergman, 1978. She was nominated for several prizes for this role which bore certain similarities with her own life.\n\nIn 1979 Ingrid Bergman was awarded the Illis Quorum medal in recognition of her significant cultural contributions. The American Film Institute list her at number four in their assessment of the greatest female screen legends, thereby positioning her ahead of Greta Garbo. The film *Casablanca*, in which Ingrid Bergman is the lead female, has been voted the third greatest US American film of all times.\n\nIngrid Bergman died in London in 1982. She is buried at the Norra cemetery in Stockholm.\nAuthor Tytti Soila\nTranslation Alexia Grosjean",
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          "description": "Björkenlid, Bertil, *Kvinnokrav i manssamhälle: rösträttskvinnorna och deras metoder som opinionsbildare och påtryckargrupp i Sverige 1902-21 = Women's demands in men's society : the women suffragists and their methods as opinion-makers and as a pressure group in Sweden 1902-21*, Avd. för litteratursociologi, Litteraturvetenskapliga inst., Univ., Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Uppsala, 1982",
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      "text": "Signe Bergman var en centralgestalt i den svenska rösträttsrörelsen i början av 1900-talet. \n\nSigne Bergman var en typisk flickskoleelev i den övre medelklassen med ett vidlyftigt umgängesliv, utflykter och fester, och som roade sig med tennis och uppvaktande löjtnanter. Det borgerliga familjelivet med en stor släkt gav henne en gedigen utbildning och sociala nätverk som hon senare skulle få nytta av i sin kommande gärning. Framför allt fick hon en uppfostran där borgerliga dygder var framträdande: den individuella prestationen, självkontrollen, den reglerade livsföringen och tron på kunskapens och bildningens makt. Hennes arbetsdisciplin märks tidigt: ”Arbete är livets morfin” säger hon i ett brev från ungdomstiden.\n\nEfter flickskoletiden åkte Signe Bergman till sin släkting, [](Martina Bergman-Österberg), i England, som hade ett välkänt institut för blivande lärarinnor. Där studerade hon engelska, franska och tyska. I breven hem till sin väninna Anna Levertin lyfter hon fram sin hänförelse över den engelska kulturen och hon skaffade sig engelska vanor, smak och umgängesformer. I breven märks också att den engelska miljön hade gjort Signe Bergman mottaglig för feminismen som idé. Kvinnors entusiasm och styrka måste tas till vara. Det var också i England som hon för första gången fick höra talas om suffragetterna, de engelska rösträttskvinnorna, även om hon med tiden insåg att deras metoder inte var något som svenska kvinnor skulle ta över. När hon kom tillbaka till Sverige började hon arbeta som kassör i Hypoteksbanken, ett arbete som hon hade fram till pensionen.\n\nSigne Bergman var medlem i det verkställande utskottet av Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) 1907– 1919, sekreterare 1909–1911, vice ordförande 1912–1913 och ordförande 1913–1917. Hon ledde och fördelade arbetet i den stora riksorganisationen som bestod av 17 000 medlemmar och 260 lokalföreningar över hela Sverige. Hennes betydelse för den kvinnliga rösträttsrörelsens politiska arbete – kontaktskapandet, opinionsbildningen och genomförandet av kampanjerna – var mycket stor. Signe Bergman blev tidigt medelpunkten även om hon inte var med när föreningen bildades utan kom in i rörelsen först ett par år efter det att massmobiliseringen hade satt igång. Hon avgick som ordförande på hösten 1917 i den stora besvikelsen över att Första kammaren inte släppte fram kvinnorna det året heller fast de hade fått ett löfte om det. \n\n”Om någon kunde ana hur svårt det är att hålla maskineriet i gång” skriver Signe Bergman år 1907 till [](Frigga Carlberg), en annan pionjär i rösträttsrörelsen. Och när man summerar vad hon gjorde under sina många år i ledningen för den svenska rösträttsrörelsen blir hennes uttalande begripligt. Signe Bergman var representativ, språkkunnig, internationellt orienterad och begåvad med ett stort mått av kulturellt kapital genom sin bakgrund i en välrenommerad ämbetsmannafamilj – fadern var häradshövding. Hon var inspirationskällan för de andra rösträttskvinnorna och medlemmarna ute i landet, förbindelselänken till pressen, till politiska ledare och ämbetsmän i staten. Hennes närmaste vänkrets var andra frisinnade liberaler som [](Gulli Petrini), [](Ann Margret Holmgren) och [Anna Bugge Wicksell](Anna Wicksell).\n\nNär staten skulle göra en offentlig utredning om kvinnorösträtten var Signe Bergman den som försåg utredningsmännen med nationellt och utländskt material. Hon var bland annat organisatören bakom de två stora namninsamlingarna 1907 och 1913, vilka samlade närmare en halv miljon kvinnonamn för rösträtt. Hon organiserade också den stora internationella rösträttskonferensen 1911, där [](Selma Lagerlöf) höll ett mycket berömt tal, och skötte de internationella kontakterna och resorna utomlands till kongresser och möten. Hon skickade ut resetalare till kretsarna för att bilda nya kretsar eller blåsa liv i insomnade föreningar. Hon ordnade uppvaktningar av riksdagspolitiker och kungahuset. Signe Bergman höll således ett vakande öga över hela rörelsen och såg till att agitationen och upplysningsverksamheten hölls igång och att pressen informerades om allt. Det var också Signe Bergman som låg bakom att tidningen *Rösträtt för kvinnor* började ges ut år 1912. \n\nSigne Bergman var huvudfigur i LKPR och spindeln i nätet för hela verksamheten under större delen av kampåren. Hon var organisatören och ledargestalten och byggde upp ett stort kvinnonätverk, som fick betydelse i den politiska utvecklingen kring demokratins genomförande i Sverige. Hon är ändå inte så välkänd i den svenska feministiska historieskrivningen, möjligen beroende på att hon inte har lämnat efter sig biografiska berättelser om sig själv och inte heller var en stor talare. Men Signe Bergman förtjänar att lyftas fram som den stora praktikern, ledaren och organisatören bakom kvinnorösträtten. Riksarkivet och Riksdagsbiblioteket har givit sina brevsamlingar från rösträttskvinnor Signe Bergmans namn, vilket visar att hon också varit aktiv i att samla ihop dokument och minnen för framtidens forskare när kvinnorösträtten väl gått igenom. \n\nSigne Bergman avled 9 maj 1960 och jordfästes på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Signe Bergman was a central figure of the Swedish suffrage movement during the early 1900s. \n\nSigne Bergman was a typical upper-middle class girls’ school pupil who enjoyed a comprehensive social life with outings and parties, and who spent her leisure time playing tennis and courting military officers. Signe Bergman’s bourgeois background and large family ensured she had a thorough education and provided a social network which she made use of in her later endeavours. Her education primarily involved prominent bourgeois values such as individual accomplishments, self-control, leading a proper lifestyle, and a belief in the power of knowledge and education. Her work ethic was apparent from an early stage: “work is the morphine of life” she once stated in a letter written when she was young. \n\nAfter she had completed girls’ school Signe Bergman went to live with a relative called [](Martina Bergman-Österberg) who was living in England and running a well-reputed institute to train future female teachers. There Signe Bergman studied English, French, and German. Her letters home to her friend Anna Levertin emphasise her love for British culture and she adopted British habits, tastes, and behaviour. These letters also reveal that Signe Bergman had become receptive to the idea of feminism in these British surroundings. She felt that women’s enthusiasm and their strength must be taken into consideration. It was also during this time in Britain that Signe Bergman was first exposed to the suffragettes, the British women’s suffrage campaigners, albeit as time passed she realised that their methods were not the sort of thing that Swedish women should emulate. When Signe Bergman returned to Sweden she initially worked as a cashier at Hypoteksbanken, a job she retained until retirement. \n\nSigne Bergman was a member of the executive committee of Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) (national association for women’s suffrage) from 1907–1919. She served as its secretary from 1909–1911, as its deputy chair from 1912–1913, and as its chair from 1913–1917. She ran and delegated the work of the large national organisation, which comprised 17,000 members and 260 local associations across Sweden. Signe Bergman was of great importance to the political work of the suffragette movement – setting up contacts, influencing public opinion, and carrying out campaigns. Although Signe Bergman had not been present when the association had initially been founded and had only joined it a few years after after the mass-mobilisation efforts had begun, she nevertheless became a focal point within the association at an early stage. She retired as chair in the autumn of 1917 following great disappointment when the first chamber of parliament did not admit women even though they had promised to do so. \n\n“If you only knew how difficult it is to keep things running” Signe Bergman wrote in 1907 to [](Frigga Carlberg), another pioneer of the suffragette movement. When one summarises all her efforts throughout her many years on the executive of the Swedish suffragette movement this expression of frustration is understandable. Signe Bergman was a great representative, linguistically gifted, internationally oriented, and talented and had a generous amount of cultural capital through her background as part of a well-reputed civil-servant’s family – her father was a chief district judge. She was the inspiration for other suffragettes and members of the association nationwide, she served as a link to the press, to political leaders and other civil servants. Her closest friends were other similarly-minded liberals such as [](Gulli Petrini) and [Anna Bugge Wicksell](Anna Wicksell). \n\nWhen the government was about to undertake an official investigation into women’s suffrage Signe Bergman supplied the investigators with domestic and international material. She also served as the organiser of the two petitions held in 1903 and 1913 in which nearly half a million women’s names in favour of suffrage were gathered. She also organised the major international suffrage conference held in 1911 at which [](Selma Lagerlöf) gave a very famous speech, and she managed international connections and travel abroad to conferences and meetings. She sent out speakers to existing circles to help build new circles or to reinvigorate those which had fallen dormant. She organised petitioning of parliamentarians and of the monarchy. Signe Bergman thus kept her eyes on the movement in its entirety and ensured that both activities and informational services were maintained and that the press was kept up to date on everything. Signe Bergman was also behind the organ *Rösträtt för kvinnor* which was first published in 1912. \n\nSigne Bergman was a key figure within the LKPR and the chief cog in the whole enterprise for most of the campaign period. She was the organiser and the leading figure and built up a sizeable network of women which became influential during the political developments as democracy was introduced into Sweden. Despite this she is not so well-known within Swedish feminist historiography, perhaps due to the fact that she did not leave any personal biographical information behind nor was she prone to speaking about herself. Signe Bergman nevertheless deserves to be highlighted as the great activist, leader, and organiser that she was within the women’s suffrage movement. Riksarkivet (the Swedish National Archives) and Riksdagbiblioteket (the Parliamentary Library) have named their collections of suffragette letters after Signe Bergman, revealing that she was also actively engaged in gathering documents and memoires for future researchers for when women’s suffrage finally became enacted. \n\nSigne Bergman died on 9 May 1960. She is buried at the Norra cemetery in Solna.",
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          "description": "Frizot, Michel (red.), *A new history of photography*, Könemann, Köln, 1998",
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          "description": "Johannesson, Lena, *Kvinnliga fotografer : europeiska erfarenheter = Women photographers : European experience*, Göteborg, 2003",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Tellgren, Anna, 'Förnyelse av formen i femtiotalets fotografi.', *Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift.*, 1993 (14:3/4), s. 55-67, 1993",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "url": "http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/tgv/article/viewFile/1960/1727"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tellgren, Anna, *Tio fotografer: självsyn och bildsyn : svensk fotografi under 1950-talet i ett internationellt perspektiv*, Informationsförl., Diss. Linköping : Univ.,Stockholm, 1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tellgren, Anna, 'Eva möter Noriko-San och andra berättelser – Om Anna Riwkins fotobildböcker för barn', *Anna Riwkin : porträtt av en fotograf / [katalogredaktör:] Leif Wigh ; [fotograf: Albin Dahlström]*, Moderna museet, Stockholm, 2004",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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          "description": "Landskrona museums arkiv",
          "type": "Arkiv",
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          "url": "https://www.landskrona.se/se-gora/kultur-noje/museerochkonsthall/museum/arkivochsamlingar/"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Fotograf, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Photographer, author",
      "text": "Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff var författare och fotograf. Som fotograf tillhör hon den unga skara fotografer som slog igenom i början av 1950-talet och representerade en ny bildsyn.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorff föddes i Stockholm som dotter till den kände zoologen och forskningsresanden Sten Bergman. Tidigt hade hon ett intresse för natur, djur och långa resor. Hon var elev hos hovfotografen Arne Wahlberg där hon bland annat lärde sig retuschering, produktfotografering och prövade färgframkallning. Hon arbetade senare främst med reportage för olika tidningar och genomförde ett femtiotal äventyrliga resor runt om i världen. Hon gifte sig med fotografen Sven Gillsäter, som var en av medlemmarna i det framgångsrika fotografkollektivet Tio Fotografer. De fick dottern Pia. Därefter levde hon med filmaren Arne Sucksdorff och de genomförde flera gemensamma resor och projekt. Med honom fick hon sonen Jens. Under många år bodde Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff på Dämmans Gård i Lerdala med sin tredje make, Gösta Vogel-Rödin, och ägnade sig åt att skriva böcker, fotografera och jaga.\n\nI mars 1949 öppnade fotoutställningen Unga fotografer i Stockholm där Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff deltog. Utställningen blev en succé och för de elva unga fotograferna som deltog innebar den ett genombrott. I utställningen ingick även Sten Didrik Bellander, [](Ellen Dahlberg), Sven Gillsäter, Hans Hammarskiöld, Rune Hassner, Tore Johnson, Hans Malmberg, Lars Nodin, Lennart Nilsson och Tor Ivan Odulf. Initiativtagare till arrangemanget var Lars Wickman, redaktör på *Foto*, som hade inlett serien ”De unga” i tidskriften. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff blev ”De unga V” i nummer 7, 1949, och hon presenteras som en av de få kvinnliga ”fotograferingsentusiasterna”. Vid denna tid var den fotografiska kulturen i Sverige och utomlands fortfarande påfallande manligt dominerad och de kvinnliga fotograferna var tvungna att anlägga andra strategier och bryta invanda mönster för att lyckas inom yrket.\n\nFotografierna i utställningen var en blandning av surrealistiskt inspirerade bilder, hårt svartvita, nästan abstrakta kompositioner, porträtt- och reportagebilder. Unga fotografer fick över lag goda recensioner och man kan konstatera att denna förhållandevis lilla och enkla utställning, på ett icke etablerat galleri, med relativt okända unga fotografer blev ett paradigmskifte inom svenskt fotografi. Vad de unga kritiserade var den äldre generationens syn på fotografi, som de uppfattade som teknikfixerad och därmed opersonlig. Det som verkligen satte fart på debatten kring de ungas fotografi och den nya bildsynen var en motutställning i december 1949 av gruppen Stockholms Kameraklubb. Klubben hade bildats 1946 av en samling yrkes- och amatörfotografer ur Fotografiska Föreningen och där ingick bland annat Helmer Bäckström, Gustaf W:son Cronquist, [](Agnes Hansson), Lennart af Petersens, Arne Wahlberg och Rolf Winquist. Denna utställning blev också rikt recenserad, men fick mycket sämre kritik av anmälarna i fotopressen och framför allt av konstkritikern Ulf Hård af Segerstad i *Svenska Dagbladet*. Urvalet ansågs traditionellt med faiblesse för dimma, det tekniska utförandet välgjort men likartat. Sammantaget inga experiment eller överraskningar. Debatten utvecklades till en intensiv diskussion kring den nya bildsynen. Generationsstriden mellan de unga och äldre fotograferna handlade inte bara om bildstil, utan även om livsstil och fotografins sociala och politiska förutsättningar.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorffs första bok fick titeln *Micki rävungen*, 1953. Genom svartvita fotografier berättar hon om en liten rävunges äventyr under en solig sommardag. Djur och natur med och för barn blev hennes huvudsakliga motivområde. Några år senare kom boken *Chendru får en tiger*, 1959, vilken blev internationellt uppmärksammad och översatt till flera språk. Den handlar om en pojke i en indisk djungelby och kom till under en längre vistelse i Indien, där hon arbetade som stillbildsfotograf under inspelningen av Arne Sucksdorffs film *En djungelsaga*, 1957. *Chendru får en tiger* är en bilderbok i färg med stora utfallande bilder i varmt gula, gröna och bruna toner, vilka avspeglar naturen runt byn. Vid denna tid var det fortfarande ganska ovanligt med färgfotografier i tryckta böcker. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff, som var både författare och fotograf, lyckades skapa en syntes mellan faktabok och saga.\n\nEfter andra världskriget kom utgivningen av fotografiska bilderböcker för barn igång på allvar. Detta var en naturlig fortsättning på den allmänna utvecklingen av fotobilderböcker. Genren visade sig vara särskilt framgångsrik för att åskådliggöra barns liv i främmande länder och för djur- och naturreportage. Det fanns inom båda dessa områden ett pedagogiskt syfte och böckerna brukar karakteriseras som faktaböcker. [](Anna Riwkin-Brick), med sina 19 fotoböcker om barn från olika länder, banade väg för en fotojournalistik för barn. Astrid Bergman-Sucksdorff är den fotograf, som vid sidan av Anna Riwkin-Brick, blivit mest känd för sina fotoböcker för barn. Hon gav ut ett tjugotal barnböcker och erhöll 1984 Astrid Lindgren-priset för sina gärningar.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorff gav ut sin självbiografi *Med livet i fokus*, 1997. Mot slutet av sitt liv bodde hon i Skara och hennes efterlämnade arkiv förvaltas sedan 2015 av Landskrona museum.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorff dog i Skara 2015.",
      "text_eng": "Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff was an author and a photographer. She was one of the young crop of photographers who made an impact in the early 1950s and who came to represent innovation within photography.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorff was born in Stockholm. She was the daughter of the known zoologist and itinerant researcher Sten Bergman. She developed an interest in nature, animals, and long trips at an early age. She was a student of the court photographer Arne Wahlberg who taught her how to airbrush, commercial photography, as well has how to make colour prints. She later came to work mainly as a reporter for various newspapers and undertook about 50 adventurous trips around the globe. She married Sven Gillsäter, a fellow photographer, who was a member of the successful photographers’ collective called Tio Fotografer (Ten Photographers), and had a daughter with him called Pia. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff then lived with filmmaker Arne Sucksdorff, with whom she completed several projects and undertook various journeys. They had a son called Jens. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff spent many years living at Dämmans Gård in Luleå with her third husband, Gösta Vogel-Rödin, where she devoted herself to writing books, taking pictures, and hunting.\n\nAstrid Bergman participated in the photographic exhibition entitled Unga Fotografer, which opened in Stockholm in March 1949. The display was a success and resulted in a breakthrough for the eleven young photographers whose work was on show. The group included Sten Didrik Bellander, [](Ellen Dahlberg), Sven Gillsäter, Hans Hammarskiöld, Rune Hassner, Tore Johnson, Hans Malmberg, Lars Nodin, Lennart Nilsson, and Tor Ivan Odult. The event’s initiator was Lars Wickman, editor of *Foto* and instigator of the series entitled “De unga” in the journal. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff was “De unga V” in number 7, published in 1949, in which she was presented as one of the few female “photograph enthusiasts”. At this time the photography scene in Sweden, and abroad, was still largely male-dominated and female photographers were forced to use different strategies and to break well-established patterns in order to succeed.\n\nThe photographs included in the display comprised a mix of surrealist inspired images, hard black and whites, almost abstract compositions as well as portraits and imagery from news reports. Most of the exhibition reviews were positive and this comparatively small and simple show, held at a non-establishment gallery, using relatively unknown photographers, can be said to have caused a paradigm shift within Swedish photography. The young criticised the older generation’s view of photography, which they perceived to be fixated on technique and thus impersonal. However, it was a rival exhibition, held by the Stockholm Kameraklubb group in December 1949, which really kick-started the debate around the young photographers and their new style of photography. The Stockholm Kameraklubb had been founded in 1946 by a group of professional and amateur photographers from Fotografiska Föreningen (a photographers’ association), which included Helmer Bäckström, Gustaf W:son Cronquist, [](Agnes Hansson), Lennart af Petersens, Arne Wahlberg, and Rolf Winquist. This rival show was also thoroughly reviewed but far less favourably by those who were news photographers and particularly by art critic Ulf Hård af Segerstad in *Svenska Dagbladet*. The selected display was considered to be very traditional, with a weakness for fog, and a well-practised but uniform use of technique. In sum, there was no experimentation or surprises. The public debate became an intense discussion on new methods of taking pictures. The generational divide between the younger and older photographers was not just about the style of pictures, but also about lifestyle and the social and political prerequisites of photography.\n\nAstrid Bergman Sucksdorff’s first book, published in 1953, was titled *Micki rävungen*. She used black and white photography to tell the story of a small fox cub’s adventures one sunny summer day. Her main themes became animals and nature, with and for children. A few years later she released the book *Chendru får en tiger*, 1959, which attracted international attention and was translated into several languages. It tells the story of a boy in an Indian jungle village, and resulted from a long stay in India, where she had worked as a still-life photographer during the filming of Arne Sucksdorff’s film *En djungelsaga*, 1957. Chendru får en tiger is a picture book in colour with massive pictures which were printed right to the edge of the page in warm yellow, green and brown tones, reflecting the nature which surrounded the village. At this time it was still quite unusual to find colour photographs in printed books. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff, who was both an author and a photographer, successfully created a synthesis between a reference book and a storybook.\n\nAfter the Second World War she began to focus on publishing photographic picture books for children. This was a natural progression of the general development of photo picture books. This genre proved to be a particularly successful way to show how children lived in foreign places and to report on animals and nature. There was pedagogy behind both of these concepts and the books tend to be classed as factual books. [](Anna Riwkin-Brick), who produced 19 photo picture books on children from various countries, paved the way for photojournalism for children. Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff, along with Anna Riwkin-Brick, is perhaps the most famous photographer who produced photo picture books for children. She published 20 books and in 1984 was awarded the Astrid Lindgren prize in recognition of her efforts.\n\nIn 1997 Astrid Bergman Sucksdorff released an autobiography called *Med livet i focus*. Towards the end of her life she lived in Skara. Since 2015 her archive has been managed by Landskrona museum.\n\nAsrid Bergman Sucksdorff died in Skara in 2015.",
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        "Pioneers",
        "Suffrage",
        "Physiotherapists",
        "Maecenases"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-08T14:22:13",
      "libris_uri": [
        "mkz29q1515b63ps"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 65,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1849-10-07",
            "date": "1849-10-07"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Hammarlunda församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.736944,
              "lon": 13.437778
            },
            "place": "Hammarlunda socken"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1915-07-29",
            "date": "1915-07-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Martina/ Sofia Helena",
        "lastname": "Bergman-Österberg",
        "sortname": "Bergman-Österberg"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Guvernant",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1870",
            "date": "1870"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1873",
            "date": "1873"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bibliotekarie",
          "detail": "Bibliotekarie på Nordisk Familjebok",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1874",
            "date": "1874"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1877",
            "date": "1877"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gymnastikinspektris",
          "detail": "verksam vid London Scholl Board",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1881",
            "date": "1881"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Föreståndare",
          "detail": "Utbildningsföreståndare och sjukgymnast med privat klinik,  Hampstead Physical Training College and Gymnasium",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1885",
            "date": "1885"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Föreståndare",
          "detail": "Utbildningsföreståndare, Dartford College",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Grundare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1900",
            "date": "1900"
          },
          "name": "Bergman Österberg Union",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Bergman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Madame Österberg",
          "type": "Smeknamn",
          "type_eng": "Nickname"
        },
        {
          "mk_link": true,
          "name": "Österberg, Martina",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.736944,
              "lon": 13.437778
            },
            "place": "Hammarlunda socken"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Martina Bergman-Österberg. Träsnitt av Gunnar Forssell i Idun nr 10, 1890 (KvinnSam, Göteborgs universitetsbibliotek)",
          "description_eng": "Martina Bergman-Österberg. Woodcut by Gunnar Forssell in Idun nr 10, 1890 (KvinnSam, Gothenburg University Library)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bergman_Osterberg_Martina.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1816-11-10",
            "date": "1816-11-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Fredrique Elisabeth, kallad Betty,",
          "lastname": "Lundgren",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1815-06-03",
            "date": "1815-06-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl J",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "occupation": "Inspektor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1846-01-11",
            "date": "1846-01-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "? [dog som ung]"
          },
          "firstname": "Bror Julius",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1847-04-11",
            "date": "1847-04-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "? [dog som ung]"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Fredric",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1852-11-04",
            "date": "1852-11-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ida Fredrica Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Bergman, gift Broman",
          "occupation": "Sjukgymnast",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sally Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Bergman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1850-06-15",
            "date": "1850-06-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1917-06-13",
            "date": "1917-06-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Edvin Per Vilhelm",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "lastname": "Österberg",
          "occupation": "Skolledare, läroverkslärare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1915",
            "date": "1915"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Fehn, Inger, 'Madame Bergman-Österberg 1849-1915, en bortglömd pionjär?', *Idrott, historia och samhälle.*, 2000, s. 128-133, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinndata/portaler/kunskap/folkbildning/mbergman.pdf"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fletcher, Sheila, *Women first: the female tradition in English physical education, 1880-1980*, Athlone P., London, 1984",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hargreaves, Jennifer, *Sporting females: critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports*, Routledge, London, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "McCrone, Kathleen E., *Playing the game: sport and the physical emancipation of English women, 1870-1914*, Univ. Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ottosson, Anders, 'One History or Many Herstories? Gender politics and the history of physiotherapy's origins in the nineteenth and early twentieth century', *Women's History Review*, 2016(25):2, 296-319, 2016 (Hämtad 2018-02-12)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09612025.2015.1071581?journalCode=rwhr20"
        },
        {
          "description": "Wistrand, Birgitta, *Martina Bergman Österberg: svenskan som satte linggymnastiken på världskartan*, Ekerlid, Stockholm, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Gymnastiklärare, utbildningsgrundare, rösträttskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Games teacher, educational founder, suffragette",
      "text": "Martina Bergman-Österberg startade den första gymnastiklärarutbildningen för kvinnor i England. Därmed uppstod ett nytt yrke på den brittiska arbetsmarknaden för kvinnor.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg föddes 1849 i Hammarlunda socken i Malmöhus län. Föräldrarna var lantbrukarna Carl Bergman och Fredrique Elisabeth (Betty) Lundgren. Hon växte upp i en syskonskara om sex, med två bröder och tre systrar. Hemmet var troligtvis välbeställt då hon av allt att döma erhöll en mycket god utbildning, där även språkstudier i Schweiz ingick. Hon skall redan i unga år ha visat upp både en stark företagsamhet och en ovilja att anpassa sig efter tidens konventioner om vad som ansågs vara lämpligt för flickor att sysselsätta sig med. Genom hela livet kom hon också att aktivt propagera för kvinnors rättigheter och möjligheter till egen försörjning.\n\nEfter en tid som guvernant tog Martina Bergman-Österberg vid 25 års ålder anställning som bibliotekarie på *Nordisk Familjebok*. Där träffade hon sin blivande make, skolmannen Edvin Österberg, vilken ingick i uppslagsverkets redaktion. Exakt när hon började se gymnastik som ett livskall är oklart men intresset bör ha väckts ungefär samtidigt som hon började på *Nordisk Familjebok*. Mycket talar för att hon började närma sig gymnastikläraryrket på samma vis som var brukligt vid denna tid: via möjligheten att arbeta som sjukgymnast. På 1800-talet var sjukgymnastik (idag fysioterapi) och skolgymnastik två sidor av samma professionella mynt. Detta var som mest tydligt på Gymnastiska centralinstitutet i Stockholm (GCI, idag GIH), den statliga skola som grundats av Pehr Henrik Ling 1813, och som ansvarade för att utbilda Sveriges alla gymnastiklärare och sjukgymnaster. De flesta av GCI:s elever blev dubbelutbildade, det vill säga de fick kompetens som både sjukgymnaster och gymnastiklärare, men eftersom det svenska skolsystemet under stora delar av 1800- talet hade få tjänster som gymnastiklärare, försörjde sig de flesta av GCI:s elever länge som sjukgymnaster. Detta gällde även för kvinnor, vilka efter 1864 också fick rätt att ta examen på GCI.\n\nDet var dock inte via GCI som Martina Bergman-Österberg först blev bekant med sjukgymnastiken. Enligt uppgifter skall detta ha skett genom att hon kom i kontakt med sjukgymnast major Thure Brandts gynekologiska massage. Denna behandlingsform började på 1870-talet vinna popularitet för att snart nå världsrykte. Major Brandt var GCI-elev med egen stor klinik i Stockholm. Det är dock oklart om Martina Bergman- Österberg arbetade hos Thure Brandt eller hade egen praktik där hon utövade denna behandlingsform.\n\nEmellertid var det inte i Sverige som Martina Bergman-Österbergs stora intresse för gymnastikläraryrket väcktes. Efter att ha slutat på *Nordisk Familjebok* vistades hon några år utomlands för att slutligen landa i London, där många svenska sjukgymnaster redan hade etablerat sig. Där kom hon att träffa en annan GCI-alumnus, Concordia Löfving, som 1878, av London School Board, hade blivit utsedd till gymnastikinspektris över stadens kommunala folkskolor. Gymnastikinspektrisens uppgift var att förbättra och utöka möjligheterna för god fysisk fostran, främst genom att ge kurser i gymnastik till folkskolornas kvinnliga lärare. Efter en tid i London återvände Martina Bergman- Österberg till Sverige för att studera vid GCI och hon tog sin examen 1881. Samma år sade Concordia Löfving upp sig från sin tjänst som gymnastikinspektris och Martina Bergman tog över efter henne. Hon innehade denna position till 1888 och nådde stora framgångar. Antalet lärare som fick utbildning i GCI:s gymnastik ökade snabbt. När hon slutade sin tjänst hade hon utbildat många hundra lärare och 267 engelska flickskolor hade "svensk gymnastik" på schemat.\n\nEn anledning till att Martina Bergman-Österberg sade upp sig var att hon hade större ambitioner än att träna kvinnliga folkskollärare i gymnastik. Hon ville att gymnastik skulle bli en egen specialistutbildning. Redan tre år tidigare, 1885, hade hon för ändamålet också införskaffat en större egendom i Hampstead. Skolan fick namnet Hampstead Physical Training College and Gymnasium (HPTC). GCI i Stockholm stod som modell, vilket gjorde att studenterna också fick lära sig sjukgymnastik. Även om den huvudsakliga arbetsplatsen för HPTC:s elever skulle bli utbildningsområdet var det inte ovanligt att de tog anställning på sjukhus eller öppnade egen praktik. Också Martina Bergman-Österberg hade en framgångsrik sjukgymnastklinik kopplad till skolan, vilket säkerligen även hjälpte henne mycket ekonomiskt.\n\nUtbildningen i Hampstead blev en succé och antalet sökande ökade hela tiden. År 1895 flyttades skolan till Dartford och bytte namn till Dartford College. Den kallades populärt för "Madame's College", då Martina Bergman-Österberg i regel tilltalades Madame Österberg. Skolan skulle också knoppas av. Några av Martina Bergman-Österbergs elever öppnade egna skolor med Dartford College som förlaga. Efter hennes död 1915 testamenterades skolan till den brittiska staten. År 1976 slogs skolan samman med Thames Polytechnic och 1982 upphörde gymnastikundervisningen. Resterna av Dartford College finns idag på University of Greenwich, London, där The Bergman Österberg Archive förvaltas.\n\nI sitt enträgna arbete hade Martina Bergman-Österberg god hjälp av det omfattande nätverk av kontakter med Londons eliter som hon byggde upp. Hon samarbetade även med andra GCI-elever som bodde i London. Här skulle Allan Broman bli den mer inflytelserika. Han hade etablerat sig som sjukgymnast men blev också framgångsrik i att införa GCI:s gymnastik i den brittiska flottan. Allan Broman skulle också gifta sig med Martina Bergman-Österbergs yngre syster Anna Bergman, som även hon tog examen på GCI och flyttade till London.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg beskrivs genomgående som något av en järnlady som gjorde ett stort intryck på sin omgivning. Hon var en sträng perfektionist som krävde oerhört mycket av sina elever. Vem som helst fick inte antas till Dartford. Gallringen var hård och många blev ratade. Martina Bergman-Österberg skall till och med ha kallats "Napoleon". Enligt hennes systerdotter Anna Broman, även hon lärare på Dartford College, skall Martina Bergman-Österberg ha sagt till sina studenter att: "no student of mine ever says 'I cannot'. The day may come when you feel nervous. Remember then that you are one of Madame Österberg's students and it will be enough to carry you through any situation." Som så många andra i samtiden var Martina Bergman-Österberg präglad av socialdarwinismen, vilket också återspeglades i hennes starka feministiska patos. Hon sa bland annat: "I try to train my girls to help raise their own sex, and to accelerate the progress of the race; for unless the women are strong, healthy, pure, and true, how can they progress?"\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg var släkt med [](Signe Bergman), som efter sekelskiftet 1900 blev en huvudfigur i den svenska kvinnliga rösträttsrörelsen. Efter sina flickskoleår bodde Signe Bergman hos Martina Bergman-Österberg i England och man kan nog inte utesluta att hennes framgångsrika och viljestarka släkting kom att inspirera henne i sin fortsatta gärning som rösträttskämpe. Martina Bergman-Österberg blev med tiden en förmögen kvinna och kom också att donera stora summor och egendomar till Landsföreningen för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR) och Fredrika-Bremer- Förbundet.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg avled i cancer 1915.",
      "text_eng": "Martina Bergman-Österberg set up the first physical education teacher training programme for women in England. She thereby created a new profession for women in the British labour market.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg was born in Hammarlunda parish of Malmöhus county in 1894. Her parents, Carl Bergman and Fredrique Elisabeth (Betty) Lundgren, were farmers. She grew up with five siblings, two brothers and three sisters. It is likely that she came from a well-to-do home as she seems to have received a good education, even including language studies in Switzerland. From a young age, she is said to have displayed a good head for enterprise and an unwillingness to conform to the conventions of her time with regard to which pastimes were considered suitable for girls. She also actively campaigned on behalf of women’s rights and opportunities to have a career throughout her life.\n\nHaving worked as a governess for a while Martina Bergman-Österberg became employed as a librarian for *Nordisk Familjebok* when she was 25 years old. She met the educationalist Edvin Österberg, who was an editor of the reference books, at her work and they eventually got married. It remains unclear exactly when she began to see physical education as a calling but she probably developed her interest in it around the time she worked for *Nordisk Familjebok*. She likely approached becoming a physical education teacher in the traditional way, which entailed working as a physiotherapist. Physiotherapy and physical education were two sides of the same professional coin during the 19th century. This was most evident at the Gymnastiska centralinstitut (GCI, today Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences) in Stockholm, the state-run school which had been founded by Pehr Henrik Ling in 1813 and which was responsible for training all Swedish physical education teachers and physiotherapists. The majority of GCI’s students were doubly trained, gaining qualifications as both physiotherapists and as physical education teachers, but as there were very few positions within the Swedish school system for physical education teachers, the majority of GCI’s students spent long periods of the 19th century working as physiotherapists. This was also true for women, who only obtained the right to graduate from GCI from 1864 onwards.\n\nHowever, Martina Bergman-Österberg’s first contact with physiotherapy did not come through GCI. According to the sources it was her contact with physiotherapist Major Thure Brandt’s gynaecological massage that first introduced her to the field. This form of treatment became popular in the 1870s and quickly gained global acclaim. Major Thure Brandt was a student at GCI but also had an own clinic in Stockholm. It is unclear whether Martina Bergman-Österberg worked with Thure Brandt or whether she had her own surgery where she practised this form of treatment.\n\nIn the meantime Martina Bergman-Österberg’s significant interest in becoming a physical education teacher did not begin in Sweden. Once she had finished working at *Nordisk Familjebok* she spent a few years travelling, eventually ending up in London, where several Swedish physiotherapists had already established themselves. She met another GCI alumnus, namely Concordia Löfving, who had been appointed inspector of physical education for the municipal adult education schools by the London School Board in 1878. Concordia Löving’s remit included improving and developing the possibilities for good physical education, particularly by holding courses in physical movement for the female teachers of the adult education schools. Following her time in London Martina Bergman-Österberg returned to Sweden in order to study at GCI. She graduated in 1881. That same year Concordia Löfving resigned from her post as inspector of physical education and Martina Bergman-Österberg replaced her, and held the post very successfully until 1888. Meanwhile, the number of teachers being trained at GCI was increasing rapidly. When she stopped working Martina Bergman-Österberg had trained several hundred teachers and 267 English schoolgirls had “Swedish gymnastics” on their timetables.\n\nOne reason that Martina Bergman-Österberg resigned was that her ambitions went further than merely training female adult education school teachers in physical education. She wanted physical education to become a discrete specialism. Three years earlier, in 1885, she had already acquired a large property in Hampstead. This school was named the Hampstead Physical Training College and Gymnasium (HPTC). As GCI served as the role model for this school, students were also taught physiotherapy. Although the main source of employment for students at HPTC was within education and training, it was not unusual for some to become employed at hospitals or to open their own clinics. Martina Bergman-Österberg also ran a successful physiotherapy clinic in conjunction with the school, which probably gave her a lot of added financial support.\n\nThe Hampstead school was a success and increasing numbers of students applied each year. In 1895 the whole enterprise moved to Dartford and the school changed its name to Dartford College. It was popularly referred to as “Madame’s College”, as Martina Bergman-Österberg generally was called Madame Österberg. Sister branches of the school were also set up. Some of Martina Bergman-Österberg’s students opened their own schools based on Dartford College. Following Martina Bergman-Österberg’s death in 1915 her school was willed to the British state. In 1976 the school was merged with Thames Polytechnic and in 1982 physical education ceased being taught. What remains of Dartford College today can be found at the University of Greenwich, in London, where the Bergman Österberg Archive is kept.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg made good use of the network of contacts she had built up within the London elite to undertake her work. She collaborated with other GCI students who lived in London, of which Allan Broman was the most influential. He had established himself as a physiotherapist but also found success when he introduced GCI’s physical training to the British navy. Allan Broman later went on to marry Martina Bergman-Österberg’s younger sister Anna Bergman, who had also graduated from GCI and moved to London.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg is uniformly described as somewhat of an iron lady who left a major impact on her surroundings. She was a strict perfectionist who was extremely demanding of her students. Not just anyone was accepted into Dartford. The selection process was taxing and many did not succeed. Martina Bergman-Österberg was reputedly even known as “Napoleon”. According to her niece, Anna Broman, who was also a teacher at Dartford College, Martina Bergman-Österberg once said to her students that “no student of mine ever says ‘I cannot’. The day may come when you feel nervous. Remember then that you are one of Madame Österberg’s students and it will be enough to carry you through any situation.” Martina Bergman-Österberg was, like many others were at this time, influenced by social Darwinism and this was also reflected in her strong feminist pathos. She is known to have said: “I try to train my girls to help raise their own sex, and to accelerate the progress of the race; for unless the women are strong, healthy, pure, and true, how can they progress?”\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg was related to [](Signe Bergman), who became a figurehead of the Swedish women’s suffrage movement just after 1900. Signe Bergman lived with Martina Bergman-Österberg in England after completing her initial school education and it is highly likely that her successful and headstrong relative influenced her through her activities as a suffragette campaigner. Martina Bergman-Österberg became a very wealthy woman and also donated large sums of money and properties to the Landsförening för kvinnans politiska rösträtt (LKPR, Swedish national association for women’s suffrage) and the Fredrika Bremer association.\n\nMartina Bergman-Österberg died of cancer in 1915.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "MartinaBergmanOsterberg",
      "v_all_places": [
        "London, Storbritannien|51.507351|-0.127758",
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Hammarlunda socken|55.736944|13.437778"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "15146285358415371610"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
        {
          "firstname": "Madeleine",
          "lastname": "Kleberg"
        }
      ],
      "civil_status": "Gift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Married",
      "contact": [
        {
          "firstname": "Tom",
          "lastname": "Alandh",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Studentexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Kungsholms enskilda läroverk",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "type": "Läroverk"
        },
        {
          "description": "Gymnastikdirektörsexamen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, nuvarande Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
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        },
        {
          "description": "Fil.kand.examen",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "institution": "Stockholms högskola",
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
          },
          "type": "Högskola"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fil.lic.examen, sociologi",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Stockholms högskola",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
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          "type": "Högskola"
        }
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      "furtherreference": [
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          "description": "Av Birgitta Bergmark",
          "description_eng": "By Birgitta Bergmark",
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          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(birgitta+bergmark)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
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        {
          "description": "’Birgitta Bergmark’, *Svensk filmdatabas* (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "http://www.svenskfilmdatabas.se/sv/Item/?type=person&itemid=173226"
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          "description": "’Birgitta Bergmark’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
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      "keyword": [
        "1900-talet",
        "Journalister",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-04-20T11:00:03",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 64,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1934-11-01",
            "date": "1934-11-01"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Sofia församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.782614,
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            "place": "Jönköping"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1999-01-16",
            "date": "1999-01-16"
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          "place": {
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            "pin": {
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Birgitta/",
        "lastname": "Bergmark",
        "sortname": "Bergmark"
      },
      "num_children": 5,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Lärare, sociologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1959",
            "date": "1959"
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          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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          "description": "Journalist",
          "detail": "Journalist, TV-producent, filmare, Sveriges Television",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
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              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1999",
            "date": "1999"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Författare",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot, SIF-klubben vid Sveriges Radio",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1965",
            "date": "1965"
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          "name": "Svenska Industritjänstemannaförbundet (SIF)",
          "to": {
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            "date": "1999"
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          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
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          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        },
        {
          "name": "Haglund",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
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      "places": [
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            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
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            "place": "Jönköping"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1999",
            "date": "1999"
          }
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      "publication_date": "2020-11-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1907-04-11",
            "date": "1907-04-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1984-05-12",
            "date": "1984-05-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Nancy Margareta",
          "lastname": "Eriksson, född Bengtsson",
          "occupation": "Riksdagsledamot",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1906-12-02",
            "date": "1906-12-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1977-02-06",
            "date": "1977-02-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Torsten",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "occupation": "Generaldirektör, chef för Fångvårdsstyrelsen (idag Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen)",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1928-03-12",
            "date": "1928-03-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Fritiof Johan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1956",
            "date": "1956"
          },
          "lastname": "Haglund",
          "occupation": "Radio- och tv-producent",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-01-08",
            "date": "1920-01-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1996-01-11",
            "date": "1996-01-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Torsten Emric",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960",
            "date": "1960"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergmark",
          "occupation": "Konstnär, konstkritiker, professor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1978",
            "date": "1978"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1945-12-31",
            "date": "1945-12-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2020-02-15",
            "date": "2020-02-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Alec",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "lastname": "Carlberg",
          "occupation": "Förbundssekreterare, RFHL, hedersdoktor",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1999",
            "date": "1999"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1956-10-22",
            "date": "1956-10-22"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Mari Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Haglund",
          "occupation": "Folkhögskollärare",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1959-02-25",
            "date": "1959-02-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Yrja Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Haglund",
          "occupation": "Universitetslektor, Florens, Italien",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1961-01-10",
            "date": "1961-01-10"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Emma Nancy Fredrika",
          "lastname": "Bergmark",
          "occupation": "Utredare, Statens kulturråd",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1963-11-28",
            "date": "1963-11-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Per Torsten Johannes",
          "lastname": "Bergmark",
          "occupation": "Musiker, tonsättare, instrumentbyggare, pianotekniker",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1977-10-24",
            "date": "1977-10-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Julia Katarina Eufemia",
          "lastname": "Carlberg",
          "occupation": "Fil.kand.",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Alandh, Tom, ’Birgitta Bergmark’ [Nekrolog], *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1999-01-29",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Biografiska data sammanställda i samarbete med Emma Bergmark",
          "type": "Opublicerad källa",
          "type_eng": "Unpublished source"
        },
        {
          "description": "Birgitta Bergmark. Svensk mediedatabas (Hämtad 2020-11-09)",
          "type": "TV",
          "url": "https://smdb.kb.se/catalog/search?q=birgitta+bergmark&x=0&y=0"
        },
        {
          "description": "Furhammar, Leif, *Med TV i verkligheten: Sveriges television och de dokumentära genrerna*, Stift. Etermedierna i Sverige, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kleberg, Madeleine, *Skötsam kvinnosyn: hem- och familjereportage i svensk TV åren 1956-1969*, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation - JMK, Univ., Stockholm, 1999",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Rynell Åhlén, David, *Samtida konst på bästa sändningstid konst i svensk television 1956-1969*, Mediehistoria, Lunds universitet, Diss. Stockholm : Stockholms universitet, 2016,Lund, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128838"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "TV-producent, filmare, journalist",
      "subtitle_eng": "Television producer, film-maker, journalist",
      "text": "Birgitta Bergmark var TV-producent, filmare, författare och journalist och en av pionjärerna inom svensk television. I sitt arbete vid kultur- och samhällsredaktionerna gjorde hon ett flertal journalistiskt granskande reportage om brister och svagheter i den svenska samtiden men även om förhållanden i andra länder.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark föddes 1934 i Jönköping. Hon var dotter till den socialdemokratiska riksdagspolitikern [](Nancy Eriksson) och generaldirektören för Fångvårdsstyrelsen (nu Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen), Torsten Eriksson. Hon tog studenten 1953 vid Kungsholmens enskilda läroverk i Stockholm, två år senare blev hon gymnastikdirektör vid Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, nuvarande Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH). Vid Stockholms högskola tog Birgitta Bergmark en filosofie kandidatexamen 1959 med sociologi som huvudämne, i vilket ämne hon med uppsatsen *Övervakade pojkar mellan 15–18 år bosatta i Stockholm* avlade en licentiatexamen 1963.\n\nI sitt äktenskap med radio- och TV-producenten Fritjof Haglund 1956–1960 fick hon två döttrar. Under åren 1960–1978 var hon gift med konstnären och konstkritikern Torsten Bergmark och fick med honom ytterligare en dotter och en son. Från 1979 fram till sin död 1999 var Birgitta Bergmark gift med Alec Carlberg, förbundssekreterare och ordförande för Riksförbundet för hjälp åt läkemedels- och narkotikabrukare (RFHL, nuvarande Riksförbundet för Rättigheter, Frigörelse, Hälsa och Likabehandling) och fick tillsammans med honom en dotter.\n\nUnder åren 1959–1961 arbetade Birgitta Bergmark som lärare vid sociologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet (då Stockholms högskola). År 1961 anställdes Birgitta Bergmark som producent vid televisionens kulturredaktion. När TV2 startade 1969 började hon på TV2 Fakta där hon i några år under 1980-talet var biträdande redaktionschef. Från 1987 var hon redaktionschef för aktualitetsavdelningen på Kanal 1. Som fackligt aktiv representerade Birgitta Bergmark Svenska Industritjänstemannaförbundet (SIF) vid Sveriges Radio vid ett flertal kongresser under 1970- och 1980-talen.\n\nEn av de första programserier Birgitta Bergmark producerade var kulturmagasinet *Horisont* som under tidigt 1960-tal kom att vidga det tidigare snävt definierade kulturbegreppet till att omfatta mer allmänna samhällsföreteelser.\n\nI *Konsten är lång: ett program om att måla, sälja och köpa en tavla*, 1962, görs en journalistisk granskning av arbetssituationen för svenska konstnärer och förhållanden på Stockholms konstmarknad. I en serie om tre program, *Tycke och smak*, 1965, är utgångspunkten en sociologisk undersökning i vilken boende intervjuats om hur de valt att inreda och dekorera sina hem. Birgitta Bergmark hade själv en betydande roll för undersökningens utformning och genomförande. Programmen ville skapa debatt genom att bryta mot talesättet att tycke och smak inte är något att diskutera. I *Enastående konsttillfälle*, 1968, anlades också ett konsumentperspektiv i så motto att programmet tog sig an problemet med en ökande försäljning av så kallad undermålig konst.\n\nUnder 1960-talet producerade Birgitta Bergmark också flera reportage och dokumentärer för televisionens samhällsredaktion. *Mamma utan ring*, 1962, var ett reportage om ogifta mödrars svåra ekonomiska förhållanden och bostadssituation. Många av papporna ville inte eller kunde inte betala underhåll och bidragsförskottet var begränsat. De ogifta mammorna fick ofta vända sig till den utsedda barnavårdsmannen som inte sällan intog en moraliserande hållning. Mammorna bodde ofta hos sina föräldrar, tog arbete som hembiträde där de fick ta med sig barnet eller på mödrahem där de fick bo till dess att barnet fyllt ett år.\n\nNågra dokumentärer skildrade olika miljöer, som till exempel *Kontorsslav? Ett reportage från några stockholmskontor*, 1965, *Mellan bong och nota: Ett reportage om restaurangpersonal*, 1966, *Fästning, spinnhus, anstalt. Ur fångvårdens historia*, 1967 samt *Sibirien - en arbetarstadsdel*, 1969. Under ockupationen av kårhuset i Stockholm i maj 1968 portförbjöds pressen av ockupanterna men televisionen släpptes in och resultatet blev dokumentären *Kårhusockupationen*, 1968. Tillsammans med filmaren Lars Westman producerade Birgitta Bergmark *Raggare*, 1972, ett reportage om raggare i Sundsvall. Teamet blev involverat i ett häftigt bråk mellan raggare och polis och anklagades, bland annat i pressen, för att ha provocerat uppträdet. Filmarna friades dock helt från misstankarna. Bråket och efterspelet är dokumenterat i filmen. 25 år senare gjorde Birgitta Bergmark och Lars Westman en uppföljning av reportaget.\n\nI reportageserien *Arbetets kvinnor*, 1975, sända under det av FN proklamerade internationella kvinnoåret, svarade Birgitta Bergmark för *Arbetets kvinnor. Jag känner mig betydelsefull* som handlade om kvinnor i industrin. *I huvet på en gammal dumburk: om televisionens kvinnor- och mansbild*, 1976, medverkade konstvetaren [](Barbro Werkmäster) och statsrådet Anna Greta Leijon som diskuterade televisionens kvinno- och mansbilder. *Arbetets döttrar*, 1986, är en film av Jean Hermanson och Torgny Schunnesson som Birgitta Bergmark producerade för sändning i TV2. Filmen tar upp det monotona, stressiga och för kroppen slitsamma arbetet för kvinnor i två fabriker, Malmö Strumpfabrik och Abba i Kungshamn.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark gjorde även ett antal nedslag i andra länder än Sverige. Ett av de första var\n*Mallorca 2 timmar och 50 minuter med jet: ett reportage från en sällskapsresa*, 1965. *I Portugal pågår revolutionen*, 1975, som behandlade utvecklingen i Portugal efter revolutionen 1974. I *Röda brigaderna*, 1984, dokumenterade Birgitta Bergmark den blodiga utvecklingen i Italien, i *Våldtäkten och rättvisan*, 1991, skildras hur en svensk kvinna, våldtagen på Sicilien, kämpar för att få en rättegång och som när den väl äger rum präglas av latent våld.\nTillsammans med Torsten Bergmark skrev hon böckerna *Italien: krisernas år*, 1969, och *Det svarta spåret: en bok om nyfascismen i Italien*, 1975.\n\nInom ramen för programserien *Dokumentären* bidrog Birgitta Bergmark med *Och därmed Basta*, 1996, om Sveriges första arbetskooperativ för narkomaner som erbjöd missbrukare hårt arbete som alternativ till droger och kriminalitet, *Offer för brott*, 1996, skildrar arbetet på en brottsofferjour i Stockholm, *Vänd oss inte ryggen*, 1998, om uteliggares villkor i Stockholm och *Det ska fan bli gammal*, 1998, om ålderdomens villkor i Sverige.\n\nUnder sin karriär som TV-producent, filmare och författare producerade Birgitta Bergmark en mängd dokumentärer och texter om kultur, våld, kvinnoliv och samhälle, hemma och utomlands, alltid med medkänsla och engagemang.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark avled 1999 i Stockholm, S:t Görans församling, vid 65 års ålder. Hon är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Birgitta Bergmark was a television producer, a film-maker, an author, and a journalist. She also belonged to the pioneers within Swedish television. Her efforts within cultural and social reportage included a number of journalistic examinations into failures and weaknesses in contemporary Sweden as well as investigating similar conditions in other countries.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark was born in Jönköping in 1934. She was the daughter of [](Nancy Eriksson), a Social Democratic party parliamentarian, and Torsten Eriksson, director-general of Fångvårdsstyrelsen (now Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen, prison and probation service). Birgitta Bergmark matriculated in 1953 at Kungsholmens enskilda läroverk in Stockholm, two years later she was employed as director of physical education at Gymnastiska centralinstitutet (GCI, now Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH). In 1959 Birgitta Bergmark graduated from Stockholm college (now Stockholm university) with a bachelor’s degree in philosophy, majoring in sociology. She wrote a dissertation entitled *Övervakade pojkar mellan 15-18 år bosatta i Stockholm* for which she was awarded a licentiate in 1963.\n\nFrom 1956 to 1960 Birgitta Bergmark was married to Fritjof Haglund, a radio and television producer, and they had two daughters. Birgitta Bergmark was subsequently married to Torsten Bergmark, an artist and art critic, from 1960 to 1978 during which time they had a daughter and a son together. Finally, from 1979 until her death in 1999 Birgitta Bergmark was married to Alec Carlberg, the chair and secretary of Riksförbundet för hjälp åt läkemedels- och narkotikabrukare (RFHL, now Riksförbundet för Rättigheter, Frigörelse, Hälsa och Likabehandling), with whom she had a daughter named Julia.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark taught within the sociology department at Stockholm college from 1959–1961. In 1961 she was employed by Sveriges Television as a producer for the culture section. When the TV2 channel was inaugurated in 1969 Birgitta Bergmark began to work for TV2 Fakta, and for a few years during the 1980s she served as deputy chief editor. From 1987 she was chief editor of the news section at Kanal 1. As a trade union activist Birgitta Bergmark represented Svenska Industritjänstemannaförbundet (SIF, Swedish union of clerical and technical employees in industry) at Sveriges Radio at several conferences during the 1970s and 1980s.\n\nOne of the first programme series produced by Birgitta Bergmark was a cultural review called *Horisont*. It was this programme which, during the early 1960s, broadened what had previously been a narrowly-defined cultural concept to include wider general social phenomena.\n\nThe 1962 programme *Konsten är lång: ett program om att måla, sälja och köpa en tavla* was a journalistic investigation into the employment situation for artists and the state of the Stockholm art market. The series of three programmes called *Tycke och smak*, from 1965, used a sociological investigation as the basic starting point, in which tenants were interviewed regarding their choice of home interior décor. Birgitta Bergmark played an important role in the formation and implementation of the investigation. The programmes sought to generate a discussion by confronting the figure of speech which claims that people’s preferences and tastes are not up for discussion. The 1968 programme *Enastående konsttillfälle* also adopted the consumer’s perspective by tackling the issue of the increase in sales of so-called non-nutritious food.\n\nDuring the 1960s Birgitta Bergmark also produced several reports and documentaries on behalf of the social commentary section of programming. *Mamma utan ring*, from 1962, was a report on single mothers and the difficult financial situations and living conditions they endured. Many of the fathers involved either did not want to or could not supply necessary maintenance costs and limited supplemental benefits were available. Single mothers often suffered disapproval from appointed childcare experts who not infrequently took the moral high ground. These women often lived at home with their parents, worked as home help in situations where they were allowed to bring their children with them, or they stayed at women’s refuges who took them in until their child was one year old. \n\nSome of the documentaries covered different milieus, such as *Kontorsslav? Ett reportage från några stockholmskontor* from 1965, *Mellan bong och nota: Ett reportage om restaurangpersonal* from 1966, *Fästning, spinnhus, anstalt. Ur fångvårdens historia* from 1967, as well as *Sibirien – en arbetarstadsdel* from 1969. Although students banned the press from entering the student union in Stockholm during the May 1968 occupation, they did allow a television crew to come in. The result was a documentary entitled *Kårhusockupationen* in 1968. Birgitta Bergmark, in collaboration with the film-maker Lars Westman, reported on the Sundsvall greasers in 1972 in a programme called *Raggare*. The team became embroiled in a serious brawl between the greasers and the police and were accused – even in the press – of having provoked the fight. The film crew was, however, entirely absolved of all suspicion. The footage shows the disturbance and its consequences. 25 years later Birgitta Bergmark and Lars Westman made a follow-up report.\n\nIn a series of reports called *Arbetets kvinnor* from 1975, aired as part of the UN’s International Year of the Woman, Birgitta Bergmark was responsible for producing *Arbetets kvinnor. Jag känner mig betydelsefull*, a report on women in industry. *I huvet på en gammal dumburk: om televisionens kvinnor- och mansbild*, from 1976, the art expert [](Barbro Werkmäster) and cabinet minister Anna Greta Leijon discussed how female and male role models were portrayed on television. *Arbetets döttrar*, 1986, is a film by Jean Hermanson and Torgny Schunnesson which Birgitta Bergmark produced for TV2. The film deals with the monotonous, stressful, and physically wearing work women performed in two factories, Malmö Strumpfabrik and Abba i Kungshamn.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark also made an impact in other countries beyond Sweden. One of the earliest was *Mallorca 2 timmar och 50 minuter med jet: ett reportage från en sällskapsresa*, 1965. In the 1975 programme *I Portugal pågår revolutionen*, she covered developments in Portugal following the 1974 revolution. Nine years later Birgitta Bergmark documented the bloody events of Italy in the 1984 programme *Röda brigaderna*, whilst *Våldtäkten och rättvisan*, from 1991, portrays the struggle of a Swedish woman who, after being raped in Sicily, fights for her right to due judicial process and when she finally gets it she is subject to latent violence.\n\nWithin the framework of the *Dokumentären* series Birgitta Bergmark contributed an episode entitled *Och därmed Basta*, from 1996, which focused on the first employment cooperative in Sweden for drug addicts where these individuals were offered hard labour as an alternative to drugs and crime. Another episode, *Offer för brott*, from 1996, portrays the work of the victim support agency in Stockholm. The 1998 *Vänd oss inte ryggen* dealt with the conditions of the homeless in Stockholm and *Det ska fan bli gammal*, also from 1998, covered conditions for the elderly in Sweden.\n\nDuring her career as a TV-producer, film-maker, and author Birgitta Bergmark produced many documentaries and written pieces on culture, violence, the lives of women, and society, both at home and abroad, always undertaken with empathy and interest.\n\nBirgitta Bergmark died in Stockholm in 1999, in St. Göran congregation, aged 65. She is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern cemetery) in Solna.",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
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          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/"
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      "text": "Birgitta Bergquist var en av de första professorerna i klassisk fornkunskap och antikens historia vid Stockholms universitet. Hennes forskningsinriktning rörde främst antika grekiska helgedomar, kulter och kultbruk.\n\nBirgitta Bergquist föddes 1935 och växte upp i Uppsala där fadern, Olof Zetterholm, var docent i nordiska språk och verksam vid dåvarande Uppsala landsmålsarkiv (nuvarande Institutet för språk och folkminnen). Modern hette Margareta och arbetade som redaktör. Det var också vid Uppsala universitet som Birgitta Bergquist kom att genomföra sina studier. Hon avlade filosofie licentiatexamen 1962 med högsta betyg. Under studietiden mötte hon läkarstudenten Eric Bergquist, som hon gifte sig med 1957. Båda hade norrländsk anknytning och Norrlands nation utgjorde ett sammanhang där båda brukade synas. Äktenskapet upplöstes genom skilsmässa 1986.\n\nÅr 1967 disputerade Birgitta Bergquist på doktorsavhandlingen *The archaic Greek temenos. A study of structure and function*. Hon utsågs till docent och tilldelades docentstipendium. Avhandlingen betraktades som ett betydande verk och en av de sakkunniga vid tillsättningen av den professur som Birgitta Bergquist så småningom kom att erhålla i Stockholm 1975 menade att den måste ses som ”en mycket betydande prestation, som knappt fått den internationella uppskattning som den förtjänar”. Vägen mellan licentiatexamen och doktorsgrad fylldes av både amanuensgöromål och viss undervisning. Kort efter disputationen vikarierade Birgitta Bergquist även på professuren.\n\nBirgitta Bergquist studerade såväl klassiska språk som klassisk fornkunskap under sin grundutbildning. Det ledde inte bara till en akademisk position vid de svenska universiteten i Uppsala respektive Stockholm utan även till ett engagemang och aktivt deltagande vid de Svenska instituten i Rom respektive Aten. Efter avhandlingen kom Birgitta Bergquist att publicera ytterligare ett par böcker av stor betydelse. År 1973 kom *Herakles on Thasos: the archaeological, literary and epigraphic evidence for his sanctuary, status and cult reconsidered*. Därefter följde *A head of Sarapis [from the Gustavianum Collections in Uppsala 2]*, 1978.\n\nSom så många andra kvinnor vilka dittills nått doktorsgraden var Birgitta Bergquist ensam i ett manligt sammanhang. Vid promotionen den 31 maj 1967 var hon enda kvinna av totalt 83 promovendi.\n\nUnder sina sista år var Birgitta Bergquist märkt av sjukdom. Hon dog i Uppsala 1998 och efterlämnade en son, Love Bergquist. Hon testamenterade delar av sin kvarlåtenskap till Institutionen för antikens kultur och samhällsliv vid Stockholms universitet och i hennes namn upprättades i enlighet med hennes sista vilja en stipendiefond vars syfte är att främja ”publicering i internationellt spridda skriftserier av antikvetenskapliga skrifter, författade av lärare och/eller tidigare studerande vid Institutionen för antikens kultur och samhällsliv vid Stockholms Universitet eller med anknytning till densamma”.",
      "text_eng": "Birgitta Bergquist was one of the first professors in classical archaeology and ancient history at Stockholm University. Her research mainly focused on antique Greek saints, cults and cult practises. \n\nBirgitta Bergquist was born in 1935. She grew up in Uppsala, where her father, Olof Zetterholm, was a docent in Nordic languages employed by what was then Uppsala landsmålsarkiv (today Institute for Language and Folklore). Her mother Margareta worked as an editor. Birgitta Bergquist completed her studies at Uppsala University, where she was awarded a Bachelor’s degree with top marks in 1962. She met the medical student Eric Bergquist while she was studying and they got married in 1957. They both had ties to Norrland and were members of the Norrland students’ union at the university. The couple divorced in 1986.\n\nIn 1967 Birgitta Bergquist defended her doctoral thesis, *The archaic Greek temenos. A study of structure and function*. She was appointed docent and was awarded a docent stipend. Her thesis was considered to be a significant piece of work and one of the experts who awarded Birgitta Bergquist her professorship in Stockholm in 1975 believed that it should be considered “a very important effort, which has barely received the international recognition it deserves”. Birgitta Bergquist’s journey from Bachelor’s degree to doctorate was filled with teaching assistant work and certain periods of teaching. Shortly after gaining her doctorate she also served as an interim professor.\n\nBirgitta Bergquist studied ancient languages as well as classical archaeology as part of her basic training. This led not only to her gaining an academic post at both Uppsala and Stockholm University but also led to engagement and active participation at the Swedish institutes both in Rome and Athens. After finishing her doctorate, Birgitta Bergquist published another two books of great significance. In 1973 she released *Herakles on Thasos: the archaeological, literary and epigraphic evidence for his sanctuary, status and cult reconsidered*. This was followed by *A head of Sarapis [from the Gustavianum Collections in Uppsala 2]*, 1978.\n\nLike many other women who had obtained their doctorates at that time, Birgitta Bergquist was the lone woman in a masculine context. When she was promoted on 31 May 1967, she was the only woman of 83 promovendi.\n\nBirgitta Bergquist’s final years were marked by illness. She died in Uppsala in 1998, leaving behind her adult son, Love Bergquist. She bequeathed parts of her inheritance to the Institute of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History at Stockholm University. In accordance with her last will a scholarship fund was set up in her name in order to promote “the publishing in internationally disseminated journals of research in ancient history, written by teachers and/or former students of the Institute of Classical Archaeology and Ancient History at Stockholm University or with ties to the same”.",
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            "date": "1887-11-12"
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      "relation": [
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1861-02-26"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1946-11-26"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand, född Hammargren",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
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            "date": "1855-04-17"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1927-11-10"
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          "firstname": "Peter Magnus",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "occupation": "Folkskollärare, kantor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1886-08-02"
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            "date": "1956-02-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Per Erik Albert",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1889-07-08"
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          "death": {
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            "date": "1892-09-15"
          },
          "firstname": "Axel Johan Joseph",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892-06-09",
            "date": "1892-06-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974-08-18",
            "date": "1974-08-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Elna Charlotta Augusta",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand, gift Lindgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1894-03-19",
            "date": "1894-03-19"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987-05-10",
            "date": "1987-05-10"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Magnus Axel",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1900-04-30",
            "date": "1900-04-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1962-01-25",
            "date": "1962-01-25"
          },
          "firstname": "Rudolf Sture Hilding",
          "lastname": "Bergstrand",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1887-12-01",
            "date": "1887-12-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1972-08-22",
            "date": "1972-08-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Rikard Axel",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "lastname": "Poulsen",
          "occupation": "Skulptör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1918",
            "date": "1918"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ivar",
          "lastname": "Poulsen",
          "occupation": "Civilingenjör",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans",
          "lastname": "Poulsen",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergstrand, Axel, *Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen. En konstnärspersonlighet och hennes förhållande till samtiden*, Smålands museum, Växjö, 1968",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hjalmarsson, Annika & Melsene Laux, *Ett år med gobelängen 'Kvinnans årstider'*, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen-sällskapet, Långasjö, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Laux, Melsene, *Långasjösamlingen. Katalog över Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsens målningar samlade i Långasjö*, Melsene Laux, Långasjö, 2012.",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Laux, Melsene, 'Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen — målaren och författaren', *Växjö stifts hembygdskalender*, 2013, s. 106-122",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nettervik, Ingrid, *Författarnas Kronoberg D. 1. Växjö och delar av Värend*, Seminarium, Vagnhärad, 1988",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nettervik, Ingrid, 'Gertrud Lilja och Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsens målningar samlade i Långasjö', i *Nettervik, Ingrid et al *Författare i Småland*, Carlsson, Stockholm, 1998, s. 74-81",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Virdestam, Gotthard, 'En klockare och ett klockarehem i Långasjö', *Från gamla skolhus och lärarehem: minnen*, Svenska kyrkans diakonistyrelsens bokförl., Stockholm, 1934—1936, s. 25—53",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Konstnär, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Artist, author",
      "text": "Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen var konstnär och författare. \n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsens far Peter Magnus (Per) Bergstrand var bondson från gården Bergagård i Tävelsås socken. Hans far hamnade på obestånd, tvingades sälja gården och drog senare till Amerika. Sonen sökte sig till en farbror som hjälpte honom ekonomiskt för att han skulle kunna utbilda sig till folkskollärare och organist. I samband med detta bytte han efternamn från Månsson till Bergstrand. När han tillträdde tjänsten som lärare i Långasjö socken 1885 var han nygift med Anna Hammargren, dotter till bruksförvaltaren på Klavreströms bruk. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsens rötter var således djupt rotade i Värend där hennes föräldrar kom att leva resten av sina liv. Fadern var skollärare och kantor i Långasjö, och familjen bodde i lärarbostaden mittemot kyrkan.\n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen var näst äldst i en syskonskara om sex. I familjen musicerades, lästes och samtalades. Den andliga grundvalen präglades av moderns religiositet och av faderns musikalitet. Fadern undervisade sin dotter i pianospel och skolämnen. Redan tidigt visade Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen fallenhet för teckning. Den äldste sonen fick gå på läroverket i Växjö. Men familjen hade inte råd att låta den begåvade dottern fortsätta sina studier, vilket gav henne mindervärdeskänslor i början av sin konstnärliga bana. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen stannade i hemmet och hjälpte till, men läste mycket och umgicks med den jämnåriga [](Gertrud Lilja), som även hon skulle bli författare. Bägge flickorna tecknade och utbytte tankar i en omfattande korrespondens.\n\nÅr 1907 gick Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen på Tekniska skolan i Karlskrona tillsammans med Gertrud Lilja och året därpå studerande hon på Althins målarskola. Efter ett misslyckat försök kom Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen hösten 1909 in på Konstakademien i Stockholm. I samma årskull gick även [](Harriet Löwenhjelm). Efter akademitiden drog Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen ut på studieresor 1913–1916 till Paris, Alger, Florens, Rom och Neapel. Under de formativa åren var hennes umgängeskrets bland andra [](Ninnan Santesson), [](Siri Derkert), [](Elsa Björkman-Goldschmidt), [](Anna Lenah Elgström) och [](Mollie Faustman).\n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen kom hem från Italien hösten 1916 och ordnade året därpå sin första konstutställning i Sverige. Den innehöll både måleri och skulptur. På grund av bristande resurser fick den hållas i en anspråkslös lokal vid Birger Jarls passage. Året därpå hade Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen lyckats få tag på en mer etablerad utställningsplats, Konstnärshuset i Stockholm. Men hennes konst bemöttes ganska njuggt. Hon fick inget riktigt genombrott som bildkonstnär.\n\nI Rom hade Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen träffat sin tillkommande man, den danske skulptören Axel Poulsen. De gifte sig på hennes 30-årsdag 1918. Paret fick två söner. I Charlottenlund, norr om Köpenhamn, började maken Axel Poulsen att uppföra deras gemensamma konstnärshem, som kallades Klostret. Det var Axel Poulsen själv som med egna händer skapade detta originella hem med kyrkliknande ateljéer och en kringbyggd gård. Besökare förundrades över det storartade bygget som pågick i nio år och som krävde mycket arbete och försakelser. Anmärkningsvärt många kyrkliga influenser präglade hemmet där bägge makarna arbetade med sina konstnärliga uppdrag.\n\nTrots alla prövningar med Klostret och två små söners uppväxt gav inte Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen upp hoppet om att gå vidare med sitt konstnärskap. Maken var bildhuggare och tog mycket plats med sina idéer. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen insåg att hennes särart bättre kom till sin rätt i bildsviter som skildrade det småländska folket. Det stora genombrottet kom år 1926. På Gummessons konsthandel i Stockholm visades ett 60-tal målningar från hembygdens allmogekultur. Den omfattande utställningen bemöttes generöst. Professor Ragnar Josephson i *Svenska Dagbladet* lämnar ett omdöme i lyriska ordalag där den svenska madonnan i allmogemiljö syntes omsusad av ungrenässans. Samma höst utkom boken *Värendskvinnor från Långasjö socken i bilder och ord* med 10 illustrationer på 21 sidor. Fredrik Bööks anmälan under rubriken ”Elegi över det förflutna” lyfter fram det andaktsfulla i de vardagliga tingen – en slags moralisk harmoni.\n\nNär Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen slutligen slog igenom berodde det på att hon funnit ett personligt uttryck som nådde fram till både kritik och publik. Debutboken var egentligen främst en tunn portfölj med bilder, men sparsamt med text. Framgången med *Värendskvinnor* följdes 1927 upp av *Värendsmän från Långasjö socken i bilder och ord*. Kritiken uppskattade hennes kärleksfulla inlevelse och bilderna tolkades som andaktsbilder. Som författare var Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen starkt influerad av 90-talisternas provinsialism. Men hennes gestaltning i bild kombinerat med texter i en lyrisk-patetisk stil blev något säreget och även stundom ifrågasatt som alltför sentimentalt och predikande. Så småningom växte omfattningen på hennes texter och 1930 utkom 217 sidor *Historier om gamla människor och unga* med illustrationer. Här lovordades i moraliserande ton de trofasta hårt arbetande människorna. År 1931 publicerade hon i samma stil *Den rika vardagen*. Oförtrutet fortsatte Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen att sprida sitt evangelium om förnöjsamhet, tålamod och arbetsglädje. Hon tvekade inte att gå emot tidsandan. Liksom [](Elin Wägner) och Gertrud Lilja varnade och oroade sig Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen för en ytlig och mekaniserad tid.\n\nFörfattarskapet fortsatte 1933 med *Hjältar och hjältedåd* där hon idealiserade sitt barndomsland. År 1934 utkom *Glad och god skall människan vara – och stark*, ett verk som återigen förde fram de moraliska värdenas betydelse. *Lovsång till träorkester* 1935 uppehöll sig vid ljud från olika arbetsredskap. En mer självklar framgång vann Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen med *Väven* 1936, en blandning av sago- och andaktsbok. Den tionde boken *Kronan* från 1937 är i hög grad romantiserad. Hon stod som 50-åring på toppen av sin bana och man anordnade 1937 en stor retrospektiv utställning på Smålands Museum i Växjö. Altartavlan och kartongen till *Kvinnans årstider* visades där. Utställningen blev en stor framgång och smålänningarna hade nu tagit henne till sina hjärtan. Dock hade vissa kritiker invändningar mot att symbolvärdet premierades framför skönhetsvärdet i koloriten. Året därpå gick utställningen vidare till Göteborg och Lund.\n\n*Människan och klockorna* utkom 1939 och följer hur klockklang ackompanjerar betryckta och tillbakasattas livsögonblick. Mitt under den tyska ockupationen av Danmark, där familjen bodde, utgav hon det självbiografiska arbetet *Hök, får jag låna dina vingar?* 1940. Här ser författaren tillbaka på vad hon uträttat i skuggan av krigshotet. Kritiken var på vissa håll inte nådig, men sådant hade Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen vant sig vid att leva med. Familjen Bergstrand-Poulsen levde under krigsåren i skräck för mörkläggning och husundersökningar av tyskarna. Sönerna var med i den danska motståndsrörelsen. Under kriget utkom *Se, människan! Livsfragment* 1943 och *Tre högtider* 1945. Det trygga småländska temat kändes extra viktigt i det osäkra läget som familjen befann sig i.\n\nUnder efterkrigstiden fortsatte Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen att hålla föreläsningar på olika ställen i Norden med sin rika kulturhistoriska fond i bagaget. Hon engagerade sig för hemsocknens väl och ve, och hon fortsatte att måla porträtt. Sådana uppdrag hade betydelse för hennes ekonomi i svåra tider. Men författarskapet med de närmare 20 titlarna hade också sålt i över 100 000 exemplar och översattes till flera språk. Den sista boken 1951 fick titeln *Hustru. Ett minnesmärke*, som återigen skildrade en bondkvinna från Småland.\n\nMest framträdande i Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsens bildkonst är de religiösa motiven som följer livets gång i kyrkans närhet. Motivet *Bedjande brud* är ett av hennes käraste. Hon målade altartavlor och komponerade gobelänger. De mest kända är *Gudmodern* och *Kvinnans årstider*. Den senare hade Elisabeth arbetat med alltsedan 1930-talet men först 1953 var den dyrbara gobelängen färdigvävd efter en insamling i länet. Gobelängen invigdes vid en stor retrospektiv utställning på Smålands Museum i Växjö samma år. Ett hundratals arbeten visades och vernissagedagen drog mycket folk. I centrum för uppmärksamheten stod givetvis *Kvinnans årstider*, som var ett enastående hantverk vävt på [](Barbro Nilsson)s ateljé i Stockholm med en väverska från Långasjö som vävde kyrkan. Numera är den efter utflykter återförd till ett rum på Smålands Museum.\n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen slutförde 1950 altartavlan för Långasjö kyrka föreställande skolbarn som sjunger julpsalmer, men den invigdes först 1957, två år efter Elisabet Bergstrand-Poulsens bortgång. Hon är begraven på Ordrups kyrkogård i Danmark. Det finns även ett sällskapet bildat kring Bergstrand-Poulsen under beteckning EBP-sällskapet, som har aktiva medlemmar både i Sverige och Danmark.",
      "text_eng": "Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen was an artist and an author.  \n\nPeter Magnus (Per) Bergstrand, Elisabeth’s father, was a farmer’s son from the farm Bergagård in the parish of Tävelsås. Elisabeth’s paternal grandfather was forced to sell the family farm on account of insolvency, and later went to America. His son contacted an uncle who helped economically so that he could educate himself as an elementary school teacher and organist. In connection with this, he changed his surname from Månsson to Bergstrand. When he took up his appointment as teacher in the parish of Långasjö in 1885, he had recently married Anna Hammargren, the daughter of the works bailiff at Klavreström’s works. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen’s roots in Värend were therefore very deep, and her parents lived there for the rest of their lives. Her father was the teacher and organist in Långasjö, and the family lived in the teacher’s house opposite the church.  \n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen was the next eldest among six siblings. The family enjoyed making music, reading and conversing. Their spiritual cornerstones were laid down by their mother’s religiosity and their father’s musicality. He taught his daughter her school subjects and to play the piano. Early on, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen displayed a gift for drawing. The eldest son was allowed to attend the grammar school in Växjö. However, the family could not afford to allow the gifted daughter to continue her studies, which gave her feelings of inferiority at the beginning of her artistic career. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen stayed at home and helped out, reading a good deal nonetheless and socialising with her contemporary [](Gertrud Lilja), who was also to become an author. Both girls sketched and exchanged thoughts in an extensive correspondence.  \n\nIn 1907, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen attended the Technical College in Karlskrona together with Gertrud Lilja, and the year after she studied at Althin’s art school. After one unsuccessful attempt, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen was admitted to the Royal Swedish Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm, in autumn 1909. Another student in her class was [](Harriet Löwenhjelm). After her time at the Academy, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen travelled on study trips in 1913–1916 to Paris, Algiers, Florence, Rome and Naples. During these formative years, her social circle included among others [](Ninnan Santesson), [](Siri Derkert), [](Elsa Björkman-Goldschmidt), [](Anna Lenah Elgström) and [](Mollie Faustman).  \n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen came home from Italy in the autumn 1916 and the year after that she organised her first art exhibition in Sweden. It consisted of both paintings and sculptures. On account of lack of funds, it had to be held in modest premises near Birger Jarl’s Passage in Stockholm. The year after, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen succeeded in getting hold of a more established exhibition hall in the Artists’ House (Konstnärshuset) in Stockholm. However, her art received a rather miserly reception. She did not really make a breakthrough as an artist.  \n\nWhile in Rome, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen had met her future husband, the Danish sculptor Axel Poulsen. They were married on her thirtieth birthday, in 1918. They had two sons. In Charlottenlund, north of Copenhagen, Axel Poulsen started to build their artists’ home, called The Cloisters. Axel Poulsen himself created this original home with his own two hands, with its churchlike ateliers and inner courtyard surrounded by buildings. Visitors were amazed by the magnificent building that took nine years to complete and that demanded such a lot of work and sacrifices. Noteworthy were the many ecclesiastical influences that characterised the home in which both spouses worked on their artistic assignments.  \n\nDespite all the difficulties with The Cloisters and raising two small sons, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen did not give up hope of continuing her career as an artist. Her husband was a sculptor who took up a good deal of space with his ideas. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen realised that her originality benefitted from creating suites of illustrations that portrayed people in the province of Småland. Her great breakthrough came in 1926. At Gummesson’s art shop in Stockholm, about 60 paintings from her home province were shown, of country folk and their culture. The comprehensive exhibition was greeted generously. Professor Ragnar Josephson in *Svenska Dagbladet* expressed his opinion in lyrical terms in which the Swedish Madonna in peasant surroundings seemed to be embraced by the young renaissance. The same autumn, the book *Värendskvinnor från Långasjö socken i bilder och ord* was published, with 10 illustrations taking up 21 pages. Fredrik Böök’s review under the heading ”Elegi över det förflutna” (Elegy over the past)  lifts up the worshipful aspect of everyday objects – a kind of moral harmony.  \n\nWhen Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen finally made her breakthrough it depended on the fact that she had found her personal style which made an impression on critics and the general public. Her debut book was really a slim folder of pictures and very sparing with text. Her success with *Värendskvinnor* was followed up in 1927 by *Värendsmän från Långasjö socken i bilder och ord*. The critics appreciated her loving empathy and the pictures were interpreted as being devotional. As an author, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen was strongly influenced by the provincialism of the 1890s generation. However, her creations using pictures combined with texts in a lyrical-pathetic style were experienced as quaint and even now and then called into question as being far too sentimental and preaching. Her texts gradually grew in length and in 1930 her *Historier om gamla männsikor och unga* appeared with its 217 pages and including illustrations. In it, faithful, hard-working people were praised in a moralising tone. In 1931, she published *Den rika vardagen* in the same style. Untiringly, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen continued to spread her gospel of contentedness, patience and work satisfaction. She did not hesitate to go against the spirit of the times. Like [](Elin Wägner) and Gertrud Lilja, she warned and worried about a superficial and mechanised age.  \n\nHer authorship continued in 1933 with *Hjältar och hjältedåd* in which she idealised the country of her childhood. In 1934, *Glad och god skall människan vara – och stark* was published, a book that once again emphasised the importance of moral values. *Lovsång till träorkester* from 1935 dealt with the sounds made by different wooden tools. Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen won more obvious success with *Väven* in 1936, a mixture of story-telling and devotional elements. Her tenth book, *Kronan* from 1937 has been to a great degree romanticised. At the age of 50, she stood at the apex of her career, and in 1937 a big retrospective exhibition was organised at Småland’s Museum in Växjö. The altarpiece and carton to *Kvinnans årstider* were shown there. The exhibition was a great success and the people of Småland had now taken her to their hearts. However, certain critics had reservations about the fact that symbolic rather than aesthetic values were given priority in her use of colours. The year after, the exhibition continued on to Gothenburg and Lund.  \n\n*Människan och klockorna* came out in 1939 and relates how the pealing of bells accompanies the life experiences of the oppressed and underprivileged. In the midst of the German occupation of Denmark, where the family was living, she published the autobiographical work *Hök, får jag låna dina vingar?* in 1940. In it, the author looks back at all she has accomplished in the shadow of the threat of war. Criticism was not mild from certain quarters, but Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen had gotten used to living with that. During the war years, the Bergstrand-Poulsen family lived in terror of the blackout and house-searches by the Germans. Their sons were members of the Danish resistance movement. During the war, *Se, människan! Livsfragment* came out in 1943 and *Tre högtider* in 1945. The secure Småland theme perhaps felt extra important in the uncertain situation in which the family found themselves.  \n\nDuring the post-war period, Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen continued to hold lectures at various places in the Nordic countries, with her voluminous baggage of cultural history. She got involved in the welfare and woes of her home parish and continued to paint portraits.  These assignments were significant for her economy in times of hardship. Her books, boasting almost 20 titles, had also sold more than 100,000 copies and were translated into several languages. Her last book in 1951 was given the title *Hustru. Ett minnesmärke* and it portrayed a peasant woman from Småland.  \n\nMost prominent in Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen’s art are the religious motifs that showed the path of life in connection with the church. The motif *Bedjande brud* is one of her most beloved. She painted altar pieces and composed tapestries. The best known are *Gudmodern* and *Kvinnans årstider*. She had worked on the latter since the 1930s but it was first in 1953 that the valuable tapestry was finished after a collection in the county of Småland. The tapestry was inaugurated at an extensive retrospective exhibition at Småland’s Museum in Växjö the same year. About one hundred works were shown and the opening day drew crowds of people. The centre of all the attention was of course *Kvinnans årstider*, that was a unique piece of craftsmanship woven at [](Barbro Nilsson)’s atelier in Stockholm with a woman weaver from Långasjö who wove the church. After various excursions, the tapestry is now once again in a room at Småland’s Museum.  \n\nElisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen completed the altarpiece for Långasjö Church in 1950. It shows schoolchildren singing Christmas psalms. However, it was first inaugurated in 1957, two years after Elisabet Bergstrand-Poulsen’s death. She is buried in Ordrup Cemetary in Denmark. There is even an organization founded in Bergstrand-Poulsen's name, called the EBP community, which has active members in both Sweden and Denmark.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Margaret",
        "lastname": "Myers"
      },
      "url": "AnnaElisabethAlbertinaBergstrandPoulsen",
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        "Florens, Italien|43.7695604|11.2558136",
        "Charlottenlund, Danmark|55.7524|12.574499999999944",
        "Alger, Algeriet|36.753768|3.058756",
        "Rom, Italien|41.902701|12.496235",
        "Karlskrona|56.161224|15.5869",
        "Paris, Frankrike|48.856614|2.352222",
        "Neapel, Italien|40.901975|14.332644",
        "Långasjö|56.578952|15.444868"
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      "civil_status": "Ogift",
      "civil_status_eng": "Unmarried",
      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
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          "firstname": "Ingeborg",
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        {
          "firstname": "Tilda",
          "lastname": "Hansson",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Utbildning till musiklärare",
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          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolkökslärarutbildning",
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "institution": "Högre lärarinneseminariets hushållsskola (senare Statens Skolköksseminarium)",
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "type": "Lärarseminarium"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier av hushållsskolor i Norge och Danmark 1908, England och Skottland 1909",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1908",
            "date": "1908"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1909",
            "date": "1909"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier av yrkesskolor i husligt arbete i Tyskland, Holland, Belgien och Frankrike",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier av kooperationen i England",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 52.3555177,
              "lon": -1.1743197
            },
            "place": "Storbritannien"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        },
        {
          "description": "Studier av sjukhus och fattigvårdsanstalter i Frankrike och England",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "type": "Studieresa"
        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Gertrud Bergström",
          "description_eng": "By Gertrud Bergström",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%C3%B6rf%3a(Gertrud+Bergstr%C3%B6m+1869)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
        },
        {
          "description": "Om Gertrud Bergström",
          "description_eng": "About Gertrud Bergström",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=%C3%A4mne%3a(Gertrud+Bergstr%C3%B6m+1869)&r=&g=&p=1&spell=true&noredirect=true&d=libris&s=r&t=v&m=10&f=simp"
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      ],
      "id": [
        {
          "id": "0000000000000000",
          "type": "ISNI"
        }
      ],
      "keyword": [
        "1800-talet",
        "1900-talet",
        "Hushållslära",
        "Folkbildning",
        "Kooperation",
        "Kvinnorörelsen",
        "Skolledare",
        "Pionjärer",
        "Konsumentupplysning",
        "Författare"
      ],
      "keyword_eng": [
        "19th century",
        "20th century",
        "Domestic science",
        "Adult education",
        "Cooperation",
        "Women's movement",
        "School directors",
        "Pioneers",
        "Consumer guidance",
        "Authors"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-06-09T11:44:36",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 85,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1869-03-25",
            "date": "1869-03-25"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 57.653,
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            "place": "Nässjö"
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        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1954-09-24",
            "date": "1954-09-24"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Adolf Fredriks församling",
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      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Skolkökslärare, Johannes folkskola",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1899",
            "date": "1899"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
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            "date": "1912"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Författare",
          "detail": "Läromedelsförfattare",
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          },
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              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Skolkökslärare, Statens Skolköksseminarium",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Inspektör",
          "detail": "Skolköksinspektör, Stockholms folkskolor",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1913",
            "date": "1913"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tidskriftsredaktör",
          "detail": "Redaktör, sakkunnig, Kooperativa Förbundets veckotidning Konsumentbladet",
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            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1917",
            "date": "1917"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "Sakkunnig, uppdrag för bl a Medicinalstyrelsen 1916–1919, Flottan 1919–1922, Skolöverstyrelsen 1920–?",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1916",
            "date": "1916"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1920-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Skolledare",
          "detail": "Skolgrundare och -ledare, hushålls- och ekonomiföreståndarskola",
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            "comment": "1926",
            "date": "1926"
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          "place": {
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
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            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
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          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
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            "date": "1906"
          },
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            "comment": "1920",
            "date": "1920"
          },
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          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
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            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "name": "Föreningen för rationell hushållning",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1941",
            "date": "1941"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
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        },
        {
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            "comment": "Ca 1920"
          },
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          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "Svenska Kvinnors Medborgarförbund (SKM)",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Konsumentföreningen Stockholm, medlem",
          "name": "Kooperativa Förbundet (KF)",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "name": "De kvinnliga kårsammanslutningarnas centralråd",
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        }
      ],
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            "date": "1869-03-25"
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            "place": "Nässjö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
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        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
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      ],
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        {
          "description": "Gertrud Bergström i Vecko-Journalen, 30 juni 1917. Fotograf okänd. Bildkälla: Wikimedia Commons",
          "description_eng": "Gertrud Bergström in Vecko-Journalen, 30 June 1917. Photographer unknown. Image source: Wikimedia Commons",
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1828",
            "date": "1828"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingeborg Karolina",
          "lastname": "Fägersköld",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1827-10-07",
            "date": "1827-10-07"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1908-10-01",
            "date": "1908-10-01"
          },
          "firstname": "Leopold",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Kapten, stationsinspektor",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1858-11-25",
            "date": "1858-11-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931-04-20",
            "date": "1931-04-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Agnes",
          "lastname": "Bergström, gift Lindblad",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1862-01-29",
            "date": "1862-01-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1938-05-12",
            "date": "1938-05-12"
          },
          "firstname": "Hedvig Vahlborg Charlotta",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1863-10-14",
            "date": "1863-10-14"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1924-02-06",
            "date": "1924-02-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Walter Leopold",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Hovrättsnotarie",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1866-05-11",
            "date": "1866-05-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-12-30",
            "date": "1950-12-30"
          },
          "firstname": "Endis Ingeborg",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Konstnär",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1867",
            "date": "1867"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunhild Cecilia",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-01-18",
            "date": "1871-01-18"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1919-04-06",
            "date": "1919-04-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingeborg Maria",
          "lastname": "Bergström, gift Dahlgren",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1872-09-12",
            "date": "1872-09-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1931-06-07",
            "date": "1931-06-07"
          },
          "firstname": "Helfrid Oktavia Johanna",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Syster",
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      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Föreningens för rationell hushållning arkiv, SE/RA/730099. Riksarkivet (depå: Marieberg) (Hämtad 2017-11-16)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=F%C3%B6reningen+f%C3%B6r+rationell+hush%C3%A5llnings+arkiv+SE%2FRA%2F730099&EndastDigitaliserat=false&AvanceradSok=False&page=1&postid=Arkis+3EE293AC-9B89-11D5-A701-0002440207BB&tab=post&FacettState=undefined%3Ac%7C#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "Aléx, Peder, *Den rationella konsumenten: KF som folkuppfostrare 1899-1939*, B. Östlings bokförl. Symposion, Diss. Umeå : Univ., Stockholm, 1994",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Aléx, Peder, 'De osynliga intellektuella: exemplet Gertrud Bergström', *Obemärkta / Ronny Ambjörnsson och Sverker Sörlin (red.).*, S. 199-224, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Aléx, Peder, 'Skolkökslärarinnorna och kunskapen om hemmet', *Sekelskiftets utmaningar*., S. 127-156, 2002",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Arosenius, Louise & Hedberg, Walborg (red.), *Svenska kvinnor från skilda verksamhetsområden [Elektronisk resurs] : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1914",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33654"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Hushållslärare, skolköksinspektör, skolgrundare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Domestic science teacher, school kitchen inspector, school founder",
      "text": "Gertrud Bergström var en förgrundsgestalt på hushållskunskapens område. Särskilt betydelsefull var hennes gärning som organisatör i föreningslivet och som skribent och läromedelsförfattare på det husliga området.\n\nGertrud Bergström föddes 1869 i Nässjö som dotter till kaptenen Leopold Bergström och friherrinnan Ingeborg Fägersköld. Makarna fick åtta barn, sju döttrar och en son som växte upp i en privilegierad och borgerlig miljö. Familjen Bergström hade såväl motiv som medel för att bekosta sina barns utbildning. Gertrud Bergström kom, liksom sin syster Endis Bergström, att studera både utomlands och i Stockholm. Båda systrarna gavs i första hand konstnärlig utbildning. Endis Bergström studerade målning i Köpenhamn medan Gertrud Bergström utbildade sig till musiklärare i Stockholm under 1880-talet. Vid samma tid etablerades de första skolorna för att förmedla kunskaper i huslig ekonomi i huvudstaden. Detta kom att påverka Gertrud Bergströms bana. År 1897 avlade hon examen som skolkökslärarinna vid den då relativt nyetablerade hushållsskolan vid det Högre lärarinneseminariet (HLS) i Stockholm, sedermera känd som Statens Skolköksseminarium.\n\nGertrud Bergström ingick i den första generationen av hushållspedagoger i Sverige. Liksom sina kolleger [](Ingeborg Schager), [](Ingeborg Walin) och [](Kerstin Hesselgren) med flera var hon aktiv som lärare, läromedelsförfattare och skribent, samt organisatör och medlem i flera intressegrupper som verkade för att sprida hushållskunskap. Gertrud Bergströms första anställning på det husliga området var som skolkökslärare vid Johannes folkskola i Stockholm. Denna tjänst blev hon trogen i 13 år, från 1899 till 1912. Redan under sin tid i folkskolan hade hon beviljats stipendier för att fortbilda sig utomlands. Hon hämtade intryck från den husliga undervisningen i de skandinaviska länderna samt i Storbritannien. År 1912 företog hon en längre resa i syfte att studera yrkesskolor i husligt arbete i Tyskland, Holland, Belgien och Frankrike. Samma år fick hon en lärartjänst vid sin moderinstitution, Statens Skolköksseminarium. Hennes tid där blev dock kortvarig. År 1913 övertog hon Kerstin Hesselgrens tjänst som inspektör av Stockholms folkskolekök.\n\nTiden kring första världskriget var Gertrud Bergström synnerligen aktiv. Utöver sitt inspektörsarbete agerade hon under krigsårens livsmedelskris som sakkunnig i hushållsfrågor för flera statliga verk, samtidigt som hon ledde arbetet med Kooperativa Förbundets veckotidning, *Konsumentbladet*. År 1926 lämnade hon sitt arbete vid Stockholms folkskolor för att helhjärtat ägna sig åt en ny skolsatsning. På Holländaregatan startade hon en skola för utbildning av ekonomiföreståndare och kökspersonal vid större anstalter. Hushållsskolan på Holländaregatan drev hon tillsammans med kollegerna och vännerna Ingeborg Walin och Ingeborg Schager.\n\nUnder sitt yrkesverksamma liv skrev och publicerade Gertrud Bergström en stor mängd hushållslitteratur – läromedel såväl som upplysande och rådgivande artiklar. Hennes publikationer reflekterar hennes tankar om hushållskunskapens roll och funktion i samhället. Hon blev en stark förkämpe för taylorismen efter att ha besökt den fjärde internationella kongressen för hushållskunskap i Rom år 1927 och besjälades av tanken att organisera vardagliga arbeten efter vetenskapliga och rationella principer. Ett exempel på detta är läroboken *Födoämneslära* som upplyser läsaren om de vetenskapliga grunder som matlagningen borde baseras på. Hennes intresse för industriellt organiserade centralkök, som hon pläderade starkt för under mellankrigstiden, är ett annat exempel. Hon förespråkade också att maskiner skulle överta traditionella kvinnoarbeten. På så sätt var hon en modernt orienterad hushållspedagog, till skillnad från exempelvis [](Ida Norrby), som hade en mer konservativ syn på hushållskunskapens samhälleliga syfte. Gertrud Bergström hade framtiden, snarare än det förflutna, för ögonen i sitt arbete.\n\nGertrud Bergströms moderna hållning gick även igen i hennes idoga föreningsarbete. Under mellankrigstiden grundade hon Föreningen för rationell hushållning samt Föreningen för ekonomiföreståndarinnor vid större anstalter. Ekonomiföreståndare, som hon år 1926 grundade en skola för att utbilda, var den kår som skulle arbeta i de storskaliga centralköken som utgjorde kärnan i hennes framtidsvision om matlagningens organisation. Som föreningsmänniska var Gertrud Bergström även aktiv i styrelserna för Konsumentförening Stockholm, Svenska Kvinnors Medborgarförbund och flera kårsammanslutningar, däribland Svenska Skolkökslärarinnornas förening. I flera av dessa intresseorganisationer flankerades Gertrud Bergström av Ingeborg Schager och Ingeborg Walin. De tre kvinnorna arbetade inte bara tillsammans utan bodde också ihop. I detta sällskap kan dock Gertrud Bergström karaktäriseras som den mest publikt orienterade och visionära. Hennes arbete var inte i lika hög utsträckning som Ingeborg Walins och Ingeborg Schagers knutet till skolans värld utan riktat mot en krets av intresserade husmödrar som läste och tog del av de publikationer hon skrev och var redaktör för. Särskilt arbetet för konsumentkooperationen förde ut hennes tankar till en bredare publik.\n\nVid 70 års ålder pensionerades Gertrud Bergström från sin rektorstjänst vid ekonomiföreståndarskolan på Holländaregatan. Hon avled år 1954 vid 85 års ålder.",
      "text_eng": "Gertrud Bergström was a prominent figure in the sphere of domestic science. She made significant contributions both through her work with various associations and as a writer and author of textbooks on domestic science.\n\nGertrud Bergström was born in Nässjö in 1869. She was the daughter of Captain Leopold Bergström and his wife Baroness Ingeborg Fägersköld. They had eight children together, seven daughters and one son, all of whom grew up in a bourgeois and privileged environment. The Bergström family had both the means and reasons to pay for their children’s education. Gertrud Bergström, like her sister Endis Bergström, studied both in Stockholm and abroad. Both sisters began with artistic training: Endis Bergström studied painting in Copenhagen while Gertrud Bergström trained as a music teacher in Stockholm during the 1880s. At the time the first schools offering domestic science programmes were emerging in Sweden’s capital city, and this influenced Gertrud Bergström’s career path. In 1897 she qualified as a cooking teacher at what was then a relatively recently established domestic science school connected to Högre lärarinneseminariet (advanced teacher training programme) in Stockholm, and which later became known as Statens Skolköksseminarium.\n\nGertrud Bergström was part of the first generation of domestic science teachers in Sweden. Like her colleagues, such as [](Ingeborg Schager), [](Ingeborg Walin), and [](Kerstin Hesselgren), she was active as a teacher, a textbook author and a writer, whilst also being an organiser and a member of several interest groups working to disseminate domestic science. Gertrud Bergström’s first job within the sphere of domestic science was as a cooking teacher at the Johannes school in Stockholm. She remained in post for 13 years from 1899 to 1912. During this time she was awarded scholarships in order to continue her training abroad. She explored domestic science education in the Scandinavian countries as well as in Great Britain. She undertook a longer trip in 1912 in order to investigate vocational schools in domestic science in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and in France. That year she was also appointed as a teacher at her alma mater, Statens Skolköksseminarium. She was only there for a brief period as in 1913 she replaced Kerstin Hesselgren as inspector of Stockholm’s school kitchens.\n\nGertrud Bergström was extremely active during the period of the First World War. In addition to her job as inspector she also served as an expert in domestic science for several national agencies during the wartime food shortages, whilst also taking charge of the Kooperativa Förbund (Swedish Co-operative Union) weekly journal *Konsumentbladet*. In 1926 she resigned from her post at the Stockholm schools and devoted herself fulltime to a new school enterprise. She opened a new school on Holländaregatan for catering managers and kitchen personnel of larger institutions. She ran the domestic science school on Holländaregatan together with her colleagues and friends Ingeborg Walin and Ingeborg Schager.\n\nGertrud Bergström wrote and published a great deal of literature on domestic science during her professional life – teaching material as well as informational and advisory articles. Her publications reflect her thoughts on the role and function of domestic science within society. She became a fervent campaigner for Taylorism (also known as scientific management) after having visited the fourth international congress of domestic science in Rome in 1927, where she had been inspired by this idea of organising everyday work according to scientific and rational principles. An example of this is the textbook *Födoämneslära*, which presents the scientific foundation that food preparation should be based upon. Her interest in industrially organised central kitchens, for which she earnestly campaigned during the inter-war period, is another example. She also promoted the idea of machines replacing traditional women’s work. In this way she was a modern domestic science instructor in contrast to, for example, [](Ida Norrby) who was more conservative in her approach to the social role of domestic science. In her work Gertrud Bergström had her sights on the future rather than the past.\n\nGertrud Bergström applied the same modern approach in her diligent work for various associations. During the inter-war period she established Föreningen för rationell hushållning (association for optimised housekeeping) and Föreningen för ekonomiföreståndarinnor vid större anstalter (association of female catering managers at larger institutions). Catering managers, who she was training on Holländaregatan, was the group of employees in large-scale central kitchens which represented the core of her future vision of how food preparation would be organised. Gertrud Bergström, an association enthusiast, was also active on the boards of Konsumentförening Stockholm, Svenska Kvinnors Medborgarförbund, and several other associations including Svenska Skolkökslärarinnornas förening. Gertrud Bergström was supported by Ingeborg Schager and Ingeborg Walin in several of these associations. The three women not only worked together but also lived together. Gertrud Bergström was the most public-orientated and visionary of the three. Unlike Ingeborg Walin and Ingeborg Schager, Gertrud Bergström’s work was not exclusively tied to schools but rather directed towards a circle of interested housewives who read and enjoyed her publications and the pieces she edited. In particular her work for the consumer cooperative allowed her thoughts to reach a wider public.\n\nWhen she was 70 years old Gertrud Bergström retired from her post as principal of the catering managers’ school at Holländaregatan. She died in 1954 aged 85.",
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        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "date": "1907-03-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-03-21",
            "date": "1967-03-21"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav Oskar Lorentz",
          "lastname": "Lagerlund",
          "occupation": "Lantbrukare",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1903-09-09",
            "date": "1903-09-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1973-04-04",
            "date": "1973-04-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Simon",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1937",
            "date": "1937"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Banktjänsteman, AB Gotlands Bank",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Kerstin",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ulla",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Lena",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Osvald-Jacobsson, Ingrid (red.), *Hemvården: Utg. under red. av Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson ; med bidrag av Ingeborg Wærn Bugge, Greta Bergström, Rigmor Lychou ...*, LT, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Osvald-Jacobsson, Ingrid & Bugge, Ingeborg Wærn (red.), *Lanthushållet: handbok för landsbygdens husmödrar*, Lantbrukssällskapets Tidskrifts AB, Stockholm, 1936",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi, SE/ULA/12970. Landsarkivet i Uppsala (depå: Borgen) (Hämtad 2017-09-19)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?postid=ArkisRef+SE%2FULA%2F12970"
        },
        {
          "description": "Åkerman, Brita, '"Varje dag stöter man på saker som man skulle vilja veta mer om": intervju med Greta Bergström', *Vi kan, vi behövs! : kvinnorna går samman i egna föreningar.*, S. 97-105, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Svenska Kommittén   för Hushållsvetenskap - SKHV (Hämtad 2017-09-19)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.skhv.org/om.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Folkbildare, hushållspedagog, biståndsarbetare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Popular educator, home economics teacher, aid worker",
      "text": "Greta Bergström var folkupplysare och tongivande hushållspedagog under efterkrigstiden, i såväl Sverige som utomlands. Hennes verksamhet var särskilt betydelsefull för kvinnors yrkesutbildning på det husliga området. \n\nGreta Bergström föddes 1909 som andra barnet till Gustaf Lagerlund och Rut Emilia Fransén i\nRingarums församling i Östergötland. Fadern var präst och modern prästdotter. Familjen hade\nbildningsambitioner men faderns bortgång, då Greta Bergström endast var tre år gammal, försämrade familjeekonomin. Trots detta kunde dotterns utbildning finansieras. Hon genomgick åtta klassers flickskola och erhöll därigenom den normalskolekompetens som krävdes för att söka\nlanthushållslärarinneutbildningen vid Fackskolan för huslig ekonomi i Uppsala. Vid sidan av\nutbildningsmeriterna krävdes praktisk erfarenhet för att få tillgång till seminariestudierna. Denna\nskaffade sig Greta Bergström genom att spendera sammanlagt två år i lantbrukarhem samt som kokerska. På denna väg erhöll hon en plats vid Fackskolans Lanthushållsseminarium, Brogård, utanför Uppsala. Då hon påbörjade sin lanthushållslärarinneutbildning 1931 tjänstgjorde Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson som första lärarinna och husmor på Brogård. Hon kom att bli en betydelsefull mentor och vän till Greta Bergström. Ett halvår efter att Greta Bergström avlagt examen blev hon ombedd av Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson att återvända till Brogård, denna gång som lärare. Hon stannade på Brogård i fyra år. 1937 gifte hon sig med banktjänstemannen Erik Bergström och flyttade till Stockholm. Mellan 1939 och 1946 fick makarna tre döttrar.\n\nI Stockholm fick Greta Bergström tjänst vid Kooperativa Förbundet (KF). År 1939 blev hon\nsekreterare i Kooperativa kvinnogillesförbundet. Kooperationen var vid denna tid dominerad av män. Kvinnors konsumentintressen kanaliserades genom kvinnogillena och Greta Bergström fick i uppgift att författa böcker och kursplanematerial för gillenas gruppstudier. Under slutet av 1930- och början av 1940-talet medverkade Greta Bergström även som författare av läromedel för lanthushålls- och hemvårdsundervisningen tillsammans med kolleger från Brogård, däribland Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson och [](Edith Klarin), den senare Sveriges första disputerade kvinna i näringsfysiologi. Under 1930-talet var Greta Bergström en välkänd röst i Sveriges Radio där hon gav föreläsningar om hur kvinnors hemarbete kunde rationaliseras.\n\nAnställningen vid KF blev Greta Bergströms längsta. I sammanlagt 15 år arbetade hon dels med kvinnogillenas förbund, dels vid KF:s husmodersavdelning och provkök. Vid det senare prövades hushållsprodukter och livsmedel. KF:s provkök fungerade som en länk mellan producenter och konsumenter och gav 1951 ut den populära kokboken *Vår kokbok*. Provköket tillkom på Greta Bergströms initiativ och stod i nära förbindelse med Hemmens Forskningsinstitut (HFI). Greta Bergström ingick i institutets första styrelse som till största delen befolkades av skolköks- och lanthushållslärare från Fackskolan i Uppsala. Förbindelsen med HFI kom att bli betydelsefull för hennes fortsatta yrkesbana.\n\nEfter omstruktureringar på KF beslöt Greta Bergström att 1954 lämna kooperationen för att\nåtervända till den husliga utbildningen, som vid denna tid befann sig i en expansiv fas. Efter ett halvår som hemkonsulent i Stockholms stad fick hon en nyinrättad tjänst vid Överstyrelsen för\nyrkesutbildning (KÖY). Hon blev förste konsulent och biträde till byråchefen, den forna\nBrogårdskollegan Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson. Byrån hade ansvar för översynen över husliga yrkesskolor och ansvarade för rådgivning till dessa om lokaler, utrustning och läroplaner med mera.\n\nDå yrkesskolorna 1964 införlivades i gymnasieskolan och Överstyrelsen uppgick i Skolöverstyrelsen lämnade Greta Bergström sin tjänst i missnöje över de omläggningar som utbildningsreformerna resulterade i, och som hon menade gav den husliga utbildningen en mer återhållen position. Hon övergick i stället till en tjänst vid Statens institut för konsumentfrågor, tidigare Hemmens Forskningsinstitut. Vid institutets upplysningsavdelning utförde hon ett arbete inte olikt det hon uträttat vid KF och Överstyrelsen för yrkesutbildning, nämligen att från en central organisation upprätthålla kontakt med skolor, lärare och studieorganisationer samt svara för att författa läromedel till dessa.\n\nInom ramen för sitt arbete vid KF samt som svensk representant inom den internationella kommittén för hushållsundervisning hade Greta Bergström knutit betydelsefulla internationella kontakter. År 1961 fick hon i uppdrag av FN:s jordbruksorgan FAO att, vid sidan av sitt arbete vid Överstyrelsen, bygga upp former för kvinnlig yrkesutbildning i Tanzania. Hennes arbetsuppgift var att utbilda de statliga instruktörer som skulle undervisa landets kvinnliga befolkning i hushållning, det vill säga ett arbete inte helt olikt hennes gärning som lärare vid Brogård och Stockholms yrkesskolor. Greta Bergströms första\nTanzaniavistelse varade i ett och ett halvt år och resulterade i boken *Karibo Mama*, som fick ett svalt mottagande i pressen men ett desto större genomslag i de kvinnoorganisationer som Greta Bergström redan var etablerad i. Utöver boken skrev hon även en statlig rapport om kvinnors levnadsvillkor i u-länder utifrån sina erfarenheter. År 1966 återvände hon till Tanzania för att på FAO och svenska SIDA:s uppdrag bygga upp en yrkeslärarskola, Buhare Home Economics College. Denna skola var avsedd att utveckla landsbygden och jordbruksnäringen genom att stärka de tanzaniska kvinnornas kompetens och växte med tiden till en betydelsefull institution, som övertogs av den tanzaniska staten 1971. Skolans framgångar och goda anseende gjorde Greta Bergström till en allmänt känd och uppskattad\nperson i Tanzania.\n\nÅr 1975 gick Greta Bergström i pension. Två år dessförinnan hade hennes make avlidit. Pensionen innebar dock inte att hon lämnade sitt värv. Hon kvarstod bland annat som ordförande i Svenska nationalkommittén för hushållsundervisning och åtog sig 1975 ännu ett utlandsuppdrag, denna gång i Indien, med uppdraget att utarbeta en översiktsplan för landets kvinnliga yrkesutbildning.\n\nGreta Bergströms gärning genomsyrades av initiativtagande och nyfikenhet. Hon hyste ett stort intresse för pedagogik och en stor tilltro till yrkesutbildningen på det husliga området, som hon ständigt såg nya möjligheter för.\n\nGreta Bergström avled i Nacka 1992.",
      "text_eng": "Greta Bergström was a public educator and influential domestic science teacher during the post-war years who was active throughout Sweden and beyond. Through her work she contributed in particular to women’s vocational education in the domestic sphere.\n\nGreta Bergström was born in 1909. She was the second child of Gustaf Lagerlund and Rut Emilia Fransén, who lived in Ringarum parish in Östergötland. Her father was a priest and her mother the daughter of a priest. The family intended to educate their children but the death of Greta Bergström’s father when she was only three years old left the family in financial difficulty. Despite this her mother still managed to finance Greta Bergström’s education. She completed eight years at a girls’ school and thus gained the basic qualifications required in order to apply for teacher training in the rural domestic science programme at the vocational school for domestic science in Uppsala. Admission to the programme required practical experience, in addition to academic qualifications, and Greta Bergström obtained this by spending a total of two years in rural agricultural homes as well as by working as a cook. She then gained a place at the vocational school for rural domestic science at Brogård near Uppsala. When she began her teacher training programme in 1931 [](Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson) was working as head teacher and warden at Brogård and she became an important mentor and friend to Greta Bergström. Six months after Greta Bergström had graduated, Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson asked her to return to Brogård as a teacher. Greta Bergström spent four years teaching at the school. In 1937 she married Erik Bergström, a bank worker, and they moved to Stockholm. The couple had three daughters, born between the years of 1939 and 1946.\n\nGreta Bergström found employment with Kooperativa Förbundet (KF, the Swedish Co-operative Union) in Stockholm. She became secretary of the Kooperativa kvinnogillesförbund (Cooperative Women’s Association) in 1939. At that time the cooperative was a male-dominated organisation. Women’s consumer interests were channelled through the women’s associations and Greta Bergström was tasked with writing books and course material for courses these associations ran. Towards the end of the 1930s and start of the 1940s Greta Bergström, along with colleagues from Brogård including Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson and [](Edith Klarin) (who later became the first woman in Sweden to gain her doctorate in nutritional physiology), also contributed by producing teaching material for rural domestic science and residential care training. During the 1930s Greta Bergström was a familiar voice on Sveriges Radio as she gave radio lectures on optimising women’s housework.\n \nGreta Bergström’s job with KF became her longest employment. She spent a total of 15 years working partly with the women’s association, and partly with KF’s housewives’ department and test kitchen, where household products and foods were tested. KF’s test kitchen served as a link between producers and consumers and in 1951 they published the popular cookbook *Vår kokbok*. The test kitchen was one of Greta Bergström’s initiatives and was closely associated with Hemmens Forskningsinstitut (HFI). Greta Bergström was a member of the first HFI board, which was largely populated by school kitchen and rural domestic science teachers from the vocational school in Uppsala. Her link to HFI became significant for her continued professional engagement.\n\nGreta Bergström decided to leave the Cooperative in 1954 after KF was restructured. She returned to domestic science education, which was an expanding field at the time. Following six months as a domestic adviser to Stockholm city Greta Bergström was appointed to a newly established post within Överstyrelsen för yrkesutbildning (KÖY, national board for vocational training). She was chief consultant and assistant to the head of agency Ingrid Osvald-Jacobsson, her former colleague from Brogård. The agency was responsible for reviewing domestic vocational schools and for advising them on premises, furnishing, and teaching curricula, amongst other things.\n\nIn 1964 the vocational schools were merged with high schools and Överstyrelsen became Skolöverstyrelsen (national school board). At this point Greta Bergström resigned from her post as she was unhappy with the outcomes of the training reforms which she believed introduced constraints on the domestic science programme. She then transferred to a position at Statens institute för konsumentfrågor (today Swedish Consumer Agency), previously HFI. Her job in the information office of the agency was similar to the role she had played at KF and at Överstyrelsen för yrkesutbildning, namely using her place within a central organisation to create a contact network with schools, teachers, and study organisations and to be responsible for the generation and production of teaching materials for them.\n\nDuring her work for KF, as well as her role as Swedish representative within the international committee for domestic science education, Greta Bergström created a significant international network. In 1961, in tandem with her work at Överstyrelsen, she was tasked by FAO, the United Nation’s agricultural branch, to develop vocational training for women in Tanzania. Her task was to train the national instructors who in turn taught their nation’s female poplation about domestic science. In other words, this new task resembled her former job at Brogård and in Stockholm’s vocational schools. Greta Bergström’s first visit to Tanzania lasted for a year and a half and resulted in the cookbook entitled *Karibo Mama*. The book got a lukewarm reception from the press but was more successful with the women’s organisations, where Greta Bergström was already well known. In addition to the book she also wrote an official report on the living conditions of women in developing countries, based on her own experiences. In 1966 Greta Bergström returned to Tanzania at the behest of the FAO and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) in order to set up a vocational school called Buhare Home Economics College. This school was intended to develop rural Tanzania and its agricultural practises, and over time it became an important institution, which was eventually absorbed into the Tanzanian government in 1971. The success and good reputation of the school made Greta Bergström well known and well liked in Tanzania.\n\nGreta Bergström retired in 1975. Two years prior to that she had lost her husband. However, retirement did not mean that she gave up her interests. For instance, she remained chair of Svenska nationalkommittén för hushållsundervisning and in 1975 she took on yet another challenge abroad – this time in India – to generate an overview plan for that country’s vocational training for women.\n\nGreta Bergström’s efforts were informed by her ability to take initiatives and by her curiosity. She was imbued with a deep interest in pedagogy and a strong belief in vocational training within the sphere of domestic science, for which she always saw new possibilities.\n\nGreta Bergström died in Nacka in 1992.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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            "comment": "1944, 1947"
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          "description": "Svensk mästarinna, orientering",
          "type": "Övrigt",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
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            "date": "1998"
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          "firstname": "Ingmar",
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          "description": "’Beata Bergström’, *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2021-03-03)",
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          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beata_Bergstr%C3%B6m"
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          "description": "’Bergström, Hedvig Beata Marianne’, *SvenskaGravar* (Hämtad 2021-03-03)",
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          "url": "http://www.svenskagravar.se/gravsatt/45698534"
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          "description": "Arman, Kjell & Bergström, Beata, *Dynamiken i det levande*, Kosmos, Stockholm, 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "Barkman, Clas, ’Foto : ny utställning med Beata Bergströms bilder : hon har fångat livet på Dramatens scen’, *Dagens Nyheter*, 2013-04-27",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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          "description": "’Beata Bergström’ [Nekrolog], *Dagens Nyheter*, 2016-10-21",
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          "description": "Bergström, Beata, ’Foto Beata Bergström’, *Nordisk tidskrift för vetenskap, konst och industri*, 2014:1, s. 112-114",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
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          "description": "Bergström, Beata & Hagberg, Knut, *I Arontorp där blommar en ros*, Nord. rotogravyr, Stockholm, 1965",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Beata, *Teater: ögonblickets konst*, Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
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          "description": "Bergström, Beata, *Tio år med Dramaten*, Nord. rotogravyr, Stockholm, 1964",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Janson, Erik, ’Tema : foto : besatt av ögonblicket’, *Teatertidningen*, 2009:2/3, s. 46-49",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sjöberg, Alf & Oldenburg, Acke, *Teaterportfölj från arbetet fram till premiär av skådespelet "Erik XIV" av August Strindberg på Stora scenen, Kungliga dramatiska teatern*, Stockholm, februari 1977, Stockholm, 1980",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        {
          "description": "Wieg, Leig, ’Beata Bergström, mörkrets betvingerska’, *Hertha*, 1981:2, s. 22-23",
          "type": "Litteratur",
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        },
        {
          "description": "Wigh, Leif, ’Två stora kvinnliga fotografer : Beata Bergström, mörkrets betvingerska! Imogen Cunningham, amerikansk stilbildare’, *Hertha*, 1981:2, s. 22-24",
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              "lon": 11.935649
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            "place": "Uddevalla"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2016-10-12",
            "date": "2016-10-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Överjärna församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.090833,
              "lon": 17.559167
            },
            "place": "Järna"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "Hedvig /Beata/ Marianne",
        "lastname": "Bergström",
        "sortname": "Bergström"
      },
      "num_children": 1,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Laborator",
          "detail": "Biträde, biologi- och kemilab",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1940",
            "date": "1940"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1947",
            "date": "1947"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fotograf",
          "detail": "Fotograf, Dramaten och Kungliga Operan",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1954",
            "date": "1954"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fotograf",
          "detail": "Fotograf, bl a Vasateatern, Orionteatern, Kosta Glasbruk m fl",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1990-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lantbrukare",
          "detail": "Medarbetare, Rudolf Steiners Medicinal- och Örtagård",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.090833,
              "lon": 17.559167
            },
            "place": "Järna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "name": "Sju Stockholmare",
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Björkman",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 58.3498,
              "lon": 11.935649
            },
            "place": "Uddevalla"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 63.176683,
              "lon": 14.636068
            },
            "place": "Östersund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.090833,
              "lon": 17.559167
            },
            "place": "Järna"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2016",
            "date": "2016"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Beata Bergström, 2013. Foto: Dan Hansson (TT)",
          "description_eng": "Beata Bergström, 2013. Photo: Dan Hansson (TT)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bergstrom_Beata_TT.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-03-04",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889-07-04",
            "date": "1889-07-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1978-06-24",
            "date": "1978-06-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria",
          "lastname": "Björkman, född Stenberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1881-12-16",
            "date": "1881-12-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1956-10-23",
            "date": "1956-10-23"
          },
          "firstname": "Nils",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "occupation": "Jägmästare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1909-01-15",
            "date": "1909-01-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2000-11-24",
            "date": "2000-11-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid Margareta",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-12-20",
            "date": "1910-12-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1986-10-16",
            "date": "1986-10-16"
          },
          "firstname": "Gunnar",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1913-01-30",
            "date": "1913-01-30"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1999-94-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Birgit",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1920-02-13",
            "date": "1920-02-13"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Bengt Erik Magnus",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1924-01-03",
            "date": "1924-01-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Hans Morten Nils",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1926-04-06",
            "date": "1926-04-06"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "firstname": "Marie Louise",
          "lastname": "Björkman",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          },
          "firstname": "Olof",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Läkare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1950-10-01",
            "date": "1950-10-01"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Lars Olof Stefan",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Beata Bergström, Scenkonstmuseet, Musikverket (Hämtad 2021-03-03)",
          "type": "Museum",
          "url": "https://calmview.musikverk.se/CalmView/Aboutcatalogue.aspx"
        },
        {
          "description": "Beata Bergström, stillbildsfotograf 1921-2016. Ingemar Bergman (Hämtad 2021-03-03)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.ingmarbergman.se/person/beata-bergstrom"
        },
        {
          "description": "Burling, Ingeborg (red.), *Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok*. 1963, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1962",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemardet/1963/0118.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Harnesk, Paul (red.), *Vem är vem? 1 Stor-Stockholm*, 2. uppl., Vem är vem, Stockholm, 1962",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarvem/sthlm62/0153.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är hon: kvinnor i Sverige : biografisk uppslagsbok*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988-1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0061.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Beata, *Foto*, Signum, Stockholm, 2013",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fabricius, Björn, ’Beatas bilder vinner’, *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1991-08-11",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hemmingsson, Sara, *Utsnitt från scenen* [C-uppsats], Högskolan på Gotland, Examensarbete, 2008",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Tellgren, Anna, ’Förnyelse av formen i femtiotalets fotografi’, *Kvinnovetenskaplig tidskrift*, 1993(14):3/4, s. 55-67",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://ojs.ub.gu.se/ojs/index.php/tgv/issue/view/229"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Teaterfotograf, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Pioneering theatre photographer",
      "text": "Beata Bergström var en av de första kvinnliga teaterfotograferna i Sverige. Hon skapade en alldeles egen stil under sin tid som fotograf och arbetade framförallt vid Dramaten, men även vid Kungliga Operan, Vasateatern och Stockholms stadsteater.\n\nBeata Bergström föddes 1921 i Uddevalla och var dotter till Maria och Nils Björkman. Hon flyttade till Stockholm där hon arbetade som biträde i biologi- och kemilaboratorier i början av 1940-talet. På sin fritid ägnade hon sig bland annat åt orientering och blev svensk mästarinna 1944 och 1947. Hon utövade hela livet yoga, vilket enligt henne själv gjorde att hon bättre orkade med de fysiska ansträngningarna som arbetet som fotograf senare kom att innebära. I slutet av 1940-talet studerade hon vid ett par målarskolor, bland annat Otte Skölds målarskola. Ett par år därefter bodde hon i Östersund där hon gifte sig och fick sonen Stefan. Under sin tid i Östersund träffade hon en fotograf, som gjorde henne så inspirerad av yrket att hon bestämde sig för att också ägna sig åt fotografering. Hon tog några uppdrag för *Östersunds-Posten*, som fotojournalist, innan hon skiljde sig 1951 och flyttade till Stockholm tillsammans med sin ettårige son. Beata Bergström delade hushåll med sin mamma och syster. På så sätt fick hon hjälp med barnpassningen och kunde utbilda sig. Hon gick som lärling, först hos fotografen Lars Björk, sedan hos Nils Sallstedt och senare även hos fotografen Sten Didrik Bellander, som var en av centralfigurerna i 1950-talets svenska fotografi. Bellander var med och bildade den tongivande gruppen Tio Fotografer 1958. Lärlingstiden innebar att hon lärde sig framkalla och kopiera andra fotografers bilder.\n\nBland vännerna i Stockholm fanns Ivo Cramer. Denna bekantskap blev början på karriären som teaterfotograf då hon fick följa med honom till Oslo och fotografera Cramérbaletten på teater Chat Noir 1953. Cramer introducerade Beata Bergström för Dansfrämjandets föreställningar på Kungliga Operan och därmed fick hon chans att fotografera även där. Genom Dansfrämjandet kom hon också att jobba med koreografen [](Birgit Cullberg). Chefen för teatersidan på *Dagens Nyheter*, [](Anna Greta Ståhle), köpte bilder av henne och detta ledde till att Beata Bergström därefter fick uppdraget att fotografera en repetition av *Orestien* i Olof Molanders regi på Dramaten, vilket resulterade i ett helsidesreportage i tidningen. Detta var 1954.\n\nBeata Bergstöms teaterfotografier var något helt annat än de traditionella fotografierna som togs vid Dramaten vid den tiden. Dynamiken i spelet på scenen under pågående föreställning blev hennes ämne. Fotografer som till exempel Sven Järlås, lät skådespelarna posera för rollporträtt ensamma eller i grupp, ofta i en studio. Beata Bergström ville fånga ögonblicket, likt fotografen Henri Cartier-Bresson, som var en av hennes förebilder. Hon fotograferade skådespelarna i aktion. De första bilderna av en uppsättning tog hon i början av repetitionerna när skådespelarna ännu inte bar sina rollkostymer. För Beata Bergström handlade det om bildjournalistik även på teatern. När dramatenchefen Karl Ragnar Gierow fick se bilderna från *Orestien* valde han att engagera Beata Bergström som Dramatens fotograf och Sven Järlås fick stå tillbaka. ”Vi tar Beatas bilder”, lär Gierow ha sagt. Beata Bergström kom att arbeta som frilans på Dramaten i 30 år och var verksam även vid många andra scener och danskompanier genom åren, till exempel Kungliga Operan, Vasateatern, Teatern i Gamla Stan, Pistolteatern, Stockholms stadsteater, Lilla Teatern i Helsingfors och Folkteatern.\n\nBeata Bergström utvecklade en teknik för att kunna fotografera skådespelarna på scenen utan att störa dem. Hon var väl förberedd och hade läst manuset noggrant och följt tidiga repetitioner innan hon började arbetet med att dokumentera pjäsen. Hon tog även danslektioner för att bättre förstå arbetet. Hon åt lunch med skådespelarna och de vande sig snart vid att ha henne ständigt där med sin kamera. Till att börja med använde hon en Roliflexkamera, sedan en Hasselblad. Dessa kameror var dock högljudda vid exponeringen och krävde ett tätt byte av rullar, vilket inte heller kunde göras ljudlöst. Hon övergick till en Leicaflex, en kamera som hon höll fast vid genom åren. Eftersom det var det befintliga ljuset på scenen som gällde och filmerna i början av 1950-talet inte var så ljuskänsliga, krävdes det en hel del experiment i mörkrummet för att på ett bra sätt kunna fånga vad som hände på den mörka scenen med de belysta skådespelarna. I slutet av 1954 kom dock Kodak Tri-X-filmen, och detta gav nya möjligheter. Beata Bergström arbetade ensam. Hon hade ingen assistent men fick ibland möjlighet att få hjälp av ”pryor”, praktikanter. Hon fotograferade i huvudsak i svartvitt.\n\nFotografen Sune Jonsson publicerade ett fotografiskt manifest i *Fotografisk årsbok* 1957. Manifestet skrevs under av gruppen Sju stockholmare där Beata Bergström var den enda medverkande kvinnliga fotografen. Sju stockholmare ville bryta med den experimentella estetiken, som förespråkats av gruppen Unga fotografer. Beata Bergström deltog i flera utställningar tillsammans med Sju stockholmare. De talade om en fotografi för folket och detta kan ses som början till den dokumentära bildens frammarsch, som blev så stark under 1960-talet.\n\nBeata Bergströms bilder kom att visas på flera utställningar redan på 1950-talet, i Stockholm 1954, 1957 och 1958. År 1961 var hon med och ställde ut på Liljevalchs konsthall. Den första stora separatutställningen var Tio år med Dramaten år 1964, som visades i Dramatens foajé och därefter turnerade i Norden, men även i övriga Europa.\n\nUnder 1960-talet gjorde Beata Bergström fotoreportage för tidskrifterna *Vi* och *Industria*. Hon blev inbjuden till Lilla Teatern i Helsingfors för att fotografera programmet till Tove Janssons pjäs om mumintrollen. Hon samarbetade med [](Vivica Bandler), Lasse Pöysti och Birgitta Ulfsson med flera. Hon fick följa med ut till Tove Janssons och Tuulikki Pietiläs ö Klovharun i Finska viken. Även här fotograferande hon. Beata Bergström uttryckte detta som något alldeles extra. Flera av bilderna kan ses i boken *Muminvärlden & verkligheten* från 2014.\n\nBeata Bergström följde och fotograferade flera av Ingmar Bergmans uppsättningar på Dramaten. Samarbetet med Bergman började med *Vem är rädd för Virginia Woolf* 1963. Flera andra var *Rannsakningen* av Peter Weiss 1966, *Ett drömspel* av August Strindberg 1970, *Vildanden* av Henrik Ibsen 1972 och *Trettondagsafton* 1975. Samarbetet med Bergman var dock inte problemfritt. Efter att ha varit verksam i München var Bergman tillbaka 1984 med föreställningen *Kung Lear* på Dramaten. Det blev Beata Bergströms sista föreställning. Ingmar Bergman och Jarl Kulle stod inte ut med ljuden från kameran utan förpassade fotografen från salongen till första raden. Nu bestämde hon sig för att sluta på Dramaten. Samarbetet hade trots allt resulterat i utställningen Bergman Strindberg Bergström, som Svenska institutet sände på export.\n\nÅret innan, 1983, flyttade hon till Järna och blev medarbetare i antroposofen Rudolf Steiners Medicinal- och Örtagård. Hon hade tidigare kommit att intressera sig för biodynamisk trädgårdsodling och illustrerat ett antal böcker i ämnet, bland annat *Dynamiken i det levande*, som kom ut 1976. Samma år visades också utställningen med samma namn med fotografier både från biodynamiska odlingar och från teaterscenen.\n\nBeata Bergström återupptog konststudierna 1985. Sedan 1990 arbetade hon med abstrakt måleri i tempera tillsammans med en grupp konstnärer i Yttereneby ateljé.\n\nÅr 1995 fotograferade Beata Bergström premiäruppsättningen av *Kristina från Duvemåla* av Lars Rudolfsson på Malmö musikteater. Detta resulterade även i boken *Bortom en vid ocean* som kom ut 1996. 1998 tilldelades hon kulturpriset Eklövet för sina banbrytande insatser som teaterfotograf.\n\nBeata Bergström avled i Järna 2016 och är begravd på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Beata Bergström was one of the earliest female Swedish theatre photographers. She developed a unique photographic style and primarily worked at Dramaten, but also at the Royal Opera, Vasateatern, and at Stockholm city theatre.\n\nBeata Bergström was born in Uddevalla in 1921. Her parents were Maria and Nils Björkman. She moved to Stockholm where she began to work as an assistant at biology and chemistry laboratories in the early 1940s. During her spare time she sometimes went orienteering and became Swedish female champion in this sport in 1944 and 1947. She practised yoga all her life which, according to her own account, enabled her to better deal with the physical exertions she later experienced while working as a photographer. Towards the late 1940s she attended a couple of painting schools, including Otte Sköld’s school of painting. For a couple of years after that she lived in Östersund where she got married and had a son named Stefan. It was while living in Östersund that she met a photographer and she became so inspired by the profession that she decided to devote herself to it. She then took on a few photo-journalism jobs for the *Östersunds-Posten* newspaper before divorcing her husband in 1951. She then moved to Stockholm with her one-year-old son, sharing a home with her mother and her sister, who helped with childcare and facilitated her photography studies. Beata Bergström first served as an apprentice with the photographer Lars Björk, then with Nils Sallstedt, and even later with the photographer Sten Didrik Bellander – a central figure of Swedish photography during the 1950s. Bellander was one of the founders of the influential Tio Fotografer (Ten Photographers) group established in 1958. Whilst serving as an apprentice Beata Bergström learned to develop film and to make copies of other people’s photographs.\n\nBeata Bergström’s friends in Stockholm included Ivo Cramer and it was their friendship which led to a career as a theatre photographer after she accompanied Cramer to Oslo to take pictures of Cramérbaletten at the Chat Noir theatre in 1953. Cramer introduced Beata Bergström to Dansfrämjandet (an organisation that promoted dancing) productions staged at Kungliga Operan and so she got the opportunity to take pictures at that theatre too. It was through Dansfrämjandet that Beata Bergström also began to work with [](Birgit Cullberg). The head of the theatre section of the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper, [](Anna Greta Ståhle), purchased some of Beata Bergström’s photographs and this led to her being hired to take pictures of a rehearsal of *Orestien*, directed by Olof Molander, at Dramaten. This connection resulted in Beata Bergström supplying a full page report for the newspaper in 1954.\n\nBeata Bergström’s photographs were completely different from the traditional photographs taken at Dramaten at this time. She made the ongoing stage dynamics the focus of her images. Other theatre photographers, such as Sven Järlås, would pose the actors pose as their characters, either individually or as a group, often within a studio. Beata Bergström sought to capture the moment, in the spirit of Henri Cartier-Bresson who was one of her role models. She photographed the actors in action. She would initially take pictures as the rehearsal was starting, before the actors were dressed up as their characters. Beata Bergström treated her theatre work as photo-journalism. After Karl Ragnar Gierow, head of Dramaten, caught sight of the photographs she had taken of *Orestien* he opted to hire Beata Bergström as the theatre photographer and left Sven Järlås aside. Gierow apparently said “We’ll go with Beata’s pictures”. She subsequently spent three decades working freelance for Dramaten, whilst also working at many other stages and for many other dance-companies throughout the years. These included Kungliga Operan, Vasateatern, Teatern i Gamla Stan, Pistolteatern, Stockholms stadsteater, Lilla Teatern in Helsinki and Folkteatern.\n\nBeata Bergström developed a technique for capturing actors on stage in a way that did not disturb them. She prepared thoroughly for her jobs and would properly read the manuscripts and attend earlier rehearsals before beginning her work in documenting the acting. She also took dance lessons in order to better understand how dancers worked. She would have her lunch with the actors and they quickly became used to her constant presence, with her camera. Initially she used a Roliflex camera, then a Hasselblad. However, these cameras were noisy and required frequent changing of camera film, again a noisy process. She then began to use a Leicaflex and remained loyal to this camera for many years. She had to make use of the existing light on the stage and in the early 1950s photographic film was not so light-sensitive. This demanded a lot of experimentation in the darkroom in order to successfully capture events on the dark stages with spotlit actors. By late 1954, however, Kodak Tri-X film became available and this allowed for greater variation. Beata Bergström worked alone, never using assistants, although she sometimes benefited from apprentices. She primarily took black and white images.\n\nIn 1957 Sune Jonsson, another photographer, published a photographical manifest in *Fotografisk årsbok* which was signed by a group called Sju Stockholmare (Seven Stockholmers) in which Beata Bergström was the sole female photographer. Sju Stockholmare sought to counteract the experimental aesthetic as championed by another group, Unga Fotografer (Young Photographers). Beata Bergström participated in several exhibitions as a member of Sju Stockholmare. The group promoted the idea of a ‘people’s photography’ which can be seen as the beginnings of documentary images which found real success during the 1960s.\n\nFrom the 1950s onwards Beata Bergström’s pictures were displayed at several exhibitions, in Stockholm in 1954, 1957, and 1958. In 1961 she exhibited her work at Liljevalch’s art gallery. Her first major solo exhibition was Tio år med Dramaten in 1964, displayed in the foyer at Dramaten and subsequently touring across Scandinavia as well as further afield in Europe.\n\nDuring the 1960s Beata Bergström produced photo-journalism reports for *Vi* and *Industria* magazines. She was invited to Lilla Teatern in Helsinki in order to take pictures of Tove Jansson’s play about the Mumin trolls. She collaborated with [](Vivica Bandler), Lasse Pöysti, and Birgitta Ulfsson, amongst others. She was invited out to Tove Jansson’s and Tuulikki Pietilä’s island of Klovharun in the Bay of Bothnia where she also took pictures. Beata Bergström expressed this experience as something extraordinary and several of the images can be seen in the book *Muminvärlden & verkligheten* published in 2014.\n\nBeata Bergström was present at and photographed several of Ingmar Bergman’s productions at Dramaten. The first of these was *Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf?* in 1963. Some of the others were Peter Weiss’ *Rannsakningen* in 1966, *Ett drömspel* by August Strindberg from 1970, *Vildanden* by Henrik Ibsen from 1972 and *Twelfth night* from 1975. This was no easy-going collaboration. Bergman, after working in Münich, returned to Dramaten in 1984 to mount a production of *King Lear*. This was Beata Bergström’s final time working with him. Ingmar Bergman and Jarl Kulle could not bear the noise of her camera and dispatched her to the front row of seats leading Beata Bergström to decide to stop working at Dramaten. Nevertheless, her collaboration with Bergman had produced an exhibition called Bergman Strindberg Bergström which travelled the world through the Swedish Institute.\n\nThe previous year, in 1983, Beata Bergström had moved to Järna where she began to work at the Rudolf Steiner Medicinal- och Örtagård. She had developed an interest in biodynamic gardening and had illustrated a number of books on the subject, including *Dynamiken i det levande*, published in 1976. That same year an eponymous exhibition was held displaying images from biodynamic gardens and from the theatre.\n\nBeata Bergström picked up her art studies again in 1985. From 1990 she worked, along with a group of artists based at Yttereneby studio, producing abstract paintings using tempera.\n\nIn 1995 Beata Bergström took pictures of the premier of *Kristina från Duvemåla* by Lars Rudolfsson at Malmö musikteater. A book was also published in 1996, entitled *Bortom en vid ocean*. In 1998 Beata Bergström was awarded the Eklövet cultural prize in recognition of her ground breaking contributions as a theatre photographer.\n\nBeata Bergström died in Järna in 2016 and she is buried at Norra begravningsplatsen (the Northern cemetery) in Solna.",
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          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
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      "text": "Gunvor Bergström utnämndes 1966 till kansliråd. Hon var då en av de första kvinnorna som\nfick en högre ställning som tjänsteman i Regeringskansliet.\n\nGunvor Bergström föddes 1927 i Göteborg. Hennes far var läroverksadjunkt. År 1945 tog hon\nstudentexamen i Södertälje. Två år senare uppmärksammades hon i de stora dagstidningarna\nför att som tjugoåring ha avlagt juris kandidatexamen med högsta betyg, efter endast två och\nett halvt års studier i stället för de brukliga fyra och ett halvt. Vissa uppgifter gör gällande att\nhon därefter studerade juridik i Paris och London. Biografiska lexikon nämner dock bara\nstudier vid London School of Economics, 1952–1953. Kanske finansierades dessa\nutlandsstudier av det doktorandstipendium från stats- och rättsvetenskapliga fakulteten vid\nStockholms högskola som Gunvor Bergström erhöll 1952. I minnesrunan i samband med\nhennes död 2008 står att läsa att hon hade en manlig livskamrat samt två systrar, som i sin tur\nhade familj.\n\nGunvor Bergström inledde under 1950-talet en karriär inom domstolsväsendet. År 1957\nskriver *Aftonbladet* i ett reportage att hovrättsfiskal Gunvor Bergström satt ordförande i ett\nmål gällande en ung kvinna, som stod anklagad för stöld av en kund som hon hade sålt sex till.\nGunvor Bergström ska då ha framfört sin åsikt att den unga kvinnan mycket väl skulle kunna återanpassa sig till samhället, men att det inte fanns något fungerande system för detta.\nKanske var det här som Gunvor Bergströms livslånga engagemang för unga kvinnor tog sin\nbörjan.\n\nÅr 1959 blev Gunvor Bergström adjungerad ledamot av Svea hovrätt och år 1962\nhovrättsassessor. Hon kom vid denna tid att anlitas som sakkunnig av justitiedepartementet,\nbland annat för arbetet med en ny straffbalk. År 1966 blev hon kansliråd på samma\ndepartement. Som sådan blev hon tillsammans med 98 andra kvinnor år 1967 inbjuden till\nStockholms slott på te av prinsessan Sibylla som på detta sätt ville uppmärksamma alla\nframstående och dugliga kvinnor i Sverige.\n\nGunvor Bergström kom att bli uppmärksammad som sekreterare i 1965 års abortkommitté.\nKommitténs betänkande, *Rätten till abort*, överlämnades 1971 till dåvarande\njustitieminister Lennart Geijer. Hon var också regeringens representant i Kriminalvårdsnämnden\ndär känsliga beslut om frigivning avhandlades, samt medförfattare till en informationsskrift\nom övervakningsnämndernas roll och organisation. Hon kom även att ansvara för en\nutredning om möjligheten att skärpa lagstiftningen och använda ekonomiska sanktioner mot\nföretag som bröt mot till exempel miljölagar. Detta utredningsarbete utmynnade i två skrifter\nfrån justitiedepartementet, en om det korporativa ansvaret och en med förslag till lagtexterna\nom företagsböter.\n\nGunvor Bergström var en kvinna som stack ut i sin tid och hon gav sig gärna in i\nsamhällsdebatten. I *Aftonbladet* 1972 gjorde hon i kraft av sin ställning som sekreterare i\nden nyss avslutade abortutredningen ett utspel där hon med emfas förordade preventivmedel\nför män, eller som det hette i artikelrubriken: ”Gör pojkarna ’sterila’ redan i skolan”.\n\nEfter mordet på Olof Palme 1986 deltog Gunvor Bergström i en grupp privatspanare som\nförsökte koppla mordet till olagliga vapenaffärer i skuggan av kriget mellan Irak och Iran.\nHon hjälpte också journalisten Hanna Olsson med juridiken i boken *Catrine och rättvisan*, 1990. I boken gav Hanna Olsson sin tolkning av det uppmärksammade styckmordet på\nCatrine da Costa och de efterföljande rättsliga turerna.\n\nGunvor Bergström var bosatt i Tystberga i Nyköpings kommun. Efter sin pensionering\nfortsatte hon att engagera sig för fri abort och polemiserade i *Aftonbladet* 1994 mot\nKristdemokraternas partiledare Alf Svensson i abortfrågan. När rättegången efter mordet på\nCatrine da Costa på nytt blev uppmärksammad i slutet av 1990-talet kritiserade Gunvor\nBergström i en artikel i *Expressen* P. O. Enqvists hyllande av boken *Döden är en man*,\ndär journalisten Per Lindeberg gick emot Hanna Olssons och andra kvinnoaktivisters tolkning\nav fallet.\n\nGunvor Bergström dog i Nyköping 2008.",
      "text_eng": "Gunvor Bergström was appointed a governmental deputy assistant in 1966. She was one of the first women to be appointed to a senior post as a civil servant within the Government Offices of Sweden.\n\nGunvor Bergström was born in Gothenburg in 1927. Her father was a secondary school teacher. She gained her school-leaving certificate in Södertälje in 1945. Two years later she was noted in the large daily newspapers for being awarded a Bachelor of Law with top marks having spent only two and a half years studying instead of the usual four and a half. According to some accounts she subsequently studied law in Paris and London. However, her entries in biographical dictionaries only note her attendance at the London School of Economics from 1952 to 1953. It is possible that Gunvor Bergström’s foreign studies were financed by the doctoral stipend she received in 1952 from the Faculty of Law and Political Science at Stockholm College. Obituary notices released on her death in 2008 mention that she had a male life companion as well as two sisters, who each had their own families.\n\nGunvor Bergström set out on a career within the judiciary during the 1950s. *Aftonbladet* printed a report in 1957 stating that the appeal court clerk Gunvor Bergström was chair of a case regarding a young woman accused of robbing a customer who had paid her for sex. Gunvor Bergström apparently then expressed her opinion that the young woman could very easily be reintegrated into society but that there was no functioning system to enable this. This may have been the moment when Gunvor Bergström’s lifelong activism on behalf of young women began.\n\nIn 1959 Gunvor Bergström became a co-opted member of the Svea court of appeal and in 1962 she became an associate appeal judge. She was employed as an expert by the department of justice, for instance during the development of a new criminal code. In 1966 she became deputy assistant in the same department. As such she was invited to tea with Princess Sibylla at Stockholm palace in 1967 with 98 other women, as a way of recognising these eminent and qualified women in Sweden.\n\nGunvor Bergström became known for her role as secretary of the 1965 abortion commission. The commission’s published report, *Rätten till abort* (“Right to abortion”), was handed over to Arne Geijer, then Minister of Justice, in 1971. Gunvor Bergström was also the governmental representative on Kriminalvårdsnämnden (Swedish prison and probation authority), which was responsible for taking sensitive decisions on releasing prisoners from captivity. She also co-authored an information leaflet on the role and organisation of the surveillance board. Further, she was responsible for an investigation into the possibility of tightening the laws and imposing financial penalties against companies who for example flouted environmental laws. This investigation led to the production of two pamphlets from the department of justice, one on corporate responsibility and the other containing proposals for the legal wording of corporate fines.\n\nGunvor Bergström was a woman who stood out in her time and she was keen to enter into social debates. In her role as secretary of the recently completed abortion review, she emphatically expressed her support for male contraception in *Aftonbladet* in 1972; the article headline was “Make boys ‘sterile’ already at school”.\n\nFollowing the 1986 murder of Prime Minister Olof Palme, Gunvor Bergström joined a group of private detectives, which tried to tie the murder to illegal weapon deals in the wake of the Iran-Iraq war. She also provided legal information to journalist Hanna Olsson when she was writing her book *Catrine och rättvisan*, 1990. In this book Hanna Olsson presented her interpretation of the infamous death by dismemberment of Catrine da Costa and the ensuing legal wrangles.\n\nGunvor Bergström lived in Tystberg in Nyköping municipality. After she retired she continued to campaign for free abortions and in 1994 she wrote a polemical article on abortion in *Aftonbladet* against the Kristdemokrat (Christian Democrat) party leader Alf Svensson. When the trial concerning the murder of Catrine da Costa once again became news towards the end of the 1990s Gunvor Bergström wrote an article for *Expressen* criticising P O Engqvist’s lauding of the book *Döden är en man*. In that book the journalist Per Lindberg had dismissed Hanna Olsson’s and other female activists’ interpretations of the case.\n\nGunvor Bergström died in Nyköping in 2008.",
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      "lastmodified": "2021-06-03T08:40:08",
      "libris_uri": [
        "xv8bbfbg2dqh07d"
      ],
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 76,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1905-04-02",
            "date": "1905-04-02"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Gustav Adolfs församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 62.390811,
              "lon": 17.306926999999973
            },
            "place": "Sundsvall"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1982-03-25",
            "date": "1982-03-25"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Oscars församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Gurli/ Maria",
        "lastname": "Bergström (Kai Gullmar)",
        "sortname": "Bergström (Kai Gullmar)"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Kontorist",
          "detail": "Kontorist",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Affärsbiträde",
          "detail": "Affärsbiträde",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Kompositör",
          "detail": "Kompositör, sångförfattare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1920-talet"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sångare",
          "detail": "Sångare, skådespelare, artist",
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "mk_link": true,
          "name": "Gullmar, Kai",
          "type": "Pseudonym",
          "type_eng": "Pseudonym"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1905",
            "date": "1905"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 62.390811,
              "lon": 17.306926999999973
            },
            "place": "Sundsvall"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 51.507351,
              "lon": -0.127758
            },
            "place": "London, Storbritannien"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1925",
            "date": "1925"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 62.390811,
              "lon": 17.306926999999973
            },
            "place": "Sundsvall"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1930",
            "date": "1930"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1982",
            "date": "1982"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Kai Gullmar iklädd kostym, 1927. Foto: Wilhelm Engblom (Sundsvalls museum, SuM-foto030158 - beskuren)",
          "description_eng": "Kai Gullmar wearing a suit, 1927. Photo: Wilhelm Engblom (Sundsvalls museum, SuM-foto030158 - cropped)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Gullmar_Kai_DigitaltMuseum.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-04-14",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1878-02-17",
            "date": "1878-02-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-12-27",
            "date": "1954-12-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Lydia Maria",
          "lastname": "Bergström, född Lax",
          "occupation": "Kaféidkare",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-09-20",
            "date": "1871-09-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935-04-20",
            "date": "1935-04-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Karl Johan Petrus",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Kolimportör",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-05-16",
            "date": "1914-05-16"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1987-10-22",
            "date": "1987-10-22"
          },
          "firstname": "Karin Maria",
          "lastname": "Bergström, gift Frenning",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919-05-31",
            "date": "1919-05-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1997-02-20",
            "date": "1997-02-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Rita",
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Rosenberg",
          "occupation": "Dansare",
          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Haslum, Bengt, *"Jag har en liten melodi": en bok om Kai Gullmar*, STIM:s informationscentral för sv. musik, Stockholm, 1982",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Marcusson, Helena, 'orädd, envis valde hon aldrig den enkla vägen: schlagerdrottningen Kai Gullmar', *Minnenas journal*, 2017:3, s. 36-40",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sykes, Abigail, 'Pionjären Kai Gullmar blir pjäs', *FriaTidningen*, 2015-03-10 (Hämtad 2020-04-03)",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "https://www.fria.nu/artikel/116938"
        },
        {
          "description": "Winquist, Sven G., *Musik i svenska ljudfilmer 1940-1949*, STIM:s informationscentral för svensk musik, Stockholm, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Kai Gullmar', *Wikipedia* (Hämtad 2020-04-03)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai_Gullmar"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olofsson, Hans & Aulin, Leif, *Stora schlagerboken: de svenska sångerskorna 1954-1969. Vol. 1 A-L*, Premium Publishing, Stockholm, 2005",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Nils Johan Tjärnlund. Kai Gullmar: Sveriges schlagerdrottning (Hämtad 2021-05-25)",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "http://www.nilsjohantjarnlund.se/sidor/kai-gullmar-sveriges-schlagerdrottning.aspx"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Kompositör, sångförfattare, sångare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Composer, lyricist, singer",
      "text": "Kai Gullmar var kompositör, musikproducent, sångare och skådespelare. Under perioden 1930—1965 skrev hon ungefär 500 melodier av vilka flera kom att bli så kallade örhängen.\n\nKai Gullmar föddes som Gurli Maria Bergström i Sundsvall 1905. Fadern drev en kolimportfirma och modern ett kafé i den fastighet där de bodde. Hon lärde sig tidigt att spela munspel liksom dragspel och senare piano.\n\nI Sundsvall förekom årligen en Barnens Dag-revy. I denna gjorde Kai Gullmar debut som tolvåring då hon ingick i munspelsorkestern. Med stigande ålder blev hon revyns primadonna och kallade sig Gulli Charmados. Ett år, berättar hon i Bengt Haslums bok *Jag har en liten melodi* från 1982, sjöng hon en kuplett av Ernst Rolf, och ett annat år försökte hon imitera Karl Gerhard — dåtida giganter inom underhållningsbranschen.\n\nFöräldrarnas plan var att dottern skulle arbeta i faderns firma. Efter examen vid Sundsvalls flickskola skickades hon hösten 1924 till London för att utbilda sig i skilda ämnen. Här besökte hon teatrar och dansställen och blev stor vän av modern engelsk och amerikansk musik. När hon sommaren 1925 kom hem blev det arbete på faderns kontor under tre år. Hon närde dock en stark längtan att få flytta till Stockholm. Efter ihärdigt tjat gav föräldrarna med sig.\n\nDen svenska nöjesvärlden dominerades vid denna tid av ”revykungen” Ernst Rolf. I den grammofonaffär i Stockholm där hon fick anställning träffade Kai Gullmar många kunder som ville lyssna på och köpa hans skivor. Hon drömde om att få medverka i en av hans uppsättningar. När han våren 1929 förberedde sin första revy på Chinateatern tog hon mod till sig och kontaktade honom. Hon bad att få provsjunga och hon kom att bli antagen. Några veckor efter hennes debut besökte föräldrarna Stockholm. De kom till teatern, såg och ogillade revyn och deklarerade samfällt att hon omedelbart skulle följa med hem till Sundsvall.\n\nVistelsen i hemstaden blev inte långvarig. Efter ett halvår lyckades Kai Gullmar utverka föräldrarnas medgivande att hon än en gång skulle få flytta till Stockholm. I början av 1930 påbörjade hon en anställning i ett pianomagasin. En ödets nyck blev avgörande för fortsättningen där operadirigenten Nils Grevellius kom att inta en central roll. Han hörde Kai Gullmar sjunga och blev förtjust i hennes röst. På hans initiativ fick hon spela in en skiva med hans melodier och hans orkester. I anslutning härtill föddes artistnamnet Kai Gullmar.\n\nKai Gullmars första skiva spelades in i februari 1931. Redan tre månader senare var det dags för hennes skiva nummer två. Nu fick hon sjunga in en melodi där hon själv hade svarat för både musik och text. Att hon skrev text till egna kompositioner tillhörde undantagen. Den flitigaste av hennes kommande textförfattare hette Gustaf Wahlenius, en banktjänsteman född 1899. Han fabricerade sina texter under signaturen Gus Morris. Under Kai Gullmars hela karriär skrev Gus Morris fler än hundra texter vilka hon gav musikalisk dräkt.\n\nI sitt uteliv träffade Kai Gullmar många personer från musik- och teatervärlden. En av dessa var en jazzintresserad flygingenjör vid namn Lennart ”Pim-Pim” Falk. De båda bildade en sångduo, ”Kai och Len”, med amerikanska schlagers som specialitet. De kom, under 1930-talet, att spela in flera skivor. De fick också framträda i radio. Radiodebuten blev lyckad och ledde fortsättningsvis till ett stort antal program med rubriken *En halvtimme med Kai och Len*.\n\nKai Gullmar var den första kvinnan i Sverige som komponerade populärmusik. Ett säreget drag var också att hon skrev musiken till en låt efter det att hon granskat texten. Så var nästan undantagslöst fallet vid samarbetet med Gus Morris. Detsamma gällde hennes första verkligt stora schlager där texten skrivits av Fritz Gustaf, pseudonym för Fritz-Gustaf Sundelöf. Melodin ifråga var valsen ”En natt på Ankora Bar”, vilken blev en verklig succé för [](Karin Juel) 1933.\n\nKai Gullmars flitiga deltagande i Stockholms nattliv skapade relationer vilka gynnade hennes ambitioner att skriva musik för revyer. Den relativt sett lilla Blancheteatern, där signaturerna Kar de Mumma och Karl-Ewert svarade för merparten av textmaterialet, kom att bli en viktig avnämare för henne vid 1930-talets mitt. I sin nyårsrevy från 1937 hade Karl Gerhard för första gången låtit Kai Gullmar sätta musik till ett par kupletter. Hennes mest kända komposition till text av Karl Gerhard daterar sig till 1942. Den hette ”Vart tar alla vackra flickor vägen?”\n\nEn annan av Kai Gullmars samarbetspartners var Gustav Wally. Han tillhörde finansfamiljen Wallenberg men var mera intresserad av revy än företagsekonomi. När han 1939 etablerade sig som chef för Södra teatern i Stockholm upprättade han en nära kontakt med Kai Gullmar. Vid sin första revy detta år sjöng han bland annat hennes komposition ”Jag har en liten melodi”. Den gjorde stor succé. En verklig framgång rönte också ”En viol, monsieur”, som framfördes vid höstens revy samma år. Gustav Wally återkom nästan årligen fram till 1947 med en revy och Kai Gullmar tillhörde alltid medarbetarna.\n\nNär ljudfilmen gjorde entré under 1930-talets gång, blev film naturligt nog ett viktigt område för vissa kompositörer, något som definitivt kom att gälla Kai Gullmar. Hennes egentliga debut ägde rum under 1930-talets andra hälft, i två filmer med Sigurd Wallén och tre med Adolf Jahr i huvudrollerna. I filmen *Melodin från Gamla stan* svarade Harry Brandelius för flera låtar av Kai Gullmar. En av dessa blev en verklig storschlager, nämligen ”Solen lyser även på liten stuga”. En annan melodi, utan anknytning till film, presenterade duon Gullmar-Morris för Harry Brandelius 1940. Det var ”Ungmön från Käringön”. Hans insjungning av denna visa blev genast mycket populär och kom att bli ett stående inslag i hans repertoar livet ut.\n\nKai Gullmars dominans inom filmmusik fortsatte under 1940-talet. År 1940 regisserade den unge Hasse Ekman ett eget manus med titeln *Med dej i mina armar*. Filmens huvudmelodi gavs samma namn. Kai Gullmar svarade för musiken och Hasse Ekman själv för texten. Strax före jul 1940 var det debut för filmen *Swing it, magistern* med den då 16-åriga [Alice Babs](Hildur Alice Sjöblom) i huvudrollen. Även här var det paret Gullmar-Ekman som stod bakom titellåten. Många anser att detta var Kai Gullmars främsta komposition. Under 1940-talets senare del skapade Kai Gullmar åtskillig bakgrundsmusik till filmkomedier, vid flera tillfällen ihop med Sune Waldimir, orkesterledare vid Sveriges Radio. Ett sådant samarbete kom till uttryck i *Soldat Bom* från 1948, den första av Nils Poppes Bom-filmer. Ett annat samarbete under 1940-talet var det mellan Kai Gullmar och textskribenten Sven Gustafsson på Europafilm vilket resulterade i några sånger som Åke Grönberg sjöng i film och senare på skiva.\n\nDen svenska filmproduktionen var inte stor under 1950-talet, och melodibeställningarna minskade avsevärt för Kai Gullmar. Några bidrag från henne förekom dock i Hasse Ekmans film *Sjunde himlen*. I två filmer om Åsa-Nisse förekom också musik av paret Gullmar-Morris med sång av Bertil Boo respektive John Elfström. Totalt förekom musik av Kai Gullmar i 47 spelfilmer.\n\nBengt Haslum har i sin biografi om Kai Gullmar betecknat henne som en ”mångsysslare i nöjesbranschen”. En kort översikt över ytterligare några av hennes prestationer gör denna karakteristik än tydligare. År 1948 utkom en samling barnvisor med rubriken *Den stygga myggan* som Kai Gullmar och Gus Morris hade skapat. Till ackompanjemang av Sven Arefeldts orkester sjöng Kai Gullmar in några av dessa visor på skiva. En roll som estradartist intog hon i Casinorevyn från 1947 och ett par år framåt. Vid sidan av revyarbetet hjälpte hon Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt att sätta musik till sånger i en barnoperett för radio. I filmen *Lattjo med Boccaccio*, 1949, där Gösta Bernhard och Stig Bergendorff höll i tyglarna agerade hon som både kokerska och abbedissa. År 1950 flyttade hon över till Scalarevyn där Nils Perne och Sven Paddock skötte det mesta. Här fick hon axla flera roller. Vid ett gästspel på en revyscen i Malmö 1952—1953 agerade hon en gammal samisk man och sjöng ”Lapp på luckan”. Säsongen 1955—1956 stod hon åter på Casinoscenen. På grundval av Gösta Rybrants texter försåg hon både 1956 och 1957 Kar de Mummas revyer på Folkan med musikaliskt material.\n\nKai Gullmar komponerade omkring 500 melodier. Ett hundratal av dessa sjöng hon själv in på skiva, flertalet under 1930-talet. Intressant är att hon inte nedtecknade noterna till någon av sina kompositioner. Hon kunde inte skriva noter. På frågan varför har hon i intervjuer svarat att hon var för lat för att lära sig detta. Det problemet fick andra ta hand om. Lyckligtvis skedde detta och därigenom finns idag en majoritet av hennes melodier i nottryck.\n\nI Bengt Haslums bok *Svensk populärmusik* från 1982 och i Hans Olofssons praktverk *Stora Schlagerboken* från 2005 berörs inte med ett ord Kai Gullmars val av partners. I artiklar under de allra senaste åren framstår däremot detta ämne som angeläget. Det utgör till och med ett centralt inslag i en pjäs som Teater Västernorrland spelade under våren 2015. I dessa sammanhang konstateras att Kai Gullmar var homosexuell och att hon inte förteg eller försökte dölja detta, trots att homosexualitet formellt var kriminaliserad i Sverige fram till 1944. Som tydliga exempel på hennes oräddhet framhålls att hon ofta klädde sig i kostym och bar slips samt hade kortklippt hår. Hon beskrivs som en förebild för många och beröms för sitt rakryggade beteende i genusfrågor. Kai Gullmars enda kända partner var danska Rita Rosenberg, född 1919, som i ungdomen varit balettdansös. De levde tillsammans i Stockholm under långt mer än 20 år.\n\nUnder 1960-talet drabbades Kai Gullmar av flera olika sjukdomar. En halkolycka medförde att hon under de sista tio levnadsåren var bunden till rullstol. Humöret var likväl gott, berättas det. Kai Gullmar avled 1982 och begravdes i Gustaf Adolf-kyrkan i Stockholm på sin födelsedag, den 2 april. Som postludium spelades ”Jag har en liten melodi”.",
      "text_eng": "Kai Gullmar was a composer, record producer, singer and actress. During the period 1930—1965, she wrote about 500 melodies of which several became great hits. \n\nShe was born Gurli Maria Bergström in Sundsvall in 1905. Her mother ran a café in the building in which they lived, and her father ran a coal import company. She taught herself at an early age to play the harmonica, accordion and later the piano.  \n\nIn Sundsvall, there was a Children’s Day revue every year. Kai Gullmar made her debut in it as a twelve-year-old in the harmonica orchestra. When she was a little older, she became the prima donna of the revue and called herself Gulli Charmados. In Bengt Haslum’s book about her from 1982, *Jag har en liten melodi*, she tells the story of how one year she sang a couplet by Ernst Rolf, and how another year she tried to imitate Karl Gerhard — at that time two giants in the Swedish entertainment world.  \n\nHer parents planned that their daughter was to work in her father’s company. After taking her school certificate at Sundsvall girls’ school, she was sent to London in the autumn of 1924 to be educated in various subjects. There she visited theatres and dancehalls and became a great fan of modern English and American popular music. When she returned home in the summer of 1925, it was to work in her father’s office for three years. However, she nourished a strong desire to be allowed to move to Stockholm. After persistent begging, her parents gave in.  \n\nThe Swedish entertainment world was dominated at that time by the “King of Revues” Ernst Rolf. In the gramophone shop in Stockholm at which she was employed, Kai Gullmar met many customers who wanted to listen to and buy his records. She dreamed about being allowed to perform in one of his productions. When he was rehearsing his first revue at the Chinateatern in 1929, she plucked up her courage and contacted him. She asked for the chance to audition for him and she was accepted. A few weeks after her debut, her parents visited Stockholm. They came to the theatre, saw and did not approve of the revue. They declared in unison that she must return with them immediately to Sundsvall.  \n\nHer stay in her hometown did not last long. After six months, Kai Gullmar succeeded in obtaining her parents’ permission to move once more to Stockholm. At the beginning of 1930, she started working in a shop selling pianos. A stroke of fate was decisive for the rest of her life, in which the opera conductor Nils Grevellius was to play a central role. He heard Kai Gullmar sing, and was charmed by her voice. On his initiative, she was able to make a record with his melodies and his orchestra. In connection with that, the stage name Kai Gullmar saw the light of day. \n\nKai Gullmar made her first record in February 1931. Very soon after, only three months later, it was time for record number two. That time she recorded a song for which she had composed both the lyrics and the music. It was exceptional for her also to write the lyrics in her songs. The most productive of her future lyrics writers was Gustaf Wahlenius, a bank clerk born in 1899. He wrote his lyrics under the pen name Gus Morris. During Kai Gullmar’s long career, Gus Morris wrote more than one hundred sets of lyrics to which she gave musical costumes.  \n\nIn her time spent in bars and cafés, Kai Gullmar met many people from the music and theatre worlds. One of these was the jazz enthusiast Lennart “Pim-Pim” Falk, an aeronautics engineer. They started a singing duo, “Kai and Len”, with American hits as their speciality. In the 1930s, they made several records. They also performed on the radio. Their radio debut was a success, leading after that to a great number of programmes with the title “Half an hour with Kai and Len”.  \n\nKai Gullmar was the first Swedish woman to compose popular music. Her method was to compose the music to a song after she had reviewed the lyrics. This was the case almost without exception in her cooperation with Gus Morris. The same was true of her first really big hit for which the lyrics had been written by Fritz Gustaf, the pseudonym for Fritz-Gustaf Sundelöf. The melody in question was a waltz: “En natt på Ankora Bar”. The singer [](Karin Juel) made a great success with it in 1933. \n\nKai Gullmar’s energetic participation in the Stockholm nightlife created relationships that benefitted her ambitions to compose music for revues. The relatively small Blancheteatern, where the pen names Kar de Mumma and Karl-Ewert were responsible for most of the lyrics, came to be important customers for her in the mid-1930s. In his 1937 New Year Revue, Karl Gerhard had allowed Kai Gullmar to put music to a few couplets for the first time. Her most well-known composition with lyrics by Karl Gerhard is from 1942: “Vart tar alla vackra flickor vägen?”. \n\nAnother of Kai Gullmar’s working partners was Gustav Wally. He was a member of the Wallenberg family, big Swedish financiers, but was more interested in revues than in business. When he had established himself in 1939 as the director of the Södra teatern in Stockholm, he established close contact with Kai Gullmar. In his first revue that year, he himself sang among other things her composition “Jag har en liten melodi”. It became a big hit. Another big hit was her song “En viol, monsieur”, that was performed at the autumn revue the same year. Gustav Wally put on new revues almost every year until 1947 and Kai Gullmar was always one of his colleagues.  \n\nWhen the talkies were introduced in the 1930s, films became an important field for certain composers, naturally enough, and this definitely included Kai Gullmar. Her proper debut took place in the later part of the 1930s, with two films with Sigurd Wallén and three with Adolf Jahr in the starring roles. In the film *Melodin från Gamla stan*, the Swedish star performer Harry Brandelius was responsible for singing several songs by Kai Gullmar. One of these became a really big hit, namely “Solen lyser även på liten stuga”. Another melody, not linked to any film, was presented by the Gullmar-Morris duo to Harry Brandelius in 1940. It was “Ungmön från Käringön”. His recording of this song immediately became very popular and was a permanent number in his repertoire for the rest of his life.  \n\nKai Gullmar’s dominance in film music continued during the 1940s. In 1940, the young Hasse Ekman directed his own film manuscript with the title *Med dej i mina armar* (With you in my arms). The theme song in the film had the same name. Kai Gullmar composed the melody and the lyrics were by Hasse Ekman himself. Just before Christmas 1940, the film *Swing it, magistern* had its debut, starring the then 16-year-old [Alice Babs](Hildur Alice Sjöblom). Here too, the Gullmar-Ekman pair were responsible for lyrics and music. Many are of the opinion that this was Kai Gullmar’s best composition. During the latter half of the 1940s, Kai Gullmar composed the background music for diverse film comedies, sometimes together with Sune Waldimir, the orchestra leader at Sveriges Radio. One such cooperative venture was *Soldat Bom* from 1948, the first of Nils Poppe’s Bom films. Another cooperative venture during the 1940s was that between Kai Gullmar and the writer Sven Gustafsson at Europafilm which resulted in some songs sung by Åke Grönberg in films and later on records. \n\nSwedish film production was not extensive during the 1950s, and orders for music diminished considerably for Kai Gullmar. Some contributions from her appeared however in Hasse Ekman’s film *Seventh Heaven*. In two films about Åsa-Nisse, there was also music by the Gullmar-Morris pair, one song each sung respectively by Bertil Boo and John Elfström. Kai Gullmar wrote music for 47 films all in all.  \n\nIn his biography of Kai Gullmar, Bengt Haslum has defined her as a “Jack of all trades in the entertainment business”. A short summary of others of her achievements make this description even more explicit. In 1948, a collection of children’s songs by Kai Gullmar och Gus Morris appeared with the title *Den stygga myggan*. Accompanied by Sven  \n\nArefeldt’s orchestra, Kai Gullmar recorded some of these. She had a role as a stage artist in Casinorevyn in 1947 and a few years after that. Apart from revue work, she helped Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt to put music to songs in a children’s operetta for the radio. In the film *Lattjo med Boccaccio* in 1949, for which Gösta Bernhard and Stig Bergendorff held the reins, she acted the part of both cook and abbess. In 1950, she moved to Scalarevyn in which Nils Perne and Sven Paddock took care of most things. There she had to take on several roles. At a guest performance on a revue stage in Malmö in 1952—1953, she acted the part of an old Sami man and sang “Lapp på luckan”. During the season of 1955—1956, she stood once again on the Casino stage. She composed the musical material based on Gösta Rybrant’s texts for Kar de Mumma’s revues at Folkteatern in both 1956 and 1957. \n\nKai Gullmar composed about 500 melodies. She made records of a hundred or so of these herself, most of them during the 1930s. It is interesting that she did not write down the actual notation of any of her songs. She did not know how to write musical notation. When asked why, she replied that she was too lazy to learn all that. Others had to take care of that problem. Luckily this happened and most of her melodies thus exist in print.  \n\nIn Bengt Haslum’s book on Swedish popular music, *Svensk populärmusik* from 1982, and in Hans Olofsson’s magnificent volume *Stora Schlagerboken* from 2005, there is no mention at all of Kai Gullmar’s choice of partners in her private life. In articles written during recent years, however, this subject seems to have gained in importance. It is even a central theme in a play that Teater Västernorrland performed in the spring of 2015. In that context, Kai Gullmar’s homosexuality was displayed as openly as she herself did during her life. She never concealed it despite homosexuality formally being criminalised in Sweden until 1944. As an example of her fearlessness, it is often mentioned that she dressed in men’s suit and tie, and that she wore her hair short. She is described as being a role model for many and praised for her upright behaviour when it came to gender issues. Kai Gullmar’s only known partner was Rita Rosenberg, a Danish woman born in 1919, who was a ballet dancer in her youth. They lived together in Stockholm for more than 20 years.  \n\nIn the 1960s, Kai Gullmar suffered from several different illnesses. An accident when she slipped and fell led to her having to get around in a wheelchair during her last ten years of life. She kept up her good humour nevertheless, it is said. Kai Gullmar died in 1982 and was buried in Gustaf Adolf’s Church in Stockholm on her birthday, 2 April. The organist played “Jag har en liten melodi” as the postludium.",
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          "description": "Predikant",
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          "description": "Sexualupplysare",
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          "description": "Medlem",
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          "type": "Ideell organisation",
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          "description": "Medlem, riksdagskandidat",
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            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Politiskt parti",
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            "date": "2014"
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
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          "firstname": "Elin",
          "lastname": "Eriksson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Uppgifter saknas",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
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            "comment": "1958",
            "date": "1958"
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          "firstname": "Hanna",
          "lastname": "Bergström, född Eriksson",
          "occupation": "Affärsinnehavare, expedit",
          "type": "Fostermor",
          "type_eng": "Foster mother"
        },
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "firstname": "Arvid",
          "lastname": "Bergström",
          "occupation": "Köpman",
          "type": "Fosterfar",
          "type_eng": "Foster father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1921",
            "date": "1921"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2002",
            "date": "2002"
          },
          "firstname": "Bror",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "lastname": "Walan",
          "occupation": "Kyrkohistoriker",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1972",
            "date": "1972"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
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            "date": "1929-05-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2013-02-18",
            "date": "2013-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Helle",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Høpfer Nielsen",
          "occupation": "Psykolog, universitetsadjunkt",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2007",
            "date": "2007"
          },
          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1929-05-04",
            "date": "1929-05-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2013-02-18",
            "date": "2013-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Helle",
          "from": {
            "comment": "2007",
            "date": "2007"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Høpfer Nielsen",
          "occupation": "Psykolog, universitetsadjunkt",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2013",
            "date": "2013"
          },
          "type": "Maka",
          "type_eng": "Wife"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1952",
            "date": "1952"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Gustav",
          "lastname": "Walan",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Bergström-Walan, Maj-Briht, *Passioner: [memoarer]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1987",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Møhl, Bo, 'Helle Høpfner Nielsen (1929 - 2013)', *Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon* (Hämtad 2018-02-08)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/455/origin/170/query/Helle%20H%F8pfner/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Utredningen rörande sexual- och samlevnadsfrågor i undervisnings- och upplysningsarbetet, *Sexual- och samlevnadsundervisning [Elektronisk resurs] : I: utredning och överväganden, II: förslag till lärarhandledning : betänkande jämte förslag till lärarhandledning*, LiberFörlag/Allmänna förl., Stockholm, 1974",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature",
          "url": "http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kb:sou-7257655"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Vem är det: svensk biografisk handbok*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1992, 1994-",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon [Elektronisk resurs] : kvinnor i Sverige. [1988]*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0063.html"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Psykolog, sexolog",
      "subtitle_eng": "Psychologist, sexologist",
      "text": "Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan var psykolog och en av de mest uppmärksammade sexualupplysarna i Sverige under andra halvan av 1900-talet.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan föddes 1924. Hon växte upp hos sin moster Hanna och hennes\nman Arvid Bergström, eftersom modern inte kunde ta hand om henne efter födseln. Arvid\nBergström dog dock när Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan var 11 år. Hanna Bergström sökte då\ntröst i religionen, vilket influerade Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan och ledde till att hon utbildade\nsig till missionär inom Svenska Missionsförbundet. I samband med att modern dog lämnade\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan Svenska Missionsförbundet 1961.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan var hela sitt liv bosatt och verksam i Stockholmsområdet. Hon\nutbildade sig till barnmorska och gifte sig med Bror Walan. Deras plan var att bli missionärer i Kina. Detta omöjliggjordes dock av den kinesiska revolutionen. Bror\nWalan kom i stället att bli kyrkohistoriker medan Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan tog studenten\noch utbildade sig till lärare. Tillsammans med Bror Walan fick Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan\nsonen Gustav Walan. Paret skilde sig 1972.\n\nUnder åren 1957 till 1965 arbetade Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan som lärare på olika läroverk i\nStockholmsområdet. Parallellt med arbetet som lärare forskade hon i psykologi och pedagogik och avlade 1963 filosofie licentiatexamen med en avhandling om mödraundervisning. Forskningen bakom avhandlingen beskrivs ingående i Maj-Briht Bergström-Walans självbiografi *Passioner*, 1988. Hennes kompetens på området gjorde att hon kom att uppmärksammas av olika medier i frågor gällande mödrar och barn. År 1960 stod hon också på Folkpartiets lista till riksdagsvalet.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan syntes även i medierna som expert på sexualundervisning och sex, då hon sedan slutet av 1950-talet anlitats av Stockholms skoldirektion, och senare även av Skolöverstyrelsen, som lärare och kursledare i sexualkunskap. Hon började tidigt skriva\nläromedel i sexualkunskap och undervisade på universitet i sexualkunskapens metodik. Under åren 1964–1974 var hon sakkunnig i Utredningen rörande sexual- och\nsamlevnadsfrågor i undervisnings- och upplysningsarbetet och under perioden 1965–1968 var hon utredningens huvudsekreterare. Utredningsuppdraget och uppdragen för Stockholms stad och för Skolöverstyrelsen medförde att hon regelbundet blev inbjuden att föreläsa utomlands och hon skapade sig vid dessa tillfällen ett stort nätverk av forskare, organisationer och institutioner för sexologi och sexualundervisning, främst i USA.\n\nDe återkommande framträdandena gjorde Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan till en\nkänd person. Kvällstidningen *Aftonbladet* kallade henne 1972 för ”vår sexprofet”. Störst\nuppmärksamhet fick hon för sin roll som expert i filmerna *Ur kärlekens språk*, 1969,\n*Mera ur kärlekens språk*, 1970, och *Kärlekens XYZ*, 1971. Filmerna, som skulle verka\nupplysande, blev genom sina långa och autentiska sexscener stora biosuccéer världen över.\nHon medverkade även i den uppföljare till Kärlekens språk-filmerna som kom 2004, också\nden med många sexscener. Hon anlitades av flera tidningar som *Kamratposten*,\n*Expressen*, *Aftonbladet*, *Mitt livs novell* och herrtidningen *Se* för att svara på\nläsarfrågor om sex och samlevnad. \n\nI början av 1970-talet grundade Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan det privata Svenska\nSexualforskningsinstitutet som erbjöd terapi i sex och samlevnad. År 1971 annonserade\ninstitutet om sin mottagning för personer med potensbesvär samt för, som det hette i annonsen, sexuella minoriteter. Senare kom Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan att även erbjuda primalterapi och terapi för sexmissbrukare. Som föreståndare för institutet utbildade hon sig både till psykolog och till sexualterapeut. Den senare utbildningen genomgick hon i USA. Den sista annonsen för hennes mottagning publicerades året före hennes död. Svenska\nSexualforskningsinstitutet producerade också undersökningar, läromedel och upplysningsfilmer för skolor. Filmerna ansågs dock som alltför explicita då vissa scener\nhämtats från Kärlekens språk-filmerna och diskussionen om huruvida filmerna skulle visas i\nsvenska skolor var livlig. Elevorganisationer var positiva till detta medan Skolöverstyrelsen\ntvekade.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walans engagemang för sexuella minoriteter blev allt tydligare mot\nslutet av 1960-talet, då hon påbörjade forskning om transvestiter vid Psykologiska\ninstitutionen vid Stockholms universitet. Hon bemötte på 1970-talet den maoistiske aktivisten\nFrank Baudes tal om homosexualitet som överklassfasoner med att anklaga honom för att\nresonera på samma sätt som nazisterna. Hon hävdade att alla människor var bisexuella, på en glidande skala. När hon själv 1975 kom ut som bisexuell blev det förstasidesstoff i pressen. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan beskrev då hur hon 1974 på en konferens blivit blixtförälskad i den danska psykologen Helle Høpfner Nielsen.\n\nRelationen mellan Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan och Helle Høpfner Nielsen kom att bli\nlivslång och 2007 gifte paret sig. De arbetade nära varandra på Svenska\nSexualforskningsinstitutet och i början av 1980-talet publicerade de en svensk uppföljare till\nden i USA genomförda undersökningen av kvinnors upplevelser av sex, den så kallade\nHiterapporten. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan och Helle Høpfner Nielsen lyfte även fram och\npublicerade artiklar kring sexualitet och ålderdom. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan kom senare att samarbeta med sexologen Malena Ivarsson. Bland annat planerade de ett TV-program till vilket de sökte par för sexualterapi och 1993 gav de tillsammans ut en bok om kvinnors sexuella fantasier.\n\nSammanlagt skrev Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan under sin karriär ett femtiotal böcker, de\nflesta upplysningsböcker, varav flera översattes till olika språk. Några av hennes publikationer har karaktären av forskningslitteratur, till exempel boken *Transvestism och det andra jaget: ett psykologiskt perspektiv*, tillsammans med Sam Larsson, 1994.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan var också engagerad i den internationella sexologföreningen,\nWorld Association for Sexual Health, där hon var vice ordförande för den europeiska grenen\nfrån och med 1991. År 1997 fick hon föreningens guldmedalj. Året innan hade hon blivit\nhedersdoktor vid Uppsala universitet och i samband med Pridefestivalen 2013 fick hon ett pris av RFSL.\n\nNär Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan dog 2014 uppmärksammades hennes gärning i ett stort antal svenska dagstidningar. Hennes grav finns på Skogskyrkogården i Stockholm.",
      "text_eng": "Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan was a psychologist and one of the most noted sex educators in Sweden during the second half of the twentieth century.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan was born in 1924. She was brought up by her aunt Hanna and the latter’s husband, Arvid Bergström, because her own mother was unable to care for her after her birth. Arvid Bergström died when Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan was eleven years old. Hanna Bergström then sought solace in religion. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan was influenced by this to the extent that she trained to become a missionary with Svenska Missionsförbundet (Mission Covenant Church of Sweden). Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan left the society in 1961 in connection with her mother’s death. \n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan spent her whole life living and working in the Stockholm area. She trained to become a midwife and married Bror Walan. They intended to become missionaries in China, but this became impossible due to the Chinese Revolution. Instead Bror Walan became a church historian while Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan gained her school-leaving certificate and then trained to become a teacher. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan and Bror Walan had a son together named Gustav Walan. The couple divorced in 1972.\n\nDuring the period of 1957-1965 Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan was employed as a teacher at various schools in the Stockholm area. While working as a teacher Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan continued her studies in psychology and pedagogy. In 1963 she gained an equivalent to a Master’s degree with a thesis on midwifery. In her 1988 autobiography, *Passioner*, Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan provides detailed descriptions of the research she undertook for her thesis. Her knowledge in the field became noted by the media and she was asked to talk on issues concerning mothers and children. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan also was a candidate on the Liberal People’s Party’s list in the 1960 parliamentary election.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan also received medial attention as an expert in sex education and sex. From the late 1950s onwards she had been employed by the Stockholm school authorities, and later by the national school board, as a teacher and trainer in sex education. She soon started writing teaching material for sex education and also taught sex education methodology at university. From 1964 to 1974 she served as an expert in Utredning rörande sexual- och samlevnadsfrågor i undervisnings- och upplysningsarbetet (“enquiry into sexual and cohabitation issues within teaching and informational roles”). From 1965 to 1968 she served as the principal secretary of the enquiry. As a result of her role in the enquiry and her work for Stockholm city and the national school board, Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan was frequently invited to lecture abroad. This enabled her to form a large network of researchers, organisations and institutions for sexology and sex education, largely in the USA.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan’s frequent medial appearances made her a well-known name. In 1972 she was referred to as “our sexual prophet” in *Aftonbladet*, an evening newspaper. She received most recognition for her role as expert in a series of films: *Ur kärlekens språk*, 1969, *Mera ur kärlekens språk*, 1970, and *Kärlekens XYZ*, 1971. These films, intended as educational films, became major global cinema successes due to their long and authentic sex scenes. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan also contributed to the 2004 sequel to these films, which also contained a lot of sex scenes. Several newspapers such as *Kamratposten*, *Expressen*, *Aftonbladet*, *Mitt livs novell*, and the gentleman’s magazine *Se* employed her to answer readers’ questions on sex and relationships.\n\nIn the early 1970s Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan set up the private Svenska Sexualforskningsinstitutet (Swedish Institute of Sex Research), which offered sex therapy. In 1971 the institute advertised to people with potency problems and – as the adverts called it – sexual minorities. Later Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan also offered primal therapy and therapy for sex addicts. As director of the institute Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan trained both as a psychologist and as a sex therapist. She undertook the latter training in the USA. Her last advert for the institute was published the year before her death. Svenska Sexualforskningsinstitutet also produced research, teaching material and educational films for school. However, the films were considered to be altogether too explicit, as some scenes had been taken from the Kärlekens språk film series, and lively discussions ensued on whether the films should be shown in schools. Student organisations were favourable whilst the national school board was doubtful.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan’s interest in sexual minorities increased towards the end of the 1960s, when she began her research on transvestites at Stockholm University’s Department of Psychology. In the 1970s she responded to the Maoist activist Frank Baude’s speech on homosexuality as an upper-class mannerism by accusing him of Nazi reasoning. She claimed that everyone was bisexual, on a sliding scale. In 1975 she herself came out as bisexual and this revelation was plastered across the front pages of the papers. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan described how she had fallen head over heels for the Danish psychologist Helle Höpfner Nielsen at a conference in 1974.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan’s relationship with Helle Höpfner Nielsen lasted the duration of their lives. They got married in 2007. They worked near each other at Svenska Sexualforskningsinstitutet and in the early 1980s they published a Swedish sequel to the so-called Hite Report, an American study of women’s experiences of sex. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan and Helle Höpfner Nielsen also highlighted and published articles on sexuality and aging. Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan later collaborated with Malena Ivarsson, another sexologist. They planned to make a TV programme for which they tried to find couples who would undergo sex therapy, and in 1993 they published a book on women’s sexual fantasies.\n\nIn total Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan wrote about 50 books throughout the course of her career, the majority of which were informational books which were translated into several languages, such as *Transvestism och det andra jaget: ett psykologiskt perspektiv*, written with Sam Larsson, 1994.\n\nMaj-Briht Bergström-Walan was also active within World Association for Sexual Health, the international sexology association. She was deputy chair of the European branch from 1991 onwards. In 1997 she was awarded the association’s gold medal. The previous year she had been made honorary doctor at Uppsala University. In conjunction with the 2013 Pride festival she was awarded a prize by RFSL, the Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights.\n\nWhen Maj-Briht Bergström-Walan died in 2014, many Swedish newspapers paid a tribute to her work. Her grave lies in Skogskyrkogården in Stockholm.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
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      "subtitle": "Översättare",
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      "text": "Sonja Bergvall var en av det sena 1900-talets mest uppskattade översättare av engelsk litteratur.\n\nSonja Bergvall föddes på Fårö. Hon var dotter till öns folkskollärare Edvin Bergvall och hans hustru småskolläraren Agnes, född Gäfvert. När hon var sex år flyttade familjen till Södertörn. Efter studentexamen 1926 studerade hon vid Frans Schartaus Handelsinstitut 1927. Därefter arbetade hon vid Stockholms Enskilda Bank 1927-1929. Det senare året fick hon anställning vid bokförlaget Natur & Kultur och stannade där till hösten 1933, då hon i stället började arbeta på Albert Bonniers Förlag där hon stannade till sin pensionering 1971. I början av 1940-talet blev hon förlagets reklamchef och innehade den befattningen till 1949, varefter hon sattes att sköta kontakterna med utländska förläggare med tanke på placeringen av svensk litteratur i utlandet, en avdelning som hon så småningom också blev chef för. Hon var med om att lansera Harry Martinson, Vilhelm Moberg, Ivar Lo-Johansson, Eyvind Johnson, [](Sara Lidman) med flera.\n\nSonja Bergvall började översätta redan i början av 1930-talet men då mer som en bisyssla. Under denna period var det i synnerhet hennes översättningar av Dorothy Sayers detektivromaner som väckte uppmärksamhet för, som Madelaine Gustafsson skriver i sin artikel om Sonja Bergvall i Svenskt översättarlexikon, ”deras kluriga lösningar, muntra ironier och lättsamt antydda lärdom”. Hon översatte under denna period även flera viktiga modernistiska romaner som exempelvis E.M. Fosters *Credo* och Virginia Woolfs *Mot fyren*.\n\nDet var dock först efter pensioneringen 1971 som Sonja Bergvall blev översättare på heltid. Under 1970-talet översatte hon i rask takt en rad engelska och amerikanska romaner av Jane Austen, Muriel Sprak, Agatha Christie, P.D. James, Vita Sackville-West, Lilian Hellman med flera. Men framför allt gjorde hon Doris Lessings verk, liksom Margaret Drabbles och Anne Tylers och andra för den nya kvinnorörelsen viktiga författare, tillgängliga på svenska.\n\nSonja Bergvall översatte huvudsakligen från engelska men även i mindre utsträckning från tyska, norska och danska. När hon mottog 1981 års [](Elsa Thulin)s översättarpris löd motiveringen: "För en gedigen yrkesmässig översättargärning av ovanlig bredd under lång tid med tonvikt på särskilt krävande engelskspråkig litteratur."\n\nFör Sonja Bergvall var lyhördheten inför författaren och troheten mot texten grundläggande för översättarens värv. I en intervju med Lena Rydin menar hon bland annat: ”Man har skyldigheter mot läsarna, ja. Men mest mot författaren. Det är han som ska framträda.” I denna och andra intervjuer talar hon också gärna om vikten av att känna till författarens egna referenser, att kunna sin Shakespeare, Keats, Shelley, Tennyson och så vidare.\n\nSonja Bergvall tillhörde den första generationens översättare som målmedvetet arbetade för bättre villkor och förbättrad standard inom översättarkåren. Hon var en pådrivande kraft när Svenska Översättarförbundet bildades 1954.\n\nSonja Bergvalls översättningar blev mycket uppskattade och hon tilldelades en rad priser och stipendier. Förutom Elsa Thulins översättarpris 1981 mottog hon bland annat Tidningen Vi:s litteraturpris 1971, Rabén & Sjögrens översättarpris 1974 och 1975 Trevipriset för sina översättningar av de fyra första delarna av Doris Lessings böcker om Martha Quest. År 1979 mottog hon även Svenska Akademiens översättarpris.\n\nSonja Bergvall dog i Stockholm 1989.",
      "text_eng": "Sonja Bergvall was one of the most valued translators of English literature into Swedish of the late 20th century.\n\nSonja Bergvall was born on Fårö. Her parents were the adult education teacher Edvin Bergvall and his wife Agnes (née Gäfvert), who was a junior school teacher. When Sonja Bergvall was six years old the family move to Södertörn. After gaining her school-leaving certificate in 1926 Sonja Bergvall studied at the Frans Schartau Handelsinstitut (a business school) in 1927. She then worked at Stockholms Enskilda Bank from 1927 to 1929. In 1929 she was employed by the Natur & Kultur publishing house, where she remained in post until the autumn of 1933. She then began to work at the Albert Bonnier publishing house and she stayed with them until she retired in 1971. In the early 1940s she became head of advertising for the publishers, a post she held until 1949. She then was put in charge of contacts with foreign publishers, with a view to making Swedish literature available abroad, and it was not long before she became head of this section. She was involved in launching Harry Martinson, Vilhelm Moberg, Ivar Lo-Johansson, Eyvind Johnson, [](Sara Lidman), and others.\n\nWhen Sonja Bergvall began translation work in the 1930s it was more of a hobby. At that time it was largely her translations of Dorothy Sayer’s detective novels which attracted attention for “their ingenious resolutions, amusing ironies, and light-hearted implied teachings”, as Madelaine Gustafsson writes in her article on Sonja Bergvall in *Svenskt översättarlexikon*. During this period Sonja Bergvall also translated several important modernist novels, such as E.M. Foster’s *Credo* and Virginia Woolf’s *Mot fyren*.\n\nIt was only after retiring that Sonja Bergvall became a fulltime translator. During the 1970s she translated a series of English and American novels in swift succession, including works by Jane Austen, Muriel Spark, Agatha Christie, P.D. James, Vita Sackville-West and Lilian Hellman. Above all she made Doris Lessing’s works, as well as those of Margaret Drabble and Anne Tyler, accessible in Swedish, along with other authors who were significant for the new women’s movement.\n\nSonja Bergvall largely translated from English into Swedish but she also did a selection of translations from German, Norwegian, and Danish. When she received the [](Elsa Thulin) translator’s prize in 1981 the reason given was this: “For a substantial professional contribution of translations of an unusual breadth across a long time period with emphasis on particularly demanding English-language literature.”\n\nFor Sonja Bergvall being responsive to the author and producing a faithful translation of the text was fundamental to the translator’s role. One of the things she said in an interview with Lena Rydin was that: “One has obligations to the readers, one does. But one is most obliged to the author. It is he that must take prime place.” In this interview, and in others, she also spoke enthusiastically of the importance of understanding the author’s references, of knowing Shakespeare, Keats, Shelley, Tennyson and the like.\n\nSonja Bergvall belonged to the first generation of translators who consciously worked to obtain better conditions and improved standards for translators. She was a driving force in setting up Svenska Översättarförbundet (the Swedish translators’ association) in 1954.\n\nSonja Bergvall’s translations were highly valued and she was awarded a series of prizes and scholarships. In addition to the Elsa Thulin translation prize in 1981 she also received Tidningen Vi’s literature prize in 1971, Rabén & Sjögren’s translation prize in 1974, and in 1975 she was given the Trevi prize for her translations of the first four parts of Doris Lessing’s books about Martha Quest. In 1979 she was also awarded the Swedish Academy’s translators’ prize.\n\nSonja Bergvall died in Stockholm in 1989.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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      "url": "SonjaIngeborgBergvall",
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      "awards": [
        {
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            "date": "1960"
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          "description": "Ledamot av Vasaorden (LVO)",
          "type": "Orden",
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "description": "Kungl. Patriotiska Sällskapets guldmedalj",
          "type": "Medalj",
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            "date": "1967"
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          "type": "Hedersmedlemskap",
          "type_eng": "Honorary membership"
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          "type": "Hedersdoktorat",
          "type_eng": "Honorary doctorate"
        }
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      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
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        {
          "firstname": "Lars Georg",
          "lastname": "von Heijne Lillienberg, farfar",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
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        {
          "firstname": "Julia",
          "lastname": "Svedelius, faster",
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          "firstname": "Sonja",
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          "type": "Kollega",
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          "lastname": "Schmidt",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Märtha",
          "lastname": "Stenbäck",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Ingrid",
          "lastname": "Norlander",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Louise",
          "lastname": "Ulfhielm",
          "type": "Kollega",
          "type_eng": "Colleague"
        }
      ],
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Teckningslärarexamen",
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            "comment": "1922",
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            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
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          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
        },
        {
          "description": "Talinstruktör",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
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          "type": "Yrkesutbildning"
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      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Berit Berg von Linde",
          "description_eng": "By Berit Berg von Linde",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(berit+berg+von+linde)&f=simp&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        "Företagare",
        "Första kvinnan",
        "Försvaret",
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        "Ledare"
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      "keyword_eng": [
        "20th century",
        "Entrepreneurs",
        "First woman",
        "Defense",
        "Temperance movement"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-25T12:02:31",
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      "lifespan": {
        "age": 78,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1900-08-27",
            "date": "1900-08-27"
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          "place": {
            "parish": "Torskinge församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.116667",
              "lon": "13.8"
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            "place": "Lillienäs"
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            "comment": "1978-12-13",
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "Gerda /Berit/ Wendela",
        "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
        "sortname": "Berg von Linde"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Företagare, fjäderfäuppfödare",
          "detail_eng": "Company owner, feather-fowl breeder",
          "from": {
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            "date": "1927"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Företagare",
          "detail": "Företagare, ägare av firman Bordsdekorationer",
          "detail_eng": "Company owner, owner of Bordsdekorationer company",
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            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
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          "place": {
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        },
        {
          "description": "Lärare",
          "detail": "Maskinskrivningslärare för inkallade beredskapsmän",
          "detail_eng": "Typing instructor for civilians called up for emergency service",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Generalsekreterare",
          "detail": "Sekreterare, generalsekreterare, Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer",
          "detail_eng": "Secretary-General, Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer",
          "from": {
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        {
          "name": "Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer (SLK)",
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
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        {
          "name": "Svenska fjäderfäklubben",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
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        {
          "name": "Kvinnoföreningarnas samarbetskommitté för nykterhetsfrågor",
          "type": "Nykterhetsorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Sobriety organisation"
        }
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      "othernames": [
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          "name": "von Heijne",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
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            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": "57.782614",
              "lon": "14.161788"
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            "place": "Jönköping"
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            "comment": ""
          },
          "place": {
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              "lon": 18.068581
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          }
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1875-01-28",
            "date": "1875-01-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974-07-28",
            "date": "1974-07-28"
          },
          "firstname": "Ida Hildegard",
          "lastname": "von Heijne, född Appelberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1871-11-27",
            "date": "1871-11-27"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1946-06-20",
            "date": "1946-06-20"
          },
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          "lastname": "von Heijne Lillienberg",
          "occupation": "Distriktsinspektör, Skandia, direktör och godsägare (innehavare av Lillienäs fideikomiss)",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1898-03-26",
            "date": "1898-03-26"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1973-02-11",
            "date": "1973-02-11"
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          "lastname": "von Heijne, gift Trägårdh",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1897-07-28"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1959-04-03",
            "date": "1959-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Bertil",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1924",
            "date": "1924"
          },
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1927",
            "date": "1927"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1897-07-28",
            "date": "1897-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
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            "date": "1959-04-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Bertil",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1932",
            "date": "1932"
          },
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1937-03-24",
            "date": "1937-03-24"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Otto",
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
          "occupation": "Signalchef",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Wilhelm",
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
          "occupation": "Militär",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
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      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Adliga ätten nr 1594 von Heijne med ingifta grenar: 1630-talet–1990*, Släktfören. von Heijne, [Lidingö], 1990, tab. 8",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Andersson, Birgitta & Ulfhielm, Louise (red.), *Seklernas arv: Sveriges landstormskvinnor*, 2. uppl., Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer, Stockholm, 1983",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Barke, Christine m.fl.. 'Berit Berg von Linde in memoriam', *Dagens Nyheter*,1978-12-20",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Berg von Linde, Berit (red.) Berg von Linde, Berit (red.), *Adliga ätten nr 1594 von Heijne: 1718-1968*, [A.v. Heijne], [Lidingö], 1968",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Stort hönshus nedbrunnet', *Svenska Dagbladet*, 1930-03-07",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Svenska landslaget i vältalning utsett' [osignerad], *Dagens Nyheter*, 1966-10-16",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Generalsekreterare, Sveriges lottakårer",
      "subtitle_eng": "Secretary-General, Sveriges lottakårer",
      "text": "Berit Berg von Linde var en central person inom den svenska lottarörelsen. Under nästan ett\nkvarts sekel var hon generalsekreterare för Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer. \n\nBerit Berg von Linde föddes år 1900 som andra barnet i den småländska godsägarfamiljen von Heijne. Hennes far var, liksom hans far före honom, innehavare av Lillienäs Fideikomiss\n(även känt som Lilla Lillienbergska fideikommisset) i Torskinge socken, där hon tillbringade\nsina barndomsår. Hon utbildade sig vid Högre konstindustriella skolan i Stockholm (senare\nKonstfack) och tog examen 1921. Samma år förlovade hon sig med juristen Bertil Berg von\nLinde, som hon senare gifte sig med. I äktenskapet föddes två söner, Otto och Wilhelm.\n\nI slutet av 1920-talet återvände Berit Berg von Linde till Småland där hon arrenderade ett\nhönseri med tillhörande bostad vid Tenhults herrgård. Vid en brand våren 1930 förstördes\ndock betydande delar av hönseriet och närmare 500 höns och kycklingar brann inne, liksom\nstora delar av hennes lösöre. Berit Berg von Linde fortsatte emellertid med\nfjäderfäuppfödning i ytterligare några år och engagerade sig även i Svenska fjäderfäklubben,\nbland annat som en av få kvinnliga utställningsdomare. Därefter bedrev hon under några år\neget företag i bordsdekorationsbranschen.\n\nUnder andra världskrigets beredskapsår sökte sig Berit Berg von Linde likt tiotusentals andra\nkvinnor till lottarörelsen. Hon bedrev bland annat maskinskrivningsundervisning för inkallade\nberedskapsmän samt arbetade som sekreterare vid Sveriges Landstormskvinnors kansli. När\nLandstormskvinnorna vid årsskiftet 1942/1943 separerade från landstormsrörelsen och blev\nen egen självständig organisation, under namnet Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer, utsågs\nden då 43-åriga Berit Berg von Linde till organisationens första generalsekreterare. Hon\nstannade på posten i 24 år.\n\nSom generalsekreterare för Riksförbundet Sveriges lottakårer hade Berit Berg von Linde\nledningsansvar för riksförbundets kansli, beläget i van der Nootska palatset på Södermalm i\nStockholm. Där arbetade hon nära de sammanlagt fyra olika rikslottachefer som hann avlösa\nvarandra under hennes tid på generalsekreterarposten: [](Maja Schmidt), [](Märta Stenbeck), [](Ingrid Norlander) och [](Louise Ulfhielm). Utöver ledningsuppgifterna vid kansliet höll Berit Berg von\nLinde många föredrag och kurser inom organisationen, bland annat i förenings- och\nmötesteknik samt talekonst. Med tiden blev hon en frekvent anlitad föreläsare på dessa teman\nockså utanför organisationen och agerade även domare i tävlingar om talekonst.\n\nBerit Berg von Linde engagerade sig även i nykterhetsfrågor och var en av de i samtiden\nvälkända kvinnor vars nykterhetsarbete uppmärksammades i skriften *Våra umgängesformer*, utgiven av Kvinnoföreningarnas samarbetskommitté för\nnykterhetsfrågor år 1948.\n\nFör sina gärningar inom lottarörelsen mottog Berit Berg von Linde år 1958 Riksförbundets\nhögsta utmärkelse. Hennes bidrag uppmärksammandes även utanför organisationen. År 1960\nblev hon ledamot av Vasaorden och några år därpå tilldelades hon Kungl. Patriotiska\nSällskapets stora guldmedalj. Vid sin avgång med pension från generalsekreterarposten år\n1967 utsågs hon till hedersledamot av lottarörelsen.\n\nBerit Berg von Linde avled vid 78 års ålder, år 1978.",
      "text_eng": "Berit Berg von Linde was a central figure in the Svenska Lottakåren (Swedish Women’s Voluntary Defence Service). She served as secretary-general of the association for almost 25 years.\n\nBerit Berg von Linde was born in 1900 and was the second child in the von Heijnes family, an estate-owning family in Småland. Her father, like his father before him, owned Lillienäs Fideikomiss (an entailed estate, also known as Lilla Lillienbergska fideikommisset) in Torskinge parish, where Berit spent her childhood years. She attended the Högre konstindustriella skolan in Stockholm (later known as the University College of Arts, Crafts and Design) and graduated in 1921. The same year she became engaged to the lawyer Bertil Berg von Linde, whom she later married. The couple had two sons, Otto and Wilhelm.\n\nToward the end of the 1920s Berit Berg von Linde returned to Småland, where she leased a poultry farm with adjoining housing in the vicinity of Tenhult manor. In the spring of 1930 significant parts of the poultry farm were destroyed by fire. Berit Berg von Linde lost not only nearly 500 hens and chickens, but also much of her personal property. Nevertheless, she continued her poultry business for a few more years and was also active in the Swedish poultry club, including a stint as one of the few female show judges. Afterwards, she spent a few years running her own business in tabletop decorations. \n\nDuring the years leading up to the Second World War, Berit Berg von Linde, along with tens of thousands of other women, joined the “lotta” movement. Amongst other things, she held typewriting classes for civilians called up for emergency service and worked as the secretary for the national office of the Swedish Landstormskvinnor (the precursor to the Svenska Lottakåren). By the end of 1942 the Landstormskvinnor seceded from the “landstorm” movement and became an independent organisation named Riksförbundet Sveriges Lottakårer (the Swedish Women’s Voluntary Defence Corps or “lotta” corps). The then 43-year-old Berit Berg von Linde was appointed as the organisation’s first secretary-general. She remained in post for 24 years.\n\nAs secretary-general of the “lotta” corps, Berit Berg von Linde was responsible for running the national office of the organisation, located in the van der Noot palace in Södermalm, Stockholm. She worked closely with the four different “lotta” chiefs who succeeded one another during her period as secretary-general: Maja Schmidt, Märta Stenbäck, Ingrid Norland and [](Louise Ulfhielm). Further to her managerial responsibilities at the national office, Berit Berg von Linde also gave many talks and held courses within the organisation, for example on techniques for running associations and meetings as well as public speaking. Over time she started lecturing on these themes even outside the organisation and was sought out as a judge in public speaking competitions.\n\nBerit Berg von Linde was also active in the temperance movement and was one of the well-known women of her era whose work in support of abstinence was noted in the journal *Våra umgängesformer*, published by the Kvinnoföreningarnas samarbetskommitté för nykterhetsfrågor (the Womens’ Joint Committee on Temperance Matters) in 1948 and 1949. \n\nBerit Berg von Linde was rewarded for her efforts within the “lotta” movement in 1958 when she received the national organisation’s highest commendation. Her contribution was also noted outside the organisation. In 1960 she became a member of the Order of Vasa and some years later she was awarded the Kungl. Patriotiska Sällskapet’s major gold medal. Upon her retirement from the post of secretary-general in 1967, she was made an honorary member of the “lotta” movement.\n\nBerit Berg von Linde died at the age of 78 in 1978.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "BeritBergvonLinde",
      "v_all_places": [
        "Stockholm|59.329323|18.068581",
        "Lillienäs|57.116667|13.8",
        "Jönköping|57.782614|14.161788"
      ],
      "viaf_id": "17190869"
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      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Cecilia",
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        }
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      "civil_status": "Frånskild",
      "civil_status_eng": "Divorced",
      "education": [
        {
          "description": "Jur.kand.examen",
          "from": {
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          },
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          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
          },
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        }
      ],
      "furtherreference": [
        {
          "description": "Av Sonja Berg von Linde",
          "description_eng": "By Sonja Berg von Linde",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(Berg+von+Linde+sonja)&d=libris&m=10&p=1&s=r"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Sonja Margareta Berg von Linde’, *Gravar.se* (Hämtad 2021-02-10)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://gravar.se/forsamling/svalovsbygdens-pastorat/svalovs-gamla-kyrkogard/0/svg/sonja-margareta-berg-von-linde"
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        "Jurister",
        "Statstjänstemän",
        "Chefer"
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        "20th century",
        "Lawyers",
        "Civil servants",
        "Managers"
      ],
      "lastmodified": "2021-05-19T09:32:52",
      "lifespan": {
        "age": 86,
        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1919-09-12",
            "date": "1919-09-12"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Höja församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.245748,
              "lon": 12.863881
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            "place": "Ängelholm"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2006-08-29",
            "date": "2006-08-29"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lunds domkyrkoförsamling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
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            "place": "Lund"
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        }
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      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Sonja/ Margareta",
        "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
        "sortname": "Berg von Linde"
      },
      "num_children": 2,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Jurist",
          "detail": "Notarie, Södra Åsbo och Bjäre härads domsaga",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Borgmästare",
          "detail": "Tillförordnad borgmästare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1944",
            "date": "1944"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": 56.245748,
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            "place": "Ängelholm"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Förbundssekreterare",
          "detail": "Förbundssekreterare, Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sekreterare",
          "detail": "Förste byråsekreterare, Fångvårdsstyrelsen (nuvarande Kriminalvården)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1962",
            "date": "1962"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
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          "type": "Yrke",
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        {
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          "detail": "Byrådirektör, Fångvårdsstyrelsen (nuvarande Kriminalvården)",
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            "comment": "1964",
            "date": "1964"
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          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1966",
            "date": "1966"
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        {
          "description": "Direktör",
          "detail": "Avdelningsdirektör, Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen (nuvarande Kriminalvården)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1967, 1970"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Direktör",
          "detail": "Anstalschef, kriminalvårdsdirektör, Hinsebergsfängelset",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1968",
            "date": "1968"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.597698,
              "lon": 15.222911
            },
            "place": "Lindesberg"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Direktör",
          "detail": "Avdelningsdirektör, fr o m 1981 byråchef, Riksdagens förvaltningskontor (nuvarande Riksdagsförvaltningen)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1971",
            "date": "1971"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sakkunnig",
          "detail": "Medarbetare, European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD)",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1981",
            "date": "1981"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1984",
            "date": "1984"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem, förbundssekreterare",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1957",
            "date": "1957"
          },
          "name": "Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1961",
            "date": "1961"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Vice ordförande",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1973",
            "date": "1973"
          },
          "name": "Genealogiska Föreningen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1987",
            "date": "1987"
          },
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1979",
            "date": "1979"
          },
          "name": "Jusek",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Berg von Linde-Montén",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
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            "comment": "1919",
            "date": "1919"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 56.245748,
              "lon": 12.863881
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            "place": "Ängelholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
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          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1950-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1980-talet"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1980-talet"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 55.70466,
              "lon": 13.191007
            },
            "place": "Lund"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2006",
            "date": "2006"
          }
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-02-13",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1896-01-29",
            "date": "1896-01-29"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1944-07-27",
            "date": "1944-07-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Doris Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde, född Broberg",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1884-02-20",
            "date": "1884-02-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1967-09-06",
            "date": "1967-09-06"
          },
          "firstname": "Gustaf Victor, kallad Gösta,",
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde",
          "occupation": "Borgmästare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1923-04-05",
            "date": "1923-04-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2020-06-08",
            "date": "2020-06-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Berg von Linde, gift Hansson",
          "occupation": "Fil.kand.",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1914-11-03",
            "date": "1914-11-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1991-06-20",
            "date": "1991-06-20"
          },
          "firstname": "Vagn Erik Rudolf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1943",
            "date": "1943"
          },
          "lastname": "Montén",
          "occupation": "Fil.lic., biolog",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1917-01-11",
            "date": "1917-01-11"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2009-02-18",
            "date": "2009-02-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Märta",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "gender": "Kvinna",
          "lastname": "Gabrielsson",
          "occupation": "Byrådirektör",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2006",
            "date": "2006"
          },
          "type": "Partner",
          "type_eng": "Partner"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1944-07-28",
            "date": "1944-07-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Fritz Gösta, kallad Ivar,",
          "lastname": "Montén",
          "occupation": "Jurist",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1948-03-17",
            "date": "1948-03-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Eva Doris Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Montén",
          "occupation": "Illustratör",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "*Sveriges statskalender*, Projekt Runeberg, [Linköping], 1876-",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/statskal/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Öhrström, Kerstin & Andersson, Sigrid (red.), *Vem är hon kvinnor i Sverige*. [1988], Norstedt, Stockholm, 1988",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/vemarhon/0055.html"
        },
        {
          "description": "’Sonja Berg von Linde’ [Nekrolog], *Helsingborgs Dagblad*, 2006-09-13",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Jurist, kriminalvårdsdirektör, byråchef",
      "subtitle_eng": "Jurist, correctional treatment facility director, departmental director",
      "text": "Sonja Berg von Linde var jurist, kriminalvårdsdirektör, byråchef och sekreterare i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. \n\nSonja Berg von Linde föddes i Höja församling år 1919. Hon var dotter till Gösta (Gustaf) Berg von Linde, borgmästare i Ängelholm och modern Doris Berg von Linde, född Broberg. År 1923 utökades familjen med dottern Märta.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde var en aktiv yrkeskvinna som över åren hann med många samhällsviktiga poster. År 1942, 23 år gammal, tog hon en juristexamen vid Lunds universitet. Från universitetsstudierna gick hon vidare till notarietjänstgöring i Ängelholm. I en nekrolog i *Helsingborgs Dagblad* den 13 september 2006 framgår att hon under 1944 var tillförordnad borgmästare i Ängelholm. Efter tingstjänstgöringen var hon mellan 1947 och 1955 verksam som jurist i kommunal förvaltning.\n\nUnder sin tid som notarie i Södra Åsbo och Bjäre härads domsaga gifte sig Sonja Berg von Linde i september 1943 med Erik Montén, filosofie licentiat i zoologi. Tillsammans fick de sonen Ivar född 1944 och dottern Eva 1948. Paret skilde sig 1963.\n\nMellan 1957 och 1961 var Sonja Berg von Linde förbundssekreterare i Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. Tillsammans med företrädare för flera andra kvinnoförbund var hon bland annat med och drev frågan om kvinnliga präster i Svenska kyrkan som ett led i att kvinnor skulle få rätt att utöva alla yrken. Under åren 1962 och 1963 var hon förste byråsekreterare för\nFångvårdsstyrelsen (nuvarande Kriminalvården) och blev sedan utsedd till byrådirektör åren 1964–1966. Nästkommande år, 1967, blev Sonja Berg von Linde utsedd till avdelningsdirektör för Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen (nuvarande Kriminalvården), en post som hon också innehade år 1970.\n\nDen 4 juni 1969 noterar *Dagens Nyheter* att Sonja Berg von Linde av Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen blivit tillförordnad tjänsten som kriminalvårdsdirektör för kvinnoräjongen och anstaltschef för kvinnofängelset Hinseberg, som var Sveriges enda kvinnliga fångvårdsanstalt. Av tidningsrapporter att döma var det problem med överbeläggning på Hinseberg när Sonja Berg von Linde tillträde. I *Dagens Nyheter* skrevs den 8 april 1969 om hur förstagångsförbrytare blandades med återfallsförbrytare. Sonja Berg von Linde menade i artikeln att det inte var en katastrofsituation men att det var problematiskt när fångarna inte fick ett eget utrymme utan måste trängas med varandra. Vidare gav hon uttryck för human fångvård med inställningen att fångarnas tid på Hinseberg skulle ge dem tid till eftertanke snarare än vara ett straff där förstagångsförbrytare socialiserades in i fortsatt kriminalitet.\n\nJobbet som kriminalvårdsdirektör följdes av en tjänst som avdelningsdirektör för\nRiksdagens förvaltningskontor (nuvarande Riksdagsförvaltningen) mellan åren 1971 och 1980, där hon sedan var byråchef 1981–1984. Enligt nekrologen i *Helsingborgs Dagblad* den 13 september 2006 innebar utnämningen att Sonja Berg von Linde blev den första kvinnliga byråchefen. Uppgiften har dock inte kunnat styrkas av andra källor. Tjänsten som byrådirektör avslutade Sonja Berg von Lindes yrkeskarriär. Andra poster hon innehade under sitt yrkesliv var sekreterare i kommittén för fångvårdens arbetsdrift mellan åren 1964 och 1968. Hon var även ledamot i European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD) 1981–1984.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde engagerade sig även fackligt och var ledamot i Juseks styrelse 1979–1983. Hennes fackliga engagemang fanns dock före dessa år, vilket framgår av att hennes namn förekommer i protokoll från Riksdagens förvaltningsstyrelse där hon företrädde SACO/SR. På sin fritid var hon vice ordförande för den svenska Genealogiska Föreningen 1973–1987.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde blev 87 år och avled i Lund 2006. Hon är gravsatt på Svalövs gamla kyrkogård. I nekrologen som publicerades i *Helsingborgs Dagblad* den 13 september 2006 nämns hennes barn med familjer samt livskamraten Märta Gabrielsson som närmast sörjande.",
      "text_eng": "Sonja Berg von Linde was a legal practitioner who became director of the Swedish prison and probation service, within which she also served as head of a division. She also served as secretary of Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde was born in Höja congregation in 1919. She was the daughter of Gösta (Gustaf) Berg von Linde, mayor of Ängelholm, and her mother was Doris Berg von Linde, née Broberg. Sonja Berg von Linde’s sister Märta was born in 1923.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde was a professionally active woman who held many important posts. In 1942, then 23 years old, she gained her Bachelor of Laws at Lund university and then performed her notarial service in Ängelholm. An obituary printed in the *Helsingborgs Dagblad* on 13 September 2006 states that during 1944 Sonja Berg von Linde held the post of mayor of Ängelholm. On completing her notarial service she worked as a legal practitioner for the municipal authorities from 1947 until 1955.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde married Erik Montén, who had a licentiate in zoology, in September 1943. This was during her time working as notary in Södra Åsbo and Bjäre district court. In 1944 the couple had a son named Ivar and their daughter Eva was born in 1948. The couple divorced in 1963.\n\nBetween the years of 1957 and 1961 Sonja Berg von Linde served as secretary for Fredrika-Bremer-Förbundet. One of the issues she actively campaigned for, along with representatives of several other women’s organisations, was the cause of female priests within the Swedish Church, part of the wider campaign for women’s rights to all professions. During the 1962–1963 period Sonja Berg von Linde was the chief administrative officer of Fångvårdsstyrelsen (now Kriminalvården) and subsequently was appointed the agency’s director from 1964–1966. The following year, 1967, Sonja Berg von Linde was appointed department principal administrative officer of Kriminalvårdsstyrelsen, and she again served in this position in 1970.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde became director of the women’s prison department and head of the Hinseberg facility, a post she held from 1968 to 1969. On 4 June 1969 the *Dagens Nyheter* newspaper reported that she was the acting director of the women’s division and institutional head of Hinseberg women’s prison, at the time the only women’s prison in Sweden. Newspaper reports reveal that at the time of Sonja Berg von Linde’s appointment overcrowding was a serious problem at Hinseberg. As per a report in *Dagens Nyheter*, on 8 April 1969, first-time offenders were mixed in with repeat offenders. Sonja Berg von Linde stated that the situation was not yet catastrophic but the fact that prisoners did not have their own space and were instead crowded in together was a problem. Further she expressed favour for a humane form of imprisonment where time spent at Hinseberg should allow prisoners time for reflection rather than simply being punished in a place where first-time offenders were conditioned to remain criminal.\n\nWhen her time in that post ended Sonja Berg von Linde then became administrative director of Riksdagens förvaltningskontor (now Riksdagsförvaltningen, Swedish Parliament administration), from 1971 until 1980, where she subsequently served as department head from 1981–1984. According to the aforenoted *Helsingborgs Dagblad* obituary of 13 April 2006 Sonja Berg von Linde became the first woman to be appointed in that capacity. However, this has not been confirmed elsewhere. Sonja Berg von Linde finished her professional career by serving as department head of Riksdagens förvaltninskontor (now Riksdagsförvaltningen). Sonja Berg von Linde also held other posts throughout her career including secretary on the prison services’ work organisation from 1964–1968. She also served as a member of European Centre for Parliamentary Research and Documentation (ECPRD) from 1981–1984.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde was also an active trade unionist and a member of the Jusek board from 1979–1983. She had already joined the union before that, however, as indicated by the appearance of her name in protocols of Riksdagens förvaltningsstyrelse (administration board) on which she represented SACO/SR. During her spare time she was deputy chair of the Swedish Genealogical Association from 1973–1987.\n\nSonja Berg von Linde died in Lund 2006 aged 87. She is buried at Svalöv’s old cemetery. The aforenoted obituary published in *Helsingborgs Dagblad* listed her children and their families along with her life companion Märta Gabrielsson as her chief mourners.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
      },
      "url": "SonjaMargaretaBergvonLinde"
    },
    {
      "article_author": [
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          "firstname": "Anna Maria",
          "lastname": "Ursing"
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      "civil_status_eng": "Widow",
      "contact": [
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          "firstname": "Niklas Hans",
          "lastname": "Thomson, kusin",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        },
        {
          "firstname": "Sven",
          "lastname": "Hedin, barnbarn",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
        }
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          "description": "Av Anna Catharina Berlin",
          "description_eng": "By Anna Catharina Berlin",
          "type": "LIBRIS",
          "type_eng": "LIBRIS",
          "url": "http://libris.kb.se/hitlist?d=libris&q=f%c3%b6rf%3a(anna+catharina+berlin)&f=ext&spell=true&hist=true&p=1"
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1801-08-03",
            "date": "1801-08-03"
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            "parish": "Sankt Petri församling",
            "pin": {
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            "place": "Malmö"
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          "date": {
            "comment": "1882-06-22",
            "date": "1882-06-22"
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            "place": "Almesåkra"
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            "comment": "1829",
            "date": "1829"
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          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
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            "date": "1881"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
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      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Anna Catharina Berlin avbildad i Hedin, Alma, Min bror Sven: brev och minnen, Stockholm, 1926",
          "description_eng": "Anna Catharina Berlin depicted in Hedin, Alma, Min bror Sven: brev och minnen, Stockholm, 1926",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Berlin_Anna_Catharina.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1772-04-03",
            "date": "1772-04-03"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1816-04-09",
            "date": "1816-04-09"
          },
          "firstname": "Catharina (Katrina) Benedicta",
          "lastname": "Thomasdotter Thomson",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1770-08-04",
            "date": "1770-08-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1840-04-18",
            "date": "1840-04-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Jonas",
          "lastname": "Nordström",
          "occupation": "Handlare",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1799-03-25",
            "date": "1799-03-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "Ca 1830"
          },
          "firstname": "Ulrika Augusta",
          "lastname": "Nordström",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1807-02-25",
            "date": "1807-02-25"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1873-07-03",
            "date": "1873-07-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Nordström",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1800-12-31",
            "date": "1800-12-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1863-07-04",
            "date": "1863-07-04"
          },
          "firstname": "Christian Gissel",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1829",
            "date": "1829"
          },
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Kyrkoherde, prost, riksdagsman, ledamot av Kongliga Nordstjärneorden, Commendeur av Kongl. Vasa Orden",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1863",
            "date": "1863"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1830-12-15",
            "date": "1830-12-15"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1883-12-02",
            "date": "1883-12-02"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Charlotta Augusta",
          "lastname": "Berlin, gift Böös",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1832-08-04",
            "date": "1832-08-04"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1886-06-03",
            "date": "1886-06-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Erik Johan Oskar",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Kyrkoherde",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1834-05-17",
            "date": "1834-05-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1910-05-18",
            "date": "1910-05-18"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Ludvig Theodor",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Major i USA:s armé, lantbrukare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1836-02-09",
            "date": "1836-02-09"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1906-08-03",
            "date": "1906-08-03"
          },
          "firstname": "Rosa Helena Kristina Ulrika",
          "lastname": "Berlin, gift Kruse",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1838-03-12",
            "date": "1838-03-12"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1925-06-19",
            "date": "1925-06-19"
          },
          "firstname": "Anna Sofia Carolina",
          "lastname": "Berlin, gift Hedin",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1840-04-20",
            "date": "1840-04-20"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1913-01-17",
            "date": "1913-01-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Emma Clara Amalia",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Handlerska",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1843-06-17",
            "date": "1843-06-17"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1915-06-17",
            "date": "1915-06-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Hulda Minerva Aurelia",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Sjuksköterska",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1845-10-05",
            "date": "1845-10-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902-02-11",
            "date": "1902-02-11"
          },
          "firstname": "Martin Axel Christian (Mac)",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Fil.dr., docent i geometri, lektor i matematik, läroboksförfattare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Leijonhufvud, Sigrid & Brithelli, Sigrid, *Kvinnan inom svenska litteraturen intill år 1893 [Elektronisk resurs] : en bibliografi*, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1893",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://hdl.handle.net/2077/33651"
        },
        {
          "description": "Linnström, Hjalmar, *Svenskt boklexikon [Elektronisk resurs] : åren 1830-1865*, 2. uppl., Bokgillet, Uppsala, 1961 [18nn]",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://runeberg.org/linnstrom/"
        },
        {
          "description": "Borgström, Eva, *'Om jag får be om ölost': kring kvinnliga författares kvinnobilder i svensk romantik*, 1. uppl., Anamma, Diss. Göteborg : Univ.,Göteborg, 1991",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Furuland, Gunnel, *Romanen som vardagsvara: förläggare, författare och skönlitterära häftesserier i Sverige 1833-1851 från Lars Johan Hierta till Albert Bonnier*, LaGun, Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007,Stockholm, 2007",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedin, Alma, *I minnets blomstergårdar*, Geber, Stockholm, 1950",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Hedin, Alma, *Min bror Sven: brev och minnen*, Wahlström & Widstrand, Stockholm, 1926",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Johansson, Stefan, *En omskriven historia: svensk historisk roman och novell före 1867 = A rewritten history : the Swedish historical novel and short story before 1867*, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Diss. Uppsala : Univ.,Uppsala, 2000",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Meijer, Bernhard, *Svenskt literatur-lexikon [Elektronisk resurs]*, Seligmann, Stockholm, 1886",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "http://litteraturbanken.se/forfattare/MeijerB/titlar/SvensktLiteraturlexikon/info"
        },
        {
          "description": "Lagerlöf Nilsson, Ulrika & Meurling, Birgitta (red.), *Vid hans sida: svenska prästfruar under 250 år - ideal och verklighet*, Artos, Skellefteå, 2015",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Author",
      "text": "Anna Catharina Berlin är en av de få kvinnor som skrev betydande historiska romaner under 1800-talets första hälft. Hennes verk bygger på stort historiskt kunnande och lyfter fram en diskussion om kvinnligt respektive manligt.\n\nAnna Catharina Berlin föddes i Malmö där fadern var handelsman. Åren 1825–1829 arbetade hon som guvernant hos patron Gustav Adolf Spaldencreutz och friherrinnan Maria Margareta von Otter och deras fyra döttrar i Fredriksdal, Almesåkra i Kronobergs län. En stor del av Anna Catharina Berlins släkt fanns i Skåne. I denna landsdel utspelar sig också hennes romaner. Vid 29 års ålder gifte hon sig med Christan Gissel Berlin, filosofie doktor i matematik i Lund och nyutnämnd kyrkoherde i Balkåkra, strax väster om Ystad.\n\nSom 34-årig prästfru och trebarnsmor debuterade Anna Catharina Berlin med *Försakelsen. Novell från konung Magni Ladulås’s tid*, 1835. Två år senare, 1837, publicerade hon *Jörgen Krabbe. Romantisk skildring från Carl XI:s skånska fälttåg*. År 1840 valdes maken in i\nriksdagen för Lunds stift och tillbringade därefter en stor del av sin tid i Stockholm. Som prostinna och nu mor till sju barn publicerade Anna Catharina Berlin *Rosensparreska ättens utgång. En skildring från kriget emellan Sverige och Danmark åren 1611 och 1612*, 1844. Med honoraren kunde hon bidra till barnens utbildning och hemmets ekonomi. När Christian Berlin dog 1863 flyttade Anna Christina Berlin först till Lund tillsammans med yngsta dottern, översköterskan Hulda. År 1881 flyttade hon återigen, denna gång till äldsta dottern Maria, prästfru i Östra Herrestad. Vid sin död bodde Anna Catharina Berlin i Stockholm.\n\n*Försakelsen* utspelar sig i Skåne på 1200-talet. Berättelsen är särskilt intressant ur ett\ngenusperspektiv då den skildrar en mängd genusöverskridanden. Huvudpersonen är den 18-åriga Hildur som anonym och utklädd till man vinner en kamp mot hertig Magnus i ett tornerspel. Efter att ha mottagit sitt pris avviker den unga riddaren. Hon uppfostras därefter av en munk i såväl manliga som kvinnliga dygder. Verket trycktes 1835 under signaturen ”Anna B” av författarens kusin, N. H. Thomson, bokförläggare i Stockholm.\n\nI *Jörgen Krabbe* avser titeln en historisk person som ägde Krageholms slott i Skåne. Han blev svensk friherre 1676, ett år efter skånska krigets utbrott, och Krabbe anklagades för högmålsbrott och samröre med de skånska friskyttarna, kallade snapphanar. Han arkebuserades på Stortorget i Malmö 1678. Krabbes hustru Gylta var en inflytelserik person, som förgäves bad om nåd för sin make. Romanen innehåller detaljerade skildringar av blodiga strider, bland annat slaget vid Lund. Men fem sidor från slutet finns en fotnot: ”Förf. afviker i det följande från den historiska sanningen.” I fiktionen får Gylta sin man frikänd. *Jörgen Krabbe* publicerades i Thomsons Kabinetsbibliotheket\n1837 och blev det verk som förekom mest i tidens lånebibliotek. När verket recenserades\nbetraktades det som skrivet av en man. *Jörgen Krabbe* trycktes också som följetong i *Göteborgs Tidning* 1905–1906.\n\n*Rosensparreska ättens utgång* utspelas i Skåne och Småland under det så kallade Kalmarkriget. I den detaljerade skildringen av politiska förvecklingar och strider är en kärlekshistoria mellan den unga Anna Rosensparre och Kristian Bernekov invävd. Anna har en läromästare som heter Sven. Han har dyrkat henne sedan hon var barn och han mördar henne för att rädda hennes själ när hon tvingas gifta sig med den hämndlystne krigaren Holk. Därmed dör den sista medlemmen av ätten Rosensparre. Romanen publicerades1844 i Lars Johan Hiertas Läsebibliothek.\n\nNär den läsande svenska allmänheten expanderade under 1830- och 1840-talen var markant många romaner skrivna av kvinnor. De handlade även om kvinnor och lästes av kvinnor. Den nya genren ”den borgerliga romanen” har fått stor uppmärksamhet bland litteraturhistoriker, medan de i samtiden mycket populära historiska romanerna, som Anna Catharina Berlins, delvis fallit i glömska.\n\nAnna Catharina Berlin dog 1882.",
      "text_eng": "Anna Catharina Berlin is one of the few women who wrote significant historical novels in the first half of the 1800s. Her work is based on an extensive knowledge of history and raised the issue of the feminine versus the masculine debate.\n\nAnna Catharina Berlin was born in Malmö, where her father was a merchant. From 1825 to 1829 she worked as a governess for the squire Gustav Adolf Spaldencreutz and Baroness Maria Margareta von Otter, as well as their four daughters, in Fredriksdal, Almesåkra, in the region of Kronoberg. Most of Anna Catharina Berlin’s family lived in Scania, which provides the backdrop for her novels. At the age of 29 she married Christian Gissel Berlin, who had a doctorate in mathematics from Lund University and was newly appointed as vicar at Balkråka, just to the west of Ystad.\n\nAs a 34-year-old wife of a clergyman and mother of three children, Anna Catherina Berlin made her debut in 1835 with *Försakelsen. Novell från konung Magni Ladulås tid*. Two years later, in 1837, she published *Jörgen Krabbe. Romantisk skildring från Carl XI:s skånska fälttåg*. In 1840 her husband was elected into parliament to represent the Diocese of Lund and thereafter came to spend a lot of time in Stockholm. Now a dean’s wife and mother of seven children, Anna Catharina Berlin published *Rosensparreska ättens utgång. En skildring från kriget mellan Sverige och Danmark åren 1611 och 1612* in 1844. Her salary contributed to the costs of her children’s education and to the household finances. When her husband died in 1863, Anna Catharina Berlin initially moved to Lund with her youngest daughter Hulda, who was a head-nurse. In 1881 she moved once again, this time to be with her eldest daughter Maria, herself a vicar’s wife in Östra Herrestad. At the time of her death Anna Catharina Berlin was living in Stockholm.\n\n*Försakelsen* is set in Scania during the 1200s. The story is particularly interesting from a gender perspective as it describes a lot of gender crossing. The main character is the 18-year-old Hildur, who, anonymously and disguised as a man, defeats Duke Magnus at a tournament. Having received her prize, she absconds. She is then educated by a monk in both masculine and feminine virtues. The work, accredited to “Anna B”, was published in 1835 by the author’s cousin, N. H. Thomason, a publisher based in Stockholm.\n\n*Jörgen Krabbe* refers to a historical character who owned Krageholm castle in Scania. He became a Baron in 1676. The same year the Scanian war broke out and Krabbe was accused of treason and of conspiring with the Scanian rebels, called “snapphanar”. He was executed at Stortorget in Malmö in 1678. Krabbe’s wife Gylta was an influential person who unsuccessfully sought reprieve for her husband. The novel contains detailed accounts of bloody fights, including the battle of Lund. Just five pages from the end a footnote appears stating: “In the following the author has deviated from historical truth”. The fictional Gylta succeeds in getting her husband pardoned. *Jörgen Krabbe* was published as part of the Thomson Kabinetsbibliotek series in 1837. When the book was reviewed, it was believed to have been written by a man. *Jörgen Krabbe* was also printed as a serial in *Göteborgs Tidning* between 1905 and 1906.\n\n*Rosensparreska ättens utgång* is set in Scania and Småland during the so-called Kalmar War. A love story between Anna Rosensparre and Kristian Bernekov is woven into a detailed account of the political events and struggles of the time. Anna’s tutor Sven, who has idolized her since she was a child, kills Anna in order to save her soul when she is forced to marry the vengeful warrior Holk. This brings the bloodline of the Rosensparre family to an end. The novel was published in 1844 in the Lars Johan Hierta Läsebibliothek series.\n\nWhen the general Swedish readership increased during the 1830s and 1840s a noticeable number of novels were written by women. They were often about women and were read by women. The new genre of “the bourgeois novel” has received much attention from literary historians, while the contemporary and very popular historical novels, such as those authored by Anna Catharina Berlin, have partly become overlooked.\n\nAnna Catharina Berlin died in 1882.",
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      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
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          "born": {
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            "date": "1804-07-22"
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          "death": {
            "comment": "1872-02-09",
            "date": "1872-02-09"
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          "firstname": "Anna Maria Elisabeth",
          "lastname": "Ahlgren",
          "type": "Mor",
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          "type": "Far",
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          "lastname": "Berlin",
          "occupation": "Deltog i amerikanska inbördeskriget på sydstaternas sida",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
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          "born": {
            "comment": "1838",
            "date": "1838"
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          "death": {
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          "firstname": "Carl Eberhard Axel Eugen",
          "lastname": "Berlin",
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          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
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          "description": "Charlotte Berlins museum",
          "type": "Webbplats",
          "type_eng": "Website",
          "url": "https://www.ystad.se/charlotteberlinsmuseum"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergils, Ingela, Bergils, Ingela & Gölén, Lucas, *Den högst originella fröken Charlotte Berlin*, Charlotte Berlins museum, Ystad, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Olsson, Nils, *Charlotte Berlin och hennes museum*, [Förf.], [Ystad], 1976",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Sandberg, Anna, 'Ett borgarhem från 1800-talet', *Ystadiana*, 2002 [Även som särtryck]",
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          "type_eng": "Literature"
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      "subtitle": "Affärskvinna",
      "subtitle_eng": "Businesswoman",
      "text": "Charlotte Berlin var en affärskvinna som samlade kulturföremål och skapade ett ovanligt museum. Hennes hem finns intakt bevarat på sin ursprungliga plats i Ystad. Hemmet ger en intressant och numera sällan sedd bild av en borgarmiljö från 1800-talet.\n\nSom rådmansdotter i Ystad, yngst i en syskonskara på fem, gick Charlotte Berlin i privatskola och hon tog pianolektioner. Detta ledde till en yrkesverksamhet som pianolärarinna. För medel som föräldrarna efterlämnade köpte hon fastigheten Dammgatan 23 i Ystad. Detta blev hennes hem och hon bodde där tillsammans med familjens trotjänarinna Ingrid Tullberg.\n\nCharlotte Berlin omvittnas som en orädd, självständig, begåvad, viljestark, musikalisk och beläst person. Hon förblev ogift och därmed var hon, till skillnad från gifta kvinnor, myndig. Den förmögenhet som hon ärvt förvaltade hon väl, bland annat genom att satsa den i goda\naktieinvesteringar. Genom sin säkra affärsbegåvning skapade hon en ansenlig förmögenhet.\n\nVid sin död 1916 testamenterade Charlotte Berlin hela sin bostad med inredning och samlingar till Ystad. Enligt hennes anvisningar skapades en stiftelse med en museistyrelse. Idag är museet en erinran om det sena 1800-talets inredningsideal, men även ett minnesmärke över dess ägarinna. Till 100-årsjubileet av Charlotte Berlins död utgavs boken *Den högst originella fröken Charlotte Berlin*, 2016, där olika forskare presenterar Charlotte Berlin och hennes liv i vid bemärkelse. I den rikt illustrerade boken behandlas ämnen som släkt, umgängesliv, inredning, fotografikonst, musik, bibliotek, hushållning, kläder och trädgård. Med utgångspunkt från Charlotte Berlins val att förbli ogift bidrar bland andra Eva Helen Ulvros med ett kapitel benämnt ”queerfunderingar”.\n\nCharlotte Berlins är begravd på Gamla kyrkogården i Ystad.",
      "text_eng": "Charlotte Berlin was a businesswoman who collected cultural goods and created an unusual museum. Her home has been preserved intact at its original location in Ystad. It provides an interesting and rare insight into the bourgeois interiors of the 1800s.\n\nThe daughter of a district court judge in Ystad and the youngest of five siblings, Charlotte Berlin attended a private school and took piano lessons. She herself later became a piano teacher. Using her inheritance she bought a property at Dammgatan 23 in Ystad. This became her home, where she lived with the faithful family servant Ingrid Tullberg.\n\nCharlotte Berlin has been described as fearless, independent, talented, strong-willed, musical and well read. She remained unmarried and thus, unlike married women, she attained legal majority. She successfully managed the capital she had inherited, partly by making astute investments in shares. Her business acumen enabled her to amass a considerable fortune.\n\nAt the time of her death in 1916 Charlotte Berlin willed her entire home, complete with furnishings and collections, to the town of Ystad. In accordance with her instructions, a trust and a museum committee were established. Today the museum serves both as a reminder of the ideals of late-1800s interior design and as a memorial to its former owner. On the centenary of Charlotte Berlin’s death in 2016 the book *Den högst originella fröken Charlotte Berlin* was published, containing studies by various scholars on Charlotte Berlin and her life in the widest sense. The richly illustrated book considers issues such as family, social life, interior design, photographic art, music, libraries, housekeeping, clothing and gardens. Based on Charlotte Berlin’s decision to remain unmarried, there is also a chapter by Eva Helen Ulvros entitled “queer considerations”.\n\nCharlotte Berlin is buried at Gamla cemetery in Ystad.",
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          "lastname": "Munck",
          "type": "Släkting",
          "type_eng": "Relative"
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          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "type": "Släkting",
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          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "type": "Släkting",
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          "firstname": "Kronprinsessan Viktoria",
          "type": "Vän",
          "type_eng": "Friend"
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          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "type": "Ideellt arbete",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit work"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "name": "Lapska missionens vänner",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelsemedlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1898",
            "date": "1898"
          },
          "name": "Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare (KMA)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1929",
            "date": "1929"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ordförande",
          "name": "Daggryningen",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1897",
            "date": "1897"
          },
          "name": "Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "name": "Frälsningsarmén",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ordförande",
          "name": "Bokpåsemissionen för sjömän",
          "type": "Religiös organisation",
          "type_eng": "Religious organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Munck af Fulkila",
          "type": "Flicknamn",
          "type_eng": "Maiden name"
        }
      ],
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            "date": "1858"
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            "place": "Jönköping"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
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          "from": {
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            "date": "1888"
          },
          "place": {
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              "lat": "56.161224",
              "lon": "15.5869"
            },
            "place": "Karlskrona"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          }
        },
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
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            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Ebba Bernadotte f. Munck. Fotograf: Gösta Florman (Västergötlands museum)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/2018-02-14_091019.jpeg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2018-03-08",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1819",
            "date": "1819"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1912",
            "date": "1912"
          },
          "firstname": "Henriette Ulrika Antoinetta Karolina",
          "lastname": "Cederström",
          "occupation": "Friherrinna",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1808",
            "date": "1808"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1882",
            "date": "1882"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Jacob",
          "lastname": "Munck af Fulkila",
          "occupation": "Överste, chef för Jönköpings regemente",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1852",
            "date": "1852"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1902",
            "date": "1902"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Bror",
          "lastname": "Skogman",
          "occupation": "Militär, verksam vid Jönköpings regemente",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1857",
            "date": "1857"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1935",
            "date": "1935"
          },
          "firstname": "Oliver Claes",
          "lastname": "Munck af Fulkila",
          "occupation": "Militär, kavalleriofficer",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1859",
            "date": "1859"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1953",
            "date": "1953"
          },
          "firstname": "Oscar",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1888",
            "date": "1888"
          },
          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "occupation": "Prins, greve af Wisborg",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1946",
            "date": "1946"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1889",
            "date": "1889"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1974",
            "date": "1974"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Sophia Henrietta",
          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "occupation": "Sophiasyster",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1890",
            "date": "1890"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1977",
            "date": "1977"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Oscar",
          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "occupation": "Kavalleriofficer, godsägare",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1892",
            "date": "1892"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1936",
            "date": "1936"
          },
          "firstname": "Sofia Henrietta",
          "lastname": "Bernadotte, gift Fleetwood",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1893",
            "date": "1893"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1996",
            "date": "1996"
          },
          "firstname": "Elsa Victoria",
          "lastname": "Bernadotte, gift Cedergren",
          "occupation": "Förbundsordförande i KFUK, fredsaktivist, politiker",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "firstname": "Folke",
          "lastname": "Bernadotte",
          "occupation": "Utbildad kavalleriofficer",
          "type": "Son",
          "type_eng": "Son"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Ebba Bernadotte. Riksarkivet (Hämtad 2018-02-28)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/?Sokord=ebba+bernadotte&EndastDigitaliserat=false&AvanceradSok=False&FacettFilter=register_facet%24Brev%3A&FacettState=xXo49g%3Ac%7C&f=True&page=1#tab"
        },
        {
          "description": "'Ebba H Bernadotte', urn:sbl:18705, *Svenskt biografiskt lexikon* (art av Oscar Mannström.) (Hämtad 2018-02-28)",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=18705"
        },
        {
          "description": "Elgklou, Lars, *Familjen Bernadotte: [en kunglig släktkrönika]*, Fischer, Stockholm, 1995",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Jansson, E. Alfred, *Prins Oscar Bernadotte*, Norstedt, Stockholm, 1948",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bohman, Nils (red.), *Svenska män och kvinnor: biografisk uppslagsbok. 1, A-B*, Bonnier, Stockholm, 1942",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Prinsessa, filantrop",
      "subtitle_eng": "Princess, philanthropist",
      "text": "Ebba Bernadotte var svensk prinsessa och filantrop.\n\nEbba Henriette Bernadotte växte upp i en officersfamilj i Jönköping. Fadern var överste vid stadens regemente. Efter hans död 1882 blev hon hovdam hos kronprinsessan Viktoria, vilket hon var fram till 1886. År 1885 befann hon sig i Amsterdam tillsammans med kronprinsessan Viktoria och träffade där prins Oscar. Efter två års betänketid eklaterades förlovningen och paret fick tillstånd att gifta sig under förutsättning att Oscar avsade sig arvsrätten till tronen och alla medföljande privilegier för sig och för sina efterkommande ättlingar. Bröllopet stod i Bournemouth i England 1888 och paret fick titlarna prins och prinsessan Bernadotte. Präst vid vigseln var den kände stockholmsprästen Gustaf Emanuel Beskow, far till [](Elisabeth Beskow).\n\nFyra år senare förärades Ebba Bernadotte och hennes make av storhertig Adolf av Luxemburg, Oscars morbror, även titeln greve och grevinna af Wisborg. Ebba Bernadotte levde sitt liv till stor del utanför offentlighetens ljus och ägnade sig åt hemmet och olika former av kristen filantropi, inte minst missionsarbete. Prinsparet fick fem barn: Maria Bernadotte, Carl Bernadotte, Sofia Fleetwood, [](Elsa Cedergren) samt Folke Bernadotte.\n\nGiftermålet mellan Ebba Bernadotte och prins Oscar var på sin tid en sensation eftersom Ebba Bernadotte inte var av kunglig börd. Konservativa kretsar menade att det hotade monarkin medan det i den mer folkliga pressen uppfattades som en romantisk och sagolik händelse. Kritiken mot förbindelsen tystande snart. Prinsparet kunde dock senare ibland göras till åtlöje i skämtpressen för den starka religiositet som präglade deras sociala liv och verksamhet. Efter giftermålet flyttade de till Karlskrona där prins Oscar fått en tjänst inom flottan. Här var både Ebba Bernadotte och han starkt engagerade och också lärare i den söndagsskola som kommendörkapten, friherre Edvard Barnekow hade skapat. Makarna stannade fyra år i Karlskrona. År 1892 flyttade de till Östermalmsgatan i Stockholm, där Ebba Bernadotte bodde fram till sin död.\n\nEbba Bernadotte och prins Oscar var djupt religiösa och deltog livligt i det väckelsearbete som hade initierats av Lord Radstock på 1880-talet bland officerare och högadel i Stockholm. Även andra i kungafamiljen som drottning [Sofia](0000000390122257) och prinsessan [Eugénie](0000 0003 8303 9287) var en del av denna väckelse. Prinsparet ägnade således mycket av sin tid åt religiöst och filantropiskt arbete. Det förekom exempelvis regelbundet frireligiösa samlingar i deras hem.\n\nDet stora intresset för missionen medförde också att Ebba Bernadotte konkret engagerade sig i olika missionsföreningar. Hon var från 1893 medlem av styrelsen för Lapska missionens\nvänner (hennes make var från 1899 ordförande där, en post som tidigare hade innehafts av drottning Sofia och före henne av prinsessan Eugénie). Detta engagemang varade ända fram till föreningens upphörande 1934, då dess verksamhet togs över av Svenska missionens vänner. Prinsparet företog flera resor till Lappland för att på olika sätt delta i och uppmärksamma missionens arbete. Under åren 1898–1929 var Ebba Bernadotte också medlem av Kvinnliga Missions Arbetares styrelse. Detta sällskap ägnade sig åt mission bland samer men engagerade sig även i Nordafrika, Indien, Mongoliet, Armenien och Kina. Ebba Bernadotte var också ordförande för Daggryningen, som bestod av barn- och ungdomskretsar som särskilt stödde Kinamissionen. Dessutom var hon under en tid ordförande i Bokpåsemissionen för sjömän.\n\nFörutom missionsföreningar stödde Ebba Bernadotte andra kristna föreningar. Hon var exempelvis ledamot av styrelsen Kristliga föreningens av unga kvinnor (KFUK) i Stockholm 1897–1912. Även detta engagemang var något som hon delade med sin make som var aktiv i den manliga motsvarigheten, (Kristliga föreningen för unga män (KFUM)). De sista åren av sitt liv var hon också engagerad i Frälsningsarmén.\n\nEbba Bernadotte dog 1946 och vilar i Bernadotte af Wisborgs familjegrav på Norra begravningsplatsen i Solna.",
      "text_eng": "Ebba H. Bernadotte was a Swedish princess and a philanthropist.\n\nEbba Henriette Bernadotte grew up within an officer’s family in Jönköping. Her father was the colonel of the local regiment. After his death in 1882 Ebba Henriette Bernadotte became a lady-in-waiting to Crown Princess Victoria, and remained as such until 1886. In 1885 she was in Amsterdam with the Crown Princess and met Prince Oscar there. Following a two-year reflection period their engagement was announced and the couple were given permission to marry as long as Oscar abdicated his right to the throne along with all the attendant privileges due to him and his descendants. The wedding took place in Bournemouth, England in 1888. The couple were endowed with the titles of Prince and Princess Bernadotte. The celebrant at the ceremony was the renowned Stockholm priest Gustaf Emanuel Beskow, the father of Elisabeth Beskow.\n\nFour years later Ebba H. Bernadotte and her husband were given the additional titles of Count and Countess of Wisborg by Duke Adolf of Luxemburg, who was Oscar’s maternal uncle. Ebba H. Bernadotte largely lived her life out of the limelight and focused on her home and various forms of Christian philanthropy, particularly missionary work. The couple had five children: Maria Bernadotte, Carl Bernadotte, Sofia Fleetwood, [](Elsa Cedergren), and Folke Bernadotte.\n\nThe marriage between Ebba H. Bernadotte and Prince Oscar was a scandal at the time because Ebba H. Bernadotte was a commoner. Within conservative circles there was talk of how this posed a  threat to the monarchy whilst the popular press viewed the development as romantic and fairytale-like. It did not take long before the negative viewpoints were silenced. The princely couple were, however, sometimes subject to ridicule later in caricature form because of the deeply religious aspect of their social lives and their activities. The couple moved to Karlskrona after they got married as Prince Oscar took up an appointment there within the navy. He and Ebba H. Bernadotte were both heavily active in Karlskrona and served as Sunday-school teachers at the Sunday school set up by Commander and Baron Edvard Barnekow. The couple spent four years in Karlskrona. In 1892 they moved to Östermalmsgatan in Stockholm, and this remained Ebba H. Bernadotte residence until her death.\n\nEbba H. Bernadotte and Prince Oscar were deeply religious and highly active in the revivalist movement prevalent among officers and upper nobility of Stockholm, which had been started by Lord Radstock in the 1880s. Other members of the royal family, including Queen [Sofia](0000000390122257) and Princess [Eugénie](0000 0003 8303 9287), were also involved in this movement. The princely couple spent a sizable amount of their time doing religious and philanthropic work. For example, they held regular nonconformist religious gatherings in their home.\n\nThis serious interest in missionary work also meant that Ebba H. Bernadotte threw herself into various missionary associations. From 1893 onwards she was a member of the board of the Lapska missionens vänner (friends of the Lapp mission) – her husband had been the chair of the mission since 1899, and the position had previously been held by Queen Sophia and before that by Princess Eugénie. They maintained this activity until the society dissolved in 1934, when it was taken over by the Svenska missionens vänner (friends of the Swedish missionary society). The princely couple made several visits to Lapland whilst undertaking and recording the work of the mission there. From 1898 to 1929 Ebba H. Bernadotte was also a member of the board of Kvinnliga Missions Arbetare (female mission workers’ association). This group was focused on missionary work amongst the Sápmi but also undertook work in North Africa, India, Mongolia, Armenia, and China. Ebba H. Bernadotte was furthermore chair of Daggryningen, an organisation comprising children’s and youth groups which particularly supported the China missionaries. In addition she also served as chair of Bokpåsemissionen för sjömän (bookbag mission for seamen) for a time.\n\nEbba H. Bernadotte also lent her support to other Christian associations. For example, she was a member of the board of Kristliga föreningen av unga kvinnor (KFUK) (young Christian women’s association) in Stockholm from 1897 to 1912. Her husband was similarly engaged with the Kristliga föreningen för unga män (KFUM) (young Christian men’s association). During the latter years of her life she was also active within the Salvation Army.\n\nEbba H. Bernadotte died in 1946. She is buried in the Bernadotte af Wisborg family grave at the Norra cemetery in Solna.",
      "translator": {
        "firstname": "Alexia",
        "lastname": "Grosjean"
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          "description": "Porträtt av en död : resan till Pentti Saarikoski (2011)",
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            "date": "2009"
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          "type": "Facklig organisation",
          "type_eng": "Trade union organisation"
        }
      ],
      "othernames": [
        {
          "name": "Berner Öste",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        },
        {
          "name": "Berner Saarikoski",
          "type": "Gift",
          "type_eng": "Married"
        }
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            "comment": "1923",
            "date": "1923"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 58.9680427,
              "lon": 5.7324722
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            "place": "Stavanger, Norge"
          },
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            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
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            "comment": "1942",
            "date": "1942"
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            "place": "Oslo, Norge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1940-talet"
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            "comment": "1940-talet"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 59.858564,
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            "place": "Uppsala"
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            "date": "1950"
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            "place": "Stockholm"
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            "comment": "1950-talet"
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            "date": "1960"
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            "place": "Göteborg"
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            "comment": "1970-talet"
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          "place": {
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              "lat": 58.01389,
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            "place": "Tjörn"
          },
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            "comment": "?"
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            "date": "2003"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.913869,
              "lon": 10.752245
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            "place": "Oslo, Norge"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2009",
            "date": "2009"
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        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2020-03-02",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1895",
            "date": "1895"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1995",
            "date": "1995"
          },
          "firstname": "Maria Magdalena, kallad Maggi,",
          "lastname": "Rönning-Hartvigsen",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1891",
            "date": "1891"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1976",
            "date": "1976"
          },
          "firstname": "Joachim",
          "lastname": "Berner",
          "occupation": "Industri-och förrättningsman, disponent",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1925-06-28",
            "date": "1925-06-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1996-08-17",
            "date": "1996-08-17"
          },
          "firstname": "Sven Rudolf",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "lastname": "Öste",
          "occupation": "Journalist, författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1963",
            "date": "1963"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1937-09-02",
            "date": "1937-09-02"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1983-08-24",
            "date": "1983-08-24"
          },
          "firstname": "Pentti",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1975",
            "date": "1975"
          },
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          "occupation": "Författare",
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Make",
          "type_eng": "Husband"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1951",
            "date": "1951"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": ""
          },
          "firstname": "Suzanne",
          "lastname": "Öste",
          "type": "Dotter",
          "type_eng": "Daughter"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Värmlandsarkivet. Landsfiskalens i Torsby arkiv. P.M. 1942-12-16",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive"
        },
        {
          "description": "Bergström, Pia, 'Ett monster till mamma', *Aftonbladet*, 2014-09-12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Strøksnes, Morten A., 'P.S. Mia Berner', *Bergens Tidene*, 2009-12-12",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "*Hvem er hvem*, 1948",
          "type": "Uppslagsverk",
          "type_eng": "Encyclopaedia"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Lektor, sociolog, författare",
      "subtitle_eng": "Lecturer, sociologist, author",
      "text": "Mia Berner var en norsk-svensk författare och sociolog som i sitt arbete och i sitt författarskap gav olika perspektiv på sitt eget och andra kvinnors liv.\n\nMia Berner föddes 1923 och växte upp i en högborgerlig miljö i Stavanger i Norge, där fadern var disponent vid Norsk Hammerverk. Förhållandet till modern Maggi kom att prägla Mia Berners liv. I sin skildring av barndomen i *Tretton* beskriver hon hur den enligt henne klasshögfärdiga och elaka modern försökte göra den tidigt intellektuellt självständiga 13-åriga dottern till en kopia av henne själv. I sin fostran tillgrep modern hårda piskstraff, nätter i kolkällaren och försök att få dottern inlåst på hospital. Snarare än att avskräcka, förstärkte bestraffningarna närmast Mia Berners beslutsamhet att gå sin egen väg. Sin far beskriver hon som vidsynt och humanistisk, men helt uppslukad av sitt arbete.\n\nNär Mia Berner var sjutton år ockuperades Norge av Nazityskland. Två år senare, 1942, började hon vid Oslo universitet som assistent till filosofen Arne Næss. Motståndet mot ockupationsmakten var väl utbrett bland de studerande och Næss innehade en ledande roll inom motståndsrörelsen. Mia Berner kom snabbt att involveras i motståndskampen. Hon arbetade bland annat som illegal tidningsdistributör och som kurir åt den hemliga militära organisationen, Milorg. Motståndsverksamheten skildras ingående i hennes bok *Österut: en empirisk roman*. När tyskarna började arrestera och deportera studenterna vid universitetet i november 1943 fick hon snabbt order om att fly till Sverige tillsammans med sju andra studenter. Efter tre dagars flykt på skidor tog de sig den 16 december över gränsen till Värmland. Enligt landsfiskalens i Torsby förhörsprotokoll avreste de därefter till Kjesäters mottagningsläger som drevs av det norska flyktingkontoret i Stockholm. Hennes skildring av själva flykten och sin ångest när gruppen närmade sig den svenska gränsen gav hon starkt uttryck för i *Österut*: ”På bron vandrar soldaten sina fem steg fram och åter. Nu går det inte att behärska skräcken. Den är ett lössläppt vilddjur. I huvudet brusar det vilt tills jag mitt ute i älven grips av blint raseri. Det går inte det går inte det går inte det ska.”\n\nEfter kriget reste Mia Berner tillbaka till Oslo för att åter bli lärare i logik vid universitetet 1945–1946. Därefter valde hon att återvända till Sverige. Hon gifte sig 1948 med journalisten Sven Öste, med vilken hon fick dottern Suzanne. Dessförinnan hade hon haft en rad relationer, vilket bland annat lett till två aborter. Den ena skedde i Norge under ockupationen då abort var belagt med dödsstraff och den andra genomfördes under den svenska exilen utan bedövning.\n\nI mitten av 1970-talet gifte Mia Berner om sig med den 14 år yngre finske poeten och författaren Pentti Saarikoski. De flyttade till en gård i Tjörns kommun i Bohuslän, vilket medförde att hon förutom sitt arbete som sociolog vid Göteborgs universitet också blev jordbrukare och fiskare. Saarikoski räknas bland de främsta poeterna på finska språket och hade vistats som barn i Sverige under flera perioder 1939–1945. Han var gravt alkoholiserad och Mia Berner startade därför ett eget socialprojekt för att få honom nykter. Ett led i detta var också miljöbytet från Finland till gården i Tjörn. Men Saarikoskis supperioder blev allt fler och han avled efter åtta års äktenskap 1983.\n\nI sin första roman *PS: anteckningar från ett sorgeår* som publicerades 1985 skildrar Mia Berner livet tillsammans med Saarikoski. Enligt en recension i *Göteborgs-Posten* ger hon ett ömt, inkännande men bitvis mästrande porträtt av maken. Det gällde särskilt när de båda diskuterar akademiska ämnen, där Mia Berner enligt recensenten framträder som den sociolog och filosof hon var under större delen av efterkrigsåren. Boken blev omedelbart en stor framgång. Den kom att följas av flera romaner som tog upp olika perspektiv på hennes liv och som rosades av kritikerna. Det gällde allt från motståndsverksamheten under kriget i ovan nämnda *Österut*, hennes otaliga erotiska möten med män i *Fordi det er slik jeg ror: historier* till den nakna barndomsskildringen i *Tretton*.\n\nMia Berner rörde sig inom ett brett spännverk inom akademien och litteraturen. Hon prövade de flesta kulturområden: logik, filosofi, psykologi, vetenskapsteorier, sociologi, pedagogik och litteraturvetenskap. Därtill medverkade hon i radio, TV och tidningar och var översättare och författare inom de flesta områden.\n\nEfter 60 år i Sverige flyttade Mia Berner vid 80 års ålder tillbaka till Oslo. Hon var fortfarande aktiv skribent och kom att ge ut ytterligare två romaner. Efter Saarikoskis död klädde hon sig enbart i rött som för henne var sorgens färg. I ett reportage i *GP* 2004 tog hon emot journalisterna i röd fleecetröja, röda byxor och röda jättestora glasögon. Hon blickade enligt intervjun framåt och bakåt på samma gång: ”Nu är den bästa tiden i alla fall, säger Mia och höjer det gröna glaset för en skål. Jag har inte tid att titta tillbaka. Nu har jag fasen i mig bråttom.”\n\nMia Berner avled i Oslo 2009. De sista orden hon skrev till vännen Morten Ströksnes var: ”Takk for livet! Ta dere et glass og vaer som folk!”",
      "text_eng": "Mia Berner was a Norwegian-Swedish author and sociologist. Her writings and work provided a variety of perspectives on her own life and that of other women. \n\nMia Berner was born in 1923. She grew up in an upper-class environment in Stavanger, Norway, where her father was the manager of Norsk Hammerverk. Mia Berner’s relationship with her mother, Maggi, had a marked influence on her life. In her book *Tretton* she portrays her childhood and describes how her mother, whom she viewed as snobbish and nasty, tried to turn her 13-year-old precociously intellectual and independent daughter, Mia, into a carbon copy of herself. Her mother’s approach to child-rearing included doling out corporal punishment, forcing her daughter to spend the night in the coal cellar, and trying to have her daughter confined to an asylum. However, instead of instilling fear in Mia Berner these practises strengthened her resolve to make her own way in the world. She describes her father as a broadminded humanist who was entirely absorbed in his work. \n\nWhen Mia Berner was 17 years old Norway fell to Nazi occupation. Two years later, in 1942, Mia Berner began attending Oslo university where she became an assistant to the philosopher Arne Næss. There was widespread opposition to the occupying German forces amongst the students and Næss played a leading role within this resistance. It was not long until Mia Berner became involve in these activities. One of the things she did was to illegally disseminate newspapers and serve as a courier for the secret military organisation, Milorg. These resistance operations are depicted in detail in her book *Österut: en empirisk roman*. As the Germans began to arrest and deport university students in November 1934 Mia Berner received orders to make her way hastily to Sweden along with seven other students. After three days’ travelling on skis they crossed the border into Värmland on 16 December. According to the debrief records of the Torsby chief constable the students were then sent to the Kjesäter reception camp which was run by the Norwegian refugee office in Stockholm. Mia Berner expressed her experience of fleeing and the anxiety she felt on approaching the Swedish border forcefully in *Österut:* “På bron vandrar soldaten sina fem steg fram och åter. Nu går det inte att behärska skräcken. Den är ett lössläppt vilddjur. I huvudet brusar det vilt tills jag mitt ute i älven grips av blint raseri. Det går inte det går inte det ska.” [The soldiers are marching, five paces back and forth across the bridge. I can’t control my fear. It’s like a wild animal running loose. My mind is racing wildly until halfway across the river I am completely filled with blind rage. This won’t work this won’t work it will.] \n\nMia Berner went back to Oslo after the war in order to train as a teacher in logic at the university from 1945–1946. She then opted to return to Sweden. There, in 1948, she married the journalist Sven Öste and they had a daughter named Suzanne. Prior to marrying she had been involved in a series of relationships prior to her marriage which had entailed her having two abortions. One of these happened in Norway during the occupation when the punishment for abortion was the death penalty whilst the other abortion was performed in Sweden without anaesthesia. \n\nIn the mid-1970s Mia Berner entered into her second marriage, now to the Finnish poet and author Pentti Saarikoski who was 14 years her junior. They moved to a farm in Tjörn municipality in Bohus county. This meant that further to her work as a sociologist at Gothenburg university she also became a farmer and fisher. Saarikoski is considered to be one of the premier poets in the Finnish language and had spent time in Sweden as a child on several occasions during the period of 1939–1945. He was a hard-drinking alcoholic and Mia Berner thus set up her own social project in an attempt to get him sober. Indeed this project was one of the reasons for the move from Finland to the farm at Tjörn. Despite the move Saarikoski’s drinking episodes only increased and, after eight years of marriage, he died in 1983. \n\nMia Berner’s first novel, *PS: anteckningar från ett sorgeår*, was published in 1985 and portrays her life with Saarikoski. According to a review in *Göteborgs-Posten* she delivered a tender, empathic but somewhat didactic account of her husband. This was particularly true when describing their discussions of academic subjects where, according to the reviewer, Mia Berner portrayed herself as the sociologist and philosopher that she had been for much of the post-war years. The book instantly became a great success. She followed it up with a series of novels which dealt with various aspects of her life and all of which were hailed by the critics. These books covered everything from her resistance activities during the war in the aforenoted *Österut*, her numerous sexual encounters with men in *Fordi det er slik jeg ror: Historier*, to the raw portrayal of her childhood in *Tretton*. \n\nMia Berner moved within a broad academic and literary network. She dipped her toes into many cultural fields: logic, philosophy, psychology, scientific theories, sociology, pedagogy, and literature. She also appeared on the radio and TV and in newspapers and worked as a translator and author within most of those fields. \n\nAfter having spent 60 years in Sweden Mia Berner moved back to Oslo when she was in her 80s. She remained an active writer and published another two novels. Following Saarikoski’s death she only wore red which she considered to be the colour of mourning. When she gave an interview published in *Göteborgs-Posten* in 2004 the journalists noted that she wore a red fleecy top, red trousers, and very large red glasses for their meeting. According to the interview she simultaneously looked towards the future and back at the past at the same time: “Mia says, The present is the best of times, nevertheless, and then she raises her green glass in a toast. I don’t have the time to look back. I am in a bloody rush now.” \n\nMia Berner died in Oslo in 2009. Her last words written to her friend Morten Ströksnes were these: "Takk for livet! Ta dere et glass og vaer som folk!” [Thanks for the life I had! Have a drink and be merry!]",
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      "lifespan": {
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        "from": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "1914-08-27",
            "date": "1914-08-27"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lidingö församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.36296,
              "lon": 18.1468
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          }
        },
        "to": {
          "date": {
            "comment": "2004-09-30",
            "date": "2004-09-30"
          },
          "place": {
            "parish": "Lidingö församling",
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.36296,
              "lon": 18.1468
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          }
        }
      },
      "name": {
        "firstname": "/Kerstin/ Boel",
        "lastname": "Bernhard",
        "sortname": "Bernhard"
      },
      "num_children": 0,
      "occupation": [
        {
          "description": "Fotograf",
          "detail": "Fotograf, Atelier Bernhard",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1948",
            "date": "1948"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fotograf",
          "detail": "Fotograf, frilans",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1949",
            "date": "1949"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.329323,
              "lon": 18.068581
            },
            "place": "Stockholm"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        },
        {
          "description": "Fotograf",
          "detail": "Fotograf, ateljé och provkök i hemmet",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1955",
            "date": "1955"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.36296,
              "lon": 18.1468
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "1983",
            "date": "1983"
          },
          "type": "Yrke",
          "type_eng": "Profession"
        }
      ],
      "organisation": [
        {
          "description": "Medlem",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1934",
            "date": "1934"
          },
          "name": "Fotografiska Föreningen",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Centralstyrelseledamot fr o m 1955",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1939",
            "date": "1939"
          },
          "name": "Svenska Fotografernas Förbund (SFF, nuvarande Svenska Fotografers Förbund)",
          "to": {
            "comment": "?"
          },
          "type": "Yrkesorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Occupational organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Ledamot, ordförande 1980–1983",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1969",
            "date": "1969"
          },
          "name": "Sällskapet Nya Idun",
          "to": {
            "comment": "2004",
            "date": "2004"
          },
          "type": "Kvinnoorganisation",
          "type_eng": "Women's organisation"
        },
        {
          "description": "Styrelseledamot",
          "from": {
            "comment": "1960-talet"
          },
          "name": "Fotografiska Museets Vänner",
          "type": "Ideell organisation",
          "type_eng": "Non-profit organisation"
        }
      ],
      "places": [
        {
          "from": {
            "comment": "1914",
            "date": "1914"
          },
          "place": {
            "pin": {
              "lat": 59.36296,
              "lon": 18.1468
            },
            "place": "Lidingö"
          },
          "to": {
            "comment": "2004",
            "date": "2004"
          }
        }
      ],
      "portrait": [
        {
          "description": "Kerstin Bernhard i sin ateljé, 1947. Självporträtt (Nordiska museet,  NMA.0031192)",
          "description_eng": "Kerstin Bernhard in her studio, 1947. Self-portrait (Nordiska museet,  NMA.0031192)",
          "url": "https://spraakbanken.gu.se/karp/data/skbl/files/Bernhard_Kerstin.jpg"
        }
      ],
      "publication_date": "2021-02-20",
      "relation": [
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1875-11-05",
            "date": "1875-11-05"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1950-10-08",
            "date": "1950-10-08"
          },
          "firstname": "Ester Kristina",
          "lastname": "Bernhard, född Bruno",
          "occupation": "Sjukgymnast",
          "type": "Mor",
          "type_eng": "Mother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1874-04-08",
            "date": "1874-04-08"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1954-11-27",
            "date": "1954-11-27"
          },
          "firstname": "Johan Edward",
          "lastname": "Bernhard",
          "occupation": "Arkitekt",
          "type": "Far",
          "type_eng": "Father"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1910-04-28",
            "date": "1910-04-28"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "2001-01-13",
            "date": "2001-01-13"
          },
          "firstname": "Carl Gustaf",
          "lastname": "Bernhard",
          "occupation": "Läkare, neurofysiolog",
          "type": "Bror",
          "type_eng": "Brother"
        },
        {
          "born": {
            "comment": "1919-05-31",
            "date": "1919-05-31"
          },
          "death": {
            "comment": "1921-03-14",
            "date": "1921-03-14"
          },
          "firstname": "Ingrid Maria",
          "lastname": "Bernhard",
          "type": "Syster",
          "type_eng": "Sister"
        }
      ],
      "skbl_status": "OK",
      "source": [
        {
          "description": "Kerstin Bernhards arkiv. Nordiska museet (Hämtad 2021-02-17)",
          "type": "Arkiv",
          "type_eng": "Archive",
          "url": "https://sok.riksarkivet.se/arkiv/13WHnEx1Bq6aDGLXcSSyo0"
        },
        {
          "description": "Dahlman, Eva, ’Kerstin Bernhard en introduktion’, *Kerstin Bernhard*, 2016",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        },
        {
          "description": "Flordh, Marianne, *Idyll eller ålderdomshem? om krigsårens svenska fotografi och en fotografisk minnesgåva 1941*, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för konstvetenskap, Uppsats, Umeå, 1996/1997",
          "type": "Litteratur",
          "type_eng": "Literature"
        }
      ],
      "subtitle": "Fotograf, pionjär",
      "subtitle_eng": "Photographer, pioneer",
      "text": "Kerstin Bernhard var fotograf och arbetade såväl med porträtt som med mode och mat. Hon skapade också egna bildberättelser om bröd och brödtraditioner i olika länder. Hon var en pionjär inom Svenska Fotografers Förbund.\n\nKerstin Bernhard föddes 1914 på Lidingö där hon växte upp i en borgerlig, artistisk och fördomsfri miljö. Modern, Ester Bernhard, var en modern yrkeskvinna som under tio år drev ett gymnastikinstitut. Fadern var arkitekten Edward Bernhard som ritade Stockholmsvaruhusen Åhlén & Holms vid Skanstull, Tempo och PUB vid Hötorget och biografen Röda Kvarn. Kerstin Bernhard började fotografera när hon var tolv år och fick en egen kamera. Efter studenten vid Lyceum för flickor i Stockholm 1933 blev hon elev hos fotografen Ferdinand Flodin. Hon följde också docenten i fotografi John Hertzbergs lektioner vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.\n\nÅren 1934–1936 var Kerstin Bernhard elev på Contempora Lehrateliers, en privatskola för arkitektur, design och fotografi i Berlin. Liksom den statliga Bauhausskolan förenade denna privatskola alla konstarter. Ett av ämnena var arkitekturfotografi. På skolan kom hon i kontakt med fotografi av August Sander, Edward Weston, Ansel Adams, Margaret Bourke-White, Man Ray och Martin Munkácsi. Den politiska stämningen i Berlin skrämde och hon behöll hela livet en rädsla för stora folksamlingar.\n\nEfter utbildningen återvände hon till Sverige, tog anställning vid Ateljé Uggla och inledde sin frilansverksamhet. 1939 etablerade hon en egen ateljé på Holländargatan i centrala Stockholm. Där fotograferade hon barn och brudpar, konfirmander och studenter, men även skådespelare som [](Ingrid Bergman), [](Inga Tidblad), Lars Hanson och [](Viveca Lindfors). Hennes porträtt på skådespelare prydde omslagen på tidskrifterna *Idun*, *Vecko-Journalen* och *Filmjournalen* men även *Svensk fotografisk tidskrift*.\n\nKerstin Bernhard trivdes inte som porträttfotograf, hon reste istället till Paris 1947 där hon började fotografera mode. Med sina fotografier, oftast tagna utomhus i oväntade miljöer, blev hon en av Sveriges främsta modefotografer i en manligt dominerad genre.\n\n1948 återvände hon till Stockholm, sålde sin ateljé och fortsatte med modefotografin. Arkitekturen fick en självklar plats även här, en mönstrad OP-klänning på Liljevalchs konsthall, aftonklänningar i Hagapaviljongen och höstmode på hotell Malmen i Stockholm. Skobranschrådet blev en viktig uppdragsgivare till mitten av 1950-talet och Kerstin Bernhard blev stilbildande med sina fotografier på skor. Pälsbranschrådet var en annan viktig uppdragsgivare.\n\nUnder ett halvår 1948–1949 i USA studerade hon färgfotografi och matreportage. Hon lämnade ateljén på Rindögatan, som hon hade etablerat 1950, och inrättade ateljé, mörkrum och eget provkök i hemmet på Lidingö 1955. Kerstin Bernhard fortsatte att fotografera mode men mat och inte minst matens miljöer blev snart hennes stora intresse och huvudsakliga sysselsättning. Från 1955 och tjugo år framåt var hon den ledande matfotografen i Sverige. Hennes medverkan i *Bonniers kokbok*, den första moderna kokboken som kom ut 1960, var banbrytande med sina stora färgbilder. Arbetet tog hela tre år och den trycktes i 270 000 exemplar.\n\nPå 1960-talet beslutade hon sig för att systematiskt dokumentera de gamla brödkulturerna i Frankrike, Grekland, Egypten och de nordiska länderna. I berättelser om hur man hanterade brödet, brödet som en del av gatubilden och brödet i hemmet skapade hon fotografiska berättelser som saknar motstycke. Boken *Bröd* med hennes fotografier, med texter av [](Harriet Hjorth) och Jannis Ambatsis, gavs ut 1969. År 1987 kom *Brödminnen*, där hon stod både för bild och text liksom i *Till Frankrike med kamera och kärlek*, 1991.\n\nFotografernas organisation, Svenska Fotografers Förbund, var tidigt en professionell hemvist för Kerstin Bernhard. Hon blev medlem 1939 och var aktiv både som styrelseledamot och föreläsare. 1955 var hon enda kvinnan, bland tolv män, i förbundsstyrelsen. Samma år fick hon, tillsammans med [](Anna Riwkin-Brick) och Inga Ohlsén, förbundets Flormanmedalj. Det var första gången den tilldelades kvinnor. Fotografiska Föreningen, där hon hade blivit invald 1934, gav henne också en rad utmärkelser.\n\nKerstin Bernhards fotografier visades i ett drygt trettiotal utställningar mellan åren 1939 och 2014. De första var Det nya ögat – Fotografien 100 år på Liljevalchs 1939 och Modern Svensk Fotokonst på Nationalmuseum 1944. Hennes första separatutställning ägde rum på Galleri Gummesons i Stockholm 1953 och hon var den första fotograf som ställde ut på Thielska galleriet, 1975. År 1981 deltog hon i Se dig om i glädje på Fotografiska museet. Hon ställde också ut sina fotografier i Köpenhamn, Århus, Oslo, Paris, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles och Krakow. Nordiska museet gjorde, efter förvärvet av hennes arkiv, en stor retrospektiv utställning 1997.\n\nÅr 1983 slutade hon som yrkesfotograf. Men hon fortsatte sitt bildskapande med bildsviten *I sitt eget skal* som tillkom i villan på Lidingö där hon fotograferade det hon själv tyckte var vackert som vitlök, ägg, nötter och ärtskidor. Stilsäkert förvandlade hon de mest alldagliga motiv till stor konst.\n\nKerstin Bernhard hade en stor vänkrets där många av tidens kända fotografer som Sten Didrik Bellander, Sven Gillsäter, KW Gullers, Hans Hammarskiöld och Sven Johansson ingick. Hon ingick i Fotografiska Museets Vänners styrelse i mitten av 1960-talet. Det var en ideell förening som verkade för att få till stånd ett fotografiskt museum i Sverige.\n\nKerstin Bernhard avled 2004 och är begravd på Lidingö kyrkogård.",
      "text_eng": "Kerstin Bernhard was a photographer whose specialities were portraits, fashion and food. She also created her own illustrated texts about bread and bread traditions in different countries. She was a pioneer in the Swedish photographers’ association (Svenska Fotografers Förbund).\n \nKerstin Bernhard was born in 1914 on Lidingö where she grew up in a middle-class, artistic and open-minded environment. Her mother Ester Bernhard was a modern professional woman who ran a gymnastics institute for ten years. Her father was the architect Edward Bernhard who designed the Stockholm department stores Åhlén & Holms at Skanstull, Tempo and PUB at Hötorget and the cinema Röda Kvarn. Kerstin Bernhard